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Control of DC Motors

Closed loop speed control of DC motors provides greater accuracy and stability compared to open loop control. It uses feedback of the motor's actual speed to generate a control signal to adjust the terminal voltage and maintain a constant speed, even with load variations. Improved closed loop control adds an inner current control loop to slowly increase the armature current and avoid damaging the power converter components. This dual-loop approach provides smooth and stabilized speed regulation.

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Kuldeep Saxena
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95 views

Control of DC Motors

Closed loop speed control of DC motors provides greater accuracy and stability compared to open loop control. It uses feedback of the motor's actual speed to generate a control signal to adjust the terminal voltage and maintain a constant speed, even with load variations. Improved closed loop control adds an inner current control loop to slowly increase the armature current and avoid damaging the power converter components. This dual-loop approach provides smooth and stabilized speed regulation.

Uploaded by

Kuldeep Saxena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONTROL OF DC MOTORS

DC Motor is very extensively used machine where the speed control is desired. The operation of DC motor in
different steps is easy compared to AC motors. By the open loop control the DC motor can be operated at any
intermediate speed by changing the voltage, armature current etc. But in open loop (Prediction based) control
accuracy in speed cannot be obtained i.e. the speed will not be constant for load variations on the motor. There
will not be any feedback to the controller to indicate the change in speed due to load. This disadvantage restricts
the use of open loop speed control DC motor in applications where constant speed is essential.

To avoid this disadvantage a closed loop technique is implemented where the output measured speed is fed back
to the speed controller. In closed loop controller the speed can be maintained by adjusting terminal voltage
according the speed difference caused by the load torque. I.e. a fine control of speed can be obtained using
closed loop speed control. The below figure shows the basic block diagram of closed loop speed control.

Closed Loop speed Control

The measured speed at the motor shaft is fed back and compared with reference speed. The difference speed
error is applied to the speed controller to generate a control voltage Vc which controls the power converter and
produces the desired terminal Vt .This terminal voltage controls the speed of the motor and thus the speed of the
motor can maintained for any variations in the load torque. For example if the load torque has been increased,
due to this high load the motor speed reduces momentarily from its desired value. Thus the speed error at the
output of the comparator increases which increases the control signal Vc. The speed controller can be
proportional (P) or proportional integral (PI) and it also takes care of the maximum speed limit of the motor.
This control signal decreases the firing angle of the thyristor if it is phase controlled converter or it increases the
duty cycle to increase the switching on time if it is a chopper converter and thus the output terminal voltage will
increase. This increased terminal voltage (armature voltage) develops more torque to compensate the effect of
load torque and to maintain the constant speed. The same operation in the reverse way will be performed if the
load torque reduces. When the applied torque matches the load torque then the motor speed will be constant.
There will be small oscillations during this control which can be reduced by the perfect controller time constant.
Improved closed loop speed control with inner loop current control

In the above said circuit the speed control output is directly changes the terminal voltage of the DC motor. But
in D motor the armature resistance and armature impedance are very small and thus the time constant also very
less. Due to this less time constant for a small increase in terminal voltage the armature current increases
drastically. This quick high armature current may damages the solid state devices used in the power converter.
To avoid this armature current should increased slowly to produce the required torque. This can be obtained by
placing a current control loop in between the speed control and power converter as shown in figure.
Closed Loop speed Control with inner current controller

Here the speed output signal generates a corresponding armature current signal and this signal is compared with
the existing armature fed back to the comparator circuit. The difference in the current drives the current loop
controller and produces a control signal to the power converter. This introduces a very smooth increase in
terminal voltage and thus armature current by providing a dual controller. The current controller can be
proportional or proportional integral (PI) controller. Most probably PI controller is used because of less steady
state error and smooth response compared to proportional controller.
Advantages of closed loop speed control
Greater accuracy with fine control of speed
Improved dynamic response
The motor can be operated at constant torque and constant speed
Stabilized operation without any major deviations
Circuit protections also can be incorporated into the closed loop speed control.

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