Public Sector Accounting

NOTE: This is a work in progress.
All topics in the syllabus are covered but editing

for necessary corrections is in progress.
Thanks.
PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING
FOR
ACCOUNTING TECHNICIANS SCHEME OF WEST AFRICA
(ATSWA)
STUDY PACK
i
NOTE: This is a work in progress. All topics in the syllabus are covered but editing
Thanks.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS

1.1 Learning Objective
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Definition of Terms
1.3.1 Government
1.3.2 Government Accounting
1.3.2.1 Government Accounting Processes
1.3.2.2 Government Accounting System
1.4 Nature and Objectives of Government Accounting
1.5 Purpose of Public Sector Accounting
1.6 Users of Government Accounting
1.6.1 Internal Users and the purpose for which they use the Accounts.
1.6.2 External Users and the purpose for which they use the Accounts.
1.7 Comparisons between Public and Private Sectors
1.8 Summary and Conclusion
1.9 End of Chapter Review Questions
CHAPTER TWO
CONSTITUTIONAL, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK OF

GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING
2.1 Learning Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Legal Basis of Government Accounting
2.3.1 Constitutional Provision
2.3.2 The Finance (Control and Management) Act of 1958
2.3.3 The Financial Administration Act 2003
2.3.4 The Provision of Audit Act 1956
2.3.5 Appropriation Act
2.3.6 Financial Regulation
2.3.7 Treasury and Finance Circular
2.3.8 Official Gazette
2.4 Bases of Accounting
2.4.1 Cash Basis
2.4.2 Accrual Basis
2.4.3. Modified Accrual Basis
2.4.4 Modified Cash Basis
2.4.5 Commitment Basis
2.5 Summary & Conclusion
CHAPTER THREE
GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING THEORY AND PROCESSES

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3.2 International Public Sector Accounting Standard Board (IPSASB)
3.2.1 The Relevant Standards
3.2.2 Objectives of the IPSASB
3.2.3 The Adoption of IPSASS
3.2.4 Relevant Definitions of IPSASB
3.3 Pension Acts 102 and 103 of 1979
3.4 Ministry of Finance Incorporated (MOFI)
3.5 The Annual Appropriation Acts.
3.6 Financial Regulations/Accounting Manual
3.6.1 Advantages of Financial Regulations or Accounting Manual.
3.6.2 Disadvantages of Financial Regulations/Accounting Manual.
3.7. Financial Memoranda for Local Government
3.7.1. Objectives of Financial Memoranda
3.7.2. Content of Local Government Financial Memoranda
CHAPTER FOUR
THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF PRINCIPAL GOVERNMENT OFFICERS
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Accounting Officer
4.3.1 Functions of the Accounting Officer
4.4 Accountant General of the Federation
4.4.1 Appointment of the Accountant-General of the Federation
4.4.2 Powers of the Accountant-General of the Federation
4.4.3 Functions of the Accountant-General of the Federation
4.5 Auditor General for the Federation
4.5.1 Appointment of Auditor-General for the Federation
4.5.2 Functions of the Auditor-General for the Federation
4.5.3 Constitutional Functions of the Auditor-General for the Federation
4.5.4 Independence of the Auditor-General of the Federation
4.5.5 Removal of the Auditor-General of the Federation
4.6 Auditor-General for State Government
4.6.1 Appointment of Auditor-General for State Government
4.6.2 Functions of Auditor-General for State Government
4.6.3 The Constitutional Functions of Auditor-General for State Government
4.7 Office of the Auditor-General for Local Government
4.7.1 Legal Framework
4.7.2 Statutory Functions of the Auditor-General for Local Government
4.7.3 The financial duties of the Auditor-General for Local Government
4.8 The Sub-Accounting Officer
4.8.1 Function of Sub-Accounting Officer
4.9 The Sub-Treasurer of the Federation
4.9.1 Functions of the Sub-Treasurer of the Federation
4.10 The Revenue Collector
4.10.1 Functions of the Revenue Collector
4.10.2 The Revenue Collectors Cash Book
4.11 The Federal Pay Officer
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4.11.1 Functions of the Federal Pay Officer
4.12 Director of Budget
4.12.1 Functions of the Director of Budget
4.13 Minister of Finance
4.13.1 Appointment of Minister of Finance
4.14 Summary
4.15 End of Chapter Review Questions.
CHAPTER FIVE
SOURCES OF GOVERNMENT REVENUE
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Sources of State & Local Government Finance
5.3.1 State/Central Government Revenues
5.3.1.1 Public Monies
5.3.2 Local Government/District Assembly Revenues
5.3.2.1 Central Government Transfers
5.3.2.2 Locally Generated Revenues
5.3.3 Loans and Grants
5.3.3.1 Loans
5.3.3.2 Grants
5.3.4 Other Public Monies
5.3.5 Trust Monies
5.4 Revenue Estimations
5.5 Federal/Unitary Government Accounts
5.5.1 Public Accounts
5.5.2 Departmental Accounts
5.5.3 Other Government Accounts
5.6 The Fund System of Accounting
5.6.1 Definition of Fund
5.6.2 Types of Fund
5.7 Summary of Types of Fund
5.8 Advantages of Fund
5.9 Disadvantages of Fund
5.10 Accounting Entries
CHAPTER SIX
GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Types of Expenditures
6.4 Expenditure Estimations
6.5 Expenditure Authorisation Procedures
6.6 The Concept of Warrant
6.7 Classes of Warrants
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6.7.1 Recurrent Expenditure Warrants
6.7.2 Specific or Capital Expenditure Warrants
6.8 Payment Procedure
CHAPTER SEVEN
PREPARATION OF VOUCHERS
7.1 Learning Objectives:
7.2 Introduction
7.2.1 Types of Vouchers
7.3 Payment Vouchers
7.3.1 Features of a Valid Payment Voucher
7.3.2 Voucher Certificate
7.3.3 Format of a Payment Voucher
7.3.4 Loss of Payment Voucher
7.4 Receipt Vouchers
7.4.1 Illustration of Receipt Voucher
7.5 Adjustment Vouchers
7.5.1 Uses of Adjustment Vouchers
7.5.2 Content of Adjustment Vouchers
7.6 Journal Vouchers
7.6.1 Supplementary Journal Voucher (SJV)
7.6.2 Principal Journal Voucher (PJV)
7.7 Accounting Treatment of Loss of Government Fund
7.7.1 Accounting Entries
7.8 Salary Vouchers
7.8.1 Personal Emolument Form
7.8.2 Personal Emolument Record Card
7.8.3 Group Register
7.8.4 Salary Variation Advice
7.8.5 Variation Control Sheet
7.8.6 Payroll Summary Voucher
7.8.7 Advice of Deduction from Salary
7.8.8 On-Payment Vouchers
7.8.9 Cheque or Cash Order Form
7.9 Integrated Personnel and Payroll Information System (IPPIS)
7.9.1 Functions of IPPIS
7.10 Summary
CHAPTER EIGHT
PRERARATION OF CASH BOOK, TRANSCRIPTS AND SUBSIDIARY ACCOUNTS.

8.2 The Cash Office
8.2.1 Essential Features of a Cash Office
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8.2.2 Functions of the Cash Office
8.2.3 Books of Accounts to Be Maintained In the Cash Office
8.3 The Cash Book
8.3.1 The Treasury Cash Book (TF15a)
8.3.1.1 Illustration
8.3.1.2 Illustration
8.3.2 Format of a Treasury Cash Book
8.4 Imprest Cash Book
8.4.1 Imprest Holder
8.4.2 Types of Imprest
8.4.3 Checks and Balances for Keeping an Imprest Account
8.4.4 Re-Imbursement of Imprest
8.5 Revenue Collectors Cash Book
8.6 Transcripts
8.6.1 Types of Transcripts
8.6.2 Preparation of Transcripts
8.6.3 Documents required to be Transmitted along with Transcript
8.6.4 Certificate of Cash and Bank Balances
8.7 Cheque Summary Register
8.8 Preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement
8.9 Advances
8.9.1 Types of Advances
8.9.2 Advance Payment Vouchers
8.10 Departmental Vote Expenditure Allocation Book
8.10.1 Purpose of Keeping a Vote Book
8.10.2 Maintenance of Vote Book
8.10.3 Format of a Vote Book
8.10.4 Verification of Entries in the Vote Book
8.10.5 Functions of Officer Controlling Expenditure
8.11 Summary
CHAPTER NINE
FINANCIAL CONTROL SYSTEM IN GOVERNMENT
9.2 Introduction
9.3 The Concept of Financial Control
9.4 Control Structures
9.4.1 Legislative Control
9.4.2 The Executive Control
9.4.3 Departmental Controls
9.4.4 The Treasury Control
9.4.5 Ministry of Finance Control
9.6 End of Questions Review Questions
CHAPTER TEN
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PROCUREMENT PROCEDURES
10.2 Due Process Procedures
10.2.1 Benefit of Due Process
10.3 Government Accounting and Contract
10.3.1 Contract Payment Voucher
10.3.2 Contract Payment Voucher
10.3.3 Contract Register
10.3.3.1 Content of a Contract Register
10.3.3.2 Documents Accompanying a Contract Payment Voucher
10.3.4 Tenders Board on Contracts
10.3.4.1 Types of Tenders Board
10.3.4.2 Procedure for Award of Contract
10.3.5 Post Award Activities
10.3.5.1 Tenders Board Information on Voucher
10.3.6 Other Contract Terms
10.4 Stores and Stores Accounting
10.4.1 Stores Classification
10.4.2 Further Classification of Stores
10.4.3 Documentation of Stores
10.4.4 Maintenance of Tally Card or Bin Card
10.4.5 Receipt Of and Payment for Stores
10.4.6 Transfer Of Stores
10.4.7 Issue of Stores
10.5 Store Procurement Procedure
10.5.1 Stores Handover
10.5.2 Loss of Stores
10.5.2.1 Procedure for Report of Loss of Stores
10.5.2.2. Summary of Actions to Be Taken By Concerned Officers In The Event Of Loss
of Store
10.6 Stock Valuation Methods
10.7 Summary
10.8 End Of Chapter 9 Review Questions
CHAPTER ELEVEN
COMPILATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULES.
11.2 The Federation Account
11.2.1 Statutory Allocation Formula
11.2.2 Sources of Revenue into the Federation Account
11.3 Consolidated Revenue Fund or Federal Government Account
11.3.1 Sources of Revenue into CRF
11.3.2 Charges against Consolidated Revenue Fund
11.4 Development Fund
11.4.1 Sources of Revenue into the Development Fund.
11.4.2 Charges against Development Fund
11.5 Contingencies Fund
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11.5.1 Operation of Contingencies Fund
11.6 The Revenue Mobilisation Allocation and Fiscal Commission
11.6.1 Functions of the Commission
11.7 Federal Government Final Accounts
11.7.1 The Estimate
11.7.2 The Official Gazette
11.7.3 The Annual Report of the Accountant General.
11.7.4 The Financial Statements
11.8 Cashflow Statements
11.8.1 Preparation of Cashflow Statement
11.9 Summary
11.10 End of Chapter 10 Review Questions
CHAPTER TWELVE
THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT
12.2 Definition
12.3 Functions of Local Government
12.4 Functions of Local Government Officers
12.4.1 Functions of the Chairman
12.4.2 Functions of the Vice-Chairman
12.4.3 Functions of the Secretary
12.4.4 Functions of the Treasurer
12.4.5 Functions of the Head of Personnel Management
12.4.6 Functions of the Council Legislature
12.5 Financial Control in Local Government
12.5.1 Internal Control
12.5.2 External Control
12.6 Financial Memoranda for Local Government
12.6.1 Objectives of the Financial Memoranda
12.6.2 Content of Local Government Financial Memoranda
12.7 Documentation of Revenue and Expenditure
12.7.1 Sources of Local Government Revenue
12.7.2 Local Government Revenue & Expenditure Sub-Head
12.7.3 Format of Statement of Revenue and Expenditure
12.7.4 Format of Statement of Assets and Liabilities
12.8 Audit of Local Government Accounts
12.8.1 Internal Auditing
12.8.1.1 Objectives of Internal Auditing of Local Government
12.8.2 External Auditing
12.8.2.1 Objectives of External Auditing of Local Government
12.9 Summary
12.10 End of Chapter 11 Review Questions
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
BUDGETING PROCESS
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13.2 Introduction
13.3 Definition of Budget
13.4 Objectives of Budgeting
13.5 The Budgetary/Government Accounting Concept
13.6 Budgetary Control
13.6.1 Implementing a Good Budgetary Control System
13.6.2 Budgetary Control Responsibility
13.7 National Budgetary Control
13.7.1 National Budgetary Control Areas
13.8 Elements of Organisational Budgetary Control
13.8.1 Responsibility
13.8.2 Organisational Budgetary Variation
13.8.3 Organisational Budgetary Progress
13.9 Types of Budget Systems
13.9.1 The Traditional Budget
13.9.2 Performance Budgeting
13.9.3 The Zero-base Budgeting (ZBB)
13.9.4 Planning Programming Budgeting System (PPBS)
13.10 The Modern Expenditure Budgeting System - The Medium Term Expenditure
Framework (MTEF) (a) Benefits of the MTFEF Concept
13.11 The Budget Cycle
13.12 The Principle of Annuality
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
PENSION AND GRATUITY ACCOUNTING

14.2 Definition of Terms
14.3 Transfer/Merger of Service
14.4 Statutory Age of Retirement
14.5 Pension and Gratuity Table
14.6 Documents that should Accompany Application for Retirement Benefits
14.7 Conditions and Requirements for Processing of Gratuity and Pension
14.8 Determinants of Entitlements
14.9 Computation of Pension and Gratuity
14.10 Non Pensionable Service
14.11 Death Benefits
14.12 Pension Reform Act 2004
14.12.1 Objectives of the New Pension Reform Act. 2004
14.12.2 Exemption from New Pension Reform Act. 2004
14.12.3 Rates of Contribution
14.12.4 Retirement Savings Account (RSA)
14.12.5 Withdrawal from Retirement Savings Account
14.12.6 Retirement Benefits
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14.12.7 Tax Exemption
14.12.8 Pension Fund Commission
14.12.8.1 Composition of the Commission
14.12.8.2 Functions of the Commission
14.12.8.3 Powers of the Commission
14.12.9 Pension Fund Administrator (PFA)
14.12.9.1 Functions of Pension Fund Administrator (PFA)
14.12.10 Pension Assets Custodian (PAC)
14.12.10.1 Functions of Pension Assets Custodian (PAC)
14.12.11 Investment of Pension Fund
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING
15.2 Fiscal Responsibility Act. 2007
15.2.1 Establishment of the Fiscal Responsibility Commission by the Act
15.2.2 Functions of Fiscal Responsibility Commission
15.2.3 Funding of the Commission
15.2.4 Composition of the Commission
15.2.5 Qualification and Appointment of Members of the Commission
15.2.6 Tenure of the Members of the Commission
15.2.7 Powers of the Commission
15.2.8 Cessation to Hold Office by Members of the Commission
15.3 Public Procurement Act 2007
15.3.1 Establishment of National Council on Public Procurement
15.3.2 Composition of the Council
15.3.3 Functions of the Council
15.4 Bureau of Public Procurement
15.4.1 Objectives of the Bureau
15.4.2 Functions of the Bureau of Public Procurement
15.4.3 Powers of the Bureau
15.5 Code of Conduct Bureau
15.5.1 Composition of the Code of Conduct Bureau
15.5.2 Powers of Code of Conduct Bureau
15.5.3 Punishment by the Code of Conduct Tribunal on any Public Officer Guilty of
the Provisions of the Code of Conduct Bureau
15.5.4 General
15.6 Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC)
15.6.1 Composition of EFCC
15.6.2 Functions of EFCC
15.6.3 Powers of the Commission
15.7 Independent Corrupt Practices and other Related Offences Commission (ICPC)
15.7.1 Composition of the Commission
15.7.2 Appointment of Members
15.7.3 Tenure
15.7.4 Duties/Functions of ICPC
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15.8 Differences between EFCC and ICPC
15.9 E-Payment, E-Receipt and E-Ticketing
15.9.1 Benefits of E-Payment
15.9.2 Economic Implications of E-Payment
15.9.3 Transactions Covered by E-Payment
15.9.4 Format of Instructions to the CBN and Commercial Banks
15.9.5 Content of E-Payment Teller
Appendix I: Solutions to End of Chapter Review Questions
Appendix II: Examination Type Questions and Solutions
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PAPER 6 PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING
AIM:
To examine candidates knowledge and understanding of
Government Accounting (at the three-tier levels: Federal, State and Local Governments); and
the nature and required skills for the generation and presentation of accounting information for
stewardship of Government.
OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this programme of study, candidates will be able to:
(a) Discuss the role of accounting information and data, especially in Government;
(b) Appreciate the uses of government accounting information;
(c) Identify sources of government revenues and the disbursement procedures;
(d) Identify the accounting concepts, bases and policies of Government;
(e) Collect, process and transmit financial data on the approved formats; and
(f) Manage Government funds economically, efficiently and effectively in accordance with the
Constitution, laws, rules and regulations.
LINKAGES
This paper is linked to papers 1,3,5,9, 10 and 11.
STRUCTURE OF THE PAPER:
The paper will be a three-hour paper divided into two sections:
Section A (50 Marks): This shall consist of 50 compulsory questions made up of 30
multiple-choice questions and 20 short answer questions
covering the entire syllabus.
Section B (50 Marks): Six questions, out of which, candidates are expected to answer
any four, attracting 12 marks.
CONTENTS:
1. 10%
(a) The Constitutional, legal and administrative framework of government accounting (Nigeria):
The Regulatory and Constitutional provisions guiding revenue collections and
disbursement of Government Funds at the Federal, State and Local Government
Levels.
The stipulations of the Finance (Control and Management) Act, 1958 as amended
by CAP A15 LFN 2004)
The provisions of Audit Act 1956 (as amended)
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(b) The Constitutional, Legal and Administrative Framework of Government Accounting

(Ghana)
The Regulatory and Constitutional provisions guiding revenue collection and
disbursement of government funds at the local and central government.
Sources of revenue of the Central and Local Government, Tax and Non tax
revenue.
Internally Generated Funds (IGF)
Loans and Grant
Sources of Revenue of the local government fees and fines
District Assembly common fund, loans and grants
Financial Administration and Regulations
2 Government Accounting Theory and Processes: 10%
Accounting methods, concepts, bases and principles applicable to Government

accounting.
Pronouncements and recommendations made on government accounting by the
International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), International Public Sector
Accounting Standards Board, United Nations Organization and Chartered Institute of
Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA).
The Financial Regulations of the Federal and State Governments.
Federal Treasury Account Manual (Policy and Procedure).
The Annual Appropriation Law.
Fiscal Responsibility Act 2007
Public Procurement Act 2007
The Financial Memoranda for Local Government
Investments and Securities Act
Public Enterprises (Privatisation & Commercialisation) Act
The Pension Act No 102 and 103 of 1979, and Pension Reform Act No. 2 of 2004.
The Annual Supplementary Appropriation Laws.
Treasury Circulars.
Ministry of Finance Incorporated (MoFI) Act of 1959.
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Public Service Manuals.
Bye-Laws of Local Government.
Synchronization of the reporting formats of the Federal, State and Local
Governments, (Central, Districts and Local Government).
3. The Constitutional and Financial responsibilities of Principal Officers of

Government: 10%
Minister of Finance
Auditor-General for the Federation/of the Republic
Auditor-General for the State
Auditor-General of the Federation/Republic
Auditor-General for Local Government
Accountant-General of the Federation/Republic
Accountants-General of the State
Treasurer of the Local Government
4. Managing Finance of Government: 20%
Institutional Background:
- Roles and responsibilities of the National, State and Local Government
Assemblies.
- Financial Control Institutions (Presidency; Due Process: Planning and Budget
Directorate in the Ministry of Finance. Treasury Department in the Accountant-
Generals office: Expenditure Control Unit in the Ministries). Roles of Various
Government Committees such as Public Account Committees, Tender Board,
Finance and General Purpose Committee Audit Committee, Parliamentary Audit
Committee Parliamentary Finance Committee)
Planning and Budgeting:
- Planning long run, medium run or short run
- Budgeting in Government
- Methods of Budgeting
(a) Incremental or Line-Item Budgeting

(b) Rolling Plan and Budgeting
(c) Zero Base Budgeting (ZBB)
(d) Planning, Programming and Budgeting System (PPBS)
(e) Perspective Planning
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Preparation, Evaluation and Control of Budgets:
- Internal control procedures over revenue collections and disbursement of funds
- Fund Accounting
- Sources of Government Revenues
- Authorisation of Government Expenditure and Operation of Warrants
- Operation of Departmental Vote Books and Authority to Incure Expenditure
Expenditure Control in Government
- Legislative Control
- Executive Control
- Control by the Minister of Finance
- Treasury Control
- Departmental Control
Accounting Records of Government include:
- Treasury Cash Books
- Imprest Cash Book
- Payment Voucher
- Adjustment Voucher
- Method of payment
- E-payment, E-Receipt/Ticketing
5(a) Ministerial Accounting System 10%
- Self, Limited self and non-self Accounting unit
- Preparation and Extraction of monthly transcripts/ATRRS. (Automated
Transaction Recording and Reporting System)
- Preparation and posting of monthly payroll - IPPIS (Integrated Personnel &
Payroll Information System)
- Extraction of Variation Control Reports.
(b) Sub-Ministerial Accounting System
(i) Schools Accounting System
- Domestic Account
- Boarding Account
- PTA Account System
- Foundation and Trust Account
(ii) Parastatal Accounting
- Main objective of setting up Parastatals
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- Sources of income of Parastatals
- Expenditure of Parastatals
- Audit
6. Stores and Stores Accounting 10%
Stores classification
Receipt of stores
Payment for stores
Transfer of stores
Issuing of stores
Accounting Treatment of Loss of Government stores or funds
Procedures for Store Survey/Stock-taking
7. Board of Survey and Board of Enquiry 5%

(a) Board of Survey
Classes of Board of Survey
Nature of the Survey
Types of Board of Survey
Purpose of Survey
Composition of the Boards of Survey
(b) Board of Enquiry
Purpose or circumstances for setting up a Board of Enquiry
When a Board of Enquiry is not necessary
Procedure of Board of Enquiry
What action is taken on the Board of Enquirys Report
Composition of the Board of Enquiry.
8. Treasury Final Accounts 10%

Preparation of Statutory Financial Statements
- Responsibility for Financial Statements (by the Accountant General)
- Auditor Generals Certificate
- Cash Flow Statement
- Statement of Assets and Liabilities
- Statement of Revenue and Expenditure
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9 Pension and Gratuity Accounting 10%
Pensions
Contributory Pension Scheme
Fixed Term Terminal benefit scheme
10 Ethical Considerations in Government Accounting 5%

Management of Economic Crimes: Establishment of
- Economic and Financial Crimes Commission
- Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission
- Security Exchange and Investments Tribunal
- Code of Conduct Bureau
- Security Exchange and Investment Commission
- Public Complaints Commission
- Money Laundering Act 2007
- Fiscal Responsibility Commission
RECOMMENDED TEXTS:
1) ATSWA Study Pack on Government Accounting
2) Financial Memoranda for Local Governments 1998: State and Local Government
Affairs office, The Presidency, Abuja
3) 1992 Constitution of Ghana
OTHER REFERENCE BOOK

1) Management and Control of public funds G.K Scott
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS
1.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, readers would be able to:-
Define and explain terminologies in Government Accounting.

Identify the objectives of Government Accounting.
Understand and appreciate the users of Government Accounting.
Distinguish between the private and public sectors.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Government has to do with a whole Nation. It is represented by organisations that

are established to use the resources of a Nation for the upliftment and the welfare
of its citizens.
For the skilful administration development of a Nation, there is the need to

institute financial and accounting systems in the established organisations which
are responsible for finances and human resources. In the same way, such systems
are to be introduced and nurtured in those organisations that will be using the
finances for such National development. The systems introduced should promote
transparency, data storage and retrieval, and accountability. Government
organisations are different from private sector establishments. Consequently they
have different features, objectives and functions, which explain their methods of
information and dissemination and stewardship accounting.
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1.2 DEFINITION OF TERMS
1.2.1 GOVERNMENT
Government refers to the collection of public institutions established and given the
authority to run the affairs of a country. It is a system of governance and includes
the body of individuals who are authorised to administer the laws of a Nation.
1.2.2 GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM AND PROCESSES
Government Accounting refers to all the financial documents and records of public
institutions that relate to the collection of tax payers money, and the analysis,
control of expenditure, administration of trust funds, management of government
stores and all the financial responsibilities and duties of the relevant organs.
Government Accounting system is the way of accountability through which the
established institutions of the public render stewardship on the revenue of the
Nation and how it has been disbursed.
Government accounting includes the process of recording, analysing, classifying,

summarising, communicating and interpreting financial information about
Government in aggregate and in details, recording all transactions involving the
receipt, transfer and disposition of public funds and property. The processes of
Government Accounting are further discussed as follows:
(a) Recording
Recording involves the process of documenting the financial transactions and

activities in the necessary books of accounts are cash book, ledger and vote book.
(b) Analysing
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Analysing involves the process of separating transactions according to their
distinct nature and posting them under appropriate heads and sub-heads.
(c) Classifying
Classifying has to do with the grouping of the transactions into revenue and
expense descriptions and bringing them under major classes as Revenue Head
and Sub-heads, with their relevant code numbers of accounts.
(d) Summarising
Summarising concerns the bringing together of all the classes of accounts and
preparing them into reports periodically as are statutorily or organisationally
required.
(e) Communicating
Communicating is about making available financial reports on all the government

financial activities from the necessary accounting summaries to various interested
parties. The style of communication adopted should be un-ambiguous, lucid and
devoid of jargons as much as possible.
(f) Interpreting
Interpreting ends the process by giving explanations on what has been reported in
the various financial statements and reports, as regards the overall operations and
performance of the relevant government organisation(s). This is to enable the
necessary parties and users to take relevant decisions based on their assessments
of the reports.
1.3 NATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING
The objectives of Government accounting include the following:
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(a) To fulfil legal requirement. The law requires that government accounts are
prepared and audited annually.
(b) To perform the stewardship function. The ruling government is the steward of
the resources and finances of the Nation. Government has to give account of
how these finances are used.
(c) To enable Government to plan well the future activities and programmes of the
Nation.
(d) To provide a process of controlling the use of the financial and other resources .
(e) To provide the means by which actual performance may be compared with the
target set.
(f) To evaluate the economy, efficiency and effectiveness with which governance is
carried out.
1.4 PURPOSE OF PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING
The purposes of Public Sector Accounting include:
1. Demonstrating the proprietary of transactions and their conformity with the

law, established rules and regulations.
2. Measuring current performance.
3. Providing useful information for the efficient control and effective

management of government operations.
4. Facilitating audit exercise to be carried out.
5. Planning future operations.
6. Appraising those in the authority, in efficiency and effectiveness
1.5 USERS OF GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING INFORMATION
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There are two groups of users of Government Accounting information. These are
internal and External users whose peculiarities and areas of interests are briefly
discussed, as follows:
1.5.1 Internal Users and Interest Areas:
This group of users includes:
The Labour Union in the public service which will press for improved
conditions of employment and security of tenure for their members.
Members of the Executive Arm of Government such as the President,

Ministers and Governors. Their interest areas are to ensure probity and
accountability through score keeping and performance control which are
achieved through accounting information.
Top Management members such as Permanent Secretaries of various

Ministries and General Managers of Parastatals. They are the conduit of
accounting information generation and transmission and serve as liaison
officers between Government, employees and the public.
1.5.2 External Users and Areas of Interest.
External Users include
Members of the Legislature at both National, State and Local Government

levels. Information in the accounts of Governments are the major media
through which politicians render stewardship to their constituencies and
apprise them of the endeavours of governance.
The Members of the Public, to demonstrate accountability and assist the

people to appreciate or otherwise the efforts of Governments.
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Researchers and Financial Journalists. Researchers are expected to develop
new and better ideas of governance. Financial journalists cherish
accounting information to advise existing and potential investors.
Financial Institutions, such as the Commercial Banks, World Band and

International Monetary Fund (IMF). Accounting information assists them to
evaluate the credit rating of a borrowing Nation.
Governments, apart from the ones reporting. Governments collaborate on

ideas of investment and research. They require accounting information on
the well-being or otherwise of each other.
Suppliers and Contractors. Suppliers and contractors are eager to ascertain

the ability of a Government to pay for goods and services delivered. Only
Accounting information can be revealing.
1.6 COMPARISONS BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS
The term Public Sector refers to all organisations which are created,
administered and financed by Government, from the tax payers money, on behalf
of the members of the public. Such establishments which are referred to as the
three tiers Government Companies, Parastatals and other public agencies
created by the Nations Constitution, Acts of Parliament and Bye-Laws.
The organisations produce public goods and services which are available to the
citizens free or at very minimum charges. Public sector organisations are
managed by appointed members of the citizenry.
Private Sector is that part of the economy where the factors of production of
land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship are supplied by private individuals who
are the business owners. They manage the businesses, beat the risks and earn the
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profits through the sale and production of goods and services as sole traders,
business partners or shareholders in limited liability companies.
Public Sector organisations are content with pricing products or services at

marginal costs, thereby catering for the welfare of the public, privately owned
businesses venture to recover not only marginal costs but fixed overheads and
even earn profits. Public concerns do not distinguish between capital and revenue
expenditure, unlike private companies. The latter write off the values of fixed
overheads and even earn profits. Public concerns do not distinguish between
capital and revenue expenditure, unlike private companies. The latter write off
the values of fixed assets over estimated useful lives through depreciation.
Public Sector organisations are accountable to the citizens of the Nation through
their elected representatives. Private Sector concerns are answerable to their
owners.
1.6.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GOVENMENT ACCOUNTING AND PRIVATE SECTOR

ACCOUNTING
These may be discussed as follows:
In Government Accounting, tangible and fixed assets as buildings and

motor vehicles, are not shown in the Statement of Assets and liabilities.
They are written off immediately in the year of purchase. Private Sector
Accounting reflects fixed assets in the balance sheet, displaying the
historical cost, accumulated depreciation and written down value of each.
Government Accounting does not record stocks, debtors in the balance sheet
(Statement of Assets and liabilities), unlike Private Sector Accounting which
displays those items, and others such as sales, cost of goods sold and
carriage outward expenses (in the trading and profit and loss accounts).
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Private Sector Accounting is peculiar to commercial undertakings which

have the maximisation of profit as their main objective. Government
Accounting focuses on the provision of adequate welfare to the people with
probity, accountability, legal and wise spending in mind.
Government Accounting adopts cash basis of accounting, as against

accrual basis of Private Sector Accounting.
Government Accounting mostly uses the budgetary approach, recording and

classifying items of revenue and expenditure under various heads and
sub-heads. Although Private Sector Accounting equally does budgeting
and budgetary control, revenue and expenditure matters are, recorded by
their natural description, such as stationary and discount allowed.
Government Accounting operates predominantly fund accounting method

in collating its data and information. Private Sector Accounting uses the
proprietary (or ownership) style which discloses the nature and sources of
the enterprises finance or capital structure, such as ordinary share capital
or capital structure, such as ordinary share capital and preference share
capital.
The legal basis of Government Accounting is the Nations Constitution and

Act of Parliament, unlike Private Sector Accounting which draws its
existence and strength from Companies Acts.
Purpose of Financial Statements
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Financial statements are structured representations of the financial position and
economic performance of an entity.
Specifically, the objectives of general purpose financial reporting in the public

sector should be to generate information useful for decision-making, and
demonstrate the accountability of an entity for the resources entrusted to it, by
providing statistics:
(a) on the sources, allocation and uses of financial resources;

(b) on how an entity financed its activities;
(c) for the valuation of the entitys ability to finance its activities and to settle
liabilities;
(d) for the measurement of an entitys performance in respect of the set goals.
(e) which will reveal whether or not an entity has acted within the approved
budget.
1.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
In this chapter, government accounting was discussed as a process which involved

the documentation of financial records. The process involves the recording,
analysing, classifying and summarising, communicating and interpreting
governments financial transactions. Moreover, the objectives of government
accounting were outlined enable .... to be undertaken.
The differences between Public and Private Sector Accounting were discussed.
External and internal users and interest areas of government accounting
information were highlighted.
1.8 END OF CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. One of the following is not a statutory regulation on the receipts and payments of
government money:
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A. The 1999 Constitution
B. Finance and Control Management Ordinance of 1958, Cap. 144, 1990
C. Government gazettes
D. The Audit Act of 1956
E. Financial regulations.
2. Which of the following is not a public sector organisation?

A. Federal Government.
B. State Government.
C. Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria.
D. Nigeria Bottling Company Plc.
E. Local Government.
3. Public sector entities are not owned and financed by the:

A. Citizens.
B. Philanthropies.
C. Members of the National Assembly
D. Federal Government
E. State Governments.
4. Which of the following is not an internal user of public sector accounting?

A. Government employees.
B. Revenue collectors.
C. Trade unions.
D. Local and foreign investors.
E. Accounting officers.
5. Users of government accounting information are categorises into internal users

and ..
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6. The main objective of a private enterprise is to maximise profit while that of
Government is to:
A. Decrease expenditure.
B. Cater for the welfare of the people, at least cost.
C. Increase Revenue.
D. Decrease sales
E. Increase taxation.
7. The fundamental assumptions which embody the preparation of financial

statements is called.
8. The basis of accounting that records anticipated expenditure which has been
finally authorized by the management is called .
9. The method and principles applied by an entity to record its financial

transactions are known as
10. Which of the following is not the purpose of Government Accounting?
A. Ascertainment of the propriety of transactions.

B. Appraising the efficiency of those in authority.
C. Tracking down ghost workers.
D. Planning future operations.
E. Facilitating the carrying out of audit exercise.
SOLUTION TO END OF CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. C
2. C
3. B
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4. D
5. B
6. External users
7. Accounting concept
8. Commitment basis
9. Accounting basis.
10. C
CHAPTER TWO
CONSTITUTIONAL, AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING
At the end of this chapter, readers should be able to:-
> Understand the Legal Framework of Government Accounting,
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> Discuss the Administrative Framework of Government accounting
> Appreciate the Basic Accounting Bases, Concepts and Principles
of Government Accounting.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Government accounting is guided by the Constitution and financial regulations of

a Nation. It is concerned with the recording of the mobilisation and prudent
utilisation of the finances of a country.
2.2 CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL PROVISIONS
2.2.1 1999 CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
Chapter 13 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana gives the authorisation for the
generation of the countrys revenue and stipulates that the Nations Auditor-
General shall prepare and forward his report to the National Assembly within a
specified period of time.
The 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria authorises the receipts
and payments of Government, spelts out the revenue allocation formula between
the Federal, State and Local Governments and stipulates the duties and
responsibilities of the Auditor-General. To facilitate reference, specific areas of the
1999 Constitution and their provisions are:
Section 80(1) to (4): The establishment and operation of the Consolidated

Revenue Fund are discussed.
Section 81 (1) to (4): This provision treats the procedure for authorisation of
expenditure from the Consolidated Revenue Fund.
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Section 82. Where there is no Appropriation Act as yet, this section
authorises the President to withdraw money from the Consolidated Revenue
Fund of the Federation for six (6) months.
Section 83. This provides for the creation of the Contingencies Fund.
Section 84. The remuneration, etc of the President and other statutory
officers are covered by this section.
Section 85. The audit of public accounts is discussed.
Sections 86 & 87: The sections treat the appointment and tenure of the
Auditor-General.
Sections 88 & 89: The sections give power to the National Assembly to
conduct investigations and procure all evidence needed.
Section 149: Ministers are constitutionally required to declare their assets
and liabilities and oaths of allegiance.
Section 162: Under this section, the Federation as an entity is statutorily
required to create the Federation Account into which all revenue collected
by the Government of the Federation (with some exceptions) is paid.
Section 163: This deals with the allocation of other revenue.
Section 164: Federal grants-in-aid of State revenue are treated herein.
Section 313: The system of revenue allocation is dealt with under this
section.
2.2.2 FINANCE (CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT) ACT OF 1958, CAP. 144, 1990
This is the major law on which the foundation of government accounting rests. It
is the basic law which governs the procedure and control of all financial
operations of government. The Act regulates the management and operation of
government funds. It prescribes the books of accounts to be operated and the
procedures to be adopted in the preparation of accounts and financial statements.
2.2.3 AUDIT ORDINANCE (OR ACT) OF 1956

The Act covers the appointment, tenure, remuneration and termination of the
Auditor-General for the Federation. It caters for the audit of public accounts,
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including parastatals. The Act mandates the Accountant-General of the Federation
to submit within seven months after the end of each financial year the accounts of
the Federation, for his audit report. The Auditor-General shall within sixty days
thereafter submit his report to the National Assembly.
Section of the Audit Act requires the Accountant-General to submit, as part of the
annual financial statements, documents which shall include:
Receipts and Payments Account

A Statement of Assets and Liabilities
Detailed Statement of Revenue and Expenditure arranged according to
heads and sub-heads of activities.
2.2.4 GHANAS FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION ACT NO. 654 OF 2003

The Act and Financial Administration Regulation of 2004, L.I. 1802, provide the
legal basis on authority while the Accounting Manual and Departmental
Accounting instructions give the operational guidelines.
2.2.5 APPROPRIATION ACTS

Money Bills when passed into laws become Appropriation Acts. They regulate
financial matters, including the payment or withdrawal from the Consolidated
Revenue Fund. Appropriation Acts are passed yearly, for the release of public
money so as to render services in the years to which they relate. Appropriation
Acts may direct a change in the way of operating any fund, apart from the
Contingencies Fund and the Consolidated Revenue Fund.
2.2.6 FINANCIAL REGULATIONS

They are accounting and financial control documents. As a regulatory instrument,
Financial Regulations book is the codification of guiding principles and
methods. It advocates uniformity in the recording of specified positions,
transactions and events. The Financial Regulations are a body of rules designed
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to assist the achievement of probity and accountability in government. Examples
of the rules deal with the opening of bank accounts, cheques and the collection of
revenue. Financial Regulations define the duties and responsibilities of finance
officers of government.
2.2.7 TREASURY/FINANCE CIRCULARS AND CIRCULAR LETTERS

These are administrative instruments which are issued for the purpose of guiding
day-to-day routine operations of the departments of government. They are used in
amending existing provisions of public service rules and Financial Regulations.
2.2.8 FISCAL RESPONSIBILITY ACT 2007

Under this Act, there is a Fiscal Responsibility Commission which is changed with
the responsibility of ensuring the diligent pursuit of the countrys economic
objectives. The Act provides for wise and legal utilisation of the resources of
Nigeria. It emphasises the preparation of Medium-term Expenditure Framework,
Collection of Public Revenue and Expenditure, Annual Budget and Budgetary
Control, Transparency and Accountability.
2.2.9 PUBLIC PROCUREMENT ACT, 2007

Under the Act, the National Council on Public Procurement (NCPP) and the Bureau
of Public Procurement (BPP) were created as organs of regulation, for oversight
and monitoring of public procurement. They also have the responsibility for
regulating and harmonising extant policies of government, developing the legal
framework and settling public procurement standards. The Act sets standards,
methods and procurement approval limits or thresholds for Bureau of Public
Procurement, Accounting Officers and Tender Boards for Ministries, Agencies and
Departments.
2. 3 BASES OF ACCOUNTING
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These refer to how the transaction of government are recognised and recorded in
the accounting books. Some common bases of accounts that are used are the cash
and accrual bases.
2.3. 1 Cash Basis
The cash basis of accounting embraces the movement of cash as the basis of
recognising income and expenses. Once money is received, income is recognised,
whether the goods or services have been supplied or not. On the other hand, an
expense is recognised as having been made once payment is made, whether
benefit has been received or not.
In other words, income is recognised as it is received in the form of cash and

expenditure is recognised as money is paid. No difference is shown in the
treatment of capital and revenue expenditure.
Fixed assets are not treated as capital expenditure items. They are written off as
revenue expenditure in the years of purchase.
Main characteristics of cash basis of accounting:
It is very simple to develop an accounting system based on the mere recording of

cash receipts and payments.
Financial statements generated with this technique are not complicated; they are
very understandable and the accounting does not require the making of estimates
for depreciation or doubtful debts, or adjustments for accruals and prepayments.
It facilitates fiscal stewardship in that in public sector where the concept of cash
limit is used in budgeting the use of resources, compliance can be determined
easily.
The concept does not make for proper measurement of performance. It is not easy
to measure the physical work produced and the assets consumed in doing that
within a period of time. The technique does not recognise the time when resources
are used.
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Performance under this approach is poorly measured since recognition is given to
the use of limited cash in any service delivery. The cash basis stresses the economy
of a service very much, and does not consider the efficiency and effectiveness in
service delivery.
In accounting for the existing resources of government, only cash and near cash
items are shown on the balance sheet. No fixed assets such as buildings and
vehicles are shown.
Traditional accounting in government is based on cash accounting. Governments
final accounts are prepared, using only movement of cash as a means of
determining income and expenses.
2.3.2 Accrual Basis
Accrual basis of accounting uses the notion of legal obligation to record financial
transactions. Once there is a legally binding contract for the receipt of, or render
of service, recognition will be given to the income or expenditure arising out of the
contract.
The recognition of revenue or expenditure under this technique does not depend
on the point in time when cash moves as either receipt or payment, as with the
cash basis.
The concept states that the transactions and events of entities should always be
recorded in the periods in which the services are rendered or received, rather than
in the periods in which cash is received or paid. This basis of accounting leads to
the recognition of credit transactions in the preparation of the financial statements
of a public sector organisation.
The concept recognises the period when revenue is deemed to have been earned
rather than when it is received. Revenue is earned when a benefit has been given
and the giver is entitled legally to receive compensation for the benefit given.
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Expenses on the other hand, are recognised when incurred rather than paid.
Expenses are incurred when uses of the benefits are obliged legally to pay in
exchange.
The accrual concept leads to the making of adjustments in financial statements,

especially when expected compensation has been given for benefit not received or
rendered, or when benefit has been rendered or received without the passing of
the compensation.
In Ghana, the Financial Administration Regulations (FAR), 2004 (L.I. 1802), Part
VII, 186, states that government accounts are to be prepared generally, using the
accrual basis of accounting.
2.3.3 Modified Accrual Basis
The basic feature of the modified accrual basis is that it combines the cash and
accrual bases of recognising revenue. The modified accrual concept recognises
revenue only when made available and can be measured.
Revenue is recognised and recorded when received as cash or collectible in some

future time, with some certainty.
As an example, under modified accrual basis, revenue from property tax is

recognised because the assets on which the tax assessments are made can be
identified easily. However, revenue receipts from fines and court charges are
recognised on cash basis since they cannot be predicted and estimated with
certainty. Predicting future sales tax and valued-added tax, for purposes of
accruing the revenue, is very difficult. Expenditure, on the other hand, is
recognised for most items on the normal accrual basis.
2.3.4 Modified Cash Basis
This concept, in some instances, resembles the modified accrual basis. The
modified cash accounting technique is appropriated where the accounting books
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of the government institutions are not closed at the end of a year, but are open for
some period into the beginning of the following year. Receipts made during the
current year which relate to the past period are recorded and accounted for as
revenue of the previous period.
2.3.5 Commitment Basis
The accounting technique recognises expenses as soon as expenditure decisions

are taken. As soon as a decision is taken for the acquisition of a service or good,
accounting records for that begin and cash is set aside to pay for such cost.
Financial transactions are therefore recorded as soon as commitments are made.

It is not when there is movement of cash for a transaction, or when there is
documentary evidence in the form of invoice. This salary is said to be
encumbrance accounting. Cash is encumbered when it is set aside for a
transaction.
A practical situation is when orders are made for the acquisition of some assets.
Once the purchase order is made, entries are expected to be made to reserve
money for the items. Though purchase order does not bring about any legal
obligation, hence no liability, an encumbrance entry is made, reserving the
necessary amount of money for the order.
3.20 PENSION AND GRATUITY TABLE
Years in service Gratuity Pension

% %
5 100 -
6 108 -
7 116 -
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8 124 -
9 132 -
10 100 30
11 108 32
,, ,, ,,
,, ,, ,,
35 300 80
3.21 DOCUMENTS THAT SHOULD ACCOMPANY APPLICATION FOR RETIREMENT
BENEFITS
Completed Pension form.
Letter of first appointment.
Certified true copy of record of service.
Photocopy of letter of promotion to the last grade level.
Original and photocopies of death and burial certificate.
Debt clearance certificate.
Sworn affidavit as to next of kin or legal representative.
Letter of administration issued by the probate registry if he dies intestate.
Two recent passport photograph of each next of kin or legal representative.
Notice of disengagement from service and approval (on retirement).
3.22 CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR PROCESSING OF GRATUITY AND PENSION
Gratuity and pension will be granted to an officer on his retirement from the public
service in any of the following circumstance.
Voluntary retirement after qualifying service year
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Compulsory retirement upon attaining the age of 60 years
Compulsory retirement for the purpose of facilitating improvement in the
organization of the officers department or ministry so that greater efficiency or
economy may be affected.
Advise of a properly constituted medical board certifying that the officer is no
longer mentally or physically capable of carrying out the functions of his office.
Total or permanent disablement b while in the service
Abolition of office occupied by the officer
He is required by the civil service commission to retire on the ground that his
retirement is in the public interest.
3.23 DETERMINANTS OF ENTITLEMENTS
The data required for determining entitlements are;
Length of service
Terminal salary and pensionable allowance
Rates of entitlement to gratuity and pension
Rules on deferred pension and exception thereto
Rules on special pension e.g. incapacity or injury pension
Eligibility of wife and children to pension.
3.24 COMPUTATION OF PENSION AND GRATUITY
(i) PENSION
{(N-1)2} % + 30%
Where N is the number of years spent
(ii) GRATUITY
Within the range of 5-9years of qualifying service years

{(N-5)8} % + 100%
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From 10 years to 35years of qualifying service years

{(N-10)8} % + 100%
3.25 DEATH BENEFITS
If an officer dies while still in service, his benefit will be calculated as if he has been
compulsorily retired.
However, if the person dies, having served for less than 10 years, his benefit will be
calculated based on the gratuity table. But where he has served below 5 years, his next-
of-kin will be given 100% of his salary.
Where the officer dies, having served 10 years and above, death gratuity is based on the
rates as per attached table. In addition, a total pension a month of as per the table will
be paid to his beneficiaries for a cumulative period of five years, upfront.
3.26 PENSION REFORM ACT 2004
By virtue of the Act, both the public and private sector pension schemes are now
contributory. The employers and employees are expected to contribute a minimum
of 7.5% each, towards the retirement. The rate is subject to review as may be
agreed between the employer and employee.
3.27 S(2) - OBJECTIVES OF THE NEW PENSION REFORM ACT, 2004
To provide a sustainable and well managed pension to employees, both

in the public and private sectors.
To ensure that all and sundry in the working class save in order to make
provision for life after retirement.
To ensure that all and sundry are entitled to and receive terminal benefits
as and when due.
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To ensure that all regulations and guidelines available for administration
and payment of retirement benefits are applicable to both public and
private sector officers.
To sustain a worthwhile standard of living of all employees after
retirement.
To ensure that all pension contributions are fully protected till maturity
before the retirement of the beneficiaries.
To improve pension management structures in Nigeria.
To create job opportunities.
3.27.1 S(8) EXEMPTION FROM NEW PENSION REFORM ACT 2004
Employees with 3 or less years to retire.

All Judicial Officers - S.291 of 1999 Constitution.
Fully Fund Pension Schemes.
3.27.2 S (9) - RATES OF CONTRIBUTION
(a) Federal Government : - Public Services, Ministries, Parastatals etc. 7.5%
Employer - Minimum of 7.5% of monthly emolument
(b) Military - Employee:- Navy, Police, Army, Air Force - 2.5% of monthly
emolument.
Employer - Federal Government 12.5%
3.27.3 S(II) RETIREMENT SAVINGS ACCOUNT (RSA)
(a) Every employee is to maintain an account with any PFA - Pension Fund
Administration of his/her choice
(b) Every employee must notify his/her employer of his choice of PFA.
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(c) Employers are empowered to deduct at source and remit to the Pension Asset
Custodian (PAC) specified by the PFA of the employee not later than 7 days.
(d) Pension Assets Custodians are to notify the PFA of the receipt of contribution so
that PFA can credit employees accounts accordingly.
3.27.4 S3 (I) : - WITHDRAWAL FROM RETIREMENT SAVING ACCOUNTS
(a) Withdrawal is not allowed until the employee has attained the age of 50 years
except on ground of ill health.
(b) If withdrawal is to be affected before the age of 50 years, it must be established

that retirement is in accordance with the terms and conditions of employment.
3.27.5 RETIREMENT BENEFITS
The accumulated fund in the Retirement Savings Account shall be utilized as follows:
(a) A lump sum cash withdrawal that will not affect the purchase of Annuity for life of
not less than 50% of annual remuneration at retirement.
(b) Computed monthly or quarterly withdrawals based on expected life span.
(c) Where an officer retires before the age of 50 years, he cannot withdraw more than
25% of his account balance after 6 months of retirement and not in another
employment.
3.27.6 TAX EXEMPTION
S7(1) States that any amount payable as a retirement benefits shall not be
taxable.
S7(2) - States that where additional voluntary contribution made is
withdrawn before the end of 5 years tax is payable.
3.27.7 PENSION FUND COMMISSION
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The Pension Fund Commission is responsible for regulation, supervision and effective
administration of pension issues in Nigeria.
3.27.7.1 COMPOSITION OF THE COMMISSION
(a) A part time Chairman with university degree or its equivalent and with 20 years
experience in pension matters and or insurance.
(b) Director General who shall be the CEO responsible for the day-to-day
administration of the commission, he must also possess not less than 20 years
experience in pension matters and or insurance or related field.
(c) Four full time commissioners with experience each in Finance Investment,
Accounting, Pension Management, Actuarial Science or Business Administration.
(d) Part time members of the Commission who shall be representatives each of:
The Head of the Civil Service of the Federation

The Federal Ministry of Finance
The Nigeria Labour Congress
The Nigeria Union of Pensioners
The Nigeria Employers Consultative Association
The Central Bank of Nigeria
The Securities and Exchange Commission.
3.27.7.2 FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSION
(a) To supervise, regulate and coordinate the pension scheme established by

the Act.
(b) To formulate and issue out guidelines for the investment of pension funds
(c) To approve, license, regulate and supervise Pension Fund Administrators
(d) To ensure the maintenance of a National Data Bank on all pension matters
(e) To carry out public awareness and education on the establishment and
management of pension schemes.
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(f) To receive and investigate complaints of impropriety levelled against any
pension fund administrator.
3.27.7.3 POWERS OF THE COMMISSION
(a) Power to fix the terms and condition of services including remuneration of
employee of the commission.
(b) Power to oversee the overall policy on pension matters in Nigeria.
(c) Power to charge and collect any fee, levy or penalty as may be specified by
the Commission.
(d) Power to make request for information from any employer or Pension Fund
Administrator on retirement benefits matters.
(e) Power to impose administrative sanctions or fines on any erring employer or
Pension Fund Administration.
3.28 PENSION FUND ADMINISTRATOR (PFA)
(a) A Pension Fund Administrator must possess the following:-

(b) A practicing license issued by National Pension Commission
(c) Be a Limited Liability Company set up to manage pension fund only
(d) A minimum of N150m paid-up capital
(e) Professional capacity to manage funds and administer retirement benefit.
3.28.1 FUNCTIONS OF PENSION FUND ADMINISTRATOR (PFA)
(a) Operation of retirement Savings Account with Personal Identification Number

(PIN)
(b) To invest and manage pension funds as Assets through Pension fund custodian
(c) To provide relevant information as regards investment strategy, market returns
and financial empowerment.
(d) Professional capacity to manage funds and administer retirement benefits.
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(e) To provide customer services support
(f) To compute retirement benefits.
3.29 PENSION ASSETS CUSTODIAN (PAC)
A Pension Asset Custodian must possess the following:-
(a) Issued licence to hold pension funds and assets in trust.

(b) Minimum net worth of Five Billion Naira (5Bn)
(c) A balance sheet position of N125m
(d) Execute the orders of the PFA as regards holding pension funds and assets.
3.29.1 FUNCTIONS OF PENSION ASSET CUSTODIANS (PAC)
(a) To receive contribution on behalf of the PFA.

(b) To hold pension funds and assets in safe custody
(c) To executive investment activities on behalf of the PFA
(d) To make reports to the National Pension Commission on all matters relating to
its operation.
3.29.2 INVESTMENT OF PENSION FUNDS
All contributions are to be invested by the PFA with the objectives of safety and
maintenance of fair returns. Pension funds and assets shall be invested in any of
the following:-
(a) Bonds, Bills and other Federal Government and CBN Securities
(b) Ordinary Shares of Public Liability Companies (PLC)
(c) Bank Deposits and Bank Securities
(d) Real Estate Investment.
3.3 MINISTRY OF FINANCE INCORPORATED (MOFI)
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This is a legal entity which can sue and be sued. The department manages
government investments in quoted and unquoted investments. It attends annual
general meetings of companies and receives dividends on behalf of government.
The body is to ensure probity and accountability in the management of
government investment portfolios. The body also encourages rendering of reports
and advices on the activities of the companies in which government has interests.
3.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The chapter discussed the constitutional and legal framework of government

accounting, International Public Sector Accounting standards issued, the rules,
regulations and glossary of terms guiding the preparation of financial statements
by public sector organisations. It discussed the various bases of accounting of
cash, accrual, etc. The provisions of Pension Acts 102 and 103 of 1979,
advantages and disadvantages of Financial Regulations/Accounting Manual were
discussed. The Pension Reform Act of 2004 was also addressed.
1. The minimum statutory age require to join public service is
A. 12 years
B. 15 years
C. 18 years
D. 21 years
E. 27 years
2. Gratuity is
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A. A monthly payment to a retired officer who has served for a statutory
period of time.
B. A lump sum paid to an officer that was dismissed.
C. A lump sum paid to a retired officer who has served for the statutory
period of time.
D. A monthly payment to an officer who is sick.
E. Annual salary paid to an officer.
3. The statutory investment age of Judges in Nigeria is
A. 65 years
B. 60 years
C. 55 years
D. 70 years
E. 72 years
4. According to Section 102 of the Pension Refund Act 2004, a Pension Asset
custodian is an entity
A. That keeps asset of pensioners.
B. That keeps custody of assets of a Pension Fund Administrator.
C. Licensed by the National Pension Commission to hold pension assets

in safe custody.
D. That keeps custody of assets and liabilities of all pensioners.
E. That has custody of pension contribution of employers duty
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5. Which of the following is the ratio of contribution between the Federal
Government (employer) and the Armed Forces (employee) respectively?
a. 21/2% : 121/2%
b. 71/2% : 71/2%
c. 15% : 0%
d. 0% : 15%
e. 121/2% : 21/2%
6. In accordance with the Pension Reform act 2004, pension funds are to be
managed by ........................ licensed by the Pension Fund Commission.
7. The minimum paid up share capital required by the Pension Fund
Commission for licensing of potential Pension Fund administrator is
..............
8. Government contribution to pension fund of her workers in charged to
.................
9. Any service or employment under the government of the federation in a civil
position (Federal, State or local government) recognised by the Ministry of
Establishment is called ...............
10. The account opened by the Pension Fund Administrator into which shall be
credited all aggregate contributions by the employer and employee is called
.....................
11. What are accounting and financial control devices called inn government?
12. A legal entity which can sue and be sued in government is the Ministry of
....................... incorporated.
13. What is a monthly payment made to a retired officer who has served for a
statutory period called?
14. A lump sum of money paid once to a retired officer is ..............................
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15. What is the supervision of the activities of a public sector organisation by a
superior body called?
16. Which of the following deals with the presentation of cashflow statements?
(A) IPSAS 1
(B) IPSAS 2
(C) IPSAS 3
(D) IPSAS 4
(E) IPSAS 5
17. Disclosure and presentation of financial instruments are covered by
(A) IPSAS 15
(B) IPSAS 16
(C) IPSAS 17
(D) IPSAS 18
(E) IPSAS 19
18. The specific conventions, bases, principles etc operated by a public entity
are called ...........................
19. Related party disclosures are treated under IPSAS ...................
20. Impairment of non-cash generating assets is covered under IPSAS ............
Suggested Solutions
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. E
6. Pension Fund Administrators
7. N150m
8. Consolidated Revenue Fund
9. Public service
10. Retirement Saving Account
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11. Financial Regulations
12. Finance
13. Pension
14. Gratuity
15. Oversight
16. B
17. A
18. Accounting Policies
19. 20
20. 21
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CHAPTER THREE
GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING THEORY AND PROCESSES
At the end of this chapter, candidates should be able to:-
> State the various government theory and processes
> State the objectives of IPSASB
> State the advantages of Financial Regulations and Accounting Manual.
3.2 INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING STANDARD BOARD
The standard guarantees that the financial reporting of public sector contains and
conveys true and fair views of the financial position of the financial statement. It
takes account o5EEf the characteristic features of the public sector.
However, since they are laid down by the International Federation of Accountants
(IFAC) which on its own is a private federation, they have no legally binding force.
The International Public Sector Accounting Standard Board was formally known as
Public Sector Committee (PSC). It is a board of IFAC, which is formed purposely to
develop and issue its own standards to give format for the preparation of Public
Sector Financial Reporting. This is aimed at improving the quality and ensures
uniformity of financial reporting globally.
The aim is also to facilitate the convergence of International and National

standards.
The IPSAB comprises of 15 members, 13 of whom are nominated by the member

bodies of IFAC, while the other 2 are public member who in turn are nominated by
any individual or organisation.
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3.2.1 THE RELEVANT STANDARDS
IPSAS 4 The effects of changes in foreign exchange rates
IPSAS 22 Disclosure of financial information about the General Government

Sector
IPSAS 23 Revenue from non-exchange transactions
IPSAS 24 presentation of budget information on financial statement
IPSAS 25 employee benefit
IPSAS 26 impairment of cash Generating assets
IPSAS 27 Agriculture
IPSAS 28 Financial instrument Presentation
IPSAS 29 Financial instrument: Recognition and measurement
IPSAS 30 Financial instrument Disclosure
IPSAS 31 Intangible assets
3.2.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE IPSASB
The objectives of the IPSASB are;
(i) to serve the public interest by developing high quality public sector financial
reporting standards
(ii) facilitate the convergence of International and National standards
(iii) Enhance the quality and uniformity of financial reporting throughout the
world.
The IPSASB achieves its objectives by:
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(a) issuing International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs);
(b) promoting their acceptance and the International convergence to these
standards; and
(c) publishing other documents which provide guidance on issues and experiences
in financial reporting in the public sector.
The IPSASB issues other non-authoritative publications including studies, research

reports, and occasional papers that deal with particular public sector financial
reporting issues.
3.2.3 THE ADOPTION OF IPSASS
The adoption of IPSASs by governments will improve both the quality and
comparability of financial information reported by public sector entities around
the world. The IPSASB recognises the right of governments and National standard
setters to establish accounting standards and guidelines for financial reporting in
their jurisdictions. The IPSASB encourages the adoption of IPSASs and the
harmonization of National requirements with IPSASs.
3.2.4 RELEVANT DEFINITIONS IN IPSASS
Assets
Assets are resources controlled by an entity as a result of past events and from
which future economic benefits or service potential are expected to flow to the
entity.
Liabilities
Liabilities are present obligations of the entity arising from past events, the
settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources
embodying economic benefits or service potential.
Net Assets/Equity
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Net assets/equity is the term used in public sector accounting to describe the
residual measure in the statement of financial position (assets less liabilities). Net
assets/equity may be positive or negative. Other terms may be used in place of net
assets/equity, provided that their meaning is clear.
3.3 PENSION ACTS 102 AND 103 OF 1979
These Acts were promulgated to regulate the various pension plans in force before
the Acts and thereafter. The contents include:
Basis of computation of pension and gratuity
Authority for pension to be charged to the Consolidated Revenue Fund
Circumstances in which pension and gratuity may be granted
Statutory Retirement Age
Pension and gratuity where an officer dies in service
Pension and gratuity on abolition of office
3.4 MINISTRY OF FINANCE INCORPORATED (MOFI)
This is a legal entity which can sue and be sued. The department manages
government investments in quotes and unquoted companies. It attends Annual
General Meetings of companies and receives dividends on behalf of the
government. The body is to ensure probity and accountability in the management
of government investment portfolios.
The body also allows rendering of reports and advises on the activities of the
companies in which the government has interests.
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3.5 THE ANNUAL APPROPRIATION ACTS
These are annual money bills which become Appropriation Acts when passed into
law.
An Appropriate Act serves the following functions:
- Provides authority for spending public monies for services to be rendered

during the year to which it applies.
- May direct a change in the methods of operating any Fund other than the
Consolidated Revenue Fund.
3.6 FINANCIAL REGULATIONS / ACCOUNTING MANUAL
These are the rules governing the management of public funds. The rules deal
with the system concerning the receipts and disbursements of public funds and the
procedures entitled to ensure goods accountability and assurance against frauds
and other malpractices.
It is the accounting manual of the government stating the rules and regulations
governing public sector account.
3.6.1 ADVANTAGES OF FINANCIAL REGULATIONS OR ACCOUNTING MANUAL
1. It ensures consistency
2. It serves as a vengeance point
3. It ensures continuity
4. It serves as a training tool
5. It serves as a guide
3.6.2 DISADVANTAGES OF FINANCIAL REGULATIONS/ACCOUNTING MANUAL
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1. It is very rigid
2. It does not allow usage of imitative
3. Since one cannot apply his own initiative, it is de-motivational
4. It makes job monotonous
5. Workers may not produce best results due to the de-motivational factor
3.7 FINANCIAL MEMORANDA FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT
The Financial Memoranda for Local Government is a publication by the Federal

Government which contains the administrative guidelines, the existing systems of
checks and balances as well as the roles of all the officers from the Chief
Accounting Officer i.e. the Chairman to the officer at the lowest cadre.
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3.7.1. OBJECTIVES OF THE FINANCIAL MEMORANDA
1. To serve as administrative guidelines which facilitate day-to-day running of

Local Government.
2. To expressly highlight the implications of disbursing government fund and
property without proper authority, approval and unjustly.
3. To facilitate recording of Local Government financial transactions in the
appropriate accounting method.
4. To serve as a learning tool for officers on first appointment or on transfer to a
new section.
3.7.2 CONTENT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL MEMORANDA
1. The format of budget and budgetary control.

2. The financial responsibilities of the Chairman and other accounting officers of the
Local Government.
3. The responsibilities of the Local Government Secretary, Treasurer and Heads of
Department.
4. The responsibilities of the Internal Auditor as they relate to Audit Alarm.
5. The powers and functions of the Auditor-General for Local Government.
6. The functions and operations of the Audit Alarm Committee.
7. The various financial offences and their respective sanctions.
8. The means of Revenue Collection and Control.
9. Main books of accounts kept in the Local Government.
10. The custody, accounting and control of stores.
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CHAPTER FOUR
THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF

GOVERNMENT
4.0 LEARNING OBJETIVES
At the end of this chapter, candidates would be able to:
1. Identify key Government Finance Officers.

2. Understand the financial responsibilities of the Government Officers.
3. Understand the mode of appointment, powers and functions of the
Accountant General of the Federation.
4. Appreciate the mode of appointment, powers, functions of the Auditor-
General for the Federation.
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Government Officials who are saddled with the responsibility of managing

government funds and property can be grouped into two categories briefly
discussed as follows:
(a) The officials who have attained positions by way of experience, hard work, and
efficiency and cannot be arbitrarily removed. Such officers include the
Accountant-General of the Federation, Auditor-General for the Federation,
Accounting Officers, Sub-accounting Officers, Federal Pay Officers, Revenue
Collectors and Local Government Secretary.
(b) The officials who occupy positions by way of political dispensations. They may
not necessarily have any experience in the assigned fields. Such officials
include Federal Minister of Finance, State Commissioner for Finance, a Local
Government Chairman and Councillors.
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4.2 ACCOUNTING OFFICER
The term Accounting Officer in Nigeria, means the Head of a Ministry/Extra

ministerial Department or whoever is empowered to manage the affairs of a
government enterprise. He is responsible for all receipts and payments of public
money in his Department or Ministry. He is saddled with the responsibility of
reporting on the financial activities of his Ministry or Department. With effect from
1st January, 1998 Permanent Secretaries are the Accounting Officers of their
various Ministries.
4.2.1. FUNCTIONS OF THE ACCOUNTING OFFICER
The functions of an Accounting Officer include the following:
To establish and manage an effective, efficiently run and result-oriented

Internal Control Department in his Ministry.
To ensure that proper books of accounts and system as specified by the Minister
of Finance are kept.
To ensure that all revenue accruable to his Ministry are collected and accounted
for as and when due.
To ensure that there is provision for effective security system over all
government funds.
To install adequate preventive measures against frauds and misappropriation of
funds.
To ensure that only trustworthy, dedicated and reputable officers are entrusted
with government funds.
To ensure that all payments are backed up with proper authority and that only
services and goods provided are paid for.
To make available all the cash, stamps, bank statements etc. in his custody
when such is requested for by the Accountant-General of, or Auditor-General for,
the Federation.
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To ensure that financial statements statutorily required are prepared without
delay.
4.3 ACCOUNTANT-GENERAL OF THE FEDERATION
The Financial Regulation No. 107 of January, 2009, defines the Accountant-
General of the Federation as The Chief Accounting Officer of the receipts and
payments of the government of the Federation. He is saddled with the
responsibility of general control, custody and supervision of all ministries and
departments within the Federation. He is responsible for the preparation of the
annual financial statements of accounts of the Nation as may be required by the
Minister of Finance.
4.3.1 APPOINTMENT OF THE ACCOUNTANT-GENERAL OF THE FEDERATION
He is appointed by the President, on the recommendation of the Federal Civil

Service Commission.
POWERS OF THE ACCOUNTANT-GENERAL OF THE FEDERATION.
He has power of unlimited access to all financial documents and records of every
Ministry or Department at all times.
He has the power to carry out any special investigation, when the need arises, in
any Ministry or Department.
The Accountant-General has power to demand for and obtain any information and
explanation required to carry out his duties.
4.3.2. FUNCTIONS OF THE ACCOUNTANT-GENERAL FOR THE FEDERATION.
The functions of the Accountant-General of the federation as contained in the

Financial Regulations include:
1. Acting as Chief Accounting Officer of the receipts and payments of all
government money.
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2. Supervising the accounts of Federal Government, Ministries and Extra-
Ministerial Departments.
3. Preparing and issuing Financial Regulations and Treasury Circulars.
4. Presenting the Nations annual financial statements as required by the Minister
of Finance.
5. Investigating cases of fraud, loss of funds, assets and other malpractices inn
Federal Ministries and other public agencies
6. Maintaining and operating the Federation Account
7. Formulating the accounting policy of the Federal Government
8. Servicing public loans and debt.
9. Managing Federal Government Investments.
10. Supervising and controlling the computerisation of the system of accounting in
the Federal Ministries and government agencies
11. Ensuring all revenue is monitored and accounted for
12. Establish and supervise Federal Pay Offices in each State Capital of Nigeria.
4.4 AUDITOR-GENERAL FOR THE FEDERATION
The Financial Regulation 108 of January 2009 defines the Auditor-General for the
Federation as the officer recognised by the Constitution of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria, 1999 as amended and the Audit Ordinance of 1956 to audit the accounts
of all accounting officers and all persons entrusted with the collection, custody,
receipts, issuance or payments of public money.
He has the power to examine the accounts in any way he deems fit and at the end
of the audit, he is required to write a formal report detailing whether in his
opinion:
Proper books of accounts have been kept

The accounts show a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Nation as
a whole for the period under review
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All money collected by Ministries and Departments are expended for the
purpose provided for in the approved estimate
All financial rules and regulations have been strictly complied with.
All essential and important records of accounts are kept and maintained in
accordance with the rules and procedures that will guarantee the security of
government fund and property.
4.4.1 APPOINTMENT OF AUDITOR-GENERAL FOR THE FEDERATION.
According to S86 (1) of the 1999 Constitution, the Auditor-General for the
Federation shall be appointed by the President on the recommendation of the
Federal Civil Service Commission, subject to confirmation by the Senate.
4.4.2 FUNCTIONS OF THE AUDITOR-GENERAL FOR THE FEDERATION.

According to Financial Regulation No 109 of January 2009, the functions of the
Auditor-General include
Appropriation audit. This is to ensure that funds are utilised as approved by

the National Assembly.
Financial Audit in compliance with existing laws, so as to determine whether
government accounts have been satisfactorily and faithfully kept.
Financial Control Audit. This is to ensure that laid down procedures are being
adhered to in storekeeping, contracts and tendering. The view is that
pilfering, extravagance and waste should be prevented.
Value-for-Money (Performance) audit, to ascertain the level of economy,
efficiency and effectiveness achieved from government programmes and
projects.
Revenue audit of government institutions.
Periodic checks of all public corporations, commissions, agencies, bodies and
persons established by Acts of the National Assembly.
Audit of the Accountant-Generals Yearly Financial Statements.
Auditing and certifying the Federation Account.
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Audit of the accounts of Federal Government establishments located in all
states of the Federation including the Federal Capital Territory (Abuja).
Pre and post audit of civilian and military pensions.
4.4.3 CONSTITUTIONAL FUNCTIONS OF THE AUDITOR-GENERAL OF THE FEDERATION

These are as follows:
S. 85 (2): The public accounts of the Federation and of all offices and courts of
the Federation shall be audited and reported on by the Auditor-General to the
National Assembly, and for that purpose he shall have access to all the books,
records, returns and other documents relation to those accounts.
S. 85 (3): Though the Auditor-General is not authorised to audit the accounts or
appoint auditors for government statutory corporations, commissions,
authorities, agencies, including all persons and bodies established by an Act of
The National Assembly, but the Auditor-General shall:-
(a) Provide such bodies with;
(i) A list of qualified and experienced auditors from which the bodies
shall appoint their external auditors, and
(ii) Guidelines on the level of fees to be paid to the external auditors.
(b) Comment on their annual accounts and auditors reports thereon.
S. 85 (4): He shall have power to conduct periodic checks on all government

statutory corporations, commissions, authorities, agencies etc. including all
persons and bodies established by an Act of The National Assembly.
S. 85(5): He shall, within ninety days of receipt of the Accountant-Generals
Financial Statements, submits his reports to each House of the National
Assembly.
4.4.4 INDEPENDENCE OF THE AUDITOR-GENERAL
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S. 85(6): In the exercise of his constitutional functions, the Auditor-General
shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other authority or person.
S 87(2): The Auditor-General shall not be removed from office before his
retiring age as may be prescribed by law, except for inability to perform the
functions of his office or for misconduct.
S 84(4): The remuneration of the Auditor-General shall be drawn from the
Consolidated Revenue Fund of the Federation.
S 84 (3): His remuneration and salaries as well as conditions of service other
than allowances, shall not be altered to his detriment after his appointment.
4.5.5 REMOVAL OF AUDITOR-GENERAL FOR THE FEDERATION
S. 87 (1) says that a person holding the office of Auditor-General for the Federation
shall be removed from office by the President acting on an address supported by
two-thirds majority of the Senate on the ground that: -
He is unable to discharge his constitutional and managerial functions due

to illness or insanity.
He is found to have been involved in a grave act of misconduct.
4.5 AUDITOR-GENERAL FOR STATE GOVENMENT
The Office of the State Auditor-General is an Establishment with statutory and

constitutional functions. Its powers and responsibilities are derived from the 1999
constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
It was created mainly to audit the accounts and underlying records of the Auditor-
General a State Government can call for audit or special investigation into the
books and records of parastatals, ministries and government agencies.
4.5.1 APPOINTMENT OF AUDITOR-GENERAL FOR STATE GOVERNMENT
According to Section 126 (1) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria, the Auditor-General for a State shall be appointed by the State Governor
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on the recommendation of the State Civil Service Commission subject to
confirmation by the State House of Assembly.
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4.5.2 FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF AUDITOR-GENERAL FOR STATE
GOVERNMENTS
He is to ensure that adequate accounts are being kept by public

establishments.
He is to ensure that all public money is properly accounted for and that the
rules and procedures applied are in tandem with the financial regulations.
It is his responsibility to ensure that essential records are kept and the
procedures applied are to safeguard and control public assets and cash.
4.5.3 THE CONSTITUTIONAL FUNCTIONS OF STATE AUDITOR-GENERAL (S. 125)
1. To audit public accounts of the State and all officers and courts of the State.
2. Issuance of Annual Statutory Audit Reports in accordance with the
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
3. To certify computations of pensions and gratuities of retiring public officers.
4. He is the Chairman of Audit Alarm Committee and is to act in that capacity.
5. To monitor and evaluate all government projects.
6. To liaise with the Public Accounts Committee of the State House of Assembly
on matters brought to the notice of the House.
7. To recommend the remuneration payable to appointed External Auditors of
Government Corporations, Commissions, Authorities and Agencies
established by Law.
8. To receive and review the reports of the External Auditors of government
corporations, etc.
9. To carry out special audit or investigation on the three arms The Executive,
The Legislative and the Judiciary.
4.7 OFFICE OF THE AUDITOR-GENERAL FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT
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The office of the Auditor-General for local government was establishes in 1999, in
line with the Civil Service Reform of 1998. It was excised from the State Audit
Department as it was then known.
4.7.1 LEGAL FRAMEWORK
The office operates within the following legal framework
a) The Nigerian Constitution of 1999

b) The Local Government financial memoranda
c) Guideline on local government operations
d) Updated circulars issued from time to time
4.7.2 STATUTORY FUNCTIONS OF THE AUDITOR-GENERAL FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT
1. He is responsible for the audit of the financial statements of all Local

Government in the state
2. He is responsible for the inspection of all the financial statements of all
local governments and writes a report thereon
3. Imposition of sanctions/surcharges through the local government service
commission
4. To carry out pre-audit of gratuity and pension of local government retirees,
teaching and non-teaching staff of primary schools in the state.
5. To issue Annual Statutory Audit Reports.
6. To execute pre-audit of major projects of local governments.
4.7.3 THE FINANCIAL DUTIES OF THE AUDITOR-GENERAL FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT
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1. To ensure that proper system of accounts recognised by laws are establishes
and maintained
2. To ensure that adequate provisions are made for the security of documents
in the Accountant-Generals office
3. To ensure that an effective and efficiently man-powered Internal Control
System is established in the local govern and maintained
4. To report any defect in procedures for revenue collection and expenditure
disbursement
5. To effectively supervise the members of staff under his direct control
6. To head the Losers and Audit Alarm Committee at the Local Government
level
4.8 SUB-ACCOUNTING OFFICER
This is an officer entrusted with the receipt, custody and disbursement of public
funds. He is required by law to maintain a recognised conventional cashbook
together with any other book required by the Accountant-General. The transactions
recorded in his cash book are included in the financial statements presented by
the Accountant-General.
4.8.1 FUNCTIONS OF SUB-ACCOUNTING OFFICER
The Sub-Accounting officer performs the same functions as the accounting officer.
However, other functions of the sub-accounting officer different from those of the
accounting officer include:-
1. Maintenance of main cashbooks.
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2. To charge into his accounts under proper heads and sub-heads, all
payments of cash and expenditure commitments immediately such are
effected.
3. To check all cash, stamp, paper money and investment records in his care
for verification of the balances with cash register and other registers.
4. To recognize any excess cash discovered different from the balance in the
cash register as revenue.
5. To carry out any other function as may be required by the Accounting
Officer or Minister of Finance.
4.9 SUB -TREASURER OF THE FEDERATION
The Sub-Treasurer of the Federation is an accounting officer who is responsible for

the custody, receipt and disbursement of all public money earned and spent from
foreign and indigenous investments.
4.9.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE SUB-TREASURER OF THE FEDERATION
1. To ensure that all foreign investments are well monitored and supervised.
2. To ensure that all government foreign investments are secured and
generate reasonable interest.
3. He is responsible for reviewing and updating the accounting systems in use
in the office of the Accountant-General.
4. To perform any other function as may be directed by the Accountant-
General.
4.10 THE REVENUE COLLECTOR
The Revenue Collector is the officer who is saddled with the responsibility of
collecting some specified revenue on behalf of the government. He is issued an
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official treasury receipt 6A for the regular collection of particular items of revenue
as specified in the estimate.
The Revenue Collector must maintain a recognised revenue cashbook. He is

responsible to the accounting officer of the ministry/department who will prepare
a code of instructions of the procedure to be followed in his ministry/department to
ensure prompt and up-to-date collection of government revenue. It is worthy of
note that where the revenue collector is entrusted with collection of more than one
form of revenue, he must keep a Revenue Classification Slip where the Date,
Description, Amount, Head, Sub-head and the form of revenue will be specified.
4.10.1 FUNCTIONS OF REVENUE COLLECTOR
1 He is required to exercise total authority over the receipt of all revenue

accruable to the government and ensure prompt, accurate and up-to-date
collection.
2. He is to classify all his collections under proper heads and sub-heads of all
revenue collected by him.
3. He is to safeguard all public funds, securities and paper money entrusted in

his care.
4. As a routine function, he should check all cash in his care and reconcile
same with the balance in the cash register.
5. Promptly report any anomaly discovered by way of fraud or mis-

appropriation of government money in his care to a superior officer.
6. He must ensure that adequate, up-to-date accurate and reliable accounting

records are kept.
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7. He must ensure that the cash limit balance that should be in his possession
is not
exceeded.
8. He is to report to his superior officer any loophole that may be exploited by

subordinate officers in the modalities employed in the collection of
government revenue.
1. He is responsible for the disclosure of all cash, stamps, paper moneys,

securities e.t.c balances in his custody when Board of Survey is raised by the
Accountant-General.
2. He is required to have effective supervision of the officers under his authority
to ensure prompt and accurate collection of revenue.
4.10.2 REVENUE COLLECTORS CASH BOOK
This is the cash book required to be kept and maintained by the revenue collector.
This is where he will record the receipts of all revenue collected with date and the
number on receipts issued.
4.11 THE FEDERAL PAY OFFICER
He is the officer in charge of the Federal Pay Office located in a State. He performs
the same function as the Sub-Accounting Officer.
4.11.2 FUNCTIONS OF THE FEDERAL PAY OFFICER
(a) He is to administer all the financial transactions between the Federal

Government and State Government.
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(b) He is to ensure hitch free financial transactions between Federal
Government Ministries in each state of the Federation.
(c) He is to ensure unperturbed financial transaction between Federal

Government Departments in each state of the Federation.
4.12 DIRECTOR OF BUDGET
The Director of budget is the officer responsible for the administration of the
Department of Budget and Planning. The department is sub-divided into four
other departments namely:- fiscal, revenue, expenditure, and budget remitting
and evaluation. Each department plays a separate role different from others.
4.12.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE DIRECTOR OF BUDGET
1. Monitoring of revenue generation and collection by the agencies of

government.
2. Revenue estimation and publication in the budget book.
3. Reconciliation of actual revenue from oil and non-oil sectors and their
comparison with estimated revenue.
4. Estimation of revenue from Joint Venture operations in relation to oil

explorations, production and personnel administration.
5. Implementation of the budget through issuance of Authority to Incur

Expenditure or Warrants for both capital and recurrent expenditure as
appropriate.
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6. Assembly, collation and arrangement of all data, information and other
necessary inputs required for budget preparation.
7. To make reports on the performance of budget and assess the impact of the
budget on the economy.
8. Collection and analysis of expenditure returns.

9. Establishing and maintaining a data bank in the budget office.
10. To monitor and evaluate the performance of programmes funded through
the budget.
11. To act as the liaison between the President, Ministries, and Departments
during budget preparation.
12. To assist the President in the preparation of annual estimates.
13. To formulate fiscal, monetary and economic policies required to develop the
economy..
4.13 MINISTER OF FINANCE
This is an officer on political appointment on whom the constitution confers the

responsibility for the control and management of public fund of the Federation.
4.13.1 APPOINTMENT OF MINISTER OF FINANCE
The Minister of Finance under the democratic dispensation is appointed by the

President on the recommendation by the Governor of his/her state of origin subject
to a successful interview by the Senate and final ratification by two/thirds of the
National Assembly
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4.13.2 FUNCTIONS OF THE MINISTER OF FINANCE
1. He is responsible for the preparation of annual estimates of revenue and

expenditure for the Federal Government.
2. He is required to formulate all policies related to fiscal and monetary
matter.
3. The minister is to ensure the mobilisation of both exotic and indigenous
financial resources through both external and internal financial institutions
for development purposes.
4. To ensure a favourable balance of payment position required to maintain
adequate foreign exchange services.
5. To maintain the value of Nigerian currency both internally and externally.
6. Responsible for the supervision, monitoring and co-ordiNation of all
government revenue accruing from oil and non oil resources.
7. To supervise the banking and insurance industry by liaising with their
regulatory bodies.
8. To supervise all matters in connection with allocation of revenue to the
three tiers of government i.e. Federal, State and Local Government.
9. Relating with relevant International Organisations and Financial
Institutions in order to accelerate development process of Nigerian
Financial Institutions. Such organisations include:- Economic Communities
of West Africa (ECOWAS), United Nations National Development (UNND),
European Union (EU), African Union (AU) .
4.14 SUMMARY:
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The chapter discussed the various posts held by financial officers in the federation
and their respective functions. The means of appointment and powers of some
statutory financial officers were also discussed.
1. The officer saddled with the responsibility of collecting a specified form of

revenue on behalf of the government is called: -
A Cashier D. Local Officer
B Bursar E. Finance Director
C Revenue Collector
2. Which of the following government officials is responsible for the

administration of Inter-Government financial transactions?
(A) Accountant-General of the Federation
(B) Auditor-General for the Federation
(C) The Revenue Collector.
(D) The Minister of Finance
(E) The Federal Pay Officer.
3. Which of the following officer is not part of the Executive arm of

Government?
A. The President
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B. The President of the Senate
C. A state Governor
D. A Local Government Chairman
E. A Minister.
4. In line with Section 84 of the 1999 Constitution, the following enjoy the
benefit of direct charge except:-
A. Auditor General for the Federation
B. Accountant General of the Federation
C. The President
D. The Inspector General of Police
E. Pension and Gratuity
5. Which of the following is not Recurrent Expenditure?
A. Running Cost
B. Salaries and Allowance
C. Road Construction Cost
D. The Inspector General of Police
E. Pension and Gratuity
6. What are Below the-line accounts?

7. The accounting basis under which financial transactions are recorded in the
public sector is..
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8. The authority which confers power on government officers controlling
expenditure or vote to incur expenditure is called.
9. The officer who has the power to pass and express comments on the
government annual account and report of the external auditors is called ----
----------
10. The officer responsible for the revenue and expenditure estimation and
publication in the budget book is called _________________
1. C
2. E
3. B
4. B
5. C
6. Below the-line accounts are transactions of receipts or payments that

whose values cannot be fairly and accurately determined as at the time of
preparing the budget estimate of a ministry, department or parastatal and are
therefore not included in the estimate e.g. Advances and Deposits.
7. Cash Basis
8. Warrant
9. The Auditor-General
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10. Director of Budget
CHAPTER FIVE
SOURCES OF GOVERNMENT REVENUE
At the end of this chapter, candidates should be able to
identify and discuss the main sources of government revenue.

identify and discuss other sources of government revenue.
identify the procedure government departments have to follow to estimate
departments revenue needs.
5.2 INTRODUCTION
Government generates revenue from various sources to run the administration of

the Nation and to provide the development projects in all sectors of the economy.
Such revenues are generated by the revenue generation agencies and
organisations through effective machinery, and allocated through the budgetary
system to the spending organisations for their operations.
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A good system of revenue generation is paramount to ensure that government
mobilises enough finances for the expenditures of the Nation to meet the varied
needs of the people.
5.3 SOURCES OF STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE
5.3.1 STATE/CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
5.3.1.1 PUBLIC MONIES
Government revenue is made up of Public Monies which come from
tax and non-tax revenue and Grants, and

other receipts
(a) Tax Revenue
This is the main source of government revenue. This refers to monies that are
collected from individuals, in their private capacities, and from organisations.
Government collects monies from these sources to enable it to provide the services
that it is responsible to undertake for the citizens.
According to the principles of public finance, tax revenue should be the main
source of finance for the public sector. Citizens should in the main be the
contributors of such finance for the development of the Nation
Tax is divided into direct tax and indirect tax.
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Direct Tax: - This tax is paid directly by individuals and organisations and is
charged on the income that they earn from their professions and operations.
Examples of Direct Tax
Income tax: - which is paid by individuals on their income. This is commonly

referred to as Pay As You Earn (PAYE).
Corporate Tax: - which is paid by business organisations on the profits which they
make from their operations.
Indirect Tax: - This is a tax which is not paid directly by the person who suffers or
bears the burden. This type of tax is put on goods and services that are bought
and consumed by individuals.
Examples of Indirect Tax are
Petroleum Tax: - Such tax is put on the price of petrol or gas fuel
Value added tax: - This tax is put on some classes of goods and services.
Import Duties: - taxes put on goods imported into the country
Export Duties: - taxes put on goods exported out of the country
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(b) Non-tax Revenue
This is made up of all revenues, other than taxes, that are generated by
government departments. Examples of these can be internally generated revenues
and fines and penalties by law enforcement agencies and the courts, fees and
charges, property and vehicle licenses by licensing authorities, rent on
government lands and buildings.
(c) Internally Generated Revenues
These are monies that are generated by government departments from various
internal activities or operations that they undertake. These are also known as
user-fees or user- charges.
Examples of such internally generated revenues are:
- Passport fees collected by Passport Office for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Fees collected by Vehicles ExamiNation & Licensing Department
- Products testing fees by the Standards Board
- Academic Facilities User Fees (AFUF) of the Universities of Ghana
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5.3.2 LOCAL GOVERNMENT/DISTRICT ASSEMBLY REVENUES
5.3.2.1 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT REVENUES
These are other revenues that central government makes available to the local
government or district assembly apart from the Common Fund. Examples of these
revenues are:
(a) Grants-in-aid
These are doNations received from foreign governments through the central
government.
(b) Recurrent Transfers
These are moneys that the central government gives to meet salaries and other
remunerations and pensions of district assemblies staff as well as the normal
operational and administrative expenses of the assemblies.
(c) Ceded Revenues
These are sources of moneys which central government has given over to district
assemblies beginning from the decentralisation period.
These include:
Entertainment Duty
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Casino Revenue
Betting Tax
Advertisement Tax
5.3.2.2 LOCALLY GENERATED REVENUES
The following are some of the revenues that district assemblies can generate
locally:
a) Various Rates and levies on animals e.g. cattle, products, entertainments, etc.
b) Taxes on the incomes of self-employed persons/businesses e.g. auto mechanics
c) Interests on Investments.
d) Profits from trading activities and projects.
e) Vehicle licenses for carts, wagons, trucks, bicycles, etc.
f) Loans. An Assembly can raise an overdraft or loan facility to the tune of
20million subject to the approval of the Ministers of Local Government and
Finance.
g) General and specific grants from both local and especially foreign donors
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5.3.3 LOANS AND GRANTS
5.3.3.1 Loans
Loans are monies that the government secures from either the local sources or
foreign sources.
Foreign loans can be secured from either governments or International bodies like
IMF and World Bank.
Local loans are contracted mainly through the central bank and usually in the form
of securities such as Treasury Bills and Bonds.
4.3.3.2 Grants
These are monies received by government from other countries and International
bodies for some projects and other developments. These are free monies that are
not paid back by the government.
Grants are of two kinds: Specific Grant and General Grant.
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Specific grant is given for a specific purpose, for instance an identified project to
build a community school for a village. It is also called programme or project
support.
General grant is given not for any identified activity. Such a grant can be used on
any activity that the government has budgeted for. It is also called budget
support. To ensure that the budget support is not in excess of what the
government needs, the donors pool their resources together and it is referred to as
multi-donor budget support (MDBS).
5.3.4 Other Public Monies
These monies are:
- government loans and advances repaid

- dividends from shares in profit making organisations
- interests
- sale of government financial securities and instruments
- sale of government equity investments
- sale of government properties
5.3.5 Trust Monies
Other receipts of government are trust monies, monies which government holds for
other organisations. These are Special and Trust Funds, meaning that the
government holds such moneys in trust for those organisations. Example can be
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superannuation fund which the government holds normally in trust for its
employees until retirement.
5.4 REVENUE ESTIMATIONS
Though this is part of the budgetary preparation, it has been treated separately
under this chapter which is on government revenue sources
The Financial Administration Regulation, Section 159, spells out the procedure
that the head of department of a government organisation should follow when
determining the revenue that the department would be able to generate during
the budget year.
The head of department should
(a) identify all activities that already generate revenue;

(b) identify all activities that have the potential to generate revenue;
(c) estimate the frequency of these activities and calculate the revenue arising from
these activities; and
(d) produce a monthly forecast identifying when revenue flows are projected to take
place.
The head of department is expected to examine how past revenue estimates have
been accurate in comparing that to the actual collections, how the revenue can be
collected efficiently without any administrative problems, and how rates and
charges are relevant to current economic conditions or financial policies.
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The estimates to be made are to be based on current rates or charges, and where
there is the desire to make some proposals for changes in the rates or charges, the
head of department should show the effect of the changes.
Where a department is legally authorised to use part of the revenues that it

generates, it is expected that the head of department would show such monies as
part of the departments annual non-tax revenues.
5.5 FEDERAL/UNITARY GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTS
Government accounts can be discussed as either federal or unitary accounts

depending on the form of political arrangement of the Nation.
The country can be considered as a group of semi autonomous units or territories

which can be said to be grouped together under a federal system of government
whose accounts can be said to be federal or federation accounts. Example is the
case of Nigeria.
The country can also be considered as a unitary form of political Nation where
such autonomous or semi autonomous forms of units or territories do not exist. In
this case, the accounts of such a Nation can be considered as unitary account. This
is the case in Ghana.
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Either of these forms can still be considered as public accounts.
5.5.1 PUBLIC ACCOUNTS
The term Public Account is used generally in the FAA and FAR to mean all
documents and records pertaining to public and trust moneys received into, held
in and paid from the Consolidated Fund (Section 74 of FAA). The FAA Sections 40
and 41 as well as Regulation 191 of the FAR define Public Accounts as comprising
the following:
(a) A statement of the financial assets and liabilities of the Consolidated Fund at
the close of the financial year, annotated with such qualifying information as
may affect the significance of figures shown in the statement;
(b) a summary statement of the receipts into and payments from the Consolidated
Fund in comparison with the budget summary for the financial year;
(c) a statement of the revenue and expenditure for the financial year in
comparison
with the approved revised estimates for the year;
(d) a statement of transactions during the year and an analysis of the position at
the end of the year for
i) the public debt.
ii) deposits and other trust moneys;
iii) the securities of government;
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iv) advances;
v) public loans;
vi) equity investments of the Consolidated Fund;
vii) a cash flow statement of the Consolidated Fund for the year; and
viii) such other statement as may be required by any enactment.
Keeper of Public Accounts
The Regulations require that the Controller and Accountant-General prepares and
keeps the Public accounts.
5.5.2 DEPARTMENTAL ACCOUNTS
Each MDA is required to prepare accounts of the department on monthly and

annual basis which shall comprise
a) a balance sheet showing the assets and liabilities of the department as at
the end of the year;
b) a statement of revenue and expenditure for the year;

c) a cash flow statement of the department for the year; and
d) notes that from part of the accounts which shall include particulars of the
extent to which the performance criteria in the estimate in relation to the
provision of the departments output were satisfied.
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NB. Department as used in the FAA and the FAR includes Ministries and Agencies
of Government (Section 74 of FAA)
5.5.3 OTHER GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTS
These refer to other records that cover the collection of revenue, control of
expenditure in departments, the administration of Trust Funds, management of
public stores and other financial businesses.
(a) Keeper of Other Government Accounts
The Regulations requires that such records are kept by the heads of departments
in the relevant MDAs.
5.6 THE FUND SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
Public funds are monies owned by the Nation and controlled and applied by the
central government for public works and services. In Ghana, such funds consist of
the Consolidated Fund, Contingency Fund and any other funds that Parliament
may establish under any special Act.
The fund accounting system is a concept which is used to describe how

government resources are accounted for from one major fund source. The word
fund is therefore used to describe the whole government set up as one big fund in
terms of structure.
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5.6.1 DEFINITION OF FUND
Technically a Fund is seen to be an independent accounting entity which can

command the use of resources hence the need to set up an accounting system for it
which is made up of a self-balancing set of accounts. Financial report can
therefore be presented showing the operation of the fund system.
Hence, government accounting is at times described as fund accounting, the stress

being on the term fund to represent the various splinter organisations,
departments and units within the whole government set up which utilise the
taxpayers moneys and other revenues. Accounting systems are therefore set up
for such departments and units to account for the resources.
The fund system of accounting is operated through series of rules and laws that
are passed by the legislature to ensure that the resources are well utilised by the
relevant government institutions.
5.6.2 TYPES OF FUND
The various fund systems in government accounting are enumerated as follows:
(a) Public Funds
In accordance with Article 175 of the Constitution and Section 5 of the FAA, the
public funds of Ghana consist of the Consolidated Fund, the Contingency Fund and
such other funds as may be established by or under an Act of Parliament.
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Examples of funds established by Act of Parliament are:
The Road Fund, 1997 (Act 536)
The Ghana Education Trust Fund, 2000 (Act 581)
District Assemblies Common Fund, 1993 (Act 455)
Ghana Investment Fund, 2002 (Act 616)
Venture Capital Trust Fund, 2004 (Act 680)
Business Assistance Fund
HIPC Fund
Social Investment Fund
The term Public Funds is the generic term used to describe all public monies. It is
the summation of all funds established by the Constitution, Acts of Parliament or
under the authority of an Act of Parliament. The Consolidated Fund, Contingency
Fund, Road Fund are subsets of the Universal Set of Public Funds
(b) The (General) Consolidated Revenue Fund
The Consolidated Fund is the Fund that holds all forms of monies that belong to
the Central Government except revenue and other moneys:
(i) payable by or under an Act of Parliament into some other Fund
established for a specific purpose (i.e. Contingency Fund, Road Fund, etc;
or
(ii) that may, under an Act of Parliament, be retained by the department or
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agency of Government that received them for the purpose of defraying
the expenses of that department or agency.
This means that revenues collected and payable into Road Fund, GETfund, or any
other fund legally established and any monies collected and legally retained by
MDAs that collected them do not form part of the Consolidated Fund See Article
176 (1) and (2) of Constitution and Section 6 (1) and (2) of the FAA.
In Nigeria, Section 120 of the 1999 Federal Constitution specifies the Consolidated
Revenue Fund as the main Fund of the Federal Government into which all
revenues generated for the State should be paid into, and out of which all legally
authorised expenditures should be paid from.
(c) The Contingency Fund
This is the Fund established for any unbudgeted expenditure which comes up as
very urgent or were unforeseen during the budgeting period, for instance for
unexpected flood disaster, or outbreak of some disease in certain part of the
Nation. The Constitution provides that moneys voted for the purpose shall be paid
into the Contingency fund and advances may be made from that Fund which are
authorised by the committee responsible for financial measures in Parliament
whenever that committee is satisfied that there has arisen an urgent or unforeseen
need for expenditure for which no other provision exists to meet the need.
Furthermore where an advance is made from the Contingency Fund, a
supplementary estimate shall be presented as soon as possible to Parliament for
the purpose of replacing the amount so advanced. The fund if established is under
the Finance Committee of Parliament and not the President nor Minister
responsible for Finance.
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Parliament in Ghana is expected to vote moneys to be transferred into such Fund
and to be used at any time when any of such contingencies arise (Article 177).
In Nigeria, the setting up of such Contingency Fund is authorised in Section 123

(1) of the Federal Constitution.
(d) Contingency Reserve Fund
It is that part of the normal approved appropriation which is set aside by the
Executive. It is normally part of the planned expenditure (possibly a certain
percentage of all estimates or votes), which is deducted and reserved, with the aim
of helping out any spending organisation in the future to meet any unexpected
spending.
This reserve is within the control of the Executive and can help out a spending
organisation in the event of the need for extra funds, and reduce significantly the
problem of going through either supplementary request from the Legislature or the
issue of looking for areas for possible virement.
This can be a good way to plan for any unexpected shocks, though its existence
can also encourage misuse of funds especially when the reserve swells over the
years and proper guidelines and control for its use are not effected.
(e) Internally Generated Funds
This means revenue generated from the activities of a government agency from its
operations other than taxes collected by the Revenue Agencies and includes non-
tax revenues.
(f) Capital Project Fund
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This fund is established into which moneys are accumulated to undertake projects
or for the acquisition of capital assets.
(g) National Loans Fund
Where the policy of the government is to keep such separate account, it accounts
for the receipts of loans that are contracted, both foreign and local and the
payments of interest on such loans and the repayments of the principal sums.
Transfers are made out of this into consolidated fund to meet any budget deficits.
Monies for the loan liquidation in terms of both principal and interest payments
are also made from the consolidated fund into this account.
(h) Trust and Agency Fund
This fund is established to hold moneys that the government holds in trust for
some institution or body. Government holds this money as a trustee or an agent to
the owner. Example can be moneys that the government holds from International
bodies as rewards to the National armed forces for International peacekeeping
assignment.
(i) Debt Service Fund/Sinking Fund
This special fund is kept as alternative to Loans Fund, where the policy of the
government is to keep any loan contracted in the Consolidated Fund. The Fund is
for the service of both the principal and interest payments hence transfers into this
are purely moneys from the Consolidated Fund necessary for the principal and
interests payments.
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Alternative to this is the creation of a Sinking fund into which amount is paid
annually for a specific loan redemption with the annual payment calculated in
such a way that the annual payment (the principal) plus the interest earned which
is reinvested will be sufficient for the future liquidation of the loan.
When a loan is due for repayment, Bank of Ghana and Accountant General arrange
for the liquidation of the Fund i.e. the sale of investments to make money
available. If at any time the amount realised is less than the required for the loan
liquidation, transfers are made from the Consolidated Fund to balance up.
(j) Counterpart Fund
This is a fund, which is set established by governments and is used to support

projects which are funded by foreign doNations. Foreign doNations can be made
either by cash or at times by goods. Where donors at times donate goods rather
than giving physical cash towards some specific projects such fund is created for
any moneys generated from such goods. The government makes a contribution in
addition to the foreign doNations, towards the completion of the project.
(k) Intra-governmental Service Fund
A fund can be created as a unit with a central function of providing some basic
services among government organisations or departments to ensure economy and
efficiency. A stationery depot can be established within a government publishing
house to supply various departments with their stationery needs.
(l) Revolving Fund
Such fund is an established fund out of which spending organisations can borrow
monies for particular project or activity which is sold later and once sold, the
monies generated are paid back into the fund. For instance the Ghana Education
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Service can access such funds to purchase textbooks for some secondary schools,
which funds can be replaced once the books are sold and paid for by the students.
(m) Local Government Fund
This Fund is established specifically for the activities of the local government, to be
used by the local authorities established for the social and economic development
of the individual localities and districts. This can be seen as the district assemblies
common fund in Ghana. In Ghana, the local government structure is made up of
metropolises, municipalities and districts.
(n) The District Assemblies Common Fund
This Fund is a separate fund from all other revenues that can be generated by the
districts to supplement other government revenues for the general activities of the
districts.
This is the local government fund in Ghana which the 1992 Constitution (Section
252) authorised to be established.
The District Assemblies Common Fund (DACF) was established in 1993 by an Act
of Parliament, Act 455.
The Act defines the DACF as "all monies allocated by Parliament... and any
interest and dividends accruing from investments of monies from the Common Fund".
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Moneys to be paid into the DACF should be at least 5% of the total annual revenue of
Ghana, which moneys are to be paid in quarterly instalments into the Fund.
An appointed DACF Administrator oversees the use of such Fund and has the
responsibility to recommend annually to Parliament a way for the distribution of the
Fund among the various districts.
A separate bank account, the Common Fund Account, is opened for each district to
hold the monies that are transferred by the DACF Administrator.
The DACF is to be used for developmental projects in the districts and a district is
expected to prepare a supplementary budget, a development budget for approval
before moneys can be used from the fund.
Copies of the supplementary budgets are to be distributed to Regional Coordinating

Councils, Minister of Finance, Minister of Local Government and Rural Development,
the Development Planning Commission, the Common Fund Administrator.
A copy of the budget is sent to the bank where the Common Fund Account of the
district is kept.
5.7 SUMMARY OF TYPES OF FUND
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1. General fund: This is a fund where all government resources are kept e.g.
Consolidated Revenue Fund.
2. Capital Project fund: This is a fund used to finance capital projects such as
refineries, dams, roads etc e.g. Development fund.
3. Trust fund: This is a fund that belongs to third parties but is being held and
managed by government.
4. Contingencies fund: This is a fund used in emergency cases whenever there is a

natural disaster such as flood, fire, war etc.
5. Asset renewal fund: the fund is mostly used in Local Government Council to replace
their equipments like harvesters, tractors, bulldozers etc.
6. Stabilization fund: this is also referred to as Revenue Fund. It is an account set

aside by government to be sued later if there is any fall in revenue generated.
7. Special fund: this is a fund that is created for a specific purpose e.g. Education
Fund, National Housing Fund, Small and Medium Enterprise Fund (SMEF),
Agricultural Development Fund (ADF).
5.8 ADVANTAGES OF FUND
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1. It ensures financial control. When a fund is created, the purpose of the fund is
expressly state and as such money meant for a project can only be used for the at
project.
2. It can be used to stress government policy.
3. It can be used for sympathetic purposes.
4. It can be used for control purposes.
5.9 DISADVANTAGES OF FUND
1. There is no provision for debtors and creditors.

2. Assets are not capitalised. They are written off in the year of purchase.
3. Effective financial control on all funds may be difficult.
4. It makes consolidation of government accounts difficult.
5.10 ACCOUNTING ENTRIES
1. Dr. Bank Account
Cr. Fund Account
- With the proceed realised on creation of fund.
2. Dr. Fund Account
Cr. Fund Account
- With expenditure from the fund
3. Dr. Fund Investment Account
Cr. Bank Account
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- With value of investment purchased with fund
4. Dr. Fund Investment Disposal Account
Cr. Fund Investment Account
- With the value of investment disposed
5. Dr. Book Account
Cr. Fund Investment Disposal Account
- With the proceed on disposal of investment

6. Dr. Fund Investment Disposal Account
Cr. Fund Account
- With profit realised on disposal of investment
7. Dr. Fund Account
Cr. Fund Investment Disposal Account
- With loss on realised on disposal of investment
Illustration: The following trust funds were created on 3rd of January 20xx with the
amount state below:
N000
Fola Foundation Fund 6,000
Bola Ajayi Scholarship Fund 10,000
Mobolaji Children Fund 14,000
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Investments were made on these funds as follows:
3/6/20xx Fola Foundation Fund 500,000 Cadbury shares of N1.00 each were
purchased at N5.00 each
7/8/20xx Bola Ajayi Scholarship Fund 200,000 Level Brothers Shares were
11/11/20xx Mobolaji Children Fund 1,920,000 shares of Flour Mills were

Other transactions during the year are as follows:
15/2/20xx Expenses of Fola Foundation Fund N1,700,00
18/9/20xx Scholarship awards under Bola Ajayi Fund cost N300,000
26/12/20xx 420,000 shares in Flour Mills were sold for N1,720,000.
You are required to:
a. Write all the Trust Fund Accounts relating to this transaction showing the
Funds accounts and Investment accounts separately.
b. To prepare Consolidated Balance Sheet for the Fund as at December 31,

20xx
SOLUTION
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a
Bank Account
N000 N000
3/1/20xx Fola F.F 6,000 3/6/20xx Fola F.F. Inv. 2,500
3/1/2oxx Bola Ajayi S.F 10,000 7/8/20xx Bola Ajayi S.F.

Inv. 600
3/1/20xx Mobolaji C.F 14,000 11/11/20xx Mobolaji C.F

9,600
6/12/20xx Mobolaji C.F Inv Disposal 1,720 15/2/20xx Fola F F 1,700
18/9/20xx Bola Ajayi S F

300
31/12/20xx Bal c/d

17,020
________
31,720
31,720
31/12/20xx 17,020
Fola Foundation Fund Account

N000 N000
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3/6/20xx Bank 1,700 3/1/20xx Bank 6,000
Bal c/d 4,300
_____ _____
6,000 6,000
Bal b/d 4,300
Bola Ajayi Scholarship Fund Account
N000 N000
18/9/20xx Bank 300 3/1/20xx Bank 10,000

Bal c/d 9,700
_____ ______
10,000 10,000
Bal b/d 9,700
Mobolaji Children Fund Account
N000 N000
Loss on Disposal 3.80 3/1/20xx 14,000
31/12/2011 Bal c/d 13,630 Bal. b/d
13,620
Fola Foundation Fund Investments Accounts

N000 N000
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3/6/20xx Bank 2,500 Bal c/d
2,500
31/12/20xx Bal b/d 2,500
Bola Ajayi Scholarship Fund Investment Account
N000 N000
7/8/20xx Bank 600 Bal c/d
600
31/12/20xx Bal b/d 600
Mobolaji Children Fund Investment Account
N000 N000
11/11/20xx Bank 9,600 26/12/20xx Mobolaji C.F.

Inv. Disposal 2,100
Bal c/d 7,500

9,600 9,600
31/12/20xx Bal b/d 7,500
Mobolaji Children Fund Investment Disposal Account
N000 N000
26/12/20xx Mobolaji C.F Inv. 2,100 Proceed from disposal
(bank) 1,720
Loss on disposal (Mobolaji F F) 380
2,100 2,100
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b.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET AS AT DECEMBER 31, 20XX
Assets N1,000
Fola Foundation Fund Investment 2,500
Bola Ajayi Scholarship Fund Investment 600
Mobolaji Children Fund Investment 7,500
Bank Balance 17,020
27,620
FINANCED BY
Fola Foundation Fund 4,300
Bola Ajayi Scholarship Fund 9,700
Mobolaji Children Fund 13,620
27,620
Workings
Loss on disposal of Investment
Cost of Mobolaji Children Fund Investment N
= 420,000 units @ N5.00 2,100,000
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Proceed from Disposal (1,720,000)
Loss on disposal (380,000)
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5.11 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
Government generates revenues from taxes as well as other non-tax sources.
For taxes, there are direct and indirect taxes, and for non-taxes, there are various
forms of charges, penalties, licenses, dividends and interests, proceeds from sale of
government properties and investments.
Additionally there are grants and loans, grants being free monies that are often
given to the government by other countries and International organisations.
The fund system has been the predominant accounting system that is applied and
this system is the situation where government revenue and its spending is
considered under fund arrangement where institutions and departments are
recognised as individual and separate units that are authorised to undertake
specific government activities.
1. The following are sources of fund for development fund EXCEPT
A. Contribution form CRF
B. External Capital Grant
C. External Capital loan
D. Internal Capital loan
E. External grants for training of staff of Ministry of Education.
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2. Tax paid directly by individuals and organizations and is charged on the income
that they earn from their professions and operations is called
A. Corporate Tax
B. Income Tax
C. Direct Tax
D. Progressive Tax
E. Indirect Tax
3. Which of the following is NOT an indirect tax?
A. Petroleum profit tax
B. Pay as you earn
C. Value Added Tax
D. Import Duties
E. Export Duties
4. Which of the following is NOT a public money?
A. Government loans repaid
B. Dividend from government investment
C. Interest Earned
D. Sales of government properties
E. Deposit.
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5. Which of the following is NOT Capital expenditure?
A. Construction of Road
B. Construction of Bridge
C. Construction of Runaway
D. Payment of salaries
E. Purchase and installation of a new power plant.
6. A fund operated by the government to take care of all forms of natural disaster is
fund
7. What is a fund?
8. A grant that is tied to a specific project is called.
9. The fund set aside by Local Government to replace fixed assets is
called
10. The fund whose assets are held by the government as trustee for application to
purposes stated in the trust deed is called..
SOLUTION
1. E
2. C
3. B
4. E
5. D
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6. Contingences Fund
7. Fund is defined as a separate fiscal entity in which accounts are kept,

separated from other funds and governed by specified rule and
regulation.
8. Specific grant
9. Asset Renewal fund
10. Fiduciary fund.
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CHAPTER SIX
GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE
At the end of this chapter, candidates should be able to
Discuss expenditure estimation in government departments.

List and discuss kinds of warrant to authorise government expenditures.
Discuss the departmental procedure to request for funds to spend.
6.2 INTRODUCTION
The chapter discusses how government expenditures are estimated by the

spending organisations as authorised by the government financial regulations.
And when the spending plans are approved, spending organisations are expected
to make requests for monies to spend on their activities while different
authorisations are needed for different spending.
The chapter discusses the process the spending organisations follow to request for
monies and the spending authorisations needed by the spending organisations
from the revenue control authorities for the different expenditure types.
6.3 TYPES OF EXPENDITURES
Expenditures of government are in two types, recurrent/revenue expenditures and

capital or development expenditures,
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Recurrent/revenue expenditures are expenditures that are incurred by government

departments in the day to day operations and services of the departments.
Examples of these expenditures are for salaries, stationeries and supplies, and
other expenditures for general administration.
Capital or development expenditures are the expenditures that are made to

acquire physical and permanent assets, either in form of equipments, vehicles and
buildings.
6.4 EXPENDITURE ESTIMATIONS
Before government departments would spend any moneys, these moneys would
have to be requested for and approved or authorised by the legislature.
Government departments make estimations for such expenditures in their

budgetary estimates.
The Financial Regulation, Section 160, outlines the procedure that the head of
department should follow when estimating the expenditures for the budget year.
The head of department should
(a) take into consideration the Governments macro-economic framework, Government

resources and priorities, and any ceilings approved by Cabinet;
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(b) prepare a strategic plan which shall include a definition of the departments
mission, goals, objectives, outputs and activities;
(c) cost and prioritise the activities of the department taking into consideration the
resource ceiling;
(d) prepare the budget statement in accordance with directives in the Regulations;
and
(e) Prepare cash forecast identifying when expenditure outflow is projected to take
place.
And where a department is legally authorised to use part of the revenues that it
generates, it is expected that the head of department would show the portion of
the expenditures that will be funded by the internally generated revenue which
has been retained for spending.
6.5 EXPENDITURE AUTHORISATION PROCEDURES
The following is the general procedure for the authorisation of moneys to be spent
by any institution of government:
Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MOFEP) prepares a National workplan

based on MDA work plans to MOFEP as stipulated in the budget guidelines.
MOFEP issues quarterly Cash Ceiling to Cost Centres, sub-totalled at National,
Regional and District levels for each MDA.
MOFEP issues monthly expenditure warrants to Controller & Accountant-General
attaching cost centre details submitted by MDAs which show the sub-totals at
National, Regional and District levels.
Based on the Monthly warrants from MOFEP, CAGD issues warrants directly to cost
centres but aggregated to show sub-totals at National, Regional and District levels.
An amount equal to the warrants for the National, Regional and District level
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warrants is transferred into the sub-Consolidated Fund Bank Account of the MDA,
RCC and District Assembly respectively.
The treasuries have merged with the accounts or finance divisions of MDAs, RCCs
and MMDAs.
Each ministry has its own accounts/finance department which also performs the
treasury functions
Each Regional Co-ordinating Council has its finance directorate that also performs
treasury functions at regional level.
Each District Assembly has its finance office that performs treasury functions at
the district level.
A special Bank Accounts (Sub-Consolidated Fund Bank Account) has been opened
for the Ministries, Regional Co-ordinating Councils and District Assemblies as
follows:
Each ministry has one Consolidated Fund sub-account (i.e. Special Bank Account).
This bank account serves the ministry and all National level departments and
agencies. The bank account is with the Bank of Ghana.
Each Regional Administration has one Consolidated Fund sub-account (i.e. special
bank account). This bank account serves the Regional Administration and all
Regional level departments, agencies and institutions. These accounts are at the
nearest Bank of Ghana branches.
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Each District Assembly has one Consolidated Fund sub-account (i.e. 138 special
bank accounts for the Assemblies). This bank account serves the District Assembly
and all district level departments, agencies and institutions. These bank accounts
are at the Bank of Ghana branches nearest to the districts.
6.5.1 COMMITMENT PROCESS
On receipt of the quarterly cash ceilings the MDAs review their work plans. On
receipt of expenditure warrants and the Bank Transfer Advices,
The cost centre at the Head Office, Regional or District levels prepares Activity and
Expenditure Initiation Form to initiate Commitment process.
The cost centre requests for Quotation from suppliers and select the best.
The cost centre prepares Purchase Order (PO) and submits for approval.
The cost centre submits approved PO to Servicing Treasury for commitment
The cost centre dispatches PO to supplier.
6.6 THE CONCEPT OF WARRANT
Warrant is the process used by Ministry of Finance to authorise moneys to be

released for spending by government departments and agencies.
The expenditures of government are made under various forms of authorisations.
The authorisations are to ensure that all payments are made
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from available monies for the particular expenditure,
under strict scrutiny of the responsible official of government, and
for the right type of expenditure as authorised by Parliament.
6.7 CLASSES OF WARRANTS
There are two main classes of warrants, to match the two main classes of
expenditures, the recurrent or revenue expenditures, and capital expenditures.
Recurrent expenditures are expenditures that are incurred regularly in the course
of the organisations annual operations, and are for items or services that are used
within the year. Capital expenditures are incurred not very often, and are incurred
to acquire fixed assets.
Warrants are therefore grouped as Recurrent Expenditure Warrants and Specific or

Capital Expenditure Warrants.
Within these two main classes, warrants can be provisional, general and various
specific warrants.
6.7.1 RECURRENT EXPENDITURE WARRANTS
These are authorisations for expenditures that are of revenue nature, expenditures
that are incurred regularly on items that are consumed within the year.
Kinds of Recurrent Expenditure Warrants are:
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(a) Imprest Warrant
(b) Provisional General Warrant
(c) Annual General Warrant
(d) Supplementary General Warrant
(e) Reserved Expenditure Warrant
(f) Contingencies Warrant
(g) Statutory Expenditure Warrant
(h) Establishment Warrant
(i) Virement Warrant
(a) Imprest Warrant
The warrant is issued to authorise funds to be released to any senior officer who
has to spend the money and account for that periodically.
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The following is a typical Imprest Warrant
Original
GHANA Duplicate
Triplicate
Quadruplicate
Quintuplicate
IMPREST WARRANT No..
20..
THE TREASURY OFFICER
..
You are hereby authorised and required t0 issue to the person described in the
subjoined Schedule, the amount of to be accounted
for in the manner and at the date specified.
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..
Controller and Accountant-

General
SCHEDULE
______________________________________________________________________________
Description of Person Purpose for Amount Particulars and Dates

for
or Account which issued GH P 0Accounting and

Repayment
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
.20 ..
Signature of the Officer

Submitting the
Schedule for Warrant
Receipt of Imprest
RECEIVED this...day of..2007
from the....
the sum ofGhana Cedis and ..pesewas

being imprest
for....
to be accounted for not later than

the..
(b) PROVISIONAL GENERAL WARRANT
This authorisation is issued by the Minister of Finance to the Controller and

Accountant General to enable moneys to be released for expenditures for the early
part of the year before the Appropriation Act is passed.
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Such expenditures are made in respect of existing services and continuing projects
at the beginning of the financial year while the annual estimates of the
Government are examined for approval.
This warrant enables the Controller and Accountant General to send circulars to
Vote Controllers of government departments to enable them request for moneys by
preparing a Financial Encumbrance (FE), a document for expenditures of their
organizations.
Provisional warrant is normally for the first 3 months of the year and is for an
amount which is 25% of the Annual Estimates to be approved.
(c) ANNUAL GENERAL WARRANT
This warrant is issued by the Minister of Finance to the Controller and Accountant
General after the annual estimates have been approved for all recurrent
expenditures.
(d) RESERVED EXPENDITURE WARRANT
This warrant is issued by the Minister to the Controller and Accountant-General to

release moneys that were reserved by the Minister out of the approved Annual
Estimates. The money is released to organisations that apply for such moneys with
explanation for the reasons for the request.
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(e) CONTINGENCIES WARRANT
This warrant is issued for moneys for unexpected but urgent expenditures that
cannot be delayed. The warrant authorises the Controller and Accountant-General
to release moneys from the Contingency Reserve Fund into the Consolidated Fund
to meet the unbudgeted expenditure.
(f) ESTABLISHMENT WARRANT
This type of warrant has to do with promotions, when the Controller and
Accountant Generals Department uses that to fix the salary and position of a staff
who has been promoted in any department
(g) VIREMENT WARRANT
This virement is required for moneys to be transferred from an estimate where

there are surplus moneys to another expenditure estimate where all moneys have
been spent though there are other activities to be met.
Such warrant is allowed under the following circumstances:
1. Virement is not allowed between line items of expenditure, i.e. it is not possible to
switch between votes; it is possible between sub-items of expenditure;
2. It is allowed where savings have been made in other expenditure items;
3. It is allowed where the savings do not arise from the deferment of expenditure;
4. It is allowed if the extra funds are required for existing services, but not for any
new services;
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5. It is not allowed for capital expenditure, or expenditure which can lead to
incurring extra expenditure in the future;
6. It is not allowed for an expenditure that will end up in a change in government
policy.
6.7.2 ` SPECIFIC OR CAPITAL EXPENDITURE WARRANT
This warrant is issued for capital expenditures. It is issued by the Minister of

Finance to the Controller and Accountant-General to authorise the Controller for
the release of moneys to spending organisations for such expenditures.
The Ministry of Finance sends copies of such warrants to Vote Controllers or

Departmental Heads and these enable heads to apply to the Controller for such
expenditures.
The term development fund is used where the Central Government has a separate
development fund for capital expenditures.
The following are forms of Capital Expenditure Warrants:
(a) Provisional Development Fund General Warrant

(b) Development Fund General Warrant
(c) Development Fund Supplementary General Warrant
(d) Development Fund Reserved Expenditure Warrant
(e) Development Fund Supplementary Warrant
(f) Development Fund Special Warrant
(g) Development Fund Virement Warrant
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(a) PROVISIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND GENERAL WARRANT
This warrant is issued by the Minister of Finance to authorise moneys to be release

from the development fund to the spending ministries for the first three months of
the budget year while the estimates are being examined for the Appropriation Act
to be passed. This is to enable the relevant ministry carry on with capital projects
that were begun in the previous year(s).
(b) DEVELOPMENT FUND GENERAL WARRANT
This warrant is issued after Parliament has issued the Appropriation Act to approve
the various capital expenditure estimates as the development budget. This
enables various spending organisations to get moneys for the current years
capital projects.
(c) DEVELOPMENT FUND SUPPLEMENTARY GENERAL WARRANT
This warrant is issued to authorise the Controller and Accountant General to

release moneys that have been approved by Parliament in the development
supplementary estimates.
(d) DEVELOPMENT FUND RESERVED EXPENDITURE WARRANT
This warrant is issued for the release of project development moneys that were
reserved earlier from approved development estimates.
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(e) DEVELOPMENT FUND SUPPLEMENTARY WARRANT
This warrant authorises the release of moneys that are to be spent over and above
the normal annual development estimate approved for the year. One reason for
such warrant is to authorise for the release of moneys for past project approved
but not spent in the past year.
(f) DEVELOPMENT FUND SPECIAL WARRANT
This warrant is for the release of moneys for urgent project whose estimate has
been submitted to, but is yet to be approved by, Parliament.
(g) DEVELOPMENT FUND VIREMENT WARRANT
The warrant authorises for transfer of moneys from approved estimates of one
capital project where there are surplus moneys to another estimates of a capital
project where estimates are not enough.
6.8 PAYMENT PROCEDURE
When an MDA or a cost centre incurs expenditure as a result of work done, goods
supplied or services rendered, they submit payment vouchers with the relevant
supporting documents to the treasury for payment.
The Internal audit and the Voucher ExamiNation Section at the treasury examine
and sanction the details which make the payment voucher valid for payment.
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Some of the details that are checked include:
(a) Authority for payment

(b) Correct Account Code or Number
(c) Appropriate supporting documents
(d) Proper description of details
(e) Arithmetic Accuracy
After the checking, the Treasury Officer finally approves the payment voucher, and
a record is made in the FE Sheet before the cashier finally makes payment.
Government expenditures in the form of recurrent and capital/development

expenditures are to be estimated properly by the spending organisations.
The revenue controlling authorities give proper authorisations for the release of
monies for the various types of expenditures. Such authorisations are referred to
as warrants and are grouped into recurrent expenditure warrants and
capital/development expenditure warrants.
And before each organisation can have access to monies to spend, proper
procedures should be followed to request for the spending through the preparation
of the document referred to as Financial Encumbrance, FE.
The expenditure system is therefore seen to be well planned which ensures proper
utilisation of government finances.
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1. Which of the following is NOT a Memorandum Account?
A. Cheque summary register
B. List of Motor Vehicles
C. List of Depositor
D. Statement of Asset and Liabilities
E. Bank reconciliation
2. Which of the following is NOT a recurrent expenditure warrant?
A. Development fund supplementary warrant
B. Supplementary general warrant
C. Reserve expenditure warrant
D. Annual general warrant
E. Supplementary statutory expenditure warrant
3. The warrant that allows an officer to spend more than the budgeted amounts is
called?
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A. Supplementary statutory expenditure warrant
B. Annual general warrant
C. Reserve expenditure warrant
D. Supplementary general warrant
E. Provisional general warrant
4. The federal government makes use of the following agencies to collect revenue
EXCEPT
A. Federal inland revenue service
B. Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
C. Nigeria Prisons Service
D. Nigeria Customs Service
E. Nigeria Railway Corporation.
5. The book used to record expenditure and liabilities incurred in respect of funds in
notes at the disposal of a department or Ministry is called
A. Expenditure book
B. Vote book
C. Revenue book
D. Cash book
E. Treasury book
6. The details regarding the keeping of a vote book is contained in the ......................
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7. The account that does not form part of the double entry system although
indispensable for its valuable control function is called.............................
8. All financial warrants must be issued and signed by the ...............................
9. The procedure which enables fund to be transferred from a subhead vote with
surplus funds to another sub-head in need under the same head is called
....................
10. The incomes and expenditures that are not budgeted for but are listed are called
.................. transactions.
SOLUTION
1. D
2. D
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. Financial regulation
7. Memorandum Account
8. Minster of finance
9. Virement
10. Below-the-Line.
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CHAPTER SEVEN
PREPARATION OF VOUCHERS
7.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this chapter, candidates should be able to:
1. Mention the various types of vouchers and their respective uses
2. State the contents of a voucher
3. Discuss the treatment of loss of a payment voucher
4. Understand accounting treatment of losses.
7.2. INTRODUCTION:
A voucher is a documentary evidence of payment or receipt of money which is

available for future reference, accounting and auditing purposes. It is the
document that serves as evidence of receipt and disbursement of government
money with adequate authority and procedures.
7.2.1 TYPES OF VOUCHERS:-
Vouchers can be classified into three main types. These are:-
a. Payment Vouchers
b. Receipt Vouchers
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c. Adjustment Vouchers
d. Journal Vouchers.
7.3 PAYMENT VOUCHERS
These are vouchers that serve as evidence for the disbursement of government
fund. It is to prove that there has indeed been payment for goods supplied and
services provided for the ministry or department. Any disbursement of government
fund must be backed with a valid voucher. Vouchers must be prepared when
payments are to be made for:-
Goods that are ordered and supplied to the ministries by contractors
Goods purchased directly from retailers, wholesalers or manufacturers

Services rendered to government by the public or other government
corporation e.g. Power Holding Company Plc- the company that generates
and supplies electricity
Services rendered to government by her workers i.e. Civil Servants.
Execution of contract jobs properly awarded to contractors.
Retirement benefits to retired Civil Servants.
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The following must be considered and keenly observed in a voucher, failure of
which the voucher may be dishonoured.
1. All vouchers should be type-written or written in ink

2. Separate voucher should be used for separate head.
3. Original voucher must be signed in ink while copies should be initialled.
4. The voucher certificate should be signed separately.
5. Voucher must be presented within 90 days of its preparation
6. All vouchers must be certified by an officer that is authorised to do so.
7. The voucher must be stamped Entered in the Votebook and duly signed by
the officer keeping the votebook.
8. All vouchers should be marked Checked and passed by the checking officer
in the Pay Station
9. Vouchers must be supported with valid, tenable and authentic supporting
documents.
7.3.1 FEATURES OF A VALID PAYMENT VOUCHER
For a voucher to be valid, it must contain the following features:-
1. Date of the voucher
2. Classification code- i.e. Head/Subhead.
3. Voucher Number.
4. Description of Payment i.e. Job done or service rendered.
5. Name and address of payee
6. Amount (in words and figures)
7. Signature of the paying cashier
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8. Cahiers stamp PAID
9. Signature of the payee
10. Cheque number (where cheque is issued for payment.)
11. Authority:- Types of warrant that release the money.
- Signature of officer controlling expenditure
12. Supporting documents:- Local Purchase Order (LPO) original copy
- Receipt/Invoice original copy.
- Special Letter of Authority
- Delivery Note
- Tender Certificate (in case of contract)
7.3.2 VOUCHER CERTIFICATE
Prepared by .
Checked by .
Recorded in vote book by
Passed by.
Paid by
Authorised by..
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7.3.3 FORMAT OF A PAYMENT VOUCHER
LOGO OF FEDERAL OR STATE GOVERNMENT
NAME OF MINISTRY /DEPARTMENT / PARASTATAL
HeadStation...
Sub-Head VoucherNo.
Date
Amount N..
Name (of payee)
Address (of payee).Signature of Accounting officer
DESCRIPTION OF PAYMENT RATE AMOUNT
This section will contain the purpose
for which the payment is made e.g.
Supply of goods, rendering of service,
Payment of salaries, execution of
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Contract e.t.c
TOTAL
- Authority (i) The warrant that released the money.
(ii) Signature of officer controlling expenditure
- Amount (in words) --------------------------------------------------
- Signature of Payee ---------------------------------------------------
- Signature of Cashier--------------------------------------------------
7.3.4 LOSS OF PAYMENT VOUCHER
Where a raised payment voucher is missing and confirmed lost, the following
procedures should be followed:
a. The accounting officer must be notified immediately.
b. The loss should be investigated considering all circumstances leading to that

effect.
c. The investigation should confirm whether payment against the voucher has been
effected or not.
d. Where payment has been made, it must be confirmed whether the cash
withdrawn is still in possession of the payee.
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e. Where fraud is suspected and confirmed, the Accounting Officer should consider
all the necessary factors to determine whether a Board of Enquiry should be
raised or not.
f. Where it is established that there is no loss of cash or fraud has not taken place,
the Accountant General must be forwarded with a detailed report concerning the
circumstances of the loss in the first place by the Accounting Officer of the
ministry or department
7.4 RECEIPT VOUCHERS
These are vouchers raised as evidence for the receipt of government funds and
property. The following documents are used to acknowledge the receipt of
government revenue:
a. Printed Government receipts

b. Counterfoil books
c. License
d. Stickers
e. Emblems.
The revenue branch of the accounting section of a ministry /department will render
a proper accounting record of revenue generated during the year by issue of
receipts, counterfoil books, licenses and emblems.
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7.4.1 ILLUSTRATION OF RECEIPT VOUCHER
REVENUE RECEIPT
REVENUE COLLECTORS RECEIPT (LOGO)
Treasury Book No. 6A
FEDERAL GOVT. OF NIGERIA
STATION
DATE
HEAD R. N.
No..
SUB-HEAD..
Receive
from..
the sum
of.Naira..Kob
o
being (description of
payment)......
....
.
_____________________
_____________________
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SIGNATURE OR MARK OF PAYER SIGNATURE OF REVENUE
COLLECTOR
___________________________
_______________________________
OCCUPATION OF WITNESS WITNESS TO MARK
7.5 ADJUSTMENT VOUCHERS
Adjustment vouchers are documents used in the ministries and other public
corporations to effect transfer from one account to another without resorting to any
movement of physical cash. This is similar to journals used in the private sector.
7.5.1 USES OF ADJUSTMENT VOUCHERS
Adjustment vouchers are used for the following purposes:-
a. Effecting payment for services rendered by one ministry/department to

another.
b. Adjusting wrong posting of transactions in respect of expenditure and revenue

heads or subheads.
c. Reclassification of transactions.
d. Allocation of unallocated stores.
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7.5.2 CONTENT OF ADJUSTMENT VOUCHERS
The following particulars are required to be contained in a valid adjustment

voucher.
(a) Reason for the adjustment or transfer from one ministry or department to
another must be clearly stated.
(b) The voucher number
(c) Date indicating the month of account
7.6 JOURNAL VOUCHERS
Journal entries are used for effecting transfers from one account to the other
without involving physical movement of cash. There are two main types of Journal
Vouchers:-
(i) Supplementary Journal Voucher (SJV)

(ii) Principal Journal Voucher. (PJV)
7.6.1 SUPPLEMENTARY JOURNAL VOUCHER (SJV)
This is used under the following circumstances;
(a) Where transfers and adjustments are to be made before the below-the-line
statement is extracted.
(b) Where differences are discovered between the ministrys/departments
transcript posting and bank statement received.
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(c) Where there is need to re-classify accounts into suitable heads and subheads
before the trial balance is prepared.
7.6.2 PRINCIPAL JOURNAL VOUCHER (PJV)
This is primarily used for the following:-
a. To correct accounts that are found to have been mis-classified i.e.
re-classification of Accounts.
b. To adjust wrong postings e.g. fund belonging to one ministry has been
wrongly credited to another ministry.
c. To effect year-end transfers from the Federation Account to other
ministry/department.
d. To effect month-end transfer of accounts from Above-the-line Accounts to
Below-the-line Accounts.
7.7 ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF LOSS OF GOVERNMENT FUND
Where it is confirmed or established that there has been loss of cash due to
embezzlement, armed robbery, fraud or failure to receive an advance granted or
collect revenue for service rendered, adjustment vouchers are not raised. Such
losses are charged to Non-Personal Advance account by preparing payment
voucher.
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According to the Financial Regulation, the type of accounting entry required for
the treatment of such losses however depends on the following:-
a. Nature of the loss
b. Date of the transaction which led to the loss
c. Date on which the loss occurs.
d. Date of passing the entries
e. The type of fund involved.
7.7.1 ACCOUNTING ENTRIES
S/N TYPE OF LOSS ACOUNTING ENTRIES REQUIRED
Dr Cr
1. Loss of cash. Non Personal
Advance A/c Cash A/c
2. Fraudulent payment or overpayment made and Non Personal Relevant
discovered within the current financial year Advance A/c Sub-Head
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3.Fraudulent payment or overpayment in previous Non Personal Revenue
financial year charged to Consolidated Revenue Advance A/c Sundry
Fund (CRF) or Development Fund (DF)
4. Fraudulent payment or overpayment made Non Personal

Account
in previous financial year charged against public Advance A/c originally
fund other than CRF or DF debited
5.Abandonment of the recovery of an amount or Loss of Fund Advance
advance charged initially to an Advance A/c A/c A/c
6 Overpayment not involving fraud made in a No. Adjustment Required
previous financial year charged against CRF but the loss will be recognized
or DF by the Accountant-General
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7 Abandonment of recovery of advances issued Same as above
initially from Re-current expenditure
8 Abandonment of the recovery of unpaid revenue Same as above
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ILLUSTRATION 7.1
On 5th October, 2010, a double payment was made to Alhaji Abdullah, a supplier
of computer systems to the Ministry of Works and Housing. The amount involved
iwa N2,500,000 and the discovery was made in December of the same year.
You are required to journalize the discovery.
SOLUTION TO ILLUSTRATION 6.1
This is an overpayment made and discovered within the same year.
Dr Cr
N N
Non-Personal Advance A/C 2,500,000
Ministry of Works/Housing 402/07 2,500,000
(Being overpayment for the supply of computer systems).
ILLUSTRATION 7.2
The case is similar to the one in illustration 6. 1 above but the overpayment was
not discovered until February 2004. You are required to journalize the discovery.
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SOLUTION TO ILLUSTRATION 7. 2
DR CR
N N
Non-Personal Advance A/C 2,500,000
Revenue Sundries A/c 2,500,000
131
Thanks.
ILLUSTRATION 7.3
A sum of N3,200,000 was fraudulently withdrawn from Research Foundation in

December 2009. It was not discovered until October 2010. You are required to
journalize the discovery.
SOLUTION TO ILLUSTRATION 7. 3
DR CR
N N
Non-Personal Advance A/c 3,200,000
Research Foundation A/c 3,200,000
ILLUSTRATION 7.4
The following discoveries were made by the Accountant-General of Yado State

while carrying out a special check on the books of accounts of the State.
(i) On 3rd April, 2010, the sum of N315,000.000 was fraudulently withdrawn
from Imuala State and charged to CRF. The fraud was discovered on 13 th
February, 2011
132
Thanks.
(ii) On 17th of July, 2011, an overpayment of N1,050,000 was made to EKKAN
Ltd in respect of supply of furniture to the new Government House built by
the former administration. This was discovered on 21st September of the
same year.
(iii) On 29th October, 2011 an amount of N45,000.00 being the revenue

accruable to the State Government from rent of her property but never
received was abandoned.
iv) On 3rd of November 2011, an officer died while in active service and the
aggregate of his pension and gratuity was N77,605 while he had an
outstanding motor vehicle advance of N96,815.
v). On 12th of November 2011, the sum of N365,000.00 which was initially
charged to correspondence advance had been abandoned.
You are required to journalize the transactions and discoveries made above.
SOLUTION
Dr. Cr.
N N
i) Non-Personal Advance A/c 315,000,000
Consolidated Revenue Fund 315,000,000
Being an amount fraudulently withdrawn
from State Accounts and charged to CRF
133
Thanks.
ii) Non-Personal Advance A/c 1,050,000
Ministry of Works & Housing 1,050,000
Being over-payment for the supply of furniture.
iii) No. Adjustment Required
Note: The abandonment of the recovery must be
registered by Accountant-General for the
State as a loss.
iv). Loss of Fund A/c 9,210
Motor Vehicle Advance A/c 9,210
Being an outstanding advance found to be
irrecoverable and written off.
v.) Loss of Fund A/c 365,000
Correspondence A/c 365,000
Being an amount charged to advance
account and now abandoned
134
Thanks.
7.8 SALARY VOUCHERS
The account documents and records required to be prepared and maintained in

the Personal Emolument Section of the Ministry/Department as regards payment of
salaries and wages are:-
a. Personal Emolument Form

b. Personal Emolument Record Card
c. Group Register
d. Salary Variation Advice
e. Variation Control Sheet
f. Payroll Summary Voucher
g. Advice of Deduction from Salary
h. On-Payment Voucher
i. Cheque or Cash Order Form
7.8.1 PERSONAL EMOLUMENT FORM
This is the form that confirms that an officer is still in service as at the beginning
of the year. The Personal Emolument Form is filled and sent by Sectional Heads to
all Departmental heads at the beginning of the year. It contains the grade level
and post of the officer.
135
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ILLUSTRATION OF PERSONAL EMOLUMENT FORM
LAGOS STATE GOVERNMENT
MINISTRY OF TRAINING AND ESTABLISHMENT
PERSONAL EMOLUMENT FORM (PEF)
NAME:
ALABI JOHNSON ADEKOLA
Surname First Name Other Name
ADDRESS: 18, SHOWUMI STREET, BARIGA
DEPARTMENT: TRAINING
136
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LAST POST HELD: SENIOR ACCOUNTS CLERK
NEW POST ACCORDED: ACCOUNT SUPERVISOR
LAST GRADE LEVEL: 07
NEW GRADE LEVEL: 08
_______________________ ______________________
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT SIGNATURE
137
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7.8.2 PERSONAL EMOLUMENT RECORD CARD
This is required to be kept in respect of every officer in the civil service. Any
change that affects the remuneration of an officer will be entered in the Personal
Emolument Record Card. It contains the new salary scale in the event of promotion
or increment. It also contains deductions as regards servicing of advances.
7.8.3 GROUP REGISTER
This is maintained to record the names of all civil servants within a ministry or
department. It serves as a control against the insertion of ghost workers in the
payrolls. It contains the Personal Emolument Card No, the name of the officer, rank
and date registered. The number in the register should correspond with the control
number in the Personal Emolument Card.
7.8.4 SALARY VARIATION ADVICE
This is used by the Personal Emolument Department of the ministry to inform the
Account Section about any changes affecting the salary of an officer. It is issued
when an officer is being promoted, retired, suspended, dismissed or transferred.
Five copies would be prepared and distributed to the following sections/files
- Payroll Section
- Variation Control Section
- Internal Audit Section
- Variation Control File
- Officers Personal File.
138
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7.8.5 VARIATION CONTROL SHEET
This is prepared by the variation control section to serve as control over the payroll
prepared by the salary section. It is a record that is maintained to show each
variation in the month of emoluments, taxable allowances and the deductions
from emolument for each officer. The aggregate of these variations will be
summed up or subtracted from the relative aggregate of that of the previous
month.
The figure arrived at after the addition or subtraction will determine the total
emoluments, taxable allowances and other types of deductions to be effected in
the current months salary.
7.8.6 PAYROLL SUMMARY VOUCHER
It is the form used to sum up the various columns or the separate payrolls. The
total obtained is compared with that on the Variation Control Sheet.
7.8.7 ADVICE OF DEDUCTION FROM SALARY
This is a form used to cover any deduction made from salary of an officer e.g.
taxes, union dues, advances etc. It is prepared by the Sectional Head and sent to
the salary section. The purpose is to notify the salary section of the deduction to
be made from the salary of an officer for the period.
7.8.8 ON-PAYMENT VOUCHERS
139
Thanks.
These are vouchers raised at the personnel department of the salary section in
respect of deductions that have been made from salary and are payable directly
to other authorities e.g. NSITF, National Housing Fund, Union Dues, Taxes etc.
7.8.8 CHEQUE OR CASH ORDER FORM
This is a form that usually accompanies a prepared payroll and payment voucher
when cash is to be obtained from the Federal Pay Office for the payment of
salaries.
7.9 INTEGRATED PERSONNEL & PAYROLL INFORMATION SYSTEM (IPPIS)
IPPIS was conceived by the Federal Government (FGN) to improve the effectiveness
and efficiency in the storage of personnel records and administration of monthly
payroll in such a way to enhance confidence in staff emolument costs and
budgeting.
Objectives
1. Facilitates planning: having all the civil service records in a centralised

database will aid manpower planning as well as assist in providing information
for decision making.
2. Aid Budgeting: An accurate recurrent expenditure on emolument could be
planned and budgeted for on a yearly basis.
3. Monitor the monthly payment of staff emoluments against what was provided
for in the budget.
140
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4. Ensure database integrity so that personnel information is correct and intact.
5. Eliminate payroll fraud such as ghost workers syndrome.
6. Facilitate easy storage, updating and retrieval of personnel records for
administrative and pension processes.
MDAs are Ministries Department and Agencies within the Civil Service where the
IPPIS will be implemented. Six MDAs selected in the pilot phase of the project are:
1. Federal Ministry of Education

2. Federal Ministry of Finance
3. Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs
4. Federal Ministry of Information
5. Federal Ministry of Works
6. National Planning Commission
7.9.1 FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENT OF IPPIS
1. Data captive equipment with fingerprint scanners for biometric enrolment and
camera for employee photograph.
2. Each of the pilots MDA can capture, update and process their personnel records.
3. There are presently about 30,000 civil servants from the pilot MDAs whose
records and biometric data have been captured, verified and stored in the
centralized personnel database of IPPIS.
4. Salaries are now paid directly into the bank account of civil servants whose
records exist in the IPPIS database
5. Third party agencies like FIRS, SBIR, Pencom and Cooperative Societies also
receive their payments directly.
141
Thanks.
7.10 SUMMARY
The chapter discussed the various types of vouchers, their preparation and their
respective uses. The content of a valid voucher together with the treatment of loss
of payment voucher was also looked into. The chapter also discussed how loss of
government fund is treated.
1. Which of the following is the correct accounting entry where there is fraudulent
payment or overpayment of government money and discovered within te current
year?
A. Dr. Advance A/c Cr. Cash A/c
B. Dr. Non-Personal Advance A/c Cr. Government A/c
C. Dr. Loss of Funds A/c Cr. Advance A/c
D. Dr. Non-Personal Advance A/c Cr. Relevant Sub-Head
E. No adjustment is required .
2. In which of the following situations will a sub-accounting officer dishonour a

voucher and render it invalid? Where the voucher:
(i) is written in pencil
(ii) certificate is not signed by the relevant authority.
(iii) is presented for payment after 90 days of preparation.
142
Thanks.
A. i &ii only
B. i & iii only
C. all of the above
D. ii & iii only
E. none of the above
3. Variation advices are prepared in five copier and will be distribute to form of the
five listed officer.
1. Employees A. 1, 2, 3, and 4
2. Employees file B. 1, 3, 4 and 5
3. Variation sector C. 2, 3, 4 and 5
4. Internal audit D. 1, 3, 4 and 5
5. Account general E. 1, 2, 3, and 5
4. Which of the following is a Non-personal Advance.
A. Loss of government fund advance
B. Salary advance
C. Advance salary
D. Motor vehicle advance
E. Specific advance
143
Thanks.
5. Which of the following vouchers is invalid?
A. Prepared in ink
B. Whose certificate is signed separately
C. Presented for payment after 90 days
D. Certified by an officer authorised to do so
E. Stamped Entered in the vote book
6. What is a Voucher?
7. The voucher which is similar to journals in the private sector and used for
amending errors is called -------------------
8. The Form that would be sent to all ministries and department heads for
confirmation that an officer is still in service as at the beginning of a current year
is called ---------------- Form
9. The document used by the Personal Emolument Department of the ministry to
inform the Account Section about any changes affecting the salary of an officer is
called .............................
10. What is the significance of pay roll summary vouchers?
SOLUTION
1. D
2. D
3. A
144
Thanks.
4 A
5. C
6. A voucher is a documentary evidence of payment or receipt of money which

is available for future reference accounting and auditing purposes
7. Adjustment voucher
8. Personal emolument record card
9. Salary Variation Advice
10. It is the document used to communicate changes in salary to the officers. It

emanates from variation unit in the administrative department.
145
Thanks.
CHAPTER EIGHT
PRERARATION OF CASH BOOK, TRANSCRIPTS AND SUBSIDIARY ACCOUNTS.
8.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
At the end of this chapter candidates should be able to:-
Prepare different types of cash book in the Public Sector.

Prepare monthly Transcripts given the required information.
Explain the function of the Cheque Summary Register.
Prepare a Departmental Vote Expenditure Allocation Book (DVEA).
State types of advances available in the Public sector.
8.2 THE CASH OFFICE
The Cash Office is a very sensitive department in an establishment and as such

only diligent, trustworthy, hardworking, experienced and security conscious personnel
should be put in charge.
8.2.1 ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF A CASH OFFICE
1) Paying cage or cubicle.

2) Notice to the public showing working hours in the office.
146
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3) Cash tank or Safe with dual control keys.
4) Notice of restriction of entry by non staff or unauthorized person.
5) Security personnel.
6) A Close Circuit Monitor.
7) Security Alarm device.
8) Counting Machine.
9) Mercury light.
10)Computer System.
11)Fire Alarm.
8.2.2 FUNCTIONS OF THE CASH OFFICE
Receipt and payment of liquid cash.

Safe custody of cash.
Maintenance of a conventional cash book to record all cash transactions.
Operation of the Ministry/Departments current account on which cheques are
drawn.
Balancing of cash book transactions on daily basis.
Reconciliation of bank statement balances with cash book balances monthly or
as at when required.
Submission of original cash book and all copies of vouchers to the accounts
department. This is required for the preparation of final accounts.
8.2.3 BOOKS OF ACCOUNTS TO BE MAINTAINED IN THE CASH OFFICE
147
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The following books and documents are required to be kept in any cash office. The
documents must be monitored to have a record of the officers who have them in
their possession. The documents should always be under security system when
they are not in use.
They include:-
Treasury Receipt Book.

Cheque Summary Register.
Bank Teller
Cash Book
Cheque Book
Cheque Dispatch Register
Payment Voucher Register
Paper Money Register e.g. dividend warrant, stamp, money order,
postal order e. t. c.
Pay-in Form.
Dishonored Cheque Register
Safe Content Register used to take account of the items in the safe
as at the end of a days work. This should be checked for accuracy on
the following day before beginning a new transaction.
8.3 THE CASH BOOK
There are three types of cash book kept in the ministry. They are:
The Treasury Cash Book

The Imprest Cash Book
Revenue Collectors Cash Book
148
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8.3.1 THE TREASURY CASH BOOK (TF15a)
This is the main accounting book of original entry. It is an invaluable component

of the ledger accounts. The Treasury Cash Book is used in recording all receipts
and payments of any nature whether belonging to above the line or below the line
accounts. Both revenue and expenditure are entered in the cash book. The cash
book is divided into two sections. The right side contains all payments while the
left side contains record of receipts. Each side consists of eight columns.
149
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FORMAT OF A TREASURY CASH BOOK (TF15a)
MINISTRY/DEPARTMENT/STATION.DATE.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1. Voucher No 9. Treasury No or Dept No

2. From Whom Received 10. To whom Paid
3. Classification: Head/Subhead 11. Classification:
Head/Subhead
4. Treasury Receipt No issued 12. Payee Bank
5. No on Bank Slip 13. Cheque No
6. Cash 14. Gross Amount
7. Bank 15. Deduction or Cash
8. Total Amount 16. Bank or Net
150
NOTE: This is a work in progress. All topics in the syllabus are covered but
editing for necessary corrections is in progress.
Thanks.
Illustration 8.1 - The following transactions were extracted from the books of the
Ministry of Education during the month of March 20XX.
a) Bal b/d from February 20XX
Bank N1,650,000
Cash N 37,800
b) i. Allocation for Recurrent Expenditure - N8,500,000
ii. Allocation for Capital Expenditure - N11,500,000
c) Final payment for the construction of 20 blocks of classrooms 211/12

N4,600,000 UBN cheque No 001638 issued.
d) Payment of Staff Salaries with UBN cheque No 001641 N4,000,000, from

which the following deductions were made : -
Advances - Salary 15/6 N15,000
Advances - Motor Vehicle 15/8 N65,000
Advances - Correspondence 15/3 N60,000
Surcharge of Senior officers 11/7 N50,000
e) Issue of UBN cheque No 001618 to R. T. Motors for repair of motor vehicles

18/7 N58,000
f) Payment for electricity with UBN cheque No 001644 23/8 N97,000
g) Maintenance of office building 23/2 N64,000 with cheque No 001616
h) Cash withdrawn from bank N70,000
NOTE: This is a work in progress. All topics in the syllabus are covered but
editing for necessary corrections is in progress.
Thanks.
i) Cash received for registration for Computer Institute from 31 candidates at
N2,000/candidate. Treasury receipt No A12701 to A12731 issued serially
10/16
j) Cash from disposal of office furniture 17/6 N80,000 Treasury Receipt
A12733.
k) Payment to bank N70,000 Bank Slip No 0011364.
l) Purchase of Computer Systems by cheque No 001629 10/13 N180,000
m) Payment for Printing and Stationery 11/24 cash N64,000
n) Payment for telephone bills 17/8 N9,000 Cash
You are required to post the transactions in the Treasury Cash Book for the
month of March 20XX.
Solution to Illustration 8.1
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
TREASURY CASH BOOK FOR THE MONTH OF MARCH 20XX
Vouche From Classi Treasur Bank Cash Bank Total Treas To Classi Paye Cheque Gross Deduc Bank
r y e
Whom ficatio Slip Amount No Whom ficatio No Amount Or Cash Or Net
No n Receipt n Bank
No N N N N N N
No
Bal b/d 37,80 1,650,00 1,687,800 Constructi
0 0 on of
Allocation 211/1 UBN 001638 4,600,000 4,600,00
classroom
2 0
-Recurrent UBN 001641 4,000,000 190,00
Salaries
0 3,810,00
Expenditure 8,500,000
0
8,500,00
-Capital
0 Repair of
Expenditure 11,500,00 Motor UBN 001618 58,000

0 Vehicle 18/7
Advances UBN 001644 97,000
11,500,0 58,000
Electricity 23/8
Salary 15/6 00
97,000
15,00 15,000
Motor Vehicle 15/8
0
65,000
Correspondenc 15/3 UBN 001616 64,000
65,00
e 60,000 Office 23/2
0 70,000
Building 64,000
60,00 Mtce
11/7 70,000
70,000
Surcharge of 0 50,000 Cash c 70,000
Senior Officer
A12701 70,000 Bank c UBN 001629 180,000
Bank c to
10/16 50,00 10/13 180,000
A12731
Registration 0
62,000 Computer 64,000
for Computer
70,00 Systems
Sch 17/6 11/24 64,000
0
Sale of Office 00113 80,000 9,000
A12733
64 Printing &
Furniture 70,000 17/8 9,000
62,00 Stationery
Cash c 0 12,947,80
70,000 0
22,159,80 106,80 12,771,0
Telephone
0 0 00
80,00 Bills
0 21,650,0 22,159,80
00 0
12,947,80 439,80 21,650,0
Bal c/d
0 0 00
Bal b/d 12,771,0
00
439,8
00
106,8
00
ILLUSTRATION 8.2
The following transactions took place in the Ministry of Women Affairs

during the month of January 20XX. The ministry uses only cash book to
record its transactions.
a) Balance brought forward from December 20XY.

Bank N600,000
Cash N10,000
b) 1st quarter allocation for recurrent expenditure
N6,000,000
c) 1st quarter allocation for capital expenditure
N3,000,000
d) Payment of Salaries via payroll no MWA/A/01/20XX/
FBN Cheque No 000136 N1,500,000
Deductions: -
Rent on quarters 12/13 N4,000

Motor Vehicle advance Repayment 13/7
N3,000
Salary Advance repayment 13/10
N3,000
Correspondence Advance repayment 13/11
N8,000
e) Payment for repair of furniture by cheque (voucher No
MWA/03/077/FBN Cheque 00137) 35/09 N25,000

f) Utility service paid by cash 64/07
N4,000
g) Travelling and Transport paid by cash 17/1 N6,000
h) Cash withdrawn from Bank
N100,000
i) Renewal of licenses fees received from contractors
Cash vide Treasury Receipt No B014047 N15,000
j) Maintenance of Motor Vehicle by cheque via
Voucher No MWA/04/079/FBN Cheque No 000138 N16,400
k) Purchase of Computer systems by cheque via
Voucher No MWA/05/078/FBN Cheque No 000139 N1,600,000
l) Cash paid to bank N70,000

m) Payment for the purchase of new furniture &
Fittings by cheque via Voucher No MWA/06/
080/FBN Cheque No. 000141 N800,000
You are required to post the above items in the Treasury cash book
of the Ministry for the month of January 20XX.
MINISTRY OF WOMEN AFFAIRS
TREASURY CASH BOOK FOR THE MONTH OF JANUARY 20XX
Voucher From Classi Treas Bank Cash Bank Total Trea To Classi Paye Cheque Gross Deduc Bank
ury sury e
No Whom fication Slip Amount Whom ficatio No Amount Or Cash Or Net
Recei No n Bank
No N N N N N N
pt
No
Bal b/d 100,000 600,000 700,000 MW Salaries FBN 00136 1,500,00 18,000 1,482,000
A/01 0
Allocation
/20X
i. X
Recurrent
6,000,000 6,000,000 Repair of
Furniture 35/09 FBN 00137 25,000

Expenditur
25,000
e MW
A/03
3,000,000 3,000,000 /077 Utility
ii. Capital Service 64/07 4,000

4,000
12/13 4,000 4,000
Expenditur
e Travelling 70,000
&
17/1 6,000
Rent on 13/7 3,000 3,000 Transport 6,000
Quarters
100,000
13/10 3,000 3,000 Cash FBN 00138 100,000 16,400

Motor
Maint Of 16,400
Vehicle
M.V
FBN 00139 1,600,000
Advance
13/11 8,000 8,000 MW 1,600,00

A/04 Computer 0
70,000
Salary /079 System
Advance B014 100,000 100,000
047 70,000
FBN 00141 800,000
MVA Bank
Correspond /05/
ence 078 800,000
70,000 70,000 145,00 5,636,600
Furn. &
Advance 0
Fittings
233,000 9,670,000 9,903,000 5,781,60 9,670,000
0
Bank & Bal c/d 233,00
Renewal 0
106,800 12,771,000 12,947,800 MVA
of Licences /06/ 9,903,00
080 0
Cash
Bal b/d
8.4 IMPREST CASH BOOK
Imprest: - An imprest is defined by the Financial Regulation as the

aggregate amount of cash advanced to government officers to meet up
with urgent expenditures which are provided for in the budget but which
vouchers cannot be prepared and presented immediately to the Sub-
Accounting officer or the Accountant-General for payment.
8.4.1 Imprest Holder
This is an officer other than the Sub-Accounting officer who is entrusted

with government money for disbursement where vouchers cannot be
prepared and presented to the Sub-Accounting officer for payment.
8.4.2 Types of Imprest
i. Standing Imprest: - This is a general imprest which is in use from the

beginning of a fiscal year to the end of that year. It is re-imbursed as and
when required. All standing imperest balances must be retired on or before
31st December of the year.
ii. Special Imprest This is an imprest that is generated for special purpose
when the need arises. Special imprest must be terminated and all balances
retired immediately the purpose for which it is set up is achieved.
8.4.3 Checks And Balances for Keeping An Imprest Account
1. The imprest holder must be an officer from Grade Level 04 and above.
2. The officer must be an officer of proven integrity.
3. Imprest money must not be used for any other purpose.
4. The officer keeping imprest cash book must balance the book regularly.
5. The imprest cash book must be checked regularly for any anomaly or sharp
practices by the Sub-Accounting officer.
6. Any balance on imprest must be retired at the end of the fiscal year.
7. Any imprest amount from N50,000 and above must be banked by the
imprest holder in an account to be opened in his official status.
8. Any expenditure from imprest must be properly authorized and approved.
9. Payment vouchers must be raised for all disbursements from the imprest
money.
10. There should be no lending to employees from the imprest money.
8.4.4 Re-Imbursement of Imprest
The imprest holder is required to present all payment vouchers for the
money spent from the imprest money to the Sub-Accounting officer
before re-imbursement of imprest account. The vouchers are not to be
recorded under imprest as done in the private sector but classified
directly under the expenditure heads affected.
FORMAT OF IMPREST CASH BOOK
Date Re- No Off Bank Cash Bank Date Desc. P.V. Class. Cash Bank
imbursement Credit Slip No
Details
Illustration 8.4.1
The following transactions were extracted from the books of Alaba Local
Government in the month of April 20XX. The monthly float for the Local
Government is N50,000. The imprest holder gets reimbursement from the
Sub-Accounting officers on any amount expended as at the last day of the
month.
Bal b/f 2,500
Transfer from the Sub-Accounting officer to
imprest through FBN cheque No 00012345 47,500
1-4-20XX Softdrinks and fishrolls 700
3-4-20XX Stationery 300
4-4-20XX Total Petrol 1,200
4-4-20XX Phone recharge card MTN 750
5-4-20XX Photocopies 300
8-4-20XX Mr. Biggs food 2,300
9-4-20XX Calculator 2,700
10-4-20XX Con-oil Petrol 1,500
11-4-20XX Stationery 400
12-4-20XX Motor Vehicle Repair

4,000
15-4-20XX Beverages Coffee & Milk 800

16-4-20XX Electricity bills
6,000
17-4-20XX Typing and Printing 4,200
18-4-20XX Flat and Arch files 1,000
19-4-20XX Transportation of five officers to and
fro (Lagos - Calabar)

12,000
22-4-20XX MTN Cards 3,000
23-4-20XX Total Petrol 1,600
25-4-20XX Photocopies 200
26-4-20XX Stationeries 1,300
29-4-20XX Electrical Bills

700
30-4-20XX Soft drinks and meat pie 800
31-4-20XX Con-oil Petrol 1,500
You are required to draw up the imperest account of Alaba Local

Government and determine the amount of re-imbursement at the
beginning of May 20XX.
Note:- Draw up analysis column for
Telephone and Postages

Stationery and Printing
Entertainment
Electricity and Electrical Works
Transportation
Motor Vehicle Repairs And Maintenance
Solution to Illustration 7.2 ALABA LOCAL GOVERNMENT
IMPREST ACCOUNT FOR THE MONTH OF MARCH 20XX
Date Re- No of Cash Bank Date Desc. Cl Cash Bank ANALYSIS

imbur as Tele Statio Ente Elec Trans. M/V
Ban
seme sifi p n rtmt t. Repai
nt cat rs N
&Po N
io N
Detail N N N N st
n N N
s
N
1-4-20XX Bal 2,500 1-4-20XX Cash c 47,50
b/d 0
1-4-20XX 47,50 1-4-20XX 700 700
Re- 0 Softdrinks
000123 47,50 3-4-20XX 300 300
imbur
45 0
1-4-20XX se 4-4-20XX 1,200 1,200
Stationery
Bank 4-4-20XX 750 750
Petrol
5-4-20XX Phone 300 300
card
8-4-20XX 2,300 2,30
0
9-4-20XX 2,700 2,700
Photocopi
10-4- es 1,500 1,500

20XX
Mr. Biggs 400 400
11-4-
4,000 4,000
20XX
Calculator
800
12-4-
Petrol 800
20XX 6,000 6,00
0
15-4- 4,200 4,200
Stationery
20XX
M/V 1,000 1,000
16-4-
Repairs
20XX 12,00 12,00
0 0
17-4- 3,00
Coffee&Mi
20XX lk 3,000 0 1,600
18-4- Electricity 1,600 200

20XX
200 1,300
19-4- Typg.&Pri
1,300
20XX ntg
700 700
22-4- Files
20XX 800 800 1,500
Transport
23-4- 1,500
Phone
20XX
30-4- 50,00 cards 10,40 9,800
20XX 0 25-4- 0
Bal Petrol Ba 47,45 3,75 4,60 6,70 12,00
20XX
1-5-20XX b/d 2,550 l 0 0 0 0 0
26-4- c/d
1-5-20XX Reim Photocopi
20XX
burse es
47,45 29-4- 2,550
ment
0 Stationerie
20XX
30-4- s 50,00
20XX 0
Elect.
30-4- Bulbs
20XX
Soft
Drinks
Petrol
8.5 REVENUE COLLECTORS CASH BOOK
Revenue Collector: - This is a government officer in possession of an

official receipt book TF6 or TF6A or any other receipt books for the
collection of specified items of the revenue provided for in the approved
budget.
The duties of the revenue collectors are exhaustively discussed in Chapter

3 of this Study Pack.
FORMAT OF A REVENUE COLLECTORS CASH BOOK
MINISTRY/DEPARTMENT:.. DATE:
DR CR
Date Revenue Classification From Amount Date Treasury Amount

Receipt Head Subhead Whom Receipt
No No
The Debit Side: - This consists of the date on which the collection is
made, Revenue Receipt No i.e. the receipt issued to the payer,
head/subhead of the ministry or department, the description or particular
of the payment usually the name of the payer and the amount.
The Credit Side: - This is used to record the remittance of total revenue
collected to the Sub-Accounting officer by the revenue collector. The
remittance could be daily, weekly or monthly or anytime the sub-
accounting officer requests for such. The revenue collector is issued a
Treasury Receipt by the Sub-Accounting officer or cashier and records the
amount remitted in the Cash Remittance Register. Any outstanding not
remitted as at the end of the month will be carried forward.
ILLUSTRATION 8.3
Mr. Malik Al-Mudashir is a revenue collector in the Works Department of

Funtua Local Government. His revenue collections for the month ended
July 20XX are as stated below.
Revenue Date Head/Subhead Particular of Amount

Receipt No Payer
N
T01001 1-7-20XX 107/03 Kabir Mohammed 3,600
T01003 3-7-20XX 107/05 Hajia Fatimah 4,800
T01005 7-7-20XX 107/09 Muninu Kunmi 12,000
T01002 2-7-20XX 107/05 Zubair Abba 15,000
T01007 11-7-20XX 107/06 James Koleh 1,600
T01004 4-7-20XX 107/08 Shehu Kaduo 13,200
T01006 9-7-20XX 107/04 Mathew Ahmed 400
T01008 13-7-20XX 107/14 Theo Jafar 1,750
T01009 14-7-20XX 107/13 Felicia Gambo 10,250
T01010 18-7-20XX 107/11 Janet Onwa 3,200
T01011 25-7-20XX 107/17 Badlam Bawa 1,700
T01012 31-7-20XX 107/10 Yusuf Jibo 4,300
You are required to prepare a revenue collectors cash book to show Mr.
Al-Mudashirs collections after remitting the total amount collected as at
31st July, 20XX to the Sub-Accounting Officer and obtained a Treasury
Receipt No B0275006 for the amount remitted.
FUNTUA LOCAL GOVERNMENT
WORKS DEPARTMENT
REVENUE COLLECTORS CASH BOOK FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 20XX
Date Revenue Particular Amt Date Treasury Amt

of Payer
Receipt Sub Receipt
No
Head Head N No N
1-7- T01001 107 03 Kabir 3,600 31- 3275006 71,800
20XX Mohammed 7-
20XX
2-7- T01002 107 05 Zubair 15,000
20XX Abba
3-7- T01003 107 05 Hajia 4,800
20XX Fatimah
4-7- T01004 107 08 Shehu 13,200
20XX Kaduo
7-7- T01005 107 09 Muninu 12,000
20XX Kunmi
9-7- T01006 107 04 Mathew 400
20XX Ahmed
11- T01007 107 06 James 1,600
7- Koleh
20XX
13- T01008 107 14 Theo Jafar 1,750
7-
20XX
14- T01009 107 13 Felicia 10,250
7- Gambo
20XX
18- T01010 107 11 Janet Onwa 3,200
7-
20XX
25- T01011 107 17 Badlam 1,700
7- Bawa
20XX
31- T01012 107 10 Yusuf Jibo 4,300
7-
20XX
Bal c/d -
71,800 71,800
ILLUSTRATION 8.4
Mrs Elizabeth Kamson is the revenue collector of the Health & Social
Welfare in Kaju Local Government. Her collections for the month ended
28th of February, 20XX are as follows.
Revenue Date Head/Subhead Paid By Amount

Receipt No
N
M12361 2-2-20XX 115/06 J. Okada 3,000
M12362 2-2-20XX 115/09 M. Badmus 1,800
M12364 3-2-20XX 115/01 T. Aluko 3,600
M12365 8-2-20XX 115/03 T. Banjo 5,000
M12363 7-2-20XX 115/05 S. Ekanem 17,000
M12367 9-2-20XX 115/15 L. O. Biggs 4,000
M12369 18-2-20XX 115/12 Z. Z. Zacheus 2,200
M12368 15-2-20XX 115/09 M. Ojo 1,800
M12366 9-2-20XX 115/07 K. Taiwo 3,600
M12370 23-2-20XX 115/10 F. Lambo 11,200
M12372 27-2-20XX 115/14 F. M. Righteous 8,500
M12373 27-2-20XX 115/02 T. Jawando 6,700
You are required to prepare a Revenue Collectors cash book disclosing

Mrs. Kamsons takings after paying the total amount collected as at 23 rd
of February, 20XX to the Chief Accounting Officer and were issued a
Treasury Receipt No AA0176313 for the sum.
KAJU LOCAL GOVERNMENT
HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELFARE DEPARTMENT
REVENUE COLLECTORS CASH BOOK FOR THE MONTH OF FEBRUARY 20XX
Date Revenue Particular Amt Date Treasury Amt

of Payer
Receipt Sub Receipt
No
Head Head N No N
2-2- M12361 115 06 J. Okada 3,000 23-2- AA 53,200
20XX 20XX
0176313
2-2- M12362 115 09 M. 1,800
20XX Badmus
3-2- M12364 115 01 T. Aluko 3,600
20XX
7-2- M12363 115 05 S. Ekanem 17,000
20XX
8-2- M12365 115 03 T. Banjo 5,000
20XX
9-2- M12366 115 07 K. Taiwo 3,600
20XX
9-2- M12367 115 15 L. O. Biggs 4,000
20XX
15-2- M12368 115 09 M. Ojo 1,800
20XX
18-2- M12369 115 12 Z. Z. 2,200
20XX Zacheus
23-2- M12370 115 10 F. Lambo 11,200
20XX
27-2- M12372 115 14 F. M. 8,500
20XX Righteous
27-2- M12373 115 02 T. 6,700
20XX Jawando
Bal c/d - 15,200
68,400 68,400
1-3- Bal b/d 15,200
20XX
NOTE :- As at 23rd of February 20XX, the revenue collected by Mrs.

Kamson in the sum of N53,200 paid to the accounting officer was the
total amount realized as revenue as at that date. Subsequent collections
are entered in her cash book and carried forward.
8.6 TRANSCRIPTS
Transcript is the document by which self accounting units transfer their

financial transactions to the office of the Accountant-General to prepare
the required financial statement.
It contains the summarized financial transactions concerning the receipts
and disbursements of money posted to the cashbook for a particular
month.
A separate section is usually created in the ministry called The Final

Accounts Section. The section is saddled with the function of preparing
monthly transcripts.
8.6.1 TYPES OF TRANSCRIPTS
1. Cash Transcript: - This is the transcript used by self accounting and

sub accounting units. It is also called Main Transcript.
2. Supplementary Transcript: - This is used for summarizing and
transmitting inter-ministerial or inter-governmental transactions.
3. Control Book or Control Sheets: - This is the transcript used by Federal
Pay Officer in the Federation.
8.6.2 PREPARATION OF TRANSCRIPTS
In the preparation of transcripts, the following steps must be followed

and in the order in which they are listed.
1. Collation of receipt and payment vouchers along with the main

cash book.
2. Checking the vouchers against the cash book content. This is by
ticking all copies of vouchers into the cash book in order to
ensure complete and correct entry of all vouchers and to remove
any problem arising from errors and mistakes.
3. Sorting of vouchers into their respective heads and subheads.
4. Pre-listing of vouchers: - This is done by adding to the total
column subhead by subhead and ensuring that they agree with
the cash book.
5. Posting into Analysis Book: - After pre-listing of vouchers, the
figures are then posted into the analysis book under heads and
subheads. This is done on daily basis.
6. Balancing of Analysis Book: - This is done at the end of the
month and the aggregate figure obtained should agree with the
total columns of debit and credit side of the cash book.
7. Compilation of the Transcripts: - This is done starting with the
balance brought forward (if any).
8. Preparation of a voucher schedule: - This should be carried out at
the end of each month for each subhead.
8.6.3 DOCUMENTS REQUIRED TO BE TRANSMITTED ALONG WITH

TRANSCRIPT.
The following documents should be prepared and taken along with the
transcript: -
1. Bank Reconciliation statement.

2. The Cash and Bank balances Certificate: - This is required to certify
that the actual cash and bank balances agree with the cash book
and bank statement balances.
3. Original copies of cash book.
4. Breakdown of expenditure.
5. In limited self-accounting unit, the duplicate copies of vouchers
should also accompany the transcript.
6. List of outstanding vouchers
8.6.4 CERTIFICATE OF CASH AND BANK BALANCES
It is very important that the actual cash balance agrees with the one in
the transmitted transcript hence the certificate of cash balance. The same
should be exercised for bank balance by stating the opening balances at
the beginning of the month, adding up total receipts through cash and
bank to the opening balance and deducting total payment in order to
arrive at the transcripts balances.
FORMAT OF CERTIFICATE OF BANK AND CASH BALANCES
e.g. for Month ending 31st of May 20XX.
I hereby state the position of my cash book concerning the cash and bank
balances for the month of May 20XX as follows:-
CASH BALANCE
Opening Balance as at 1-5-20XX xx
add Total receipts for the month xx
xxx
less Total payments for the month xx
Closing balance as at 31-5-20XX xxx
ANALYSIS OF CLOSING BALANCE
N1,000 Note - X pieces xx
N500 Note - X pieces xx

N2 Coin - X pieces xx
N1 Coin - X pieces xx
50k Coin - X pieces xx
Cash balance as at 31-5-20XX xxx
BANK BALANCE
Opening Balance as at 1-5-20XX xx
add Total receipts for the month xx
xxx
less Total payments for the month xx
Closing balance as at 31-5-20XX xxx
The sub-accounting officer or cashier will certify the cash and bank positions
by writing thus: -
I certify that at the end of May 20XX, my cash book had a cash balance of
Nxxx which agreed with the physical cash available and had a bank balance
of Nxxx which had been reconciled with the bank statement which also
accompanies this transcript.
.
.....
Name & Post Signature & Date

FORMAT OF A TRANSCRIPT
MINISTRY/DEPARTMENT:..
DATE:
RECEIPTS PAYMENTS
Head Subhead Desc. Receipts Total Balance Head Subhead Desc. Payments Total Balance
N N N N N N
A transcript has 6 columns on each side of the Debit and Credit. The Debit side
has Head, Subhead, Description, Receipts, Total and Balance while the credit
side has Head, Subhead, Description, Payments, Total and Balance.
NOTE: - All transactions of below the line accounts (items of expenditure or

receipts that are not listed in the budget) are shown separately in the transcript.
ILLUSTRATION 8.5: - The following are the transactions extracted from the books
of the Ministry of Finance for the month of September, 20XX.
Balance b/d 1-9-20XX

Bank N4,350,000 DrCash N125,200 Dr The
following are the revenues realized for the month.
REVENUE
CLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTION AMOUNT

HEAD SUBHEAD
N
10 11 Fees 2,500,000
8 3 Renewal of Licenses 1,420,700
12 3 Rent On Govt. Property 750,000
11 2 C Contractors registration 210,000
13 13 Investment Interest 70,000
11 8 Institutional Registration Fees 300,000
7 13 Companies Income Tax 3,600,000
13 11 Sales of Investment 1,000,000
9 2 Royalty on Mine 1,200,000
7 1 VAT 4,200,000
BELOW-THE-LINE REVENUES
1710 Correspondence Advance Repayment 126,400

1421 Miscellaneous Deposits 72,600
1330 Motor Vehicle Advance Repayment 100,000
PAYMENT
CLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTION AMOUNT

HEAD SUBHEAD
N
11 1 Personnel Cost 6,305,200
11 2 Travel and Transport 1,336,000
11 3 Utility Services 341,000
11 4 Telephone and Postages 47,200
11 5 Printing and Stationeries 81,480
11 6 Maintenance of Office Furniture 108,370
11 7 Mtce. Of Motor Vehicle & Other Assets 428,000
11 8 Consultancy Services 218,000
11 9 Grants, Contributions and 1,118,000
Subventions
11 10 Training and Development 218,000
11 11 Entertainment and Hospitality 112,000
11 12 Miscellaneous Expenses 47,500
BELOW-THE-LINE PAYMENTS
3001 Advance Salary 15,000
3002 Salary Advance 35,000
1710 Correspondence Advance 160,800
1421 Miscellaneous Deposits paid 85,000
1330 Motor Vehicle Advance 125,000
You are required to prepare the monthly transcript for the month of September
20XX
MINISTRY OF FINANCE
TRANSCRIPT FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 20XX
REVENUE EXPENDITURE
Head Sub Description Amount SubTotal Total Head Sub Description Amount SubTotal Total
Hd N N N Hea N N N
d
Bal b/f 4,475,200 11 1 Personnel Cost 6,305,20
0
7 1 VAT on Turnover 4,200,00 11 2 Traveling & Trans.
0 1,336,00
7 13 Sales of Investment 5,200,00 11 3 Utility Service
0
1,000,00 0
8 3 Renewal of Licenses 11 4 Telephone &Postgs
0 341,000
1,420,70
9 2 Royalty on Mine 11 5 Printg & Stationeries
1,420,70 0 47,200
10 11 Fees 0 11 6 Mtce. of Office Furn.

11 2 Contractors 1,200,00 1,200,00 11 7 Mtce of M/V Othr Asst 81,480
registration 0 0
11 8 11 8 Consultancy Service 108,370
Institutional Reg. Fees 2,500,00 2,500,00
12 3 11 9 Grants,Cont.& 428,000
0 0
Rent on Govt. Property Subven
13 11 11 10 218,000
210,000
Sales of Investment Training &
13 13 11 11 1,118,00
300,000 510,000 Develpmnt
Investment Interest 0
11 12 10,360,750
750,000 750,000 Entert. & Hospitality
BELOW THE LINE 218,000
1330
1,000,00 Misc Expenses
M/V Advance Repaymt 112,000
1421 0 3001
1,070,00 BELOW THE LINE
Miscellaneous Deposits 47,500
1710 70,000 0 12,949,70 3002
Advance Salary
Corresp. Adv. 0
1330
Repymnts Salary Advance
15,000
100,000 1421
Motor Vehicle
35,000
72,600 1710 Advnce 385,000 10,745,75
126,400 299,000 Misc Deposits 125,000 0
Correspondence Adv. 85,000

6,679,150
17,424,90 Bal c/d 125,000
0 17,424,90
0
8.7 CHEQUE SUMMARY REGISTER
This is a book that serves the purpose of ensuring that all bank
transactions contained in the cash book are accurately entered. It is used
for balancing bank transactions in the cash book.
The following hitherto entered in the cash book are to be posted into the
register as it affects bank transactions:-
Issued Cheques.
Received Cheques.
Vouchers raised against cheque payments.
Tellers of payments of cash or cheque into the bank.
The register must be accurately updated by extracting the balances daily.

The balances are then compared to the cash book balance and it should
be ensured that they agree. The register must be routinely checked on
daily basis by the Head of Accounts.
8.8 PREPARATION OF BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
This is required in order to ensure that the bank balance as contained in

the bank statement agrees with the cash book balance. Differences may
arise as a result of any or a combiNation of the following:
a) Unpresented cheques: - These are issued cheques already credited to

the cash book as payment but are yet to be presented by the
contractors for payment in the bank. While the cash book has been
credited, the bank is yet to effect the debit entry of the transaction.
b) Uncredited cheques: - These are received cheques which have been
paid into the bank and debited to the cash book as receipt but the
bank is yet to effect the credit entry in the statement.
c) Direct Credits: - These are payments into the bank directly through
State or Federal Government or any other person or interest on
investment but which are yet to be debited in the cash book as
receipts.
d) Standing Order:- These are standing instructions issued by the
Treasury department on the movement of money. They are usually
addressed to the bank to effect transfer of a sum certain in amount to
the payee e.g. Federal Government, Central Bank and Pensioner.
e) Others: - These include bank charges, commission on turnover, cheque book e. t. c.

It could also be due to error on the part of the bank or the cashier keeping the Cash
book.
The documents required for the exercise are:
i. Cheque summary register

ii. The cash book
iii. Cheque stubs
iv. Bank statements.
v. Previous months bank reconciliation statement
FORMAT OF BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
N N
Balance as per cash book on 28-2-20XX xx
Add
Unpresented cheques xx
Error in Cash book or
Bank statement due to receipts xx xx
xxx
Less
Uncredited cheques xx
Error in Cash book or
Bank statement due to payments xx xx
Balance as per Bank Statement on 28-2-20XX xxx
ILLUSTRATION 7.6
The bank column of the cash book of College of Arts and Science, Igbonla showed a debit
balance of N5,316,200 as at 31st December 20XX while the bank statement showed a credit
balance of N6,860,010.
However, the following transactions required further consideration:
i. Unpresented Cheques: -
No L0013788 - N350,000
L0013789 - N410,000
L0013791 - N520,000
L0013792 - N1,250,000
ii. Uncredited Cheques: -
No X010007 - N533,000
Y010008 - N296,500
MD03147 - N1,134,385
iii. The following are direct credits discovered:-

a) Government Subvention paid directly into the bank without the knowledge of the
school amounted to N3,000,000
b) Interest received on investment N7,010
c) Interest on Fixed Deposit N18,300
iv. Direct Debits: -
a) Commission on Turnover N30,300
b) Monthly insurance premium on the School Power Generating Plant insurance
policy in the sum of N16,000 was on a standing order and was not recorded in the
bank book.
c) Bank Charges for cheques book and VAT on Commission on Turnover amounted to
N1,315.
You are required to prepare
i. An Adjusted Cash book.

ii. Bank reconciliation statement as at 31st December 20XX.
College of Arts and Science, Igbonla.
i. Adjusted Cash Book as at 31st December 20XX.
N
N
Bal b/d C. O. T. 30,300
5,316,200
Govt. Subvention Insurance Premium
3,000,000 16,000
Interest on Investment VAT & Other Bank Charges
7,010 1,315
Interest on Fixed Deposit Bal c/d
18,300 8,293,895
8,341,510 8,341,510
Bal b/d
8,293,895
ii. Bank Reconciliation Statement as at 31st December 20XX
N N
Balance as per Adjusted Cash book 8,293,895
Add
Unpresented cheques
L0013788 350,000
L0013789 410,000
L0013791 520,000
L0013792 1,250,000 2,530,000
10,823,895
Less
Uncredited cheques
X010007 533,000
Y010008 296,500
MD03147 1,134,385 (3,963,885)
Balance as per Bank Statement 6,860,010
ILLUSTRATION 8.7
The following is extracted from the books of Akadama State Ministry of Commerce & Industries
as at 31st July 20XX
a) The cash book has a debit balance of N4,800,000 while the bank statement showed an
overdrawn balance of N2,741,000.
b) Cheques paid to suppliers specified below have not been presented to the bank for
payment.
Cheques No A007307 - N3,160,000
A007308 - N11,000,000
A007309 - N14,000,000
A007310 - N4,340,000
c) A deposit of N37,000,000 is yet to be credited to the ministrys account by the bank.

d) The bank debited a cheque of N1,000,000 being grant from State Government to the
ministrys account. On investigation, the bank admitted the error.
e) A cheque of N420,000 was dishonoured by the bank but this has not been effected in the
cash book.
f) A cheque drawn for N2,000,000 has been entered in error as receipt from the State
Government.
g) Bank charges of N621,000 on the bank statement has not been recorded in the cash book.
You are required to prepare
i. An Adjusted Cash book.

ii. Bank Reconciliation Statement as at 31st July 20XX.
AKADAMA STATE
MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRIES
ADJUSTED CASH BOOK AS AT 31ST JULY 20XX
N N
Bal b/d 4,800,000 Dishonoured Cheque 420,000
Error in Bank 2,000,000 Error in Cash Book 4,000,000
Bank Charges 621,000

Bal c/d 1,759,000
6,800,000 6,800,000
Bal b/d 1,759,000
ii. BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT AS AT 31ST JULY 20XX
b) N N
c) Balance as per Adjusted Cash Book 1,759,000
d) Add: Unpresented Cheques
e) Cheque A 007307 3,160,000
f) Cheque A 007308 11,000,000
g) Cheque A 007309 14,000,000
h) Cheque A 007310 4,340,000 32,500,000
i) 34,259,000
j) Less: Uncredited deposit (37,000,000)
k) Balance as per Bank Statement (2,741,000)
8.9 ADVANCES
Advances can be defined as cash credits granted to an employee in a firm, establishment or

institution where he is employed. Advances are also granted in the public service and are
regulated by Chapter 18 of the Financial Regulations.
8.9.1 TYPES OF ADVANCES
1. Non Personal Advances: - They are authorized by the Minister of Finance
through the Auditor-General for the Federation.
They are advances used to write off loss of public funds through theft, overpayment,
misappropriation, fraud or revenue written off.
2. Personal Advances: - These are advances of cash to individual officers in the
public sector.
They are grouped into 6 namely:
i. Salary Advance
ii. Advance Salary
iii. Motor Vehicle Advance
iv. Correspondence Advance
v. Spectacle Advance
vi. Touring Advance
i. Salary Advance: - This is an advance granted to an individual officer who has met
any of the underlisted conditions: -
a) He is returning from leave of about 21 days and he is to proceed on transfer
immediately. The officer is also required to foot the transportation bill.
b) He is on first appointment to the public service.
c) He is on transfer to an overseas office of the Ministry of External Affairs.
d) He has just been transferred to a new department or Ministry outside his
station.
Repayment: - Salary Advance is payable within three months instalmentally.
ii. Advance Salary: - This is the salary paid to an officer when he is to proceed on
annual leave. The month or period when he is on leave is paid in advance.
Repayment: - Advance Salary is repayable en-bloc at the end of the same month.
iii. Motor Vehicle Advance: - This is granted to senior public officers for the purchase of
motor vehicles. It is granted to officers from Grade Level 8 and above. Officers who
are on Grade Level 7 whose duties involve travelling are also eligible to motor
vehicle advance. Officers who have obtained motor vehicle advance approval can
also be given a refurbishing loan of N20,000.
Conditions for granting Motor Vehicle Advance
a) Any officer who has obtained Motor Vehicle Advance will not be granted another
one until after 3 years of the former one. However where the vehicle in his
possession has been completely written down and certified so by an insurance
company, he will be granted.
b) Payments as regards purchase of motor vehicle are to be made directly to the
dealer.
c) An agreement must be signed by the officer that all outstandings on the
advance shall be deducted from his gratuity or salary on retirement or
resigNation from office. Where such is not enough, the vehicle should be
recovered and sold.
Repayment: - Motor Vehicle advance is payable on monthly instalments for a period
of 3-4 years.
iv. Correspondence Advances: - This is an advance granted for taking correspondence

courses. It is interest free.
Conditions for granting Correspondence Advance
The officer must be competent and have the required qualification to proceed on
the course.
The course to be taken must be relevant to his job.
The course on completion must be able to improve his efficiency and
effectiveness.
The course must be taken in an approved and recognized institution.
Repayment: It is payable on monthly installments for a period of
1-2 years.
v. Spectacle Advance: - This is granted to an officer for the procurement of spectacles

which has been prescribed by government medical officer and an optician.
Repayment: - Minimum period of 6-months instalmental payment.
vi. Touring Advance: - This is regulated by Financial Regulation 1880 to 1886. It is

granted to alleviate problems associated with transportation and hotel bills of a
government official who is on duty outside his station.
Conditions for granting Touring Advance
1. It must not be granted to an officer who has not retired previous touring
advance.
2. In the case of failure to retire it, it should be deducted en-bloc from the officer
responsible.
Repayment: - It must be retired within 7 days of return from tour.
8.9.2 ADVANCE PAYMENT VOUCHERS
All vouchers relating to advances must contain the following: -
a. Name of the officer and his grade level.

b. Name of the account chargeable.
c. Type of advance.
d. Terms and conditions guiding the granting of the advance.
e. Authority for the advance.
8.10 DEPARTMENTAL VOTE EXPENDITURE ALLOCATION BOOK (D.V.E.A)
This is simply referred to as the Vote Book. It is a record kept by all officers entrusted with the
responsibility of having total and express control of the expenditure vote in his Ministry or
Department. This is done by making reference to the provision for expenditure in the approved
annual estimate.
The Vote Book makes records of all expenditures including liabilities incurred as regards the
votes allocated to a particular Ministry or Department. The Vote Book is controlled by the
Accounting Officer in a Ministry or Department. This is done by making reference to the
provision for expenditure in the approved annual estimate.
8.10.1 PURPOSE OF KEEPING A VOTE BOOK

1. To have absolute control over expenditure.
2. To prevent any reckless spending or abuse of vote in a Ministry or Department.
3. To ensure that votes meant for a particular expenditure are not channelled to other expenditures
which are not provided for in the approved budget.
4. To reveal balances available.
5. To show all commitments and outstanding liabilities.
8.10.2 MAINTENANCE OF VOTE BOOK
A Vote Book must be maintained by an officer who has been in the system over some years and
must have proved to have integrity, experience, competence, dedication and be responsible. The
officer must not be below the rank of a Senior Finance Assistant. The officer must always be
under the supervision of another senior officer in order to ensure that the objectives of
maintaining the Vote Book are not neglected.
8.10.3 FORMAT OF A VOTE BOOK
Head .. Authorised Amount
Sub-Head ..
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Column Subject Details
1 Line No Line must be numbered serially.
2 Date Dates vouchers are recorded or liabilities are
incurred.
3 Voucher No The Departments Payment Voucher Numbers.
This is obtained from the Voucher register.
4 Particulars Payee Names
5 Payments The Gross payment on the voucher.
Only payments made are entered in this column.
6 Cumulative Payment Total payments as at the date the last payment was
made.
7 Balance Balance after deduction of 6 above from the
Authorized amount.
8 Liability Reference Local Purchase Order (LPO), Job Order or any Job
Agreement given or entered into but not yet
executed or supplied.
9 Liability Incurred After the supply of items or execution of contract,
the actual amount will be recognized by entering
in 5 above.
10 Liability Cleared When 9 above has been cleared and entered in 5, it
is then posted here to show that the liability is
cleared.
11 Outstanding Liabilities Gross amount of liabilities incurred to date i. e.
cumulative liability.
12 Remarks The Ministry or companys indebtedness to the
contractor or supplier in 9 above.
13 Uncommitted Balance Amount of balance that is not committed to any
outstanding liability. This is after deduction of all
liabilities incurred from column 7, if any.
14 Line No Reference to numbers of the lines cleared.
15 Line No Column 1 repeated.

8.10.4 VERIFICATION OF ENTRIES IN THE VOTE BOOK
To ensure that all entries posted in the Vote Book are up-to-date, the vouchers must be stamped
Entered in the Vote Book by the officer controlling expenditure and must be initialed by him.
Also the entries can be verified by ensuring that:
l) Totals in columns 6 and 7 must agree with the Authorised Amount.

m) Totals in columns 11 and 13 must agree with the amount shown in column 7.
8.10.5 FUNCTIONS OF OFFICER CONTROLLING EXPENDITURE
1. To ensure that the Vote Book is properly maintained by entering all payments accurately.
2. To forward on monthly basis, returns to the Vote issuing Ministry or Department.
3. To make investigation, reports and take any other action as he deems fit where he discovers any
irregularity in a payment voucher.
4. To ensure that all expenditures are justified.
5. He must ensure that votes are applied for the purpose for which they are provided.
6. To ensure that votes are always available throughout the fiscal year by spreading them evenly.
7. To demand for additional provision of votes where he feels that incurred liabilities will be more
than the vote obtained.
ILLUSTRATION 8.7
The following information was submitted by the Sub-accounting officer of the Federal Ministry of
Education for the month ended April 30th 20XX.
1-4-20XX The sub-accounting officer collected the second quarter allocation of N3,000,000 in respect
of stationeries through AGN377.
Head of Expenditure is 501 while the sub-head is 007.
3-4-20XX Paid N150,000 for the purchase of Higher Education and Hard Cover Notebooks on P. V. No
3001 from Abiola Bookshop.
8-4-20XX Paid N175,000 to Ajayi Bookshop for the supply of stencils and typing sheets on P. V. No
3002.
16-4-20XX Paid N200,000 to Ekanem Bookshop for biros, pencils, rulers, erasers and mathematical
instrument sets on P. V. No 3003.
18-4-20XX Issued an LPO No 4001 to the tune of N400,000 to Abiola Bookshop for the supply of
carbon papers, staple pins, perforators and gums.
19-4-20XX Issued an LPO No 4002 to Maryam Ventures for the supply of computer accessories to the
tune of N370,000.
22-4-20XX Abiola Books supplied the requested items worth N300,000 as per their invoice and P. V.
No 3004 was raised for payment.
23-4-20XX Paid the sum of N370,000 to Maryam Ventures for the supply of computer accessories on
P. V. No 3006
24-4-20XX Paid the sum of N300,000 on P. V. No 3007 to Jaiye & Sons for the supply of Flat files and
Arch files.
27-4-20XX Issued an LPO No 4003 to Jamganza Bookshop for the supply of Fine Art materials worth
N250,000.
29-4-20XX Paid the sum of N250,000 to Jamganza Bookshop for the items supplied on P. V. No 3008.
30-4-20XX P. V. No 3008 was revoked as a result of supply of obsolete Fine Art materials by
Jamganza.
You are required to post the transactions in a D. V. E. A. Book.

Head: - Ministry of Education Authorized Amount: - N3,000,000
Sub-head: - 007 Month: - April 20XX
Service - Stationery
Outstdin Uncommi
P. V. Paymts Cum Bal Liab Liab Liab
Lin g td
e Date No Particular Paymts Ref Incurd Cleared Remarks

Liabilities Balance
No
Line No
Line No
N N N N N
N N
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Authorized
3,000,00 3,000,00
1 1-4-20XX Appropriat 1 1
0 0
n
FME
Abiola 150,00 2,850,00 2,850,00
2 3-4-20XX 300 150,000 2 2
Bookshop 0 0 0
1
FME
Ajayi 325,00 2,675,00 2,675,00
3 8-4-20XX 300 175,000 3
Bookshop 0 0 0
2
FME Ekanem
16-4- 525,00 2,475,00 2,475,00
4 300 200,000 4
20XX 0 0 0
3 Bookshop
18-4- 2,475,00 LPO No 400,00 Abiola 2,075,00

5 400,000 5
20XX 0 4001 0 Bookshop 0
19-4- 2,475,00 LPO No 370,00 Maryam 1,705,00
6 770,000 6
20XX 0 4002 0 Ventures 0
Payment
FME to
22-4- Abiola 825,00 2,175,00 1,705,00
7 300 300,000 400,000 370,000 5 7
20XX Bookshop 0 0 0
4 Abiola
Bkshp
Payment
FME
23-4- Maryam 1,195,0 1,805,00 to 1,705,00
8 300 370,000 370,000 6 8
20XX Ventures 00 0 Maryam 0
6
Vent
FME
24-4- Jaiye & 1,495,0 1,505,00 1,405,00
9 300 300,000 9
20XX Son 00 0 0
7
27-4- 1,505,00 LPO No 250,00 Janganza 1,155,00
10 250,000 10
20XX 0 4003 0 Bookshop 0
FME Payment
29-4- Janganza 1,745,0 1,255,00 1,155,00
11 200 250,000 250,000 to 10 11
20XX Bookshop 00 0 0
8 Janganza
FME
30-4- Janganza (250,000 1,495,0 1,505,00 Reversal 1,405,00
12 200 11 12
20XX Bookshop ) 00 0 of Line 11 0
8
8.11 SUMMARY
The Chapter discussed the various types of books of accounts kept in the
Public Sector. The format and illustration as to the preparation of
monthly Transcripts was also discussed. The Chapter detailed how to
prepare Departmental Vote Expenditure Allocation Book (D.V.E.A.) and
discussed the types of advances in the Public Sector.
1. Which of the following is not likely to be found in a Cash Office?
A. Counting Machine
B. Mercury Light
C. Electrically Controlled Door
D. Fire and Burglary Alarm
2. The Treasury Cash Book is used to record
A. receipts of fund only.

B. payments of money only.
C. receipts and payments above the line only.
D. all receipts and payments irrespective of the nature.
3. The advance used purposely for writing off loss of public money is called
A. Salary Advance.
B. Touring Advance.
C. Non-personal Advance
D. Personal Advance.
37
4. All the listed books and documents below are used in the pay office
EXCEPT
A. Voucher register
B. Cheque book
C. Voucher register
D. Crin
E. Contract register
5. The following documents must be kept permanently EXCEPT one:
A. All cash book
B. Paper money register
C. Pension register
D. Subsidiary ledger
E. Payment cards
6. The repayment period for Salary Advance is ________ months

instalmentally.
7. The summary of income and expenditure of a Ministry for a month is
called _______________
8. The imprest that is retired immediately the purpose for which it is set is
achieved is called _______________.
37
9. State TWO ways in which a spoilt cheque is treated
10. The name of the document used by the revenue collector to record all the
cash received and paid or transferred by him is
called........................................
SOLUTION
1. E
2. D
3. C
4. E
5. B
6. Three months
7. Transcript
8. Special imprest
9. (i) Spoilt cheque must be cancelled
(ii) Spoilt cheque must be affixed to the counter foil
(iii) The designated bank is promptly informed
(iv) Corresponding cheque book cancelled in cheque delivery register

(any two)
37
10. Revenue collectors cashbook.
37
35
CHAPTER NINE
FINANCIAL CONTROL SYSTEM IN GOVERNMENT
In this chapter, the objectives are to
define public sector financial control,
examine the kinds of legislative controls, and
examine the kinds of executive controls.
9.2 INTRODUCTION
The chapter discusses what is meant by financial control in government

organisations.
It then looks at the types of financial controls that are established in the
legislature to ensure the proper authorisation and control of public finances. It
follows with the examiNation of the kinds of financial controls designed by the
executive in the spending organisations to ensure proper and efficient use of the
finances that are released.
9.3 THE CONCEPT OF FINANCIAL CONTROL
36
Public Sector Financial Control has to do with
controlling both public revenues and expenditures over an appropriate

time span,
deciding on objectives for public expenditures and priorities to be
followed,
establishing systems for information flow and control and finally
monitoring results.
Any government system which follows such control processes ensures proper
financial accountability.
9.4 CONTROL STRUCTURES
This generally has to do with the process of ensuring that all revenues of
government that are generated in any form and by any department are paid into
the main account of government, the Consolidated Fund and any other account of
government which may be specified.
The various revenue generating departments of government are authorised to

pay all revenues they collect into specific accounts called collection bank
accounts for onward transfer into the government accounts with the Central Bank.
In the case where a revenue collecting department is allowed by legislation to

use some of the collected revenues, it has been noted (under revenue estimation
by departments above) that the revenue department is required to follow the
37
necessary procedures, especially to enable it to properly report on the moneys
that it has used out of the revenues collected.
Three main control structures exist in the public system to ensure that
government revenues are properly used. These are Parliamentary, Treasury and
Departmental Controls.
9.4.1 LEGISLATIVE CONTROL
This control concept has to do with the various measures that Parliament can use
for purposes of controlling the use of public funds.
This system of control is very important since Parliament is to be independent

body from the Executive where the government administration is formed by the
ruling party.
Parliament is therefore known traditionally in the British system of governance as

The Controller of the Purse, meaning the institution which controls the money of
government and the use of the money.
The Constitution establishes the parliamentary authority over public funds and
their uses.
38
Parliament achieves such financial control over public revenue and expenditure
through the following:
(a) Public Finance Committee
This is a sub-committee of parliament and is responsible for the receipt of the

Finance Bill which is the bill for the revenue sources, and the Appropriation Bill
made up of the annual expenditure estimates and proposals of government for
the considerations of parliament.
(b) Appropriation Committee
This committee is concerned with the passing of the Appropriation Bill into
Appropriation Act in order to give authorization to the estimates after the
examiNation by various sub-committees. The Appropriation Committee is in
effect the whole House of Parliament when it sits to pass the Appropriation Act.
(c) ExamiNation Sub-Committees
These are sub-committees of Parliament that are responsible for the examiNation
of individual estimates of the organizations. They are also to monitor the
expenditures of the relevant organizations. The proper performance of their roles
is a major control mechanism.
(d) Public Accounts Committee
39
The committee receives the audited public accounts and audited departmental
accounts and other special audit reports, examines and debates the contents and
submits its report(s) in the form of its findings and recommendations to the whole
House. Parliament takes action on the Public Accounts on the basis of the
recommendations of the committee.
(e) The Audit Service
This institution is responsible for the examiNation of public accounts to attest to

the use of the various public funds as were sanctioned by Parliament at the
beginning of the year. It is seen to assist parliament to control public funds and
their use, through its assistance to the Public Accounts Committee in the form of
its examiNations of all accounts of government organisations.
(f) The Concept of Appropriation
Another Legislative control has to do with the concept of Appropriation in the

public sector which refers to the procedure through which National revenue is
made available to the executive or government organisations annually to finance
their programmes or activities.
For any particular budget years finances, the needed finances are prepared in
the form of Estimates by spending organisations and are submitted in the form of
statements referred to as the Supply Estimates to the Legislature for approval. An
Appropriation Bill covers the combined Estimates of the spending organisations
40
and this Bill is passed into Appropriation Act after all the Estimates have been
examined and debated upon.
According to Section 25 (2) of FAA,
The estimates of the expenditure of departments and agencies shall be classified

under programmes or activities which shall be included in a Bill to be known as
the Appropriation Bill and which shall be introduced into Parliament to provide
for the issue from the Consolidated Fund or such other appropriate fund of the
sums of money necessary to meet that expenditure and the appropriation of those
sums for the purposes specified in that Bill.
The functions of an Appropriation Act are to:
Authorise the estimates of the organisations;

Give agreement to the Ambit of the Vote;
Become reference point for any misunderstandings and disagreements;
Denote by implication ultra-vires activities of any organisations,
activities that are outside the authorised areas.
The parliamentary examiNation and debate of the estimates take some time
before the final approval and subsequent passing of the Appropriation Act to
enable such organisations to get finances for their activities for any budget year.
41
Therefore before the start of a particular budget year, Provisional Appropriation
Act is passed which authorises finances for the government organisations to carry
on their activities in the early part of the budget year (Normally the first three
months) until the completion of the examiNations and debates. Such finances are
referred to as Provisional Appropriations or Votes on account, which become
deductible from the amounts, which are approved finally for each organisation.
Article 180 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana enjoins the head of the Executive,
the President to call for such Provisional Appropriation.
The estimates become known as Votes after approval, such votes being the
individual estimates for specific expenditure items or areas that together form the
budget of the incumbent organisation.
A description is expected to be given for the purposes for which the estimates are
going to be used and these descriptions are referred to as the Ambit of the Vote or
the Votes Ambit.
(i) Appropriations-in-Aid
42
This refers to any income that a department receives outside the consolidated
fund. This income is expected to be deducted from the total supply estimates or
appropriations needed by the organisation hence this reduces the amount
expected to come out of the Consolidated Fund.
9.4.2 THE EXECUTIVE CONTROL
The Executive comprises of the President and his cabinet members at the Federal
level, while at the State Government level it comprise of the Governor and his
cabinet members as well. At both levels, the constitution has two other arms
called the Judiciary and the Legislature. Hence all policies either economic or
political to be taken by the President or the Governor are subject to approval of the
Legislature.
The executive control government expenditure through the following means:

DetermiNation of monetary fiscal policies in general
Compilation and tentative approval of the Nations budget
Appointment of the Auditor-General at all tiers of the government
Issuance of budgetary guidelines
Introduction of the due process.
Introduction of e-payment, e-receipt and e-banking system.
Introduction of the Public Procurement and Festal Responsibility Act, 2007.
9.4.3 DEPARTMENTAL CONTROL
These are control measures that are instituted in the spending organizations to
ensure proper use of funds.
43
Some important control variables are:
1. Heads of departments, normally the Vote controllers are responsible for the
issue of the Activity and Expenditure Initiation Form for any expenditure
activity.
Such heads of departments are to issue the departmental accounting

manual, which has the codes of instructions for the departments to
regulate the financial administration and accounting practices of the
departments.
The manual contains the details of accounting procedures, chart of

accounts, keeping of accounts, the preparation of financial statements and
the format of such financial statements
This manual should be approved by the Controller and Accountant General

and the Auditor General.
2. Spending officers and importantly Heads of departments are primary

controllers of Votes.
They are expected by the financial regulations to
Keep accounts to show the funds as approved and allocated to the

department;
44
Show the commitments made against the approved or allocated
funds;
3. For purposes of proper expenditure control, vote controllers are to ensure

that:
(a) The expenditure is a lawful charge against the public fund

(b) There are funds to meet the expenditure
(c) Stores/Services Received Advices (SRAs) are checked
(d) Payment is in order in all respects, i.e. it conforms to established
regulations, prices and rates charged are fair and reasonable to
current local rates
(e) Payment vouchers are duly signed with relevant supporting
documents
9.4.4 THE TREASURY CONTROL
It is observed that in some instances, the Treasury delegate its functions to

Ministries that are called self accounting units. These units keep all the books of
account the same way they are kept by the Treasury.
The treasury therefore exercise some measure of control and supervisors over and
of the accounting works of the units.
The Inspectorate officers from the treasury often visit the Ministries and
Departments to insect their accounting systems in place.
45
The Internal Audit department of the treasury also visits the self-accounting units
to appraise the accounting activities of the Ministries and make a formal report
on any inadequacy discovered.
In summary, the Treasury Department controls government expenditure through

the following means:
1. Maintenance of proper books of accounting records
2. Establishment of effective Internal Control System
3. Establishment of a functional Internal Audit Department
4. Appointment of Board of Survey
5. Appointment of Board of Enquiry
6. Issuance of Treasury Circulars
7. Issuance of Financial Regulation
9.4.5 MINISTRY OF FINANCE CONTROL
Ministries are required to present to the Minister of Finance the estimated to

cover their requirements which are necessary, reasonable and economical. Apart
from the annual activities, the Minister of Finance approval is required for every
item of new expenditure, for any increase in expenditure beyond that originally
authorised, same for any transfer of funds between one head or subhead to
another.
46
Also, the Minister of Finance authorised the Accountant-General to issue warrant
which in turn authorised accounting officer to incur expenditure.
In summary the Minister of Finance controls government expenditure through the

following:
Issuance of financial authorities

Compilation and tentative approval of the Nations budget
Issuance of budgetary guidelines
Issuance of financial regulations
Issuance of financial circulars
Financial control in the public sector involves control of public revenues and
expenditures, deciding on objectives and priorities of such revenues and
expenditures, devising proper systems for flow and control of information relating
to such finances and monitoring the outcomes of the usage of such finances.
There are two control structures by the legislature and the executive that are
established to control the finances of government.
47
Legislative control operates through committees established by parliament in the
form of public finance committee, various estimates examiNation committees,
appropriation committee, public accounts committee and the independent work
of the government audit department, the Audit Service which carries out audit
works on government financial statements to strengthen the position of public
accounts committee.
Executive/Treasury controls are in the form of departmental control measures

instituted to ensure proper use of the financial resources. In addition there are
the various financial authorisation measures in the form of the expenditure
authorisation procedure, warrants, financial encumbrance and drawing limits
that are discussed in chapter 7.
These control structures, coupled with their effective operations, ensure a well
established control system in the public sector to safeguard the resources of
government.
1. Issuance of financial authorities is one of the control measures adopted by:
(i) The treasury
(ii) The Ministry of Finance
48
(iii) The Extra-Ministerial department
A. (i) only
B. (ii) and (iii)
C. (iii) only
D. (i) and (ii)
E. (ii) only
2. Which of these organs approve the Nations Budget?
A. The National Assembly
B. The Executive
C. The Minister of Finance
D. The Accountant General of the Federation
E. The Auditor-General for the Federation
3. The legislative body that performs a post mortem function on financial

matters is the
A. Audit alarm committee
B. Treasury board
C. Public accounts committee
D. The Federal houses committee
49
E. The board of survey
4. Which of the following arms of government was monetary and fiscal

policies as a means of control over government expenditure?
A. The industries and Extra-Ministerial departments
B. The Ministry of finance
C. The legislative
D. The Executive
E. The Treasury
5. The independent organ of the government that review all contracts

awarded and are of significant values is called
A. The Procureme body
B. The Board of Enquiry
C. The Board of survey
D. The due process or due diligence
E. The Federal Executive Council
6. Issuance of budgetary guidelines is one of the ways by which

the................... control expenditure
7. Mention TWO functions of the due process
50
8. The officer that is saddled with the responsibility of performing purely
regularity and compliance audit on government accounts and reports the
National assembly is called .................................................................
9. The authority which confers power on government officers controlling

expenditure or vote to incur expenditure is
called...................................................
10. The department that issues guidelines on the preparation of budget is the
...............
1. E
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. Executive arm of the Government
7. (i) To ensure that all laid down procedures as regards award of

contract are followed.
(ii) To prevent inflation of contracts
51
8. Auditor-General for the Federation
9. Warrant
10. Budgetary department.
52
CHAPTER 9
PROCUREMENT PROCEDURES
State the procedures required in the procurement of contract from

government.
Differentiate between allocated and unallocated stores.
Classify stores into their various types based on period of usage or
consumption
State the procedures required in the documentation of stores and
enter stores into bin cards or tally.
Value stock using different methods of stock valuation.
10.2 DUE PROCESS PROCEDURES
Due process is the mechanism for ensuring strict compliance with the
openness, competition and cost accuracy, rules and procedures that should
guide contract awards within the three tiers of Government in Nigeria.
It is a policy formulated to ensure that all the laid down rules and
regulations guiding the conduct of the award of any contract in any
53
government establishment are strictly adhered to without , compromise,
partial treatment or manipulation.
It is introduced to stem the tide of corrupt government officials in connivance

with contractors in the embezzlement of public funds in the name of contract
award and to arrest flagrant abuse of procedures, inflation of contract costs
and lack of transparency
It is the instrument used by the Budget Monitoring and Price Intelligent Unit
(BMPIU) which is tasked with implementing Nigerias Public Procurement
Reform Programme.
10.2.1 BENEFITS OF DUE PROCESS
1. To safeguard public funds and assets.

2. To improve the system of planning and diligent project analysis leading to
the accuracy of costing and prioritisation of investments.
3. To improve fiscal management through more efficient and effective
expenditure.
4. To improve the technical efficiency through un-impaired and enhanced
information flow.
5. To enhance transparency and accountability in governance.
6. To rebuild public confidence in government financial activities.
7. To ascertain that Government receives value for money expended.
8. As it applies the principle of competition and moderate costs, it saves
money for Government which can be employed in other sectors.
9. It re-instates hitherto lost confidence and trust in foreign investors, who
believed that the country is corrupt and that no genuine business can be
transacted in Nigeria.
54
10. To remove the erroneous belief that contracts are awarded on whom you
know basis and not what you know but to the most qualified bidder
irrespective of quotations, political connections and experience.
10.3 GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING AND CONTRACT
A contract is an agreement between two or more persons which is legally

binding and for consideration. It is very important that all transactions in
respect of a contract should be properly documented. This is to ensure that the
terms of the contract are adhered to strictly before payment.
10.3.1 CONTRACT PAYMENT VOUCHER
All payment vouchers raised in respect of a contract should contain the under
listed: -
The name of the contractor.

Contract number.
The vote of charge
Name or Title of the project
Certificate number being paid
The contract amount
Authority for payment
10.3.2 CONTRACT REGISTER
55
A contract register is the book into which all contract agreements are
recorded. It is forwarded to the Accounts Section for updating whenever any
contract is awarded.
10.3.2.1 CONTENT OF A CONTRACT REGISTER
The contract register should contain: -
1. Name and address of contractor

2. Contract Number.
3. Contract Sum.
4. Contingencies and Variation clauses.
5. Terms of payment.
6. Period of completion of the contract.
7. File number.
8. Details of advance payment and balance.
9. Signature of the officer controlling the vote of charge concerning the
contract.
10.3.3.2 DOCUMENTS ACCOMPANYING A CONTRACT PAYMENT VOUCHER.
1. The minutes of the meeting of the Tenders Board that awards the
contract. This is to ascertain that the contract amount is within the
range of the Tenders Board.
2. Certificate of completion of the contract. This is issued by a competent
field engineer or surveyor.
56
3. Copy of the contract agreement to show that the terms are fully
complied with.
4. Letter of award of the contract.
5. Delivery Note or Stores Receipt Voucher (SRV) where the contract is
supply of items.
6. A waybill, and/or invoice issued by the contractor.
10.3.4 TENDERS BOARD ON CONTRACTS
A tender is defined as a proposal to carry out some services. The tender is

prepared and presented for scrutiny by the contractor on request by the
contractee. It is legally binding as an offer.
Tender board is the board of public officers constituted to administer or

award contract in respect of all Government contract of works and services
for an amount above one million naira.(#1,000,000)
10.3.4.1 TYPES OF TENDERS BOARD
1. Departmental Tenders Board:- This is a Tenders Board that can award

contract within a department. The Board has the power to award
contract worth N250,000 but not up to N500,000
57
Composition:- The Departmental Tenders Board is made up 7 members
namely: -
Director other than the Departments Director as Chairman.

One Deputy Director
One Assistant Director
Chief Accountant of the Department
3 other members
The recommendation of this board should be passed to the Permanent

Secretary of the Ministry for approval.
It is pertinent to note that The Federal Ministry of Finance Circular No 15775 of

27/6/01abrogated the DTB.
The circular states that contract of works, services and purchases of up to

N1,000,000 but not exceeding the same amount can be approved by the
Permanent Secretary/ Chief Executive without an open tender.
2. Ministerial Tenders Board:- It is the Tenders Board vested with the

power to award contract of between N500,000 and N5,000,000.
Composition: - All Directors of the Ministry with the Permanent

Secretary as Chairman.
58
The recommendation of the board is passed to the Minister of the
Contractee Ministry for approval.
3. Council Of Ministers (Federal Executive Council):- The Board can award

any contract above N5,000,000 without any limitation.
Composition: - All Ministers with the President as Chairman.
The recommendation of the Board is passed to the President for

approval
10.3.4.2 PROCEDURE FOR AWARD OF CONTRACT
Whenever an approval has been given in respect of a contract, the relevant

Tenders Board should be informed. The secretary to the Tenders Board will
then write other members of the board for a meeting where Notification
of Invitation of the contract will be discussed
Notification of Invitation means tenders, bid, advertisement which will

be published in newspapers, official gazette and other means of
communication.
1. Selective Tender: - Selective tender is used where the award of contract

is urgent. In this case, the invitation to tender may not be offered to the
59
general public but to some selected contractors. However, the number
of contractors will not be less than five.
2. Deposit By Tender: - Sometimes, some deposits might need to be paid

along with the tender. If this is the case the tender will not be assessed
except there is evidence that the deposit has been paid. This deposit is
usually being used for administrative purposes.
Once all the invitations have been received (tender bids), the secretary will
open all the tenders in the presence of the Chairman and record the name of
every contract and the amount quoted in respect of the contract. Then, a
meeting will be called where one of the contractors will be selected.
It should be noted that selection of a contractor might not be necessarily

based on lowest tender or cost but other factors like experience,
professionalism, politics, past records, timeliness e.t.c. The name of the
contractor selected or recommended will then be passed to the approving
body along with other contractors and the reason why he is being selected
will be stated.
Where none of the contractors that responded to the invitation is qualified,

another notice of invitation will be released and where one is selected the
contractor so selected will be informed and will be invited to complete other
formalities.
60
10.3.5 POST AWARD ACTIVITIES
10.3.5.1 TENDERS BOARD INFORMATION ON VOUCHER
Payment vouchers in respect of any contract awarded through tender must

contain the following
1. Certified true copy of all the minutes of the meeting of the tenders
board in relation to the award of the contract.
2. Certified true copy of the contract agreement.
3. Copy of the approval of the approving authority.
4. Copy of each payment voucher in respect of total amount already paid
in respect of the contract.
5.3.6 OTHER CONTRACT TERMS
1.Tender Splitting: It is an offence punishable by imprisonment or fine or

both for any officer to deliberately split contract works, purchases or
procurement of services.
2. Bid Security: All contracts estimated to cost N10,000,000 and above

should attract a Bid Security in an amount of not less than the bid price in
form of Bank Guarantee issued by a reputable bank.
61
3. Contingencies Clause: - This states that if the contractor has taken
reasonable care in executing the contract and we still face unexpected
situation, the contractee should bail out the contractor by making more
money available or review upward the contract sum. If otherwise, the
contractor will bear the cost.
4. Retention Fee Clause: - This states that after the completion of the
project, the government should withhold about 10% of the contract sum
for about a year.
The amount withheld will be paid to the contractor after one year if the
project is properly executed and any structural error/defect is not
detected.
5. Variation Clause: - states that where due to increase in the price of

materials, labour and other services used in the execution of the
contract, the contract sum should be reviewed upwards. This clause
takes care of inflation.
6. Mobilisation Fees Clause: - states that immediately the contract is

awarded, government should pay about 10% of the contract sum to the
contractor. This is to assist the contractor in mobilizing men and
62
materials to site to commence the contract. The amount paid to the
contractor will be deducted from subsequent payments due to him as
he executes the contract.
10.4 STORES AND STORES ACCOUNTING
The Federal Government Financial Instruction 3101 defines stores as All

moveable items purchased from public fund or otherwise acquired by the
Government.
10.4.1 STORES CLASSIFICATION
Stores can be classified into two main classes these are: -
a) Allocated Stores
b) Unallocated Stores
Allocated Stores: - These are stores which the money used for their
procurement are already provided for or budgeted for in the approved
estimates. The cost of allocated stores is charged to the sub-head that is
responsible for the expenditure of the stores. Allocated stores may be
purchased directly from outside or taken from the stock of items in
unallocated stores.
63
Purpose of Allocated Stores
1. To make provision for acquisition of quality stores and make them

available always when required.
2. To create the required storage space always. This is by adhering to the
policy of holding the minimum stocks required.
3. To ensure that those stores which are always needed is made available
always.
4. To incur minimum cost as regards acquisition of stores.
Unallocated Stores: - These are stores that are purchased or ordered for the
general stock. For unallocated stores, the vote of charge i. e. the sub-head
to be chargeable cannot be determined immediately the stores are
ordered. The cost of unallocated stores is chargeable to the unallocated
stores sub-head in the approved estimate of expenditure.
They are charged to the relevant sub-head of expended as Allocated stores when
issued.
10.4.2 FURTHER CLASSIFICATION OF STORES
Stores can further be classified into three based on their life span.
1. Expendable Stores: - These are stores that are used in the day-to-
day activities of an organization. They have a life span of about
2 to 5 years. They include Computer, Television, Farm
implements like Cutlasses and Shovels, Calculators e.t.c.
64
2. Non-Expendable Stores: - These are stores that can be used for a
long period of time. They only need maintenance and repairs
when required. They have a life span of 5 years and above e.g.
Plant and Machinery, Building, Motor Vehicles, Furniture e.t.c.
3. Consumable Stores: - These are stores that are used in the day-
to-day running of an establishment. They are used up
immediately demand is made for them e.g. Stationeries e.t.c.
10.4 .3 DOCUMENTATION OF STORES
Stores accounts are contained in the stock ledger accounts which are
extracted from vouchers that are properly authorized.
In the case of unallocated stores, the quantities, values and balances will
be recorded in the stock ledgers and vouchers.
It is pertinent to note that the storekeeper is not responsible for the

maintenance of store ledgers. This should be apportioned to the store
officer.
The stock officer is required to keep separate ledgers for different items of
stores. All items of stores should be serially recorded and arranged. All
stores that belong to the same class should be recorded in one single
ledger.
65
10.4.4 MAINTENANCE OF TALLY CARD OR BIN CARD
This is a card that must be kept by the store keeper in order to ensure that
all the items in the store at any point in time tally with the items contained
in the store ledgers. The tally card must be marked with the ledger folio
and must be checked and updated when the need arises.
Tally cards must be updated by entering the contents of the vouchers

prepared for the receipt or issue of stores.
10.4.5 RECEIPT OF AND PAYMENT FOR STORES
When stores are received, the authorized officer in charge should ensure
that such stores meet specification, are of required quality and quantity.
All stores receipts documentation procedures should be duly observed.
The storekeeper must ensure that all received stores are entered in the
stores ledger and charged to the chargeable expenditure sub-head.
The payment voucher for all items received must be supported with valid
Local Purchase Order (LPO), invoices and copy of Stores Receipt Voucher
(SRV). The SRV number must be clearly stated on the certificate issued by
the storekeeper.
66
10.4.6 TRANSFER OF STORES
There may arise a situation where one store in a department is out of stock
of a particular item, in this case, stores may be transferred from another
store to that store. The transfer is carried out by raising Stores Transfer
Requisition (STR) by the first store making the request. The STR will be
prepared in duplicate and the original forwarded to the issuing store. The
issuing store then issues a Store Issue Voucher (SIV) also in duplicate a
copy of which will accompany the transferred stores. The other copy will
serve as a receipt voucher.
10.4.7 ISSUE OF STORES
Before the storekeeper issues out any requisition for stores, a Store
Requisition Form (SRF) will have to be prepared and signed by the
authorized officer of the department or unit where the store is needed.
Also, Stores Issue Voucher (SIV) will be prepared to support all stores issue
in the prescribed form. The SIV is to be prepared in duplicate. The
storekeeper will update his records by posting the tally card or bin card,
the quantity and date of issue.
10.5 STORE PROCUREMENT PROCEDURE
The Accounting Officer is responsible for the determiNation of the

maximum level, minimum level and re-order level for the unallocated
67
stores. When the re-order level is reached, the storekeeper is expected to
make purchase requisition to the Purchasing Department. The following
procedure will then be followed by the Purchasing Department in the
acquisition of new stores: -
1. Seek and approve authority to make purchases from the officer

controlling expenditure.
2. Advertise for quotation from suppliers or request for tenders from
contractors specifying the closing date for submission.
3. A Departmental Tenders Board will then be constituted to determine
the lowest, most reliable and dependable bidder.
4. Recommendation of award of the contract to the successful bidder by
the Departmental Tenders Board.
5. Approval by the Head of Department or Director General.
6. Issue of Local Purchase Order (LPO) specifying the quantity, rate and
time of delivery of the stores to the successful bidder i.e. contractor.
10.5.1 STORES HANDOVER
This may arise where an officer is re-deployed to another department or

another station entirely. It could also be due to an officer embarking on
annual or casual leave. The following procedure is to be observed in
handover of stores: -
1. The officer taking over the stores must ensure that items in the store
tally with the record in the store ledger or bin card.
2. Where the out-going officer is not available, an appointment of a stock
verifier is effected to hand-over the store to the in-coming one.
68
3. Where there are no differences between the physical stores and the
store ledger records, the incoming and outgoing officer will sign
Treasury Form 10 certificate on stores.
4. Where there are differences resulting in loss of stores, the outgoing
officer will be held responsible.
10.5.2 LOSS OF STORES
Where there is establishment of loss of stores, the accounting officer

may authorize the write-off of such loss. This however is determined by the
factors surrounding the loss. The loss can be written off where any of the
following conditions prevails: -
1. The value of the items lost is not more than N200.

2. The internal control system exists and is devoid of any exploitable
weakness.
3. The loss cannot be traced to or narrowed down to outright fraud, theft,
or unauthorized usage.
4. The loss is not due to negligence of the store officer.
10.5.2.1 PROCEDURE FOR REPORT OF LOSS OF STORES
In the event of loss of stores discovered by the store-keeper, he must make

official report to the Head of Department who will in turn forward a
detailed report to the Accounting Officer.
69
The Accounting Officer then determines the materiality of the loss and if
justified to be material, he completes Part IV of the Treasury Form 146 and
forwards a copy each to: -
The Accountant-General of the Federation

The Auditor-General for the Federation; and
Head of Accounts Section
10.5.2.2 SUMMARY OF ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN BY CONCERNED OFFICERS IN

THE EVENT OF LOSS OF STORE.
1. Store Keeper: -
Where fraud or theft is established and an officer is
suspected, he reports to the police.
Collects and completes the Treasury Form 146 and
submits the completed form to the Head of Department.
2. Head of Department: -
Reports the loss in detail to the Accounting Officer.
Carries out thorough investigation about the loss of stores
and computes Parts II and III of Treasury Form 146.
Makes recommendation to the Accounting Officer where it
deems fit that Board of Enquiry should be constituted to
investigate the loss.
70
3. Accounting Officer: -
Where the loss is found to be substantial, he is to carry out
independent investigation and order for the constitution
of Board of Enquiry.
Ensures that the recommendations of the Board of Enquiry
are effected to the letter.
4. Accountant-General of the Federation:--

Ascertains that the composition of Board of Enquiry is not
devoid of experienced, reliable and competent officers of
proven integrity.
He is to ensure an accounting officer who is versed in
public sector accounting or the internal auditor of the
department is a member of the Board of Enquiry.
Generally, all the officers mentioned above have the collective responsibility of
ensuring that: -
a) All the exploited internal control system weaknesses are effectively

fortified.
b) The loss is recovered by surcharging the culprits.
Illustration 10.1: - The details below were extracted from the receipts and issues
of customized Notebooks to Primary Schools in the Main Store of Adalua Local
Government Area in Bagoma State in the Month of October 20XX.
71
Date Details School/Printer SRV & SIV Quantity
1-10-20XX Balance - - 256,000
2-10-20XX Issues Lans Pry. Sch. 01005 73,000
4-10-20XX Issues Bali Pry. Sch. 01006 49,000
5-10-20XX Issues Agaku Pry. Sch. 01007 57,000
6-10-20XX Issues Kangi Pry. Sch. 01008 62,000
8-10-20XX Receipts Audu Printer Ltd 02003 185,000
8-10-20XX Issues Bukuru Pry. Sch. 01009 105,000
13-10-20XX Issues Tonga Pry. Sch. 01010 84,000
Mabo Printing
17-10-20XX Receipts 02004 132,000
Press
20-10-20XX Issues Albam Pry. Sch. 01011 95,000
22-10-20XX Issues Kantomi Pry. Sch. 01012 46,000
23-10-20XX Receipts Hafsat Press Ltd 02005 180,000
24-10-20XX Issues Jenbus Pry. Sch. 01013 75,000
25-10-20XX Issues Ajanat Pry. Sch. 01014 68,000
29-10-20XX Receipts Audu Printer Ltd 02006 108,000
30-10-20XX Issues Dende Pry. Sch. 01015 72,000
31-10-20XX Issues Lans Pry. Sch. 01016 68,000
You are required to enter the receipts and issues of the customized Notebooks on
the Tally Card of the Main Store of the Local Government.
72
ADALUA LOCAL GOVERNMENT MAIN STORE
TALLY CARD FOR THE MONTH OF OCTOBER 20XX
BALANCE
RECEIPT ISSUE
QTY
DATE
PARTICULAR SIV
OTY SRV NO QTY
NO
1-10-20XX Balance b/f 256,000
2-10-20XX Issues to Lans Primary School. 73,000 01005 183,000
4-10-20XX Issues to Bali Primary School. 49,000 01006 134,000
5-10-20XX Issues to Agaku Primary School. 57,000 01007 77,000
6-10-20XX Issues to Kangi Primary School. 62,000 01008 15,000
8-10-20XX Receipt from Audu Printer Ltd 185,00 02003 200,000

0
8-10-20XX Issues to Bukuru Primary 105,00 01009 95,000
School. 0
13-10-20XX 01010 11,000
Issues to Tonga Primary School. 84,000
17-10-20XX 02004 143,000
Receipt from Mabo Printing 132,00
20-10-20XX 01011 48,000
Press 0
73
22-10-20XX Issues to Albam Primary School. 95,000 01012 2,000
23-10-20XX Issues to Kantomi Primary 02005 46,000 182,000

School.
24-10-20XX 180,00 01013 107,000
Receipt from Hafsat Press Ltd 0
25-10-20XX 75,000 01014 39,000
Issues to Jenbus Primary School.
29-10-20XX 02006 68,000 147,000
Issues to Ajanat Primary School.
30-10-20XX 72,000 01015 75,000
Receipt from Audu Printer Ltd. 108,00
31-10-20XX 68,000 01016 7,000
0
Issues to Dende Primary School.
Issues to Lans Primary School.
74
10.6 STOCK VALUATION METHODS
1. First In First Out (FIFO): - Under this method, issues are priced at the price
of the oldest batch of stock in store until all units of that batch have been
issued when the price of the next oldest stock is used.
Characteristics
i. It is an actual cost system.

ii. It is a good representation of effective store keeping practice
whereby the oldest store items are issued first.
iii. It is acceptable by Statement of Accounting Standard No 4 and
International Accounting Standard No 2.
2. Last In First Out (LIFO): - Under this method, issues are charged out at the
price of the most recent batch received and continue to be batched until a
new batch is received.
Characteristics
i. It is an actual cost system.

ii. Stocks are valued at the new prices.
iii. It is not accepted by Statement of Accounting Standard No 4 and
International Accounting Standard No 2.
3. Average Price Method: - Under this method, the issues will be priced
taking into consideration the average of all the prices or charges received
before the issue.
75
Issue Price = Total of all batch prices
No of batches
4. Weighted Average Price Method: - In this method, issue price will be

calculated after each receipt taking into consideration both quantities and
values available. This is determined as follows: -
Issue Price = Total Value of Available Stock
Sum of Quantities
Illustration 10.2: - The unallocated store of Ministry of Education showed the

following information as regards the receipts and issues of Roofing Sheets for the
repairs of some secondary schools in Olowo State during the month of September
20XX.
Balance in stock as at 1-9-20XX 320 sheets @ N250 per sheet
6-9-20XX Purchased 500 sheets @ N300 per sheet
11-9-20XX Purchased 400 sheets @ N280 per sheet
15-9-20XX Issued 600 sheets to Alaba Secondary School
20-9-20XX Purchased 300 sheets @ N260 per heet
25-9-20XX Issued 500 sheets to Bog Grammar School
76
You are required to record the transactions in the Store Ledger of the Ministry
showing the closing stock using the following methods: -
a) First In First Out (FIFO)

b) Last In First Out (LIFO)
c) Average Price (AP)
d) Weighted Average Price (WAP)
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
a) STORE LEDGER CARD (USING FIFO METHOD)
DATE PARTICULAR RECEIPTS ISSUES BALANCE

QTY VAL PRICE QTY VAL PRICE QTY VAL PRICE
N N N N N N
1-9-20XX Balance 320 250 80,000
6-9-20XX Purchases 500 300 150,00 820 230,000

0
11-9-20XX Purchases 400 280 1220 342,000
112,00
15-9-20XX Alaba Sec. Sch 320 250 80,00 900 262,000
0
0
15-9-20XX Alaba Sec. Sch 280 300 620 178,000
84,00
20-9-20XX Purchases 300 260 920 256,000
77
25-9-20XX Bog Gram. Sch 220 300 0 700 190,000
25-9-20XX Bog Gram. Sch 78,000 280 280 420 111,600
66,00
0
78,40
0
EXPLANATORY NOTES: -
i. Using the FIFO method, the first issue was 600 roofing sheets to Alaba
Secondary School. These were issued as follows: -
320 sheets @ N250 i.e. the balance at the beginning of the month
280 sheets @ N300 i.e. issued at the price the sheets were purchased. The 280
sheets are from the 500 sheets purchased on 6-9-20XX
600
ii Closing stock value of N111,600 consisting of 420 sheets was arrived at as

follows: -
120 sheets remaining from the 280 earlier issued on 25-9-20XX (last issue)
300 sheets not yet issued out.
VALUE
78
120 sheets @ N280 = N33,600
300 sheets @ N260 = N78,000
420 N111,600
b) STORE LEDGER CARD (USING LIFO METHOD)

N N N N N N
1-9-20XX Balance 320 250 80,000
6-9-20XX Purchases 500 300 150,00 820 230,000

0
11-9-20XX Purchases 400 280 122 342,000
112,00 0
15-9-20XX Alaba Sec. Sch 400 280 112,00 230,000
0
0 820
15-9-20XX Alaba Sec. Sch 200 300 170,000
60,000 620
20-9-20XX Purchases 300 260 248,000
79
25-9-20XX Bog Gram. Sch 78,000 300 260 920 170,000
25-9-20XX Bog Gram. Sch 200 300 78,000 620 110,000
60,000 420
80
EXPLANATORY NOTES: -
i. Using the LIFO method, the first issue was 600 roofing sheets to Alaba
Secondary School. These were issued as follows: -
400 sheets @ N280 i.e. All the recently purchased 400 issued out.
200 sheets @ N300 i.e. 200 from the 500 purchased before the latest.
600
ii. Closing stock value of N110,000 was arrived at as follows: -
100 sheets @ N300 = N30,000
320 sheets @ N250 = N80,000
420 N110,000
c) STORE LEDGER CARD (USING THE AVERAGE PRICE METHOD)

N N N N N N
1-9-20XX Balance 320 250 80,000
6-9-20XX Purchases 500 300 150,00 820 230,000

0
81
11-9-20XX Purchases 400 280 112,00 1220 342,000
0
15-9-20XX Alaba Sec. Sch 600 276.6 166,00 620 176,000
7 0
20-9-20XX Purchases 300 260 920 254,000
78,000
25-9-20XX Bog Gram. Sch 500 420 114,000
280 140,00
0
EXPLANATORY NOTE: - Using the average price method, the value of the first
issue to Alaba Secondary School is arrived at thus: -
Issue Price = Total of Batch Prices of Available Stock
No of Batches
= 250 + 300 + 280 = 830 = 267.67
3 3
2nd Issue = 300 + 280 + 260 = 840 = 280
3 3
82
d) STORE LEDGER CARD (USING THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD)

N N N N N N
1-9-20XX Balance 320 250 80,000
6-9-20XX Purchases 500 300 150,00 820 230,000

0
11-9-20XX Purchases 400 280 1220 342,000
112,00
15-9-20XX Alaba Sec. Sch 600 280.3 168,19 620 173,802
0
8
20-9-20XX Purchases 300 260 920 251,802
25-9-20XX Bog Gram. Sch 500 273.7 420 114,952

78,000
136,85
0
TUTORIAL: -
1st Issue Price = Summation of Value as at Issue Date
Summation of Quantity as at Issue Date
Issue on 15-9-20XX to Alaba Sec. Sch.
83
= 342,000
1220 = N280.33
Issue on 25-9-20XX to Alaba Sec. Sch.
= 251,802
920 = N273.70
10.7 SUMMARY
The Chapter centered on due process procedures involved in the award of

Government Contracts including Documentation of Stores. Different methods of
stock valuation according to Statement of Accounting Standard (SAS) No. 4 and
International Accounting Standard (IAS) No. 2 were exhaustively discussed with
comprehensive illustrations.
84
1. Which of the following will NOT be contained in the payment voucher
relating to contracts?
a. The name of the contractor
b. The vote of charge
c. Name of project
d. Name of the members of the Tender Board
e. Certificate number being paid
2. Which of the following is not a source of suppliers to government stores?
a. Local purchase
b. Returned stores
c. Prisoners material
d. Transfer from other stores
e. Manufactured stores
3. Government makes use of the following vouchers in government store

except
a. Tally card
b. Store issue voucher
c. Store ledger
85
d. Store survey sheet
e. Store register book (for petrol and diesel)
4. Which of the following in the recommended stock valuation method by SAS

No 4 and IAS No 2:
a. First in, first out
b. Simple average
c. Last in, first out
d. Weighted average
e. Simple weighted average
5. Which of the following Tender Board can approve contract whose value
exceeds N50,000,000?
a. Departmental Tenders Board
b. Parastatal Tenders Board
c. Ministerial Tenders Board
d. Police Tenders Board
e. Federal Executive Character (FEC)
6. The amount of money that is set aside on contract to meet defect and
repairs in the event of any structural defect on the job is called
....................
86
7. Where the implementation of a project is to be accelerated the Tenders
Board concerned may applied ................
8. What are unallocated stores?
9. The vouchers used to support stores and materials issued with the same
store for conversion or manufacture in duplicate is called ..................
10. All issue of stores must be supported with issuance of ...................
1. D
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. E
6. Retention fee
7. Selective Tender
8. Unallocated stores are stores that are purchased for general stock and for
which the final vote of charge cannot be stated at the time or purchase.
9. Conversion vouchers
10. Stores issue vouchers
87
REFERENCES
Adams, R.A (2004), Public Sector Accounting and Finance Made Simple. 3rd
Edition.
Asogbon, Bode (1998), Public Finance :WYSE Associates Limited.
Fayemi, Olubunmi (1991), Principles and Practice of Local Government

Accounting .
Federal Ministry of Information. (2000), Financial Regulation (Revised).
---------------------(2003), Financial Memorandum for Local Government.
Federal Republic of Nigeria (1958), The Finance (Control and Management) Act.
88
CHAPTER ELEVEN
COMPILATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULES
Differentiate clearly between the Federation Account, Federal

Government Accounts and Development Fund.
State the sources of revenue into the Federation Accounts,
Consolidated Revenue Fund and Development Fund.
Enumerate the various expenditures charged to the three accounts
mentioned above.
Prepare statements of Federation Accounts, Federal Government
Accounts, Development Fund Accounts, Assets and Liabilities and
Cashflow.
Define Public Debt and state reasons why Public Debt is inevitable
to some countries.
State the sources of Public Debt
11.2 THE FEDERATION ACCOUNT
According to Section 162(1) of the 1999 constitution, the federation

account is a special account required to be maintained by the Federation
of Nigeria. Into this account shall be paid all revenue collected by the
government of the Federation except the proceeds from the personal
income tax of the Armed Forces of the Federation, the Nigeria Police Force,
89
the Ministry or Department of Government charged with the responsibility
of Foreign Affairs and the residents of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.
The Federation Account is the account from which all the accruing revenue
will be shared among the three tiers of Government namely Federal, State
and Local Government using the existing Revenue Allocation Formula.
11.2.1 STATUTORY ALLOCATION FORMULA
The Statutory Allocation Formula is the recognized and acceptable

yardstick by which all revenue accruing to the Federation Account is to be
distributed among the Federal, State and Local Government Councils and
any other beneficiary as may be specified by law.
This varies from time to time based on the terms and procedures as may be
prescribed by law. Presently it is distributed using the Revenue Allocation
formulae shown below:
90
YEAR FEDERA STATE LOCAL AMELIORATION OIL SPECIA
L GOVT. GOVT. % GOVT. % OF ECOLOGICAL PRODUCIN L FUND
% DISASTERS % G AREAS % %
UP TO 31ST DEC. 1989 55 32.5 10 1 1.5 -
1/1/90 31/12/91 50 30 15 - - 5
1/1/92 31/5/92 50 25 20 - - 5
1/6/92 DATE 48.5 24 20 - - 7.5
Proposed Formular, 47.5 31.10 15.21 - - 6.5

2004
Presently the special funds of 7.5% is shared as follows:
Fund for Ecological Amelioration 2.0%
Derivation 1.5%
Value of Mineral Extracted 1.0%
Development of Mineral Producing States __3.0%__
7.5%
The 24% States Allocation:- This is shared as follows:
Equality 40%
91
Population 30%
Land Mass Terrain 10%
Internally Generated Revenue 10%
Social Development based on Primary School Pupils environment __10%
100%
The 20% of Local Government Council is shared as follows:
Equality 40%
Population 30%
Land Mass Terrain 10%
Internally Generated Revenue 10%
Social Development based on Primary School Pupils environment 10%
100%
11.2.2 SOURCES OF REVENUE INTO THE FEDERATION ACCOUNT
1. Direct Taxes: - The sources of revenue from Direct Taxes include:-
Personal Income Tax

Companies Income Tax
Capital Gains Tax
Petroleum Profit Tax
92
Withholding Tax
2. Indirect Taxes: - These include taxes derived from manufacturing or

importation of goods and essential commodities. They include Customs
and Excise duties e.g. Import duties, Export duties, Excise duties, Tariffs
and Value Added Tax (VAT).
3. Mining: - They include:-
Oil pipeline license fees.
Royalty on extraction of oil.
Rent of Oil well and grounds
Sales of Crude oil.
Sales of Petroleum and Gas.
Penalty for Gas flaring.
Sources of Revenue into the Federation Account can also be classified into:
a. Oil Revenue
b. Non-Oil Revenue
a. Oil Revenue: These include:-
- Oil pipeline license fees
- Royalty on extraction of oil
- Rent of oil well and grounds
- Sale of crude oil
- Sale of Petroleum and Gas
93
- Penalty for Gas flaming
b. Non Oil Revenue:- These include:
- Personal Income Tax
- Companies Income Tax
- Capital Gains Tax
- Withholding Tax
- All forms of Indirect Taxes
11.3 CONSOLIDATED REVENUE FUND OR FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT.
Section 80(1) of the 1999 Constitution states that All revenues or other
moneys raised or received by the Federation (not being revenues or other
moneys payable under this Constitution or any Act of the National Assembly
into any other Public Fund of the Federation established for a specific
purpose) shall be paid into and form one Consolidated Revenue Fund of the
Federation. The Consolidated Revenue Fund (CRF) is also referred to as the
Federal Government Account.
The CRF is a Fund established by the constitution and it is always represented

by assets in cash forms.
94
11.3.1 SOURCES OF REVENUE INTO CRF
1. Federation Account: - This is the Federal Government Allocation from

the Federation account which is currently 48.5%.
2. Direct Taxes: -
Pay As You Earn (PAYE) derived from the salaries of: -
Armed Forces.
Nigeria Police Force.
Ministry of External Affairs Officers.
Residents of Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.
High Commissions and Embassies.
3. License and Internal Revenue: - This is revenue from issue of
licenses. It consists of: -
Arms Selling License fees

Goldsmith License fees
Gold dealers license fees
Companies registration fees
Radio and Television license fees
Citizenship license fees
Residence Permit fees
95
4. Mining
Mining fees.
Royalty on gold
Royalty on tin and iron ore
Royalty on bitumen and coal
Royalty on limestone and other mineral resources.
5. Fees
Court fees
Probate fees
Medical fees
Court fines
6. Earnings and Sales
Interest and dividends received on investments by government.

Sales of government properties e.g. land, vehicle and building.
Sales of publications and stamps.
Commission on postal and money orders
7. Rent of Government Property
Rent of government quarters and parks.
96
Rent of government land and building e.g. National Stadium,
Tafawa
Balewa Square, Trade Fair Complex, National Theatre e.t.c.
Rent of government assets e.g. Machinery, Trucks e.t.c.
8. Interest and Repayments (General): - These are incomes derived

through interest and repayments of loans granted to employees in
form of advances and to corporations and government owned
establishments.
9. Interest and Repayments (State Governments): - These are incomes

derived through interests and repayments on loans granted to State
Governments of the Federation.
10. Re-imbursements:- These are refunds made to the Federal

Government by States, Local governments and parastatals in respect
of expenses incurred by the Federal Government on their behalf.
11. Armed Forces: - These are incomes derived through the sales of
armed forces property. They also include the following: -
Rent of Armed Forces vehicles and buildings.

Revenue generated by Armed Forces bands.
97
School fees paid into Armed Forces institutions e.g. Nigeria
Defense Academy, Nigeria Navy Secondary Schools,
Command Day Secondary Schools e.t.c.
12. Miscellaneous: -
Return of looted funds.

Recoverable from armed robbers, drug pushers, fraudsters
e.t.c.
Refund of overpayment.
11.3.2 CHARGES AGAINST CONSOLIDATED REVENUE FUND
These can be classified into three viz: -
a. Recurrent Expenditure:- This consists of all the recurrent expenditures

provided for and approved in the budget. They include personnel cost, all
overhead costs, transfers and debt servicing.
b. Salaries of Statutory Officers:- These are expenditures that are chargeable

directly to the CRF whether they are in the approved estimate or not. This
includes salaries and allowances of : -
Auditor-General for the Federation

Supreme Court Judges.
Federal Court of Appeal Judges.
98
Federal High Court Judges
Public Service Commission Chairman
Independent National Electoral Commission Chairman.
c. Pensions and Gratuities: - These include pensions of both statutory and

non-statutory officers, pensions and gratuities of military personnel
e.t.c. Contribution to Development Fund
11.4 DEVELOPMENT FUND
Section 1 of the second Schedule of Finance, Control and Management Act

of 1958 stipulates that there shall be established the Development Fund to
be maintained by the Accountant-General of the Federation and which
shall be used to finance all capital development projects to be executed by
the government.
11.4.1 SOURCES OF REVENUE INTO THE DEVELOPMENT FUND.
1. Contribution from the Consolidated Revenue Fund.

2. The product of external loans raised by the Federal Government purposely
for special capital expenditure.
3. External grants in form of money or direct services e.g. IMF, World Bank,
e.t.c.
4. Internal loans This may be raised through sale of Stocks, sale of Treasury
Certificate or Treasury Bills.
5. Any other source as may be prescribed by law.
99
11.4.2 CHARGES AGAINST DEVELOPMENT FUND
These are classified into four.
1. Summary of Capital Expenditures: - e.g. Construction of federal roads,

construction of bridges, provision of pipe-borne water to the populace,
maintenance of the power sector e.t.c.
2. General Administration: - Provision and maintenance of Army Barracks,
Police Stations, Motor Vehicles, Federal Medical Centres, Tertiary
Institutions of Learning e.t.c.
3. External Financial Obligations : - Provision of financial assistance to
neighbouring countries in dire need. This may be in form of grants,
aids or loans.
4. Loan on-lent to States: - Money lent to State Governments by the
Federal Government for the execution of capital projects for
development purposes.
11.5 CONTIGENCIES FUND
Section 83(1) of the 1999 Constitution provides that The National

Assembly may by law make provision for the establishment of a
Contingencies Fund for the Federation and for authorizing the President, if
satisfied that there has arisen an urgent and unforeseen need for
expenditure for which no other provision exists, to make advances from the
fund to meet the need.
100
Source: - Transfer from the CRF.
Charge: - To meet unforeseen or urgent expenditure.
11.5.1 OPERATION OF CONTINGENCIES FUND
1. The Minister of Finance will issue warrant from Contingencies Fund to

cover expenditure which is urgent and unforeseen and not provided for in
the Appropriation Act.
2. The amount shall be withdrawn from Contingencies Fund and paid into
Consolidated Revenue Fund from where it will be paid into various heads
and sub-heads that need them.
3. All money transferred from the Contingencies Fund shall be reported to the
National Assembly and the Upper House shall make provision to transfer
the same amount from the CRF to CF so as to bring the CF balance to its
previous position.
4. All money transferred from the CF but not spent shall accrue to and form
part of the balance of CRF. In the event that any interest is earned on the
balance in CF, the interest is to be credited to CRF.
11.6 THE REVENUE MOBILISATION ALLOCATION AND FISCAL COMMISSION
S. 31 and 32 of Part 1 of the third Schedule of the 1999 constitution

provides for the following: -
Composition: - Chairman and one member from each state of the

Federation and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.
101
Appointment: - All members must be appointed by the President subject to
the approval of the Senate.
Qualification: - All members must be individuals who in the opinion of the

President are persons of unquestionable integrity with requisite
qualifications and experience.
11.6.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSION
1. To monitor all revenues accruing to the Federation Account and ensure

that all disbursements from the same account are justified.
2. To review, as and when considered necessary to do so, the Revenue
Allocation Formula in order to ensure that the basis of sharing conforms
with changing realities.
3. To advise all the three tiers of Government i.e. Federal, State and Local
Government on how Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) can be improved
upon to meet increase in recurrent expenditures.
4. To determine the appropriate salaries and allowances for political office
holders, including the President, Vice President, Governors, Deputy
Governors, Ministers, Commissioners, special Advisers, Chairmen, Vice
Chairmen, Legislators, Councillors, and officers mentioned in Sections 84
and 124 of the Constitution.
5. To perform any other statutory functions.
11.7 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FINAL ACCOUNTS
102
The final Accounts of the Federal Government can be obtained in four
different documents. These are:
a. The Estimate
b. The Official Gazette
c. The Annual Report of the Accountant-General
d. The Annual Report of the Auditor-General
11.7.1 THE ESTIMATE:- This is the estimated revenue and expenditure of the
Federal Government for the oncoming year. In the preparation of a realistic
estimation, emphasis is placed on past information contained in last years
actual financial statements.
The problems associated with preparation of estimate include lack of

adequate information and timely availability of data required.
11.7.2. THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE:- This is the source of information that is compiled
from the Accountant Generals records. The weakness of this source is that
it is
usually prepared in arrears of about three to six months.
11.7.3. THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ACCOUNTANT GENERAL.
103
This is the most detailed source as it contains a number of Financial
Statements.
The report is prepared and signed by the Accountant-General and

addressed to the Minister of Finance.
The report contains:-
a. The narrative reports on the Federal Government Finance
b. The State of Financial Affairs of the Federal Government
c. Data, Tables, Time Series, Extracts e.t.c.
d. Remarks on Promotion, Transfer, and ResigNation in the Federal Civil

Service.
e. The Financial Statements.
11.7.4. THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.
One of the Primary responsibilities of the Accountant General is to

prepare information about finance of the government in form of Financial
Statements.
104
The main components of the financial statements are as highlighted below:-
STATEMENT NO DESCRIPTION
1. Statement of Public Debt
1.1 Statement of External Public Debt
1.11 Statement of Funded Loans
1.12 Statement of Unfunded Loans
2. Statement of Assets and Liabilities
3. Statement of Consolidated Revenue Fund
3.1 Statement of Revenue
3.2 Statement of Current Expenditure
4. Statement of Development Fund
5. Statement of Treasury Fund
6. Statement of Special and Trust Fund
105
7. Statement of Other Loan and Investment
8. Statement of Loss of Government Fund
9. Statement of Revenue/claims abandoned for the Year
10. Statement of Guarantee of the Federal Government of

Loans to Statutory Corporation.
Statement of Arrears of Revenue

11.
It is pertinent to note that some of these statements are prepared and published
monthly, quarterly and annually.
- Monthly statements include statement No. 2, 3, 3.1, 3.2 and 4
- Quarterly statements include statement No. 1, 2, 3, 3.1, 3.2 and 4
- Annual statements include:- Statement No. 1 11
STATEMENT NO. 1:- PUBLIC DEBT:- This is the statement containing the total
amount of debt owed by the Country both external and internal debt.
STATEMENT NO. 1.1 EXTERNAL PUBLIC DEBT: It contains all external debts of the
Country e.g. amount owed to London Club, Paris Club, International Monetary
Fund e.t.c.
106
STATEMENT NO. 1.11 FUNDED LOANS: This is a statement supporting statement
No. 1.1. They are those loans backed up by sinking funds. Sinking funds are fixed
amounts set aside yearly towards the repayment of a loan.
STATEMENT NO. 1.12: UNFUNDED LOANS: These are loans that do not have any
amount reserved towards their repayment.
STATEMENT NO. 2:- ASSETS AND LIABILITIES: This is a statement similar to the
Balance Sheet in the Private Sector. The statement however excludes fixed assets
like Bridges, Motor Vehicles, Buildings, Furniture & Fittings, Machinery e.t.c.
STATEMENT NO. 3 CONSOLIDATED REVENUE FUND: This is government fund

consisting of government revenue and expenditure.
STATEMENT NO. 4: DEVELOPMENT FUND: This is the statement that consists of

funds meant for capital projects.
STATEMENT NO. 5: TREASURY FUND: This contains cash advanced to State

Government.
107
STATEMENT NO. 6: SPECIAL AND TRUST FUND: This contains the resources owned
by third parties but held in trust by the Federal Government.
STATEMENT NO. 7: OTHER LOANS AND INVESTMENT: This contains loans

advanced to government owned companies, parastatals and corporations.
STATEMENT NO. 8: LOSS OF GOVERNMENT FUND: This contains funds and store
losses that are written off.
STATEMENT NO. 9: REVENUE/CLAIMS ABANDONED:- This contains revenue or

claims found to be irrecoverable and abandoned.
STATEMENT NO. 10: GUARANTEES: - This contains the statement of the

Guarantors to statutory corporations that obtain Loans from the Government.
STATEMENT NO. 11: ARREARS OF REVENUE: This is a statement of all outstanding

revenues due to the government.
LIMITATIONS OF FINANCIAL REPORTING IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR.
108
1. Diversity of Users: As a result of wide network of users of government financial
statements, it is difficult to satisfy all users as the information contained in the
financial statements may not meet all the needs of certain people.
2. Inadequate information coupled with the need to produce other documents

required to explain some unanswered questions in the report.
3. Problems associated with delay in preparation of report thus making it useless

for economic purpose or performance appraisal.
4. Human resources constraint may hinder the government in employing a

particular basis of accounting.
5. The report is usually based on inaccurate data and/or information thus

rendering it unreliable.
Illustration 11.1: - The following information was released by the office of the
Accountant - General of the Federation for the year ended 31st December 200X: -
N000
Import Duties 300,000
Export Duties 550,000
Excise Duties 710,000
109
Petroleum Profit Tax 4,000,000
Capital Gains Tax 40,000
Companies Income Tax 1,200,000
Sale of Crude Oil 12,000,000
Royalty on Oil 2,000,000
Royalty on Coal 80,000
Royalty on Limestone 50,000
Mining Licenses 4,000
Court Fees 3,000
Court Fines 4,000
Medical Fees 4,500
Visa Fees 1,500
VAT Abuja Sales 4,000
PAYE Armed Forces Personnel 600
PAYE Ministry of External Affairs Personnel 200
Repayment of Loan State Government 12,000
Rent of Government Property 3,000
Interest on Investments 1,000
110
Re-imbursement 11,000
The following expenditures were incurred during the year: -
N000
1. Personnel Cost 900,000

2. Overheads 4,000,000
3. Transfer to Development Fund 3,000,000
4. Transfer from Contingencies Fund 2,000,000
5. Transfer to Contingencies Fund 1,000,000
6. Remuneration of Supreme Court Judges 1,500,000
7. Remuneration of High Court Judges 600,000
8. Pensions & Gratuities of Armed Forces
Personnel, Police e.t.c. 450,00
You are required to prepare for the year ended 31st December 200X:-
i. Federation Account Statement

ii. Consolidation Revenue Fund Account
Statutory Allocation formula to be applied is as follows: -
Federal Government 48.5%
State Government 24.0%
Local Government 20.0%
Special Fund 7.5%
111
EXPLANATORY NOTES: - In an attempt to solve this question, efforts should be
made to identify and distinguish between the sources of revenue that are
accruable to Federation Account and Federal Government Account otherwise
known as Consolidated Revenue Fund.
i. FEDERATION ACCOUNT STATEMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 ST DECEMBER

200X
N000 N000
Companies Income Tax 1,200,000
Sale of Crude Oil 12,000,000
Royalties on Oil 2,000,000
20,800,000
112
STATUTORY APPROPRIATION
Federal Government 48.5% of 20,800,000 (10,088,000)
State Government 24.0% of 20,800,000

(4,992,000)
Local Government 20.0% of 20,800,000 (4,160,000)
Special Fund 7.5% of 20,800,000 (1,560,000)
NIL
ii. CONSONLIDATED REVENUE FUND AS AT 31ST DECEMBER 200X
N000 N000
Allocation from Federation Account 10,088,000
Royalty on Coal 80,000
Royalty on Limestone 50,000
Mining Licenses 4,000
Court Fees 3,000
Court Fines 4,000
113
Medical Fees 4,500
Visa Fees 1,500
VAT Abuja Sales 4,000
PAYE from Armed Forces Personnel 600
PAYE from Ministry of External Affairs Personnel 200
Repayment of Loan State Government 12,000
Rent on Government Property 3,000
10,266,800
Transfer from Contingencies Fund 2,000,000
Transfer to Contingencies Fund (1,000,000)

1,000,000
11,266,800
Expenditure
Personnel Cost 900,000
Overheads 4,000,000
Transfer to Development Fund 3,000,000
114
Remuneration of Supreme Court Judges 1,500,000
Remuneration of High Court Judges 600,000
Pensions & Gratuities of Armed Forces
and Police Personnel 450,000 (10,450,000)
Balance as at 31st December 200X 816,800
Illustration 11.2: - From the following information which was extracted from
the office of the Accountant-General, prepare a statement of CRF for the year
ended 31st December 20XX:
N000
Bal b/f 15,000,000
Treasury Bills issued during the year 18,000,000
Treasury Bills paid 10,000,000
Transfer to Contingencies Fund 8,000,000
Revenue received for the year 180,000,000
Transfer to Development Fund 30,000,000
Expenditure for the Year 140,000,000
115
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
CONSOLIDATED REVENUE FUND FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 ST DECEMBER

20XX
N000 N000
Balance as at 1st January 20XX

15,000,000
Transfer to Contingencies Fund (8,000,000)

7,000,000
Treasury Bills Issues (1st Jan. 31st Dec.) 18,000,000
Treasury Bills Paid (1st Jan. 31st Dec.) (10,000,000)

8,000,000
Appropriation: -
Revenue for the year 180,000,000
116
Expenditure for the year (140,000,000)
Less Transfer to Development Fund (30,000,000) 10,000,000
Balance as at 31st December 20XX 40,000,000
Illustration 11.3 The following was extracted from the office of the Accountant-
General of the Federation for the month ended 31st March 20XX
N000
Companies Income Tax 300,000
PAYE Deductions from: -
Armed Forces 12,000
- Nigeria Police Force 7,000

Staff of Ministry of External Affairs
6,000
- Residents of Federal Capital Territory 4,000
117
Rent of Government Property 3,000
The following expenditures and appropriations were effected during the

year: -
Transfer to Contingencies fund 25,000
Transfer from Contingencies fund 18,000
Transfer to Development fund 42,000
Recurrent Expenditure 830,000
Salaries and allowances of
a) Supreme Court Judges 22,000

b) Auditor-General for the Federation 4,000
c) Federal Court of Appeal Judges 18,000
d) Accountant-General of the Federation 5,000
The Revenue Allocation Formula should be taken as follows: -
118
Federal Government 50%
State Government 30%
Local Government 20%
You are required to prepare:
i. The Federation Account.

ii. The Consolidated Revenue Fund Account
for the month of March 20XX.
THE FEDERATION ACCOUNT FOR THE MONTH OF MARCH 20XX
N000 N000
Companies Income Tax 300,000
Export Duties 115,000 3,072,000
119
Less
STATUTORY ALLOCATION
Federal Government 50% 1,536,000
State Government 30% 921,600
Local Government 20% 614,400 (3,072,000)
NIL
120
b. CONSOLIDATED REVENUE FUND FOR THE MONTH OF MARCH 20XX
N000 N000
Federation Account Allocation 1,536,000
Payee Deductions (W1) 29,000
Rent of Government Properly 3,000
(1,580,000)
Transfer from Contingencies Funds 18,000
Transfer to Contingencies Fund (25,000)

(7,000)
1,573,000
APPROPRIATION/CHARGES/EXPENDITURE
Requirement Expenditure 830,000
Salaries and Allowances of Statutory Personal (w2) 49,000
Transfer to Development Fund 42,000

(921,000)
Balance as at 31st March 20xx 652,000
121
Illustration 11.4: - The following information was extracted from the books of
Chelsenal State of Nigeria as at 31st December 20XX.
Dr Cr
N000 N000
Bank Account 15,000
Cash Account 2,500
Consolidated Revenue Fund b/fwd 17,000
Allocation from Federation A/c

30,000
Licenses and Fines 3,000
Loans from Federal Government

11,000
Fees 4,500
Earnings and Sales 2,500
Loans to Local Government 7,000
122
Development Fund (Capital Vote)
15,000
Interest on Repayment 500
Development Fund as at 1st Jan 35,000
Internal Loans 20,000
External Loans 35,000
Capital Expenditure 42,000
Advances 13,500
Fixed Deposit with GTB plc 22,000
Ord. Shares of N1.00 each at NASCOM Plc 16,000
Other Incomes 3,000
Special Fund 23,000
175,500 175,500
The following information are relevant:
i. The sum of N25,500,000 should be transferred to Development

Fund.
ii. Expenditure amounting to N2,000,000 had been omitted from the
books.
123
iii. A total grant of N7,500,000 collected from Federal Government for
Capital Projects to be executed in the second quarter of the year had
not been recorded in the books.
iv. The actual amount received on interest on repayment was N400,000
You are required to prepare for the year ended 31st December 20XX
a) Consolidated Revenue Fund Account.

b) Development Fund Account.
c) Statement of Assets and Liabilities
Workings
Bank A/c
N N
Bal b/d 15,000 Expenditure 2,000
Federal Govt. Grant 7,500 Unrealized Interest
on repayment 100
Bal c/d 20,400
22,500 22,500
Bal b/d 20,400
124
(a) CHELSENAL STATE
CONSOLIDATED REVENUE FUND FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 ST DECEMBER

20XX
125
N000 N000
Bal b/d 17,000
Federal Allocation
30,000
Licenses and Fines 3,000
Fees 4,500
Earnings and Sales 2,500
Interest on Repayment 400
Other Incomes 3,000
71,400
Less:-
Other Expenditures 2,000
Transfer to Development Fund 25,500

(50,000)
BalC/fwd 21,400
126
a) DEVELOPMENT FUND ACCOUNT AS AT 31ST DECEMBER 20XX
N000 N000
Bal b/d (35,000)
Federal Govt. Grant 7,500
Capital Vote 15,000
Internal Loans 20,000
External Loans 35,000
Transfer from CRF

25,500
68,000
Less
Capital Expenditure (42,000)
Bal c/fwd 26,000
127
b) STATEMENT OF ASSETS & LIABILITIES AS AT 31 ST DECEMBER 20XX
N000
ASSETS: -
Investment NASCOM Plc 16,000
Fixed Deposit (GTB) 22,000
Advances 13.500
Loans to Local Govt. 7,000
Bank Account 20,400
Cash Account 2,500
81,400
REPRESENTED BY: -
Consolidated Revenue Fund (CRF) 21,400
Development Fund 26,000
Special Fund 23,000
Loans from Federal Govt.

11,000
81,400
128
11.8 CASH FLOW STATEMENTS
The cash flow statement is the statement that shows the various sources of
income and expenditure in analytical form comprising inflows and
outflows from Operating Activities, Investing Activities and Financing
Activities.
a. Operating Activities: - These comprise the principal revenue

generation and disbursement activities through the business of an
organization.
Examples of Operating Activities
Cash from sales of goods and provision of services.

Cash from other sources of revenue.
Cash payment to supplier of goods and provider of services.
Cash payment to staff.
b. Investing Activities: - These consist of acquisition and disposal of

fixed assets, investments and intangible assets like Trade Mark,
Goodwill, Patent e.t.c.
129
Examples of Investing Activities
Cash payment for acquisition of long term assets.

Cash received from disposal of long term assets.
Cash payment to acquire investment.
Cash received from disposal of investments.
Cash payment in form of long term loans granted to other parties
other than a financing institution.
Cash receipt in form of long term loans obtained from other parties
other than a financing institution.
Cash received for dividends or interest on investments.
c. Financing Activities: - These are activities that bring out structural

changes in the composition of equity capital of an enterprise.
Examples of Financing Activities.
Cash received from issue of shares and debentures.

Cash payment for redemption of shares and debentures.
Cash payment as dividends and interest.
11.8.1 PREPARATION OF CASHFLOW STATEMENT.
There are two methods of preparing cashflow statement: -
130
1. Direct Method: - This is a method whereby the proceeds from operating
activities in form of sales and payments to suppliers of goods and
provider of services will be shown including all other expenses paid.
2. Indirect Method: - Here the operating profit/loss from the operating
activities only is highlighted.
131
FORMAT OF CASHFLOW STATEMENT
a) DIRECT METHOD.
ALASCO BULK PURCHASING BOARD, OGUDU STATE.
CASHFLOW STATEMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST DECEMBER 20XX
Operating Activities N N
Cash received from customers xx
Cash paid to suppliers (xx)
Expenses paid (xx)
Other operating income received xx
Tax paid (xx)
Net cash inflow/outflow from operating activities xx
Investing Activities
Purchase of Fixed Assets (xx)
Disposal of Fixed Assets xx
Purchase of Investments (xx)
Sales proceed from investments xx
Interest/Dividend received xx
132
Net cash inflow/outflow from investing activities xx
Financing Activities
Issue proceeds of Shares/Debentures xx
Redemption of Shares/Debentures (xx)
Dividend/Interest paid (xx)
Net cash inflow/outflow from financing activities xx
Increase in cash and cash equivalent during the year xx
Cash and cash equivalent at beginning xx
xx
Cash and cash equivalent at end xx
Cash and cash equivalent at the end comprise: -
Cash at Bank xx
Cash in Hand xx
xx
133
b) INDIRECT METHOD.
ALASCO BULK PURCHASING BOARD, OGUDU STATE.
Operating Activities N N
Operating Profit xx
Adjustment for items not involving movement of cash
Depreciation x
Profit on Disposal of Fixed Assets or investment (x)
Loss on Sale of Fixed Assets or investment x x
Cashflow from Operating Activities before
changes in working capital x
Working Capital Changes
Increase in Current Assets (xx)
Increase in Current Liabilities xx
Decrease in Current Assets xx
Decrease in Current Liabilities (xx) xx
Tax paid (xx)
Net cash inflow/outflow from Operating Activities xx
134
Purchase of Fixed Assets (xx)
Disposal of Fixed Assets xx
Purchase of Investments (xx)
Sales proceed from investments xx
Interest/Dividend received xx
Net cash inflow/outflow from investing activities xx
Issue proceeds of Shares/Debentures xx
Redemption of Shares/Debentures (xx)
Dividend/Interest paid (xx)
Net cash inflow/outflow from financing activities xx
Increase in cash and cash equivalent during the year xx
Cash and cash equivalent at beginning xx
xx
Cash and cash equivalent at end xx
Cash and cash equivalent at the end comprise: -
Cash at Bank xx
135
Cash in Hand xx
xx
136
Illustration 11.5: - The following Income and Expenditure Account, Balance Sheet
and Cash Account of Moboluwaduro Water Corporation of Kainga State of Nigeria
are made available for the year ended 31st December 20XX.
INCOME & EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST DECEMBER 20XX
N000 N000
Gross Income from Activities 4,415
Cost of activities (2,300)
2,115
Expenses
Salaries & Wages 1,100
Other costs 420
Depreciation of Fixed Assets 260
Interest on borrowed fund 40 (1,820)
Excess of Income over Expenditure 295
BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST DECEMBER 20XX
31-12-X6 31-12-X5
137
N000 N000 N000 N000
Fixed Assets at Cost 3,200 2,500
Acc. Depreciation 1,450 1,190
1,750 1,310
Current Assets
Sundry Debtors 220 300
Stock 175 210
Cash at Bank 180 80
Cash in Hand 5 5
580 595
Less
Current Liabilities
Sundry Creditors 210 250
Accrued Expenses 30 15
240 265
340 330
Net Current Assets 2,090 1,640
138
Financed By: -
Loan 800 500
Accumulated Fund 950 950
Excess of Income over Expenditure 340 190
2,090 1,640
Cash Account ______
N000 N000
Bal b/d 80 Salaries & Wages 1,100
Receipt from Customers 4,495 Operating Expenses 405
Payment to Suppliers 1,850
Interest Paid 40
Fixed Assets 700
Loan Repayment 300
Bal c/f 180
4,575 4,575
You are required to prepare a cashflow statement of the corporation for the
year ended 31st December 20XX using the Direct Method.
139
140
MOBOLUWADURO WATER CORPORATION.
Operating Activities N000 N000
Receipts from customers 4,495
Operating expenses paid (405)
141
Salaries & Wages paid (1,100)
Cash paid to Suppliers (1,850)
Net cash inflow from Operating Activities 1,140
Purchase of Fixed Assets (700)
Net cash outflow from Investing Activities (700)
Repayment of Loan (300)
Interest paid (40)
Net cash outflow from Financing Activities (340)
Increase in cash and cash equivalent during the year 100
Cash and cash equivalent at beginning of the year 85
Cash and cash equivalent at end 185
Cash and cash equivalent at the end comprises: -
Cash at Bank 180
Cash in Hand 5
185
142
11.9 SUMMARY
The Chapter discussed the compilation of financial statements and

schedules. The sources of revenue into Federation Account, Consolidated
Revenue Fund and Development Fund together with the various
expenditure charged to the Accounts were also discussed. Public Debt was
also discussed in details.
11.10 END OF CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTION
1. A true description of a transcript is a monthly
a. Summary of receipt and payment transactions of a self accounting

department or unit
b. Summary of total receipts and payments of a self accounting

department or unit, analysed according to sub-heads and below-
the-line accounts.
c. Total analysis of receipt and payment transactions of a self-

accounting department or unit
d. Summary of analysis of receipt and payment transactions of a self

accounting department or unit
e. Summary of bank transactions of a self accounting department or

unit
2. Source of revenue payment to the federations account do not include:
143
a. Rent on government properties
b. Petroleum profit tax
c. Company Income Tax
d. Royalty on oil
e. Excise duties
3. Indirect taxes do not include
a. Expenditure tax
b. Licence fees
c. Export duty
d. Excise duty
e. Licence fee
4. Which of the following is not a charge against Consolidated Revenue Fund?
a. Personnel cost
b. Salaries of Supreme Court Judges
c. Construction of Federal roads
d. Pensions and gratuities of statutory and non statutory officer
e. Debt servicing
144
5. The current Revenue Allocation formular allocates which of the following
percentage to the Federal, State and Local government respectively
a. 20%, 48.5% and 20%
b. 48.5% 20% and 24%
c. 20% 24% and 48.5%
d. 48% 24% and 20%
e. 24% 20% and 48.5%
6. The fund from which expenditure for which no other provision exists to
make advances from in the event of an urgent and unforeseen need and
established by the National Assembly is called ................
7. State the composition of the Revenue Mobilisation Allocation and Fiscal

Commission.
8. Two statutory officers whose remunerations are paid directly from the
Consolidated Revenue Fund are ............ and .................
9. The sharing of revenue amongst the state in the federal is called ...............
10. The organ of the government that is responsible for the collection of Value
Added Tax is ..............
SOLUTION
1. B
145
2. A
3. E
4. C
5. D
6. Contingency fund
7. Chairman and one member from each state of the federation and Federal
Capital Territory, Abuja.
8. i. Auditor-General for the Federation
ii. Supreme Court Judges
iii. Court of Appeal Judges
iv. INEC Chairman (Any two)
9. Horizontal Allocation
10. Federal Inland Revenue Service
146
147
CHAPTER TWELVE
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
12.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
List the functions of the Local Governments

Enumerate the various Local Government Officers and their respective
functions.
Present in analytical form how the Local Governments keep their accounts.
State and explain the financial controls available in Local Government
Account.
12.2 DEFINITION
Local Government is the government that relates directly with the people in the
society in a community. It is the government through which the populace have
their aspirations and grievances attended to by the Federal Government. While
the Federal Government have control over them, the State Government too have
considerable influence over them.
12.3 FUNCTIONS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
The functions of the Local Government are contained in the Fourth Schedule of
the 1999 Constitution. These functions include:-
148
1. Formulation of economic policies which will bring about rapid development
in local government areas and making necessary recommendations to State
Commission.
2. Establishment and maintenance of cemeteries, destitute homes and
provision of basic needs to the aged who are infirmed.
3. Issuance of licenses in respect of motor cycles, cars, bicycles and keeping of
pets.
4. Registration of all births, marriages and deaths.
5. Naming of streets, roads and crescents and numbering of houses.
6. Construction, maintenance and running of markets, motor parks, machine
parks and public conveniences.
7. Provision and maintenance of basic facilities for refuse disposal and public
conveniences.
8. Construction and maintenance of roads and street drainage systems.
9. Analysis and assessment of properties and bill boards for accurate charges
and collection of tenement rates and advertisement rates.
10. Provision and maintenance of primary health care services to the
community.
11. Establishment and maintenance of rural water supply system e.g. sinking of
boreholes.
12. Control and regulation of lock up shops, restaurants and kiosks.
13. Licensing, regulation and control of the sale of liquor.
14. Participating in the provision and maintenance of primary education.
15. Control of regulation of out-door advertisement.
12.4 FUNCTIONS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICERS
149
The key officers in Local Government are: -
a) Chairman.
b) Vice-Chairman.
c) Secretary.
d) Treasurer.
e) Head of Personnel Management.
f) Legislature.
12.4.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE CHAIRMAN
1. He is responsible for decision making as regards finance and

accounting in the local government hence he is the Chief Executive
and Accounting Officer.
2. He is to preside over all council meetings and to cast vote when the
situation demands.
3. He is responsible for all funds and properties entrusted in his care.
4. He is to prepare the Local Governments annual estimates and
budgets and submit to the Legislature for approval.
5. He is to prepare monthly statements of accounts to the Legislative
House for examiNation and comment.
6. He is required to have documentary evidence of all receipts and
disbursement of public funds
7. The chairman is to prepare and present annual reports of his Local
Government to show that he is accountable to the funds and
properties entrusted in his care. The account is to be presented to the
Public Accounts Committee.
150
8. He is to ensure that all the rules and regulations guiding the receipts
and disbursement of government funds and property are strictly
adhered to.
9. He is to ensure there is palpable peace and harmony between the
neighbouring communities in his Local Government.
10. He is to make positive, effective and commendable impacts on the
populace in his community.
11. He shall abide by any other rules, regulations and guidelines
governing the functions of an executive local government chairman.
12.4.2 FUNCTIONS OF THE VICE-CHAIRMAN
1. He is to preside over council meetings in the absence of the Chairman.

2. He is to be closely involved in the running of the Local Government by
assisting the Chairman.
3. He is to attend to matters of utmost urgency where the Chairman is
available but engaged and relate same to the Chairman for decision
making.
4. He is to perform any other function as may be directed by the Chairman.
12.4.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE SECRETARY
The Secretary to the Local Government is:
1. To intimate the Chairman, Vice-Chairman and the council with the notice of
meetings when the situation demands.
2. To record the minutes of the Council meetings
151
3. To settle amicably any differences between officers in the Local
Government and the councilors.
4. To deliberate on financial, social and political issues with The Council i.e.
the legislature as they affect the Local Government.
5. To receive and dispatch all correspondence between the Local Government
and the public or State Government.
6. To perform any other function as may be prescribed by law or assigned to
him by the Council.
152
12.4.4 FUNCTIONS OF THE TREASURER
1. He is responsible for all the receipts and disbursement of funds.

2. He is responsible for keeping accurate and timely accounting records of
funds received or disbursed.
3. He must ensure that all records kept by his subordinate officers are
checked routinely for accuracy.
4. He is to intimate the Local Government of any economic policy that will
increase the Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) of the council.
5. He must ensure that all revenue collectors exploit the opportunities
available for collection of all forms of revenue as specified in the budget
estimate.
6. He is to see that all the laid out procedures as regards disbursement of
funds are followed.
7. He should assist in the preparation of annual and supplementary budgets.
8. He is to be actively involved in the appraisal of all capital projects before
they are executed.
9. He is to make recommendations to the council in his capacity as financial
adviser.
10. He is responsible for ensuring that the liquidity position of the council is
favourable at all times.
11. He should ensure that payment vouchers are validly prepared and
presented for payment.
12. He should maintain all records of account in a form suitable for decision
making by the council.
12.4.5 FUNCTIONS OF THE HEAD OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT
153
1. He is to serve as a signatory, on behalf of the council, on all vouchers and
cheques.
2. He is to approve by signing all contractual agreements and Local Purchase
Order relating to contracts and supplies respectively on behalf of the
Council subject to prior approval by the Chairman.
3. He is responsible for the control and supervision of the civil servants in the
Local Government.
4. He is to assist the Audit Alarm Committee in performing its functions
whenever it is constituted.
5. He is to act as the Clerk of the Legislature the Council in their deliberation.
12.4.6 FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNCIL LEGISLATURE
1. To promulgate laws guiding the administration of the Local Government as

may be allowed by the constitution.
2. To analyse, debate, approve and amend the Local Government annual
estimates and budgets.
3. To critically examine, consider, approve and monitor the execution of all
capital projects and programmes in the annual estimate.
4. To examine and make comments on the monthly financial statement of the
council as presented by the Chairman.
5. To consult, intimate and advise the Chairman on matters affecting the
development of the council.
6. To serve the chairman notice of impeachment and thereafter proceed on
the procedures for impeachment where he is found to have committed an
impeachable offence.
7. To receive, debate on and examine the annual audited report of the
council submitted by external auditors.
154
8. To perform any other function as may be directed by the State House of
Assembly.
12.5 FINANCIAL CONTROL IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Financial control in Local Government can be classified into two. These are:
-
1. Internal Control.
2. External Control.
12.5.1 INTERNAL CONTROL
This involves all the internal control procedures that are set up to ensure
that receipts and disbursement of public funds and property are justly,
validly and essentially carried out. They include: -
i. Warrants: - Issuance of warrants before disbursement of funds.

ii. Constitution of stand-in-committees for special services.
iii. Authorisation of all disbursements of fund from and into the council
by the Accounting Officer only.
iv. Control and regulation of payments by preparation of payment
vouchers following the laid down rules and regulations guiding its
preparation.
v. Constitution of Budget Implementation Committee for the
preparation of annual estimate of revenue and expenditure.
vi. Checks and balances by the Internal Auditor who must approve all
forms of payment and has the power to report any unauthorized or
155
inappropriate payment to the Audit Alarm Committee or Auditor
General for Local Government.
12.5.2 EXTERNAL CONTROL
This comprises the control systems which are put in place outside the Local
Government. They are those established by the Financial Memoranda and
other rules and regulations guiding the establishment of Local
Government. In short they are Statutory Controls. They include: -
i. Legislative Control.
ii. State Government Control.
iii. External Auditors Control.
iv. Auditor General for Local Governments Control.
v. Audit Alarm Committee.
vi. Petitioning by the members of the community in which the Local
Government is situated.
i. Legislative Control: - The legislature (otherwise known as the

Council) has the right to remove from the budget and estimate
proposal any item of expenditure that they feel is a waste of
government resources. They also have the power to reduce an
amount proposed by the Chairman for any project. The legislatures
also have the power to impeach the chairman where any case of
embezzlement or misappropriation of government fund is
established against him.
ii. State Government Control: - All audited accounts of the Local
Government must be presented and reported to the State House of
Assembly through the Public Accounts Committee, which is
156
empowered to invite any executive member, accounting officer or
sub-accounting officer who has been implicated in the audit report
for interrogation.
iii. External Auditors Control: - The Local Government accounts must be
audited annually by the office of the Auditor General for Local
Governments who is empowered to appoint external auditors. The
external auditors are qualified personnel who independently
examine critically the financial statements and accounting records
of the Local Government and are required to express their opinion
through a report submitted to the Auditor General for Local
Government.
iv. Auditor General for Local Government: - The office of the Auditor
General for Local Government embarks on quarterly routine audit of
the Local Government and they are empowered to report any
anomaly detected in the running of the Local Government
(especially as it concerns disbursement of funds) to the Public
Accounts Committee of the State House of Assembly.
v. Audit Alarm Committee: - There shall be an established Local
Government Audit Alarm Committee comprising: -
The Auditor General for Local Government.
A representative from the Governors office.
A representative from the State Accountant-Generals office.
Their main functions are: -
a) To deliberate on any audit alarm raised and reported to

them.
b) To prevent any inappropriate disbursement of public funds.
157
c) To make a report to the Public Accounts Committee on any
audit alarm raised considered very important.
d) To interrogate any officer found to have been involved in
misappropriation of funds and make recommendations as to
which discipline to be meted out to him.
vi. Petitions: - The members of the public in the Local Government have
the right to express their dissatisfaction with the conduct of the
executive arm of the Local Government by sending a report in form
of petition to the State House of Assembly.
12.6 FINANCIAL MEMORANDA FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT
The Financial Memoranda for Local Government is a publication by the

Federal Government which contains the administrative guidelines, the
existing systems of checks and balances as well as the roles of all the
officers from the Chief Accounting Officer i.e. the Chairman to the officer at
the lowest cadre.
12.6.1. OBJECTIVES OF THE FINANCIAL MEMORANDA
5. To serve as administrative guidelines which facilitate day-to-day running

of Local Government.
6. To expressly highlight the implications of disbursing government fund
and property without proper authority, approval and unjustly.
7. To facilitate recording of Local Government financial transactions in the
appropriate accounting method.
158
8. To serve as a learning tool for officers on first appointment or on transfer
to a new section.
12.6.2. CONTENT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL MEMORANDA
1. The format of budget and budgetary control.

2. The financial responsibilities of the Chairman and other accounting
officers of the Local Government.
3. The responsibilities of the Local Government Secretary, Treasurer and
Heads of Department.
4. The responsibilities of the Internal Auditor as they relate to Audit Alarm.
5. The powers and functions of the Auditor-General for Local Government.
6. The functions and operations of the Audit Alarm Committee.
7. The various financial offences and their respective sanctions.
8. The means of Revenue Collection and Control.
9. Main books of accounts kept in the Local Government.
10. The custody, accounting and control of stores.
12.7 DOCUMENTATION OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE
All Local Governments must prepare and submit to the office of the
Auditor- General for Local Government annual financial statements. The
financial statements must be submitted within three months of the
following year.
The financial statements consist of the following: -
1. Statement of Assets and Liabilities
159
2. Statement of Revenue and Expenditure
3. Statement of Actual Revenue
4. Statement of Actual Expenditure
5. Statement of Advance Account Balances
6. Statement of Deposit Account Balances
7. Statement of Suspense Account Balances
8. Statement of Reserve Fund Account Balances
9. Statement of External Loans Outstanding.
The purpose of the documentations are;
1. It is a means of accounting for public money
2. It is a means of showing the financial position of government funds

at that level
3. It is a basis of assessing the performance of the government
4. It is a means through which the legislature can exercise its power

over public account.
The books of accounts kept by the accounting and sub-accounting officer in the
Local Government are: -
1. The Cash Book
2. The Adjustment Record
160
3. The main Ledger for the following accounts:-
a. General Revenue Balance Account
b. Advance Account
c. Deposit Account
d. Suspense Account
e. Investment Account
f. Fixed Deposit Account
g. Renewal fund Deposit Account
h. Reserve Fund Investment Account
i. Renewals Fund Investment Account.
4. Subsidiary Accounts. These include:
a. Departmental Vote Revenue Allocation Book
b. Departmental Vote Expenditure Allocation Book
c. Individual Advances Account
d. Individual Deposit Account
e. Investment Register.
12.7.1 SOURCES OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT REVENUE
161
These can be classified into 3 groups: -
1. Statutory Sources of Revenue

Statutory Allocation
10% of State owned derived income
2. Permissive Sources of Revenue
Radio & T.V. license fees.

Special rates, fees and fines.
Registration & License fees
Tenement rates/property tax.
3. Incidental Sources of Revenue
Proceeds from economic projects

Grants from Federal & State Governments
Loans granted by State Government
Borrowing from other sources
Investment income
Income generated from maintenance of market stalls, car
parks e.t.c.
Income from maintenance of cemeteries.
Income from registration of births, deaths and marriages.
Outdoor advertising.
Income from restaurant, kiosks and shops.
Income from naming of streets, roads, avenue, close and
crescents.
Earnings from commercial undertakings.
OR
162
a. Statutory Allocations
b. Grant
c. Internally Generated Revenue.
12.7.2 LOCAL GOVERNMENT REVENUE & EXPENDITURE SUB-HEAD
Revenue Sub-head
Taxes 1001
Rates 1002
Local Licenses, fees and fines 1003
Commercial undertaking 1004
Rent on Local Government property 1005
Interest and Dividend received 1006
Other Grants 1007
Miscellaneous Receipts 1008
Federal Statutory Allocation including VAT 1009/1
State Government Allocation 1009/2
Expenditure
Office of the Chairman 2001
163
Office of the Secretary 2002
The Council 2003
Personnel Department 2004
Finance Department 2005
Education Department 2006
Primary Health Care 2007
Agriculture & Water Resources 2008
Works & Housing 2009
Commerce and Industry 2010
Traditional offices 2011
Contribution to Local Government Miscellaneous 2012
- Other Charges 2013
Internal Debt Servicing 2014
Capital Expenditure 4001 4020
12.7.3 FORMAT OF STATEMENT OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE
AGODO LOCAL GOVERNMENT
164
STATEMENT OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 ST
DECEMBER 20XX
N N
Revenue
Balance b/fwd xx
add Revenue for the year
Head Description
1001 Taxes xx
1002 Rates xx
1003 Local Licenses, fees & fines xx
1004 Commercial undertakings xx
1005 Rent on LG property xx
1006 Interest and Dividend earned xx
1007 Other Grants xx
1008 Miscellaneous receipts xx
1009 Statutory Allocation: -
- Federal xx
- State xx
165
Total Revenue for the year xx
Total Revenue Available xxx
Expenditure
Head Description
2001 Office of the Chairman xx
2002 Office of the Secretary xx
2003 The council xx
2004 Personnel Department xx
2005 Finance Department xx
2006 Education Department xx
2007 Primary Health Care xx
2008 Agriculture & Natural Resource xx
2009 Works & Housing xx
2010 Commerce & Industry xx
2011 Traditional Office xx
2012 Miscellaneous xx
2013 Other Charges xx
2014 Internal Debt Servicing xx
166
400X Capital Expenditure xx (xxx)
(Deficit)/ Revenue carried forward (xxx)/xxx
NOTE: - Where any sub-head is neither provided nor requested for in a

question, it should be ignored.
12.7.4 FORMAT OF STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
ASSETS N
Fixed Deposit xx
Investment xx
Loans and Advances xx
Deposits for Assets xx
Cash at Bank xx
Cash in Hand xx
Others xx
xxx
LIABILITIES
167
Deposit Liabilities e.g. P.A.Y.E, N.U.L.G.E e.t.c. xx
Loans xx
General Revenue Balance xx
Others xx
xxx
Illustration 11.1: - The following information relates to Kangen Local

Government for the year ended 31st December 20XX.
a) Assets and Liabilities as at 31st December 20XX are :-
Fixed Deposit N16,000,000
Investments N6,000,000
Advances N3,900,000
Cash at Bank N1,432,400
Cash in Hand N185,960
Deposit Liabilities N3,608,000
Deposit for Land N4,000,000
Deposit for Motor Vehicle N11,000,000
b) Stated below are the revenue and expenditure for the year: -
168
Head Description N
2004 Personnel Department 28,410,200
2005 Finance Department 43,100,200
1003 Local Licenses, fees & fines 13,256,310
1005 Rent on Local Govt Property 13,100,600
1001 Taxes 38,141,100
1006 Interest and Dividends 1, 300,000
2001 Office of the Chairman 66,964,700
2006 Education Department 44,345,900
2003 The council 39,180,800
1009 Statutory Allocation 495,011,830
1002 Rates 23,848,300
1007 Other Grants 136,181,230
2008 Agriculture & Water Resources 42,344,200
1004 Commercial Undertakings 24,613,620
2002 Office of the Secretary 33,624,180
2007 Primary Health Care Department 37,618,790
1008 Miscellaneous Receipts 6,125,380
169
2009 Works & Housing Department 46,125,380
2010 Commerce and Industry 38,648,740
2013 Other Charges 11,400,380
2012 Miscellaneous 21,867,080
4000 Capital Expenditure 262,600,000
2011 Traditional Offices 14,858,160
c) General Revenue Balance brought forward an 1st January 20XX was

N3,420,700
d) The code in use is 1 as prefix for Revenue and 2 as prefix for
Expenditure.
You are required to prepare: -
a) Statement of Revenue and Expenditure for the year ended 31st

December 20XX.
b) Statement of Assets and Liabilities as at that date.
170
KANGEN LOCAL GOVERNMENT
a) STATEMENT OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 ST

DECEMBER 20XX
N N
Revenue for the year
Head Description
1001 Taxes 38,141,100
1002 Rates 23,848,300
1003 Local Licenses, fees & fine 13,256,310
1004 Commercial undertakings 24,613,620
171
1005 Rent on LG property 13,100,600
1006 Interest and Dividends 1,300,000
1007 Other Grants 136,181,230
1008 Miscellaneous receipts 6,125,380
1009 Statutory Allocation 495,011,830 751,578,370
Expenditure
Head Description
2001 Office of the Chairman 66,964,700
2002 Office of the Secretary 33,624,180
2003 The council 39,180,800
2004 Personnel Department 28,410,200
2005 Finance Department 43,100,200
2006 Education Department 44,345,900
2007 Primary Health Care Dept 37,618,790
2008 Agriculture & Water Resource 42,344,200
2009 Works & Housing 46,125,380
2010 Commerce & Industry 38,648,740
172
2011 Traditional Office 21,867,080
2013 Other Charges 11,400,380
4000 Capital Expenditure 262,600,000 (731,088,710)
Excess of Income Over Expenditure for the year.

20,489,660
General Revenue Balance b/forward 3,420,700
General Revenue Balance c/forward 23,910,360
b) STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES AS AT 31ST DECEMBER 20XX
ASSETS N
Fixed Deposit 16,000,000
Investment 6,000,000
Advances 3,900,000
Deposit for Land 3,000,000
173
Deposit for Motor vehicle 7,000,000
Cash at Bank 1,432,400
Cash in Hand 185,960
37,518,360
Represented By
Deposit Liabilities 13,608,000
General Revenue Balance 23,910,360
37,518,360
Illustration 12.2
The Accountant 3 of Ibussa Local Government submitted the following as the

transactions for the year ended 31st December 20XX.
N000
Local licenses, fees & rates 45,398
Local rates and taxes 36,492
Statutory allocation 306,108
Grants from State Government 69,115
174
Grants from Federal Government 126,707
Office of the Chairman 69,645
Office of the Secretary 76,895
Traditional Office Expenses 12,490
Primary Health Care 43,510
Rural Electrification Expenses 9,440
District Area Office Administration 116,525
Rent on Local Government Property 118,260
Miscellaneous Expenses 330
Planning and Budgeting Expenditure 5,301
Interest payments and dividends received 6,350
Earning from commercial undertakings 129,642
Legislative Deposits 36,308
Payee and union due balance 375
Advance Salaries to staff 963
Deposit for purchase of computer systems 24,130
Pension Balance 649
175
Revenue brought forward 5,306
Bank Balance 120,773
Cash in Hand 2,108
Withholding Tax 13,660
Finance & Supply 53,200
You are required to prepare:-
a) Trial Balance for the Local Government Council for the year ended 31st
December 20XX.
b) Statement of Income and Expenditure as at that date.
c) Statement of Assets and Liabilities as at that date.
SOLUTION ; IBUSSA LOCAL GOVERNMENT
TRIAL BALANCE AS AT 31ST DECEMBER 20XX
N000 N000
District Area office Admin. 116,525
Miscellaneous Expenses 330
Planning and Budgeting Expenditure 5,301
176
Interest payments and dividends received
6,350
Rent on Local Govt. property

118,260
Earnings from Commercial undertakings

129,642
Legislative deposits
36,308
Payee and Union Due Balance 375
Advance salaries to staff 963
Deposit for purchase of Computer 24,130
Pension Balance 649
Finance & Supply Department 53,200
Local Licenses, Fees and Rates 45,398
Local Rates & Taxes 36,492
Grants from State Government 69,115
Grants from Federal Government 126,707
177
Traditional Office Expenses 12,490
Primary health cave 43,510
Rural electrification expenses 9,440
Bank Balance 120,773
Cash in Hand 2,108
894,370 894,370
b. IBBUSSA LOCAL GOVERNMENT STATEMENT OF INCOME & EXPENDITURE

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST DECEMBER, 20XX
INCOME
Statutory Allocation 306,108
Grants from Federal Govt. 126,707
Grants from State Govt. 69,115
Local Licenses, fees & rates

45,398
Local rate and taxes 36,492
178
Interest payments & dividends received
6,350
Earnings from Commercial & undertakings

129,642
838,072
Less: Expenditure
Traditional office expenses 12,490
Primary Health Care 43,510
Rural electrification 9,440
District Area office. Admin 116,525
Miscellaneous expenses 330
Planning & Budgeting Expenditure 5,301
Finance & Supply Department 53,200
Capital Expenditure 369,060 (746,396)
Excess of Income over Expenditure for the year 91,676
Revenue carried forward 96,982
179
c. STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES AS AT 31ST DECEMBER
20XX
ASSETS
Deposit for purchase of computer 24,130
Advance salaries to staff 963
Bank balance
120,773
Cash in Hand 2,108
147,974
LIABILITIES
Legislative Deposit 36,308
P.A.Y.E & Union due balance

375
Pension Balance 649
Revenue balance 96,982
147,974
Illustration 12.3
180
The following information was extracted from the Gandoya State Treasury
Departments Trial Balance: -
31-12-2011 31-12-2010
N000 N000
Treasury Cash 37,229

35,336
Cash in Transit 9,316 8,214
Consolidated Revenue Fund 118,148

119,284
Bank Balance 58,631

71,818
Bank Overdraft 5,336 7,691
Contingencies Fund 33,120

30,804
Advances 6,407 3,336
Investments 15,000 15,000
Fixed Assets 49,975 43,327
Accumulated Depreciation on Fixed Assets 6,108

4,171
Deposits 14,846 15,081
181
You are required to prepare a Comparative Statement of Balance Sheet as at
31st December 2011.
GANDOYA STATE
COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF BALANCE SHEET
AS AT 31ST DECEMBER 2011
ASSETS
N000 N000 N000

N000
Fixed Assets 49,975 43,327
Depreciation (5,108) 44,867 ( 4,171) 39,156
Investment 15,000 15,000
Advances 6,407 3,336
Treasury Cash 37,229

35,336
182
Bank Balance 58,631
71,818
Cash in Transit 9,316 8,214
171,450 172,860
LIABILITIES
Consolidated Revenue Fund 118,148

119,284
Contingency Fund 33,120 30,804
Deposits 14,846 15,081
Bank overdraft 5,336

7,691
171,450
172,860
12.8 AUDIT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTS
Auditing of Local Government accounts can be classified into two parts.

These are
a) Internal Auditing
b) External Auditing
183
12.8.1 INTERNAL AUDITING: - This is a set of audit programmes drafted to carry
out an independent appraisal of the transactions within the Local
Government in order to ensure they are in conformity with the constitution
and within the ambit of the rules and regulations governing the running of
Local Government.
12.8.1.1 OBJECTIVES OF INTERNAL AUDITING OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
1. To evaluate the effectiveness of the internal control procedure.

2. To ensure that the financial memoranda is strictly complied with as
regards receipts and disbursement of funds.
3. To ascertain, verify and confirm the existence of fixed assets.
4. To embark on special investigations where fraud is established.
5. To check the validity, reliability and timeliness of accounting information
submitted as report.
12.8.2. EXTERNAL AUDITING: - This is carried out by the Auditor-General for

Local Government in the State where the Local Government is situated. The
Auditor-General is empowered to appoint External Auditors to audit the accounts
of Local Governments. Their report will be submitted to him for perusal and he in
turn will submit the report to the State House of Assembly through the Public
Accounts Committee.
12.8.2.1 OBJECTIVES OF EXTERNAL AUDITING OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
184
1. To ascertain whether all the activities of the Local Government are in
conformity with due process.
2. To ascertain whether the activities are conducted in an effective way in
compliance with relevant laws guiding their operation.
3. To ascertain whether the funds and property entrusted in the care of the
executive are effectively utilized.
4. To ascertain whether all payments made are justified and properly
authorized.
12.9 SUMMARY
The chapter contained the review of the functions expected of the Local
Government including the responsibilities expected of its key officers. The
various forms of accounts being kept and maintained by the Local
Government are also discussed along with appropriate illustrations.
1. Which of the following officers serves the purpose of liaising with the
Chairman and the House of Legislature during meeting
185
a. The Secretary
b. The Chairman
c. The Council Manager
d. The Treasurer
e. The Cashier
2. Which schedule of the 1999 Constitution gave clearly categorise the

functions of local governments into two i.e. Mandatory functions and
Concurrent functions
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
3. Which of the following officers serve as Secretary to the Funds

Management Committee of the Local Government?
a. The Chairman
b. Secretary to the Local Government
c. Head of Personnel Management
d. The Council Treasurer
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e. The Vice Chairman
4. The body of the local government that has the responsibility to debate,
approve and amend budget of the local government
a. The Local Government Revenue Committee
b. The Auditor-General for local government
c. The Chairman
d. The Secretary to the local government
e. The local government council
5. The Chairman of the Audit Alarm Committee at the local government

council level is
a. The Head of Personnel Management
b. The Local Government Council
c. The Audit-General for local government
d. The Secretary to the local government
e. The Chairman
6. The Internal Audit of a Local Government Council reports directly to the

..............
7. The Ministerial phase is the stage at which Local Government Council

estimates are screened by the ..............
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8. The Vice Chairman which comprises internal audit, internal checks,
procedures and rules designed to safeguard the assets of a Local
Government Council is called ........
9. The 10% of the Internally Generated Revenue by the State Government is

payable to the Local Governments of the State through ............
10. The sources of revenue into the Local Government can be classified into
three as follows ................, ............................. and ...................
SOLUTION
1. A
2. D
3. C
4. E
5. C
6. Accounting officer or Chairman
7. Ministry of Local Government
8. Internal Control
9. Joint Local Government Council Account
10. Statutory, permissive and incidental sources
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189
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
BUDGETING PROCESS
In this chapter, the objectives are to
Define the concept of budget,
Explain the objectives of budgeting
Discuss budgetary control and good budgetary control system,
Discuss elements of organisational and National budgetary control areas,
Discuss the types of budget systems, and
to discuss the budget cycle
13.2 INTRODUCTION
The budgeting concept is seen to be the central point of government financial

administration; government accounting is driven by the budgeting system of
government.
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This chapter gives a detailed study of the budgeting concept, the budgetary
control system, types of budgeting systems and discusses the budget cycle, giving
a detailed insight into the annual budgeting process of government.
The annual budgeting process that has been outlined in this chapter is a typical
general process that can be used. Out of this process, any government can
develop its own process, depending on the system of government and the stage
of development or sophistication of the government.
13.3 DEFINITION OF BUDGET
A budget is an authorised financial plan of the anticipated revenues and

expenditures of the government. Before the document is approved and hence
authorised for implementation, it is referred to as estimates. It is a document
that is developed for the financial operations of the Nation.
Budgeting is the process of putting together the financial information that will
enable an organisation or the Nation to be planned and run to grow and develop
the organisation or Nation. It is the process of putting together the financial
demands of government institutions to be met through various financial sources.
13.4 OBJECTIVES OF BUDGETING
Budgeting has the following objectives:
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1. It is to assist policy makers of a Nation to develop policies that will lead the
Nation to achieve its main objectives.
2. The process is aimed at estimating the total income of the government to
support its expenditure plans and developments.
3. It is to give authority to future spending; it is an expenditure authorisation
means.
4. It is to provide a mechanism to control the Nations revenue and expenditure.
5. It aims at setting standards to enable performance to be monitored and
evaluated.
6. It serves as motivating device for both government employees and the
departmental managers.
7. It serves to bring together the separate subsystems of the Nation to enable
them work together towards the achievement of the objectives of the Nation.
13.5 THE BUDGETARY/GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING CONCEPT
Governmental accounting has been known as well as budgetary accounting in the

sense that the budgeting concept is the main financing concept that drives the
accounting process in government organisations.
The budgetary accounting concept is the process through which government

organisations account for the receipt of budgetary resources from the central
government and how these resources were used.
192
Similarly it is the accounting procedure that is concerned with the recording of
authorised or approved revenue to be mobilised, the approval of estimates or
appropriations and the subsequent spending of such appropriations.
The basic principles of bookkeeping and accounting in the public sector can be
started through the process of budgetary accounting to show how budgetary
estimates, their approval, allocation and their use are accounted for through the
bookkeeping process.
13.6 BUDGETARY CONTROL
This is the establishment of a budgeting system to formulate financial action

plans for the operations of an organisation and the system to direct such finances
to achieve the desired actions in the budget.
Budgets are prepared for departments and units under the control of responsible
officials or managers and these budgets are compared periodically to any
achievements in the form of the actual expenditures of the unit or department.
Any deviations or variances that may be either positive or negative are

determined and the necessary actions are taken to correct any negative
variances.
Budgetary control is a process which is undertaken through out the budget

period, where budgets and their targets are continuously examined for review or
193
adjustment, depending on performance so far and is used as a means of making
managers and heads of departments accountable for their outfits and actions.
13.6.1 IMPLEMENTING A GOOD BUDGETARY CONTROL SYSTEM
The following are some of the features that are very necessary in a good
budgetary control system:
There is the need for an agreement generally in the organisation to

implement such a budgetary control measure.
The objectives, outputs and targets for the organisation are agreed and
used as the bases for measuring achievements.
The organisation is broken down into responsibility centres where each
centre is to execute identified activities.
A detailed plan is formulated into a comprehensive budget.
A monitoring and evaluation device is adopted to judge the performance
and progress of every unit or department within the total system.
A Continuous process is adopted of comparing achievements or outputs
with the budgets.
13.6.2 BUDGETARY CONTROL RESPONSIBILITY
13.7 NATIONAL BUDGETARY CONTROL
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The responsibility of National budgetary control lies with the Ministry of Finance,
which is to ensure that the expenditures of the Nation as a whole are always
within the available revenue resources of the Nation.
13.7.1 NATIONAL BUDGETARY CONTROL AREAS
Budgetary control in government can cover the following areas:
(a) Revenue Control

(b) Fund Control
(c) Expenditure Control
(d) Cost control
(e) Cash Control
(f) Payment/Disbursement Control
(g) Salary/Payroll Control
(a) Revenue Control
This concerns the procedures set up to ensure the collection of revenues of

governments through properly identified sources, the proper monitoring of such
collections and ensuring that collected revenues are accounted for properly to the
right place.
The process is initiated through the Finance Bill which is the request to
parliament by the executive to seek authorisation for the collection of annual
revenues from identified sources.
195
(b) Fund Control
This is the procedure to ensure that the National fund is properly kept and used
in the right way.
Fund control of a government starts from the legislature and in the British
system, this role of the Legislature earned it the name Controller of the Purse.
Parliament has to authorise the use of moneys from the Fund by examining and
approving the Appropriation Bill into Appropriation Act.
Parliament has to ensure that the National fund is safeguarded and used
properly.
There is the other aspect which has to do with the control within the Executive
whereby the organisations put in measures to control funds voted for the
organisation to be used within the approved authority by the Legislature.
(c) Expenditure Control
This is the control system within the spending institutions which ensures that all
the spending done within the organisations are done exactly for the purposes that
were agreed. This is also known as Vote Control and is exercised by the
accountant of the organisation.
196
(d) Cost Control
This is the control measure to ensure that the total cost of any activity to an
organisation is within the right valuation.
The control measure involves
an awareness by every organisation or personnel to ensure that items are

procured which will give the highest benefit from the spending, and
the acquisition of items or services through proper negotiation and bargaining to

ensure cost reduction.
(e) Cash Control
This system has to do with the availability of cash resources for any item that the
organisation wishes to undertake. It therefore ensures that spending plans for a
period are made by a department based on approved vouchers. Cash forecast is
expected here so as to avoid any overspending request that would lead to deficit.
197
(f) Payment/Disbursement Control
This relates often to pre-spending checks to ensure that moneys to be spent have
been approved on properly authorised activities.
This often has to do with pre-audit checks to ensure that, for instance
Authorisation has been given for the presented vouchers,
The supplier of the activity has been properly identified
The quantity of items has been well identified and agreed on,
The right amount has been identified subject to any discounts, and other terms of
payment, and
The necessary documentation has been provided or attached to the main request.
(g) Salary/Payroll Control
This has to do with the control of the systems of rewarding in the organisation to
ensure that right amounts are paid to the right people at the right time to avoid
fraud and payment to non-existing workers.
13.8 ELEMENTS OF ORGANISATIONAL BUDGETARY CONTROL
198
13.8.1 RESPONSIBILITIES
Regulations 168 of the FAA states that the responsibility of the budgetary control
of organisations in the form of ministries, departments, agencies, sections, units,
lies with the respective heads of such institutions.
Such heads are expected to ensure that the expenditures of their respective
divisions are within the planned budgets of the divisions.
13.8.2 ORGANISATIONAL BUDGETARY VARIATION
The heads of departments are required by regulation 169 of the FAA to report to
the appropriate authority of any situations that might cause a change in the
expected outcomes of the budget by affecting either the revenue budget or
expenditure budget.
13.8.3 ORGANISATIONAL BUDGETARY PROGRESS
The heads are required by Regulation 180 of the FAA to prepare and send
quarterly budgetary control report, prepared in months, to the Finance Minister
within fifteen working after the end of the relevant quarter.
199
13.9 TYPES OF BUDGET SYSTEMS
Public sector budgeting has been reformed over many years during the
development times of Nations. This has led to the following types of systems of
budgeting:
13.9.1 THE TRADITIONAL BUDGET
This is the initial system of budgeting that was developed and the main objective
was to plan how to utilise the financial resources of the Nation, to control these
resource and also to ensure accountability from the stewards, who are the officials
who lead in the use of these resources.
Two main features of this type of budget are:
(a) Line Item feature
This system develops the revenue and expenditure by the nature or type of income
and expenditure. The normal types of income are tax, loans, grants; the budget is
prepared estimating the revenue to be generated through these types. The normal
expenditure items are by materials, travels and transport, salaries, equipment,
repairs and maintenance
Incremental
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(b) Incrementalism Feature
With the incrementalism feature, the budget for any year is prepared by making
adjustments in the form of either increases or decreases in the preceding years
budget figures. The advantage is seen in the way budget authorities are made to
make annual reviews of activities and policies.
The traditional budget is also known by these two features, i.e. either as the line
item budget or the incremental budget.
Advantages
Some of the advantages of the traditional budgeting system are as follows:
This budget system is simple to prepare

It is a means of expenditure control
It ensures that moneys are used for exactly for their assigned uses, and
It ensures the protection of the finances of the organisation.
Changes can be made in the line items easily.
It also easy to make detailed comparisons between budgeted and actual
revenues and expenditures.
Disadvantages
Some of the disadvantages of the traditional budgeting system are as follows:
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The budget is concerned more with conforming to legal requirements
rather than looking at proper planning and development.
It stresses on the importance to spend exactly the amount budgeted for a
type of expenditure, without being concerned about the achievement.
It encourages inefficient spending habits by public officers.
Expenditure items are not scrutinised very much because of the
incrementalism.
Again, items of expenditure are often not easily taken out of the budget so
inefficient items at times are still spent on.
13.9.2 PERFORMANCE BUDGETING
The Government of the United States led in the budgetary reforms when the
traditional budget was not seen to be satisfactory.
The Hoover Commission recommended this budgeting technique in 1949.
This led to the passing of the National Security Act Amendment of 1949 and the
Budgeting and Accounting Procedures Act of 1950.
This budget stresses on the functions, and projects which are undertaken in the
budget as against the traditional budget which stresses on inputs, or expenditure
items like materials, wages and stationery.
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The functions and projects refer to the output of the expenditure hence the budget
was known as Output budget.
For this system of budgeting, the attention is on the general character and relative
importance of the work to be done. Attention is centred on the function or activity,
and on the accomplishment of the purpose.
Requirements are submitted for budget preparation through programme

classification, indicating the past activities of the organisation, their costs, the
activities to be undertaken during the next year, results expected and the pattern of
responsibilities assignment.
Advantages
This budgeting system gives sufficient information since it includes a

narrative description of each project, and the services provided by, the
organisation.
Inputs and outputs are both shown and measured,
This is a monitoring device since the results of each activity is noted and
measured.
Emphasis is on the activities of the organisation, as well as on controlling
costs.
Weaknesses
The technique was used with little success even in the United States itself where it
originated. It is said that
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There is difficulty regarding the classification of programmes and the
provision of cost data in respect of many activities.
The process of allocation of cost estimates over the activity or programme
elements is difficult.
Personnel for project costing and analysis is not easy in the public sector.
Most public sector activities are not easily measurable in output terms.
The technique still fails to stress on long-run objectives of government, just
as the traditional budget.
13.9.3 THE ZERO-BASE BUDGETING (ZBB)
The budgeting technique stresses that every item of expenditure to be budgeted for
should be scrutinised and justified why such item should be funded in the budget.
The technique expects that organisations should even justify the need that they
should continue to exist.
The budget by implication tries to discourage wasteful expenditure, and is aimed at

ensuring that useless projects are not undertaking in the government budget.
Organisations and personnel are encouraged to do better analysis of their activities

of the past and to ensure that only relevant ones are to be budgeted for.
This type of budgeting follows three main procedures:
204
First, various decision units are identified, which involve clearly defined and
measurable objectives of the organisation or units of the organisation,
identified managers or leaders responsible for such objectives and the effects
or impacts of the objectives are also clearly noted.
Second, decision packages are developed or determined, which refers to the
means of achieving the decision units above, in the form of the services to be
performed to achieve the decision units, and the relevant costs or the finance
for such services.
Third, the decision packages are reviewed and then ranked in order of
priority. Those decision packages that can be applied very efficiently to the
relevant decision units are then selected by the authorities or managers
responsible for the achievement of the objectives or programmes. The
arrangement of the packages in the order of priority can often be subjective.
Advantages
Items of expenditures are reviewed and justified before they are accepted.
It is a mark of financial discipline which is imposed on the organisation.
The process involves all the personnel in the units, departments or
organisation which is commendable since it enables every person to feel as
part of decision making.
Disadvantages
However this system also has problems, that
1. the technique requires a lot of time and resources to identify

2. the decision units cannot be developed easily because objectives and outputs
of public organisations are not easy to identify and measure clearly.
205
3. the decision packages or programmes cannot be arranged easily in order of
priority; such actions are very subjective, politicians can decide to carry out
certain activities though the activities can be very costly and uneconomical.
13.9.4 PLANNING PROGRAMMING BUDGETING SYSTEM (PPBS)
The main features of this budgeting technique are identified in the three main
words in the concept:
(a) Planning
This involves the development of long range objectives and goals of the public
sector institutions. Such goals and objectives are at times prioritised for the
purposes of their achievement.
(b) Programming
Programmes are developed to achieve the objectives or goals as identified under

the planning. Alternative programmes are identified here and compared.
(c) Budgeting
This involves placing money values on the programmes, putting together the
costing of the programmes and the relevant benefits that would be derived from the
programme.
206
Subsequently a full system is developed and implemented from an integrated set of
selected efficient programmes and this is followed by constant monitoring and
reviews.
Advantages
1. It stresses more on the future, since planning involves looking into the future.
2. It enables budget authorities to evaluate programmes to determine their
efficiency and effectiveness.
3. It encourages constant review of programmes.
4. The whole system development prevents programmes that often overlap
through departments; similar programmes in different organisations are well
coordinated.
Disadvantages
1. The long range planning process is often difficult since going deep into the
future is very subjective.
2. Planning cannot be done well since most of the goals or objectives in the public
sector system cannot be physically identified and measured easily.
3. The process requires a lot of time, money and personnel who can do good
analyses financially and technically.
4. There is also the problem that most public sector outputs cannot be quantified
and measured, hence performance cannot be measured easily through such
budgeting system.
207
13.10 THE MODERN EXPENDITURE BUDGETING SYSTEM - THE MEDIUM TERM
EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORK (MTEF)
The Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) concept is the new expenditure
budgeting system in public sector N000 finance and accounting.
Dong Yeon Kim1 mentions that the MTEF is a practical tool/decision-making

mechanism to integrate policy priorities into annual budget, in a multi-year
perspective (3-5 years), for fiscal soundness and effective resource allocation and
for operational effectiveness and performance management
In September, 1997, The MTEF concept was begun in Ghana on a pilot basis in 3
MDAs which were Ministries of Education, Health, and Road and Transport.
The introduction of the project was supported by the Department for International
Development (DFID) of the British Government who financially supported
consultants to develop the MTEF concept. MTEF was finally introduced into the
1999 year budget.
It has four line-items as follows:
Line-Item 1 Personal Emolument
208
Line-Item 2 Administrative Expense or Activity, i.e. various overheads like
rent, printing and stationery, maintenance of buildings, vehicles and
Equipments.
Item-Item 3 Service, the various variable expenses that vary from

organisation to Organisation.
Line-Item4 Capital Expenditure like acquisition and other fixed assets,
construction and rehabilitation.
The MTEF budget preparation involves the same process as the traditional budget
in terms of effort and time, however ceilings are given for 3years and the budget
documentation only provides details for the year that the budget is being
presented.
Benefits of the MTEF Concept
The following are some of the benefits of MTFEF.
It is a system which has helped to solve the problem between what can be
afforded by the government, which is given from the top ( top down
approach) and the needs of the organisation which are presented from the
bottom (bottom up approach).
It gives more and better information, which enhances transparency and
accountability;
209
It is a decision-making framework for the consideration of different
organisational (ministerial and departmental) policies and their
agreements among them.
It enables authorities to predict with some certainty possible funding
support from International organisations.
13.11 THE BUDGET CYCLE
The budget cycle is the period which begins with the initiation of the preparation
of the central government budget for any new financial year. The cycle starts
with the budgetary estimates preparation stage, through the authorisation of
estimates into budgets for spending, the processes of spending such amounts
authorised, and the final accountability of such spending to parliament as
confirmed by the audit of the financial reports revealing the spending.
For an efficient budget cycle and budget preparation, there is the concept of
Public Expenditure Survey (PES) that adds more value to the annual budgeting
process.
PES in government financial administration is a process that involves the

examiNation of spending activities of public sector organisations and how such
expenditures have been felt through projects and developments in the economy.
PES was developed in the central government in the United Kingdom.
A government committee on public spending, the Plowden Committee made a

recommendation for the PES.
210
The Committee stressed that regular surveys should be made of public
expenditure as a whole, over a period of years ahead, and in relation to
prospective resources; decisions involving substantial future expenditure should
be taken in the light of these surveys.
A good system of PES enables central governments to note their progress and to
take decisions on annual public finances, and new public expenditure plans for
new year(s).
PES has positive effect on the budget preparation of the spending organisations
and the ultimate government budget.
The following is a general budget cycle which governments can adapt for their
various systems:
1. A policy paper is often developed by the Central Budget Agency which is

normally prepared after considering the general economic environment
and normally with input from a good system of PES to note the general
impact of past and on-going expenditure plans of the government. The
paper shows revenue and expenditure projections and outlines at times
major alternative proposals for change during the coming year based on
the expenditure survey. The central government as represented by
Cabinet discusses this policy paper.
2. The Cabinet takes provisional decisions on the total amount of

expenditures, on major new spending projects or other cut backs and on
211
major tax changes as well as new tax policies. Cabinet decisions are then
communicated back to the Budget Agency.
3. The Budget Agency then issues guidelines for the spending MDAs to follow
in making their spending plans or requests. These instructions are often
called the Budget Circular or the Call for Estimates.
4. Spending MDAs prepare and present their estimates to the budget agency.
Where a spending organisation has other departments or agencies under
it, the parent organisation meets representatives of the sub-organisations
to discuss their various estimates to ensure that their estimates are within
agreed levels. Such discussions are referred to as Internal Hearing.
5. Budget examiners at the Central Budget Agency examine the estimates

from spending organisations for agreement or queries. Their examiNation
is to ensure that estimates presented by spending organisations are within
authorised levels.
6. Budgetary hearings, known as external hearings, are organised between

the spending departments and the budgetary agency to discuss and agree
on the departmental estimates.
212
7. Agreed departmental estimates are submitted by the budget office to the
Minister of Finance for final agreement and submission to the Cabinet.
Dissatisfied spending organisations whose requests are not satisfied can
appeal to the Cabinet for consideration.
8. Cabinet considers and agrees on final expenditure levels and if possible

any needed tax changes.
9. Estimates agreed finally by Cabinet are presented by the Executive, either

by the President or the Prime Minister to Parliament. In normal cases, it is
the Minister of Finance who presents the estimates to Parliament in the
form of Finance Bills for tax and revenues and Appropriation Bills for
expenditures.
10. Under Certificate of Urgency, the Finance Bills are passed by the
Legislature into Finance Acts to enable the revenue organisations to have
the authority to collect tax and other revenues.
11. The Legislature then examines the estimates through appropriate

estimates/expenditures sub-committees.
213
12. The Legislature subsequently sits as a House known as Appropriation
Committee to pass the Appropriation Act that gives approval for the
estimates for the various organisations.
13. Ministry of finance gives directives to the government accounting agency
to release finances to spending organisations for their approved spending.
14. Moneys are released by government accounting agency, which is

responsible to distribute government finances to spending organisations.
15. Government departments subsequently prepare financial statements for

their operations and the Government Accountant, the Controller and
Accountant General prepares the National consolidated accounts.
16. Government financial statements are submitted to Parliament and

received by the Public Accounts Committee and these statements are
audited by the Auditor-General to determine the extent of compliance by
such spending organisations to legislative directives.
13.12 THE PRINCIPLE OF ANNUALITY
This is another important principle in government budgeting and accounting

which moves with the budgetary system of accounting in the public sector.
214
The principle states that when approval is given by the Legislature for
departmental estimates to be appropriated for spending, such approval is
normally for one year, and that at the end of the year, any approved money for
organisations that is not used or spent lapses and goes back into the consolidated
fund.
This is seen to be a principle which very often encourages spending officers of

government organisations to make rash spending so as to make use of any
unspent balance at the end of the budget year for fear of not getting such money
the following year and which can again affect negatively any estimate to be
presented for approval in the coming budget year.
Country Specific Budgetary Process The Adopted MTEF
As mentioned earlier on (see 12.10), Ghana government has been using the MTEF
procedure for its annual budgeting purposes since September 1997.
The following is the general procedure for the authorization of moneys to be

spent by any institution of government in Ghana:
Budget preparation process begins in the first half of each year. Ministry of
Finance and Economic Planning prepares the schedule of activities for the budget
cycle starting whith a National Policy Workshops for all MDAs. Policy Review
workshops are held for all MDAs after which MDAs prepare their Policy Review
Reports in line with National policies. This is followed by Intra-Sectoral Meetings
within each MTEF Sector for MDAs to resolve duplications of Outputs and
Activities and enforce collaboration, where necessary.
215
The Policy Review Reports are used:
To conduct Policy Hearings for the MDAs.

By MOFEP to determine the MDA ceilings after the estimation of the
Resource Envelope (Government of Ghana & Donor).
The ceilings are conveyed to the MDAs in the Budget Guidelines.
The MDAs then use their Policy Review Reports and the ceiling to review
their Strategic Plans to bring them in line with government policies and
priorities.
The review covers Objectives, Outputs and Activities in the Strategy Plans, which
are prioritised at MDA level. These are followed by Costing Workshops for the
MDAs during which MDAs identify the inputs required to carry out their activities.
It is the total cost of these inputs for all the Activities that make up the MDA Draft
Estimates, which are submitted to MoFEP. The MoFEP arranges budget hearing
for all MDAs to defend their estimates after which the MoFEP compiles, print and
submits to Cabinet the draft estimates and the Appropriation Bill. After Cabinets
approval, the budget or estimate and the Appropriation Bill are presented to the
Parliament for debate and approval. On approval, the Appropriation Bill
becomes the Appropriation Act.
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Overview of the Expenditure Management Cycle
The following is a presentation of the annual expenditure management cycle of

the government
1. POLICY ANALYSIS 2. RESOURCE 3. STRATEGIC PLAN
AND REVIEW PROJECTIONS AND AND BUDGET
- Review ALLOCATION - Strategic plans are

macroeconomic and reviewed through
- Total resources are
Sectoral policies stakeholder and SWOT
projected
- Identify and estimate analysis.
the expenditure - three year ceilings (a broad
- MDA budgets are
implications of agreed based and integrated ) are
prepared based on the
policies updated
strategic plans
Budget is approved
4. BUDGET 5. MONITORING AND 6. EVALUATION
IMPLEMENTATION ACCOUNTING - Perform variance analysis

between planned and
AND CONTROL - Ensure funds are spent and
actual revenues and
output produced within plans
- Work plans and cash flow expenditures (activities,
and budget
forecasts (resource outputs and objectives) to
requirements schedule) are - Ensure revenues are evaluate budget

prepared collected as planned
- MDAs begin spending - Identify budget

implementation problems,
217
develop and implement
solutions to address
subsequent problems
Government budgeting is seen as the centre of government financial

administration, all government financial matters being done through the
authority of the budget.
The government budget sets out the revenue and spending plans of government
through the various government organisations, prioritise the expenditure patterns
of government and through a well defined budgetary control policy, sets out the
control measures and monitoring systems for the finances and their use.
Various budgeting systems have been developed over many years to take care of
any limitation or deficiencies that were observed in the preceding system. This
began with the traditional line item system and reformed into other types,
namely the performance budget system, the zero base budget system, the
planning programming budgeting system (PPBS), and the latest expenditure
budget known as the medium term expenditure framework (MTEF).
Such systems have been used or adopted in various comprehensive budgeting

frameworks, which involves processes and procedures for the formulation of the
218
National budget and the subsequent spending processes, monitoring and
accountability. This has been the normal annual budget cycle of government.
The budgeting concept in government therefore is an important administrative

tool which ensures the general direction and planning of the Nation. The proper
development and institution of such concept is seen to be very necessary for
every Nation.
END OF CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is not required as a need for budgeting?
a. Planning
b Auditing
c. Motivation
d. Communication
e. Standard for Measure of performance
2. Which of the following is an advantage of a surplus budget?
a. It is a device to solve unemployment problem
b. It can be used to stimulate economic growth
c. It can be used to solve the problem of inflation
219
d. It enables government to fully utilise its resources
e. It promotes infrastructural development
3. Which of the following budgeting methods do extra-Ministerial department

adopt?
a. Zone base budgeting system
b. Programme performance budgeting system
c. Cash basis budgeting system
d. Incremental budgeting system
e. Rolling plan budgeting system
4. A method available to the government to control aggregate demand and

reduce inflationary pressure is
a. Budget surplus
b. Balanced budget
c. Expenditure budget
d. Budget deficit
e. Overhead budget
5. Which of the following is FALSE concerning the basis distinction between

budget and development plan?
a. A budget is short term plan while a development plan is longer
220
b. A budget is concerned with current problems while a development
plan addresses fundamental economic
c. A budget relies heavily on internal and indirect taxes while a

development plan depends heavily on foreign exchange earnings
and heavy capital inflows from abroad.
d. A budget is flexible while a development plan is fixed in terms of

ends and means specification.
e. A budget may not cover the whole system of the economy while a
development plan covers the entire structure of the economy.
6. The officer who controls a budget head delegated to him by an

Accounting Officer is called ............
7. A type of budget in which proposed government revenue for a new

fiscal year is a ...............
8. What budget technique accommodates changing levels of

production and facilitates the generation of control reports?
9. A medium-term plan in which new plans are made and acted upon
yearly In keeping with the requirement of the economy is
called..
10. A budgeting technique that considers the past budget and adds
some percentages is called ..
Solution
221
1. B
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. D
6. The vote controller or Officer Controlling Expenditure
7. Surplus Budget
8. Flexible Budgeting
9. Rolling plan
10. Incremental or traditional budgeting system
222
223
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
PENSION AND GRATUITY ACCOUNTING
At the end of this chapter, candidates should be able to;
. Differentiate between pension and gratuity.
. Enumerate the conditions under which an officer may leave the service and be
pensionable.
. Enumerate the objectives of the Pension Reform Act 2004
.Highlight the composition and functions of the Pension Fund Administrator and
Pension Fund Custodian
Pension and Gratuity Accounting can be critically examined in two broad

perspectives.
A. Non contributory pension scheme

B. Contributory pension scheme
The former is basically applicable to the period prior to the enactment of

pension reform act 2004 while the latter lay emphasis sis on the Act .
224
14.2 DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. PENSION: This is a monthly salary paid to a retired officer who have served
for a minimum period of 10 years and it is payable for life or for a period of 5
years in case of an officer within five years.
2. GRATUITY: is a lump sum of money paid to a retired officer who has served
a minimum of 5 years and it is paid once.
3. RETIREMENT: is the term used for an officer leaving service having served
for a minimum period of 10years
Conditions For Granting Retirement Benefits
1. On retirement (voluntary) after qualifying years of service.
2. On compulsory retirement.
3. On health grounds
4. On total or permanent disability.
5. Public interest.
225
4. WITHDRAWAL: is the term used for an officer leaving service having served
for a period of 5 to 9 years.
5. RESIGNATION: is the term used for an officer leaving service having served
below 5 years.
6. PENSIONABLE EMOLUMENT: is the salary being earned by a retired officer

as at the date of retirement.
7. NEXT-OF-KIN: is the name being submitted by an officer to the personnel

officer of the Ministry as being those entitled to his benefit in case of
death.
8. PUBLIC SERVICE: is any service recognised by the Ministry of Establishment as

public service.
9. VOLUNTARY RETIREMENT
An officer can retire voluntarily having clocked 45 years of age. However, if an

officer retires before the age of 45 years and has worked for more than 10 years,
226
though he is entitled to pension, it will not be paid to him until he clocks 45 years
of age.
10. COMPULSORY RETIREMENT
Where an officer is compulsorily retired and he is entitled to pension, the pension

will be paid immediately irrespective of his age
14.3 TRANSFER / MERGER OF SERVICE:

Where an officer moves from one government sector to the other, such
officer may transfer the years of he has served from the old to the new
employer with compliance to the following;
i. The transfer must be effected within 2 years
ii. The normal procedure for such appointment must be followed e.g.
advertisement, interview etc.
Merger of service is applicable to all ministries and parastatals and the condition
are the same with transfer of service.
14.4 STATUTORY AGE OF RETIREMENT
The statutory age of retirement for public officer is 60 years.
227
The pensions right of judges decree 5 of 1985 puts the retirement age of
judges at 65 years
. The retirement age of judges of Appeal Court and Supreme Court is 70
years.
In the case of academic staff of Universities, 65years is the retirement age.
Any public officer who has attained 60 years of age or 35 years of service
should be compulsorily retired from the service. Any service rendered after
the attainment of the statutory limits is null and void and not pensionable .
228
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING
229
At the end of this chapter, candidates should be able to;
State the respective Acts that established the various ethical bodies in
Government Accounting.
State the Composition of the bodies
Enumerate the powers and functions of the bodies.
State the application of e-payment, e-receipt and e-tickets.
15.2 FISCAL RESPONSIBILITY ACT 2007
The Act was enacted on the 30th of July 2007 by the National
Assembly of t he Federal Republic of Nigeria.
15.2.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FISCAL RESPONSIBILITY COMMISSION BY

THE ACT
There shall be established a body to be known as the fiscal

Responsibility Commission by the Act.
The Commission shall be a body corporate with perpetual succession

and a common seal and may sue and be sued in the corporate
name.
15.2.2 FUNCTIONS OF FISCAL RESPONSIBILITY COMMISSION
1. To compel any person or government institution to disclose

information relating to public revenues and expenditure.
230
2. To cause an investigation into whether any person has violated any
provisions of the Acts.
3. To forward a report of any investigation against any person to the

Attorney-General of the Federation for possible prosecution.
4. To monitor and enforce the provisions of this Act.
5. To undertake fiscal and financial studies, analysis and disseminate

the result to the general public.
6. To disseminate standard practices that will result in the Effective

allocation and management of public expenditure, revenue
allocation and transparency as they affect fiscal matters.
15.2.3 FUNDING OF THE COMMISSION
The commission shall establish and maintain a fund from which

shall be discharged all expenditure incurred by the commission.
There shall be credited to the fund the budgetary allocation from
the Federal Government and grants from any other source.
15.2.4 COMPOSTION OF THE COMMISSION
a) A Chairman, who shall be the Chief Executive and Accounting Officer

of the Commission.
b) One member from and representing
i) The organised private sector
231
ii) Civil society engaged in cases relating to probity,
transparency and good governance.
iii) The organised labour.
iv) Federal Ministry of Finance of a level not below the rank of

a Director.
v) Each geo-political zones of the country namely:- North

Central, North East, North West, South East, South South and
South West.
15.2.5 QUALIFICATION AND APPOINTMENT OF MEMBERS TO THE

COMMISSION
- All members of the commission shall be persons of unquestionable

integrity
- All members must possess qualifications of not less than 10 years

cognate post qualification experience.
- The Chairman and other members of the commission other than the
ex-officio members shall be appointed by the President subject to
confirmation by the Senate.
- The Chairman and members of the commission representing the six

geo-political zones shall be full time members.
15.2.6 TENURE OF THE MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION
232
The Chairman and members of the commission shall hold office for a
single term of six years.
15.2.7 POWERS OF THE COMMISISON
1. Power to provide general policy guidelines for the implementation of

the functions of the commission
2. Power to supervise the implementation of the policies of the

commission
3. Power to appoint employee required for of the commission.
4. Power to determine and approve the terms and conditions of service

including the disciplinary measures for the employees of the
commission.
5. Power to fix the remuneration, allowances and benefits of the

employees of the commission.
6. Power to regulate its proceedings in respect if meetings, notices and

keeping of minutes as may be determined by the commission.
7. Power to perform any other functions as may be deemed to ensure

efficient performance of the commission.
233
15.2.8 CEASATION TO HOLD OFFICE BY MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION
Irrespective of the provisions of section 5 (2) of the act, a member of the

Commission shall cease to hold office if:
a) he comes bankrupt
b) He reaches an official compromise with his creditors
c) He in convicted of a felony or any offence involving dishonesty,
corruption or fraud
d) He is incapable of carrying out the functions of the commission either
by reason of ill health, insanity or physical impairment
e) He is found guilty of serious misconduct in his line of duties
f) He resigns his appointment by a notice written by him
15.3 PUBLIC PROCUREMENT ACT 2007
The Act is established by the Enactment of the National Assembly of the

Republic of Nigeria.
15.3.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF NATIONAL COUNCIL ON PUBLIC PROCUREMENT
There is established the National Council on Public Procurement referred

to in the Act as the Council.
15.3.2 COMPOSITION OF THE COUNCIL
The Council shall consist of:
234
1. The Minister of Finance as Chairman
2. The Attorney-General and Minister of Justice of the Federation
3. The Secretary to the Government of the Federation
4. The Head of Service of the Federation
5. The Economic Adviser to the President
6. Six-Part-Time members to represent:
a) Nigeria Institute of Purchase and Supply Management
b) Nigeria Bar Association
c) Nigeria Association of Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Mines and
Agriculture
d) Nigeria Society of Engineers
e) Civil Society
f) The Media
7. The Director-General of the Bureau who shall be the Secretary of the

Council.
15.3.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNCIL
1. To consider, approve and amend the monetary issues relating

to the Act.
2. To consider and approve policies on public procurement
3. To approve the appointment of the Director of the Bureau
4. To receive, review, consider and approve the audited

accounts of the Bureau of Public Procurement
235
5. To approve changes in the procurement process to adapt to
improvements in modern technology
6. To perform such other functions as may be deemed necessary

to achieve the objectives of the Act.
15.4 BUREAU OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT
This is established by the Public Procurement Act 2007
15.4.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE BUREAU
1. The harmonisation of existing government policies and practices on

public procurement
2. The establishment of pricing standards and benchmarks
3. Ensuring the application of fair, competitive, transparent and

standard practices for the procurement and disposal of public assets
and services
4. The attainment of transparency, competitiveness and

professionalism in the public section procurement system
15.4.2 FUNCTIONS OF THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT
1. To formulate the general policies and guidelines relating to public

sector procurement.
236
2. To supervise the implementation of established procurement
policies.
3. To monitor the prices of tendered items and keep a National

database of standard process.
4. To publish the details of major contracts in the procurement journal.
5. To publish papers and electronic editions of the procurement

journal.
6. To maintain a National database of the particulars and classification

and categorisation of federal contractors and service providers.
7. To collate and maintain in a database for all federal procurement

plans and information.
8. To undertake procurement research and survey.
9. To organise training and development programmes for procurement

professionals.
10. To prepare and update standard biding and contract document.
11. To prevent fraudulent and unfair procurement and where necessary

apply administrative sanctions.
12. To review the procurement and award of contract procedures of

every entity to which the Act applies.
15.4.3 POWERS OF THE BUREAU
237
The bureau shall have the power to:
a. To review and or inspect any procurement transaction to ensure

compliance with the provisions of the Act.
b. To review and determine whether any procuring entity has violated
any provision of this Act.
c. To stop and blacklist any supplier, contractor or service provider
that contravene any provision of this Act.
d. To maintain a National database of federal contractors and service
providers.
e. To maintain a list of firms and persons that have been debarred
from participating in public procurement activity and publish them
in the procurement journals.
f. To investigate any aspect of any procurement proceeding where a
breach, default, mismanagement and or collusion has been alleged,
reported or proved against a procuring entity or service provider.
g. To recommend to the Council where there are persistent breaches of
this Act or regulations for suspension, replacement, discipline and
temporary transfer of any officer of any procuring entity or of the
Council.
h. To act upon complaints in accordance with the procedures set out in
this Act.
i. To nullify the whole or any part of any procurement proceeding or
award which in contravention of this Act.
j. To enter into contract or partnership with any company, firm or
person which in its opinion will facilitate the discharge of its
functions.
238
15.5 CODE OF CONDUCT BUREAU
Part I of the Third Schedule of the 1999 Constitution established the Code
of Conduct Bureau.
15.5.1 COMPOSITION OF THE CODE OF CONDUCT BUREAU
Code of Conduct Bureau shall consist of the following:
i. A Chairman
ii. Nine other member each of whom at the time of appointment shall
not be less than fifty year of age and vacate his office on attaining
the age of seventy years.
The Bureau shall establish such offices in each state of the
Federation as it may require for the discharge of its functions under
the constitution.
15.5.2 POWERS OF CODE OF CONDUCT BUREAU
The code of Conduct bureau was set up to:
a) Receive declarations by public officers made under paragraph 12 of

Part I of the 5th schedule of the 1999 constitution.
b) Examine the declarations in accordance with the requirement of the

code of conduct or any law.
c) Retain custody of such declaration and make them available for

inspection by any citizen of Nigeria on such items and conditions as the
National Assembly may prescribe.
239
d) Ensure compliance with and where appropriate enforce the provisions
of the code of conduct or any law relating thereto.
e) Receive complains about non-compliance with or breach of the

provisions of the code of conduct or any law in relation thereto.
f) Investigate the complain above and where appropriate refer such

matters to the Code of Conduct Tribunal.
g) To carry out any other function as may be conferred upon it by the

National Assembly.
15.5.3 PUNISHMENT BY THE CODE OF CONDUCT TRIBUNAL ON ANY PUBLIC

OFFICER GUILTY OF ANY OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE CODE OF
CONDUCT BUREAU
1. Vacation of office seat in any legislative house
2. Prosecution of the public officer in a court of law
3. Disqualification frown membership of a Legislative House and from

holding any public office for a period not exceeding ten years.
4. Serve penalties imposed by any law where the conduct is a criminal

offence
5. Seizure and forfeiture to the state any property acquired through

the abuse or corruption of office.
240
15.5.4 GENERAL
1. Any appeal by an officer found guilty of contravention of the provisions

of the code of conduct on shall be directed to the court of appeal.
2. Prerogative of mercy shall not apply to any punishment imposed by the

tribunal
15.6 ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CRIMES COMMISSION (EFCC)
The EFCC is the body that is established with the responsibility of

investigating and the enforcement of all laws against economic and
financial crimes in all its ramifications.
15.6.1 COMPOSITION OF EFCC
According to the Act of parliament No. 5 of December 2002, the

Commission shall consist of the following members:
a) A chairman, who shall be the chief executive and Accounting Officer of

the Commission and shall be a serving or retired member of any
government security or law enforcement agency.
b) A Director General who shall be the Head of Administration.
c) The Governor of Central Bank or his representative
d) A representative each of the following Federal Ministries not below the
rank of Director;
i. Foreign Affairs Ministry
241
ii. Ministry of Finance
iii. Ministry of Justice
e) The Chairman, National Drug Law Enforcement Agency.
f) The Director General-The National Intelligence Agency
g) The Director General, the department of State Security Service.
h) The Director General-Securities and Exchange Commission
i) The Commissioner for Insurance
j) The Postmaster General, Nigeria Postal Service
k) The Chairman, Nigeria Communication Commission
l) The Comptroller General, Nigeria Customs Service
m) The Comptroller General, Nigeria Immigration Service
n) A representative of Nigeria Police Force not below the rank of Assistant
Inspector General.
o) Four eminent Nigerians with vast experience in finance, banking or
accounting.
15.6.2 FUNCTIONS OF EFFCC
1. Enforcement and due administration of the provisions of the Act.

2. Investigation of reported cases of financial crimes such as Advance
Fee
Fraud {419}, money laundering, counterfeiting, illegal charge
transfer, contract scam, forgery of financial instrument, issuance of
dud cheques etc.
3. Adoption of measures to identify, trace, freeze confiscate or seize
proceeds derived from terrorist activities.
4. Adoption of measures to identify, trace, freeze and seize proceeds
derived
from financial crime related offences.
242
5. Adoption of measures to eradicate and prevent the commission of
economic and financial crimes with a view to identifying
individuals, corporate bodies or groups involved.
6. DetermiNation of the extent of financial loss and such other losses
by government, private individuals and organisations.
7. Collaboration with government bodies within and outside Nigeria in
carrying out the functions of the Act.
8. Dealing with matters connected with extradition, deportation and
mutual, legal or other assistance between Nigeria and any other
country involving economic and financial crimes.
9. The collection, analysis and dissemiNation of all reports relating to
suspicious financial transactions to all relevant government bodies.
10. Carrying out and sustaining public enlightenment campaign
against economic and financial crimes within and outside Nigeria.
15.6.3 POWERS OF THE COMMISSION
Under paragraph 6 of the Act, the Commission has power to:-
1. Conduct investigation or cause investigation to be conducted as to

whether any person has committed an offence under the Act.
2. Cause investigation to be conducted into the properties of any
person if it appears to the Commission that the person lifestyle and
exter of his properties are not justified by his source of income
3. Power to enforce the provisions of
The Bank and Other Financial Institution Act 1991 ( as amended)
The Failed banks (Recovery of Debts) Finance Malpractices in
Banks Act 1994 (as amended)
243
The advance fee fraud and other related offence Act 1994
The money laundry ACT 1995
The Miscellaneous offence Act
15.7 INDEPENDENT CORRUPT PRACTICES AND OTHER RELATED OFFENCES

COMMISSION {ICPC}
The ICPC was established by the Corrupt Practices and Other Related
Offences Act, 2000.
This Commission is a body corporate endowed with perpetual

succession. It has a common seal and is juristic i.e. may sue and be
sued in its corporate name.
15.7.1 COMPOSITION OF THE COMMISSION
The Commission shall consist of a chairman and twelve other

members, two of whom shall come from each of the six geo-political
zones as follows:
a. A legal practitioner with at least 10 years post call experience.

b. A retired judge of a superior court of record
c. A retired police officer not below the rank of commissioner of police
d. A retired public servant not below the rank of a director
e. A woman
f. A chartered accountant
244
g. A youth not less than 21or more than 30 years of age at the time of
his or her appointment.
The Chairman shall be a person who held or qualified to hold office as a judge
of a superior court of record in Nigeria.
15.7.2 APPOINTMENT OF MEMBERS
The Chairman and members of the commission must be persons of

unquestionable integrity shall be appointed by the president and
confirmed by the Senate.
They are however not to commence the discharge of their duties until they
have declared their assets and liabilities as prescribed in the Constitution
of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
15.7.3 TENURE
The Chairman is to hold office for 5 years and be reappointed for another
term of 5 years, while other members shall hold office for 4 years and can
be reappointed for another 4 years.
15.7.4 DUTIES / FUNCTIONS OF ICPC
1. To receive and investigate any report of the conspiracy by any person or

group of person who have committed or attempt to commit an offence
under the Act.
245
2. To prosecute those who are found to have committed any offence under
the Act after the investigation.
3. To examine the systems, practice and procedures of public bodies such as
Ministries, state, local government or any parastatals.
4. To give supervisory advice to public bodies whose practice systems and
procedures are likely to be susceptible to fraud or corruption
5. To advise, educate and help any officer, Agent, board or parastatals on the
set of programmes that can be embarked upon to eliminate or reduce to
the nearest minimum, the incidence of fraud and corruption.
6. To intimate the Accounting Officers in the public bodies of any changes
effected in the procedures and systems of administration as it concerns
their Ministries, Parastatals or Departments.
7. To educate the public bodies on the methods of detecting, preventing and
arresting fraud, bribery, corruption and related offence in their Ministries
parastatals or Department.
8. To educate the public against offences likely bribery, corruption, forgery,
impersoNation, advance fee fraud and other related offences.
9. To instruct the executives on how to detect, prevent and reduce to
acceptable, level, incidence of corruption and related offences.
10. To involve the general public in waging war against corruption.
15.8 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EFCC AND ICPC
1. The EFCC is primarily charged with the responsibility of enforcing laws

relating to banking, money laundering, Advance Fee Fraud{419}
miscellaneous offences and other related offences while the ICPC is to
enforce laws relating to fraud, corruption and embezzlement of funds in
relation to public services.
246
2. The EFCC does not have any time limitation as to when a crime was
committed while the ICPC is limited in time to those offences committed
from year 2000.
The EFCC has power to prosecute directly without recourse to the Attorney
Generals Office while the ICPC can only prosecute through the Attorney
Generals Office
15.9 E-PAYMENT, E-RECEIPT AND E-TICKETING
E-payment is a subset of e-governance which is the application of electronic

means in the interaction between Government and Citizens and Government and
Businesses.
It is a form of direct payments and banking without physical appearance at the

MDAs or Bank through the means of electronic, interactive communication
channels and other
Technological infrastructures.
247
E-payment can be described as the method of effecting payments from one end
to another end through the medium of the computer without manual intervention
beyond inputting the payment data.
Two options are identified:
End-to-End Processing:
Here, all the processes from approvals to the receipt of value by the
beneficiary are done electronically.
Manual e-payment or use of Mandate:
It is the mixture of manual and electronic process where the available

infrastructures cannot support the end-to-end processing.
15.9.1 BENEFITS OF E-PAYMENT
1. It is the beginning of a cashless society
2 It increases efficiency in banking operations.
3. It reduces transaction costs.
4 It enables transactions of very low value.
5. It increases convenience of payments.
6.Payments can be made swiftly and remotely using various devices.
248
7. Accountants will appreciate IT more and this will improve the quality of
financial reports generated by MDAs.
8. Effective use of Information Technology i.e. the use of Computer and Computer
Software applications.
9.Easy Tracking of payments to Beneficiaries Accounts hence it will assist Audit

Trail.
10. It reduces cases of corruption.
11. It will assist Corruption fighting Agencies like the EFCC and ICPC in cause of
investigation.
12.The risk associated with cheques been stolen, forging of signature and
disparity between amount in words and figures is totally eliminated.
15.9.2 ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF E-PAYMENT
The implications of this are :-
There is a new payment regime

The use of cheques or cash payments to beneficiaries has been
discontinued.
No physical contact between accounts officials and beneficiaries in the
MDAs.
249
However, normal book-keeping will continue to be effected in all MDAs.
15.9.3 TRANSACTIONS COVERED BY E-PAYMENT
1. All payments to Contractors and to Service Providers.

2. Payments to staff, PHCN, FIRS and other Government Agencies .
15.9.4 FORMAT OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CBN AND COMMERCIAL BANKS:
In the absence of infrastructures in the MDAs to support end-to-end

processing, the temporary use of mandate to effect payments is suggested.
The mandate must have a Unique Reference Number which is generated

by a combiNation of the abbreviation of the MDAs name, Type of Fund,
the Year etc.
15.9.5 CONTENT OF E-PAYMENT TELLER
- Account Name of the beneficiary
- Account Number of the beneficiary
- Bank and Branch of the beneficiary
250
- Sort Code (if not part of Account Number)
- Amount Payable
- Purpose of the Payment
- Signature and Thumbprint impression of the accounts signatories.
1. The Commission responsible for compelling any person or government

institution to disclose information relating to public revenue and
expenditure
a. Economic and Financial Crimes Commission
b. Fiscal Responsibility Commission
c. Audit Committee Commission
d. Public Complaints Commission
e. Security Service Commission
2. Which of the following tiers of government funds the Fiscal Responsibility

Commission?
a. The Local Government
b. The State Government
251
c. The Federal Government
d. The National Assembly
e. The Local Council Legislations
3. Which of the following will serve as the Chairman of the National Council
on Public Procurement?
a. The Auditor-General for Federation
b. The Accountant-General of the Federation
c. The revenue collector
d. The Minister of Finance
e. The Budget officer
4. Which of the following Ministries would have a representative in the Board

of the EFCC?
a. Ministry of Education
b. Ministry of Power and Steel
c. Ministry of Works
d. Ministry of Agriculture
e. Ministry of Justice
252
5. The body established by the Act of Parliament No 5 of December 2002 that
has the power to enforce the provision of the Bank and other Financial
Institution Act is called..................
6. The ICPC composition is a Chairman and twelve other members, two of

whom shall come each from ..................
7. The Chairman of the ICPC is required according to the Corrupt Practices

and other Related Offences Act 2000 to hold office for a maximum of
................. years aggregate on re-election.
8. The body that has the power to prosecute directly without recourse to the
Attorney Generals office is .........................
9. The Securities and Exchange Commission was established by............. after

the repeal of Investment and Securities Act 1999.
10. The means of effecting payment for and receipts of government business
transactions through online transfer is called..............
1. B
2. C
3. D
4. E
5. EFCC
253
6. Six-geo-political zones of the Nation
7. 10 years
8. EFCC
9. Investment and Securities Act 2007
10. E-payment
REFERENCES
1.Adams, R.A. (2004), Public Sector Accounting and Finance Made Simple 3rd
Edition
2. Awoyemi, E.O., A Guide to Government Accounting and Internal Audit,

Onibonoje Press, Ibadan.
3. Daniel, G. I. (1999), Public Sector Accounting, Ahmadu Bello University

Press, Zaria
4. Financial Memoranda for Local Governments.
5. Federal Ministry of Information (2000), Financial Regulations (Revised).
6. Federal Republic of Nigeria(1999). The Constitution of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria.
254
7. Johnson, E.I., Public Sector Accounting and Financial Control, Financial
Training, Lagos, Nigeria.
8. S.A. Bammeke. Public Sector Accounting and Finance- Students
Approach.
9. M.A. Hassan, Government Accounting
10. Oshisami, K. Government Accounting and Financial Controls Spectrum

Books Limited, Ibadan
11. Asechemie, Daniel Pele S (1995) Anatomy of Public Sector Accounting
in Nigeria, Port Harcourt: Sunray Books Limited
12. Daniel, G. Iwebuke (1999) Public Sector Accounting, Zaria: Ahmadu
Bello
University Press
13. Henley, D. Holtham, C. Likierman, A. & Perrin, J. (1989) Public Sector

Accounting
and Financial Control, London: Van Nostrand Reinhold (International)
14. Jones, P. C. & Bates, J. G. (1994) Public Sector Auditing, Practical

Techniques for
an Integrated Approach, London: Chapman & Hall
15. Jones, Rowan & Pendlebury, Maurice (1991) Public Sector Accounting,
London:
Pitman Publishing
255
16. Premchand, A (1995) Effective Government Accounting, Washington,
D.C.:
International Monetary Fund
17. Premchand, A (Ed) (1990) Government Financial Management Issues

and Country
Studies Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund
18. Premchand, A & Burkhead, Hesse (Eds) (1984) Comparative

International
Budgeting and Finance, New Brunswick: Transactions Books
13. Government Accounting and Financial Reporting in Developing Countries,

New York: United Nations (1988)
14. Organisation for Economic Co-operation & Development (1987) The Control
and
Management of Government Expenditure, Paris: OECD
15. Financial Administration Regulation, 2004 (L. I. 1802), Accra: Ghana

Publishing
Corporation, Assembly Press
16. The District Assemblies Common Fund Act 1993, Act455.

17. Constitution of the Republic of Ghana 1992, Tema: Ghana Publishing
Corporation
256

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PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING

ACCOUNTING TECHNICIANS SCHEME OF WEST AFRICA

INTRODUCTION TO GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS

CONSTITUTIONAL, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK OF

GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING THEORY AND PROCESSES

8.1 Learning Objective

14.1 Learning Objectives

(b) The Constitutional, Legal and Administrative Framework of Government Accounting

2 Government Accounting Theory and Processes: 10%

Accounting methods, concepts, bases and principles applicable to Government

Ministry of Finance Incorporated (MoFI) Act of 1959.

3. The Constitutional and Financial responsibilities of Principal Officers of

(a) Incremental or Line-Item Budgeting

7. Board of Survey and Board of Enquiry 5%

8. Treasury Final Accounts 10%

10 Ethical Considerations in Government Accounting 5%

OTHER REFERENCE BOOK

INTRODUCTION TO GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS

1.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this chapter, readers would be able to:-

Define and explain terminologies in Government Accounting.

Government has to do with a whole Nation. It is represented by organisations that

For the skilful administration development of a Nation, there is the need to

1.2.2 GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM AND PROCESSES

Government accounting includes the process of recording, analysing, classifying,

Recording involves the process of documenting the financial transactions and

Communicating is about making available financial reports on all the government

1.3 NATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING

The objectives of Government accounting include the following:

1.4 PURPOSE OF PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING

The purposes of Public Sector Accounting include:

1. Demonstrating the proprietary of transactions and their conformity with the

2. Measuring current performance.

3. Providing useful information for the efficient control and effective

4. Facilitating audit exercise to be carried out.

5. Planning future operations.

6. Appraising those in the authority, in efficiency and effectiveness

1.5 USERS OF GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING INFORMATION

1.5.1 Internal Users and Interest Areas:

This group of users includes:

Members of the Executive Arm of Government such as the President,

Top Management members such as Permanent Secretaries of various

1.5.2 External Users and Areas of Interest.

External Users include

Members of the Legislature at both National, State and Local Government

The Members of the Public, to demonstrate accountability and assist the

Financial Institutions, such as the Commercial Banks, World Band and

Governments, apart from the ones reporting. Governments collaborate on

Suppliers and Contractors. Suppliers and contractors are eager to ascertain

1.6 COMPARISONS BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS

Public Sector organisations are content with pricing products or services at

1.6.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GOVENMENT ACCOUNTING AND PRIVATE SECTOR

These may be discussed as follows:

In Government Accounting, tangible and fixed assets as buildings and

Private Sector Accounting is peculiar to commercial undertakings which

Government Accounting adopts cash basis of accounting, as against

Government Accounting mostly uses the budgetary approach, recording and