1 Introduction

ACMV SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Required ACMV
Comfort System
Level Design
The System Design shall be based on

the required comfort level or
condition
Apart from typical office and residential

purposes, special ACMV is also required
for:
Manufacturing processes
Operation theatres (hospitals)
Sensitive equipment
Each has different requirement in the

conditions of air.
1
TYPES OF AC SYSTEM
Water-Cooled System
Suitable for large system, where
energy need to be transferred in a
long distance
Air-Cooled System
Better for small system
2
Why water?
Liquid system is preferred because water with

high specific heat density can carry greater
quantity of energy per unit volume than air
Cp (air) = 1.006 kJ/kg.K (at 30C)

Cp (water) = 4.183 kJ/kg.K (at 30C)
To transport water can use small system like

pipe, as compared to air which require (large)
ducting
TYPES OF AC SYSTEM
Water-Cooled System
AIR Heat WATER Heat REFRIGERANT
Most common system in large scale operation.
Example: Commercial center, Office Buildings
3
TYPES OF AC SYSTEM
Some Users of Water-Cooled System:
New UTP Campus Academic Building

Casuarina Parkroyal Hotel
KLCC Twin Tower
Hospital Besar Ipoh
Kinta City
KL Sentral
Super Kinta What
about
Jame'Asr Hassanil Bolkiah Mosque GDC?
TYPES OF AC SYSTEM
Air-Cooled System
AIR Heat REFRIGERANT
Very common in small scale operation like

houses and small rooms. Could be economical
in some large buildings, depending on the type
of building occupation.
4
TYPES OF AC SYSTEM
Air-Cooled System
Examples: Window Unit
Lecture rooms
House
Small Office
Hotel Seri Malaysia
AIR-COOLED SYSTEMS
Air-Cooled
Split Units are examples
of Air-cooled system.
The AC systems for UTP

Main Hall and the Multi-
Purpose Hall are
examples of large Air-
Cooled Systems.
Systems can be
centralized or individuals.
What are the pros and cons?
5
TYPES OF AC SYSTEM
Water Cooled System
WATER-COOLED SYSTEM OVERVIEW
CWS COOLING
CHILLER TOWER
CWR
Ducting
CHWS
AHU Room Space
CHWR
6
GDC
CWS COOLING
CHILLER TOWER
CWR
HX
Ducting
CHWS
AHU Room Space
CHWR

AIR HANDLING UNITS
A heat exchanger
equipment to cool air
using chilled water in
tubes.
7
AIR HANDLING UNITS
More even air

distribution of air
through the cooling coil
Heat from motor.
Usually longer. Why?
Typical AHU Configurations
CHILLER SYSTEM
A refrigeration system that produces

cold fluids (cold water or air) as part
of the Air-Conditioning process.
There are many types of chillers available
In most cases refrigerants are used. Examples are

R-134a, R-12 (environmentally harmful)
8
THE HEAT IN THE
CHILLER CONDENSER
MUST BE REMOVED
CWR CWS FROM THE SYSTEM
To Cooling Tower
CONDENSER
COMPRESSOR
EVAPORATOR
CHWS CHWR How does
To AHUs it look
Like for
Air-Cooled
BASIC CHILLER SYSTEM System?
COOLING TOWER SYSTEM
9
COOLING TOWER SYSTEM
Required to remove heat from the water-cooled condenser (in chiller)
Warm condenser water (CWS) is pumped from the chiller to the

cooling tower.
The water is sprayed

from the top of the
tower.
Air is drawn/sucked
from the bottom of the
cooling tower (counter-
flow heat exchange).
The use of fins helps increasing the heat transfer to the atmosphere.
Comparison
Air-Cooled System Water-Cooled System
Can be operated individually at small System (with chillers) must be

areas; e.g. if at night only a small operated in full even if only to serve a
room requires AC, then only one or small area, and thus may consume
two ACSU is required, and thus save large energy in such a situation.
energy.
Not suitable for operation in large Suitable for operation in large areas
areas or ones that require long or ones that requires long
transportation of cool air because transportation of cool air because
very large ducts will be required water can carry more energy than air.
(lower density than water)
10
Considerations in design
In any design, the following aspects must be considered:
Compliance to technical specifications; i.e codes,

standards, by-laws etc.
Practicality of design: by considering
System efficiency
Ease of maintenance
Operational issues
Track record
Cost effectiveness
Time limitation
Space limitation
ENERGY REGULATIONS
Malaysia is yet to have specific regulation on the use of energy in

buildings. So far only have policies/ guidelines are available:
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY ACT 1990
ELECTRICITY REGULATIONS 1994
GUIDELINES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY

(Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment)
CODE OF PRACTICE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND USE OF

RENEWAL ENERGY FOR NON- RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS (UBBL)
ENERGY COMMISSION (SURUHANJAYA TENAGA)
11
Uniform Building By-Laws
Part III Space, Light and Ventilation

Part IX 3rd Schedule Interpretation & ASHRAE Stds
Part I: Preliminary
Part II: Submission of Plans for Approval
Part III: Space, Light & Ventilation
Part IV: Temporary Works In Connection With Building Operations
Part V: Structural Requirements
Part VI: Constructional Requirements
Part VII: Fire Requirements
Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment & Fire Fighting Access
Part IX: Miscellaneous (1st - 10th schedule)
UBBL:
PART III: Space, Light and Ventilation
12
UBBL:
By-Law No. 40:

Air Wells (Natural ventilation)
UBBL:
By-Law No. 41:

Mechanical Ventilation Air-Conditioning
13
UBBL:
By-Law No. 41:

Mechanical Ventilation Air-Conditioning
UBBL:
Third Schedule
cmm: cubic meter of

air per minute
14
UBBL:
Third Schedule
END
15

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ACMV SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The System Design shall be based on

ACMV SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Apart from typical office and residential

Each has different requirement in the

Liquid system is preferred because water with

Cp (air) = 1.006 kJ/kg.K (at 30C)

To transport water can use small system like

AIR Heat WATER Heat REFRIGERANT

Most common system in large scale operation.

Example: Commercial center, Office Buildings

New UTP Campus Academic Building

AIR Heat REFRIGERANT

Very common in small scale operation like

Examples: Window Unit

The AC systems for UTP

What are the pros and cons?

Water Cooled System

WATER-COOLED SYSTEM OVERVIEW

WATER-COOLED SYSTEM OVERVIEW

More even air

Heat from motor.

Usually longer. Why?

Typical AHU Configurations

WATER-COOLED SYSTEM OVERVIEW

A refrigeration system that produces

There are many types of chillers available

In most cases refrigerants are used. Examples are

WATER-COOLED SYSTEM OVERVIEW

COOLING TOWER SYSTEM

Warm condenser water (CWS) is pumped from the chiller to the

The water is sprayed

Air-Cooled System Water-Cooled System

Can be operated individually at small System (with chillers) must be

In any design, the following aspects must be considered:

Compliance to technical specifications; i.e codes,

Malaysia is yet to have specific regulation on the use of energy in

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY ACT 1990

ELECTRICITY REGULATIONS 1994

GUIDELINES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY

CODE OF PRACTICE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND USE OF

UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS (UBBL)

ENERGY COMMISSION (SURUHANJAYA TENAGA)

Part III Space, Light and Ventilation

By-Law No. 40:

By-Law No. 41:

By-Law No. 41:

cmm: cubic meter of

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