Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

CHAPTER 1
EXPONENTS, LOGARITHMS AND RADICALS

Concept Mapping
Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

Exponent Logarithm Radical

Objective

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to

1. Do algebraic operation in exponent
2. Do algebraic operation in logarithm
3. Do algebraic operation in radical

Key Term (English Bahasa Malaysia)

exponent eksponen
positive integer exponent eksponen integer positif
negative integer exponent eksponen integer negatif
the quotient rule for exponents eksponen nisbah
the product rule for exponents exponen hasildarab
square root exponent eksponen punca ganda
zero as an exponent eksponen sifar
logarithm logaritma
radical radikal

01112475977 PUAN AZILA BINTI MD SUDIN

1.1 Exponent

The definition of exponent is as following:

Definition
Exponents

If n is an positive integer and x is any integer then xn = x.x.x.x.xx

n times
where x = base, n = exponent ( or index). The exponent tells you how many times
a base appears in a product.

Note
Exponents

When no exponent is indicated, we assume it to be 1 such as x = x1.

1
 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

Example 1.1...
Evaluate (a) (5)4 (b) (54)

Solution:
(a) (5)4 = (5) (5) (5) (5) = 625

(b) 54 = (5) (5) (5) (5) = 625

.... Exercise1A

Zero exponent

If x is an integer and n is a zero and x 0 , then xn = x0= 1.

Example 1.2...
Evaluate (a) (5)0 (b) a0

Solution:
(a) (5)0 = 1 (b) a0 = 1

.... Exercise1A

Negative Exponent

1
If x is an integer and n is a positive integer and x 0 , then x-n = and xn =
xn
1
.
x n

Example 1.3...
Evaluate (a) 3 2 (b) 2x 5

Solution:
1 1 2
(a) 3 2 = 2
= (b) 2x 5 =
3 9 x5

.... Exercise1A

Properties
Rational Exponent

If x is an integer and n is a positive integer, then x 1/n = n x .

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

Example 1.4...
1
1
Evaluate (a) (b) 9 2

8 3 1
16

Solution:
1
1
(b) 1 9 25 5
2
(a) = 3
8 =2
8 3
16 16 4

.... Exercise1A

Properties
Rational Exponents and Roots

If x is positive, p and q are integers and q is positive,

x p/q = (x 1/q) p = q x .
p

Example 1.5...
2 3
Evaluate (a) 8 3 (b) 256 4

Solution:
2 2
2 3 3 3
(a) 8 3 = 3
8 =2 =4 (b) 256 4 = 4
256 = 4 = 64

.... Exercise1A

Properties
The Product Rule for Exponents

If x, m and n are an integers, then x m .x n x m n .

Example 1.6...
Evaluate (a) x2 . x3 (b) ( 3 x 5 y 6 )(5 x 3 y 2 )

Solution:
(a) x 3 .x 2 x 3 2 x 5

(b) ( 3 x 5 y 6 )(5 x 3 y 2 ) = 15 x5+3 y 6+( 2) = 15 x 8 y4

.... Exercise1A

Properties
The Quotient Rule for Exponents

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

xm
If x, m and n are an integers, then n
x mn .
x

Example 1.7...
x5 4x5 y 7
Simplify (a) 2 (b)
x 8x 2 y 3

Solution:
x5 x.x.x.x.x 4 x 5 y 7 x 5 2 y 7 3 x3 y 4
(a) x.x.x x 3 (b) 3 = =
x 2
x.x 8x y2
2 2

.... Exercise1A

Properties
Negative Exponents

n 1 1
If x and n are integers, then x or n x .
n
n
x x

Example 1.8...
1 x 5
Simplify (a) (b)
x 2 x 2

Solution:
1 x 5 x 2 1
(a) = x2 (b) = 5 = 3
x 2 x 2
x x

.... Exercise1A

Properties
Power Rule for Exponents

If x, m and n are an integers, then x m x mn .

n

Example 1.9...
Find the quotient (a) x2 4 (b)(43) 2

Solution:
4
x x x = x
(a) x 2 = x 2 2 2 2 8
(b)(43) 2 = 4 6

.... Exercise1A

Properties

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

Products to Powers Rule for Exponents

If x, y and n are integers, then xy n x n y n .

Example 1.10...
xy 3 (b) x 3 y 8
4
Simplify (a)

Solution:
(a) xy 3 ( xy )( xy )( xy ) x 3 y 3 (b) x 3 y 8 = x 12 y 32
4

.... Exercise1A

Properties
Quotients to Powers Rule for Exponents

n
x xn
If x, y and n are integers, then .
y yn

Example 1.11...
4
x3
3
x
Simplify (a) (b) 8
y y

Solution:
3 4
x x3 x3 x 12
(a) (b) 8 =
y y3 y y 32

.... Exercise1A

Example 1.12...
4

Simplify 243
5
and write the answers with only positive exponents.
32

4
4 1

243 5
4
243 5
243 5 34 81
4 4
32
32
1
5
24 16
= 32
5
Solution: = = =

5
 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

....

From the properties of exponent, we can solve many problems in exponent.

Example 1.13...
Solve the equation 27x = 9

Solution: (33 )x = 32
33x = 32
2
3x = 2 x=
3
....
Example 1.14...
Solve the equation 22x = 26(x 1).

Solution: 22x = 26(x 1)

22x = 26x 6

2x = 6x 6

6 = 6x 2x

6 = 4x

3
=x
2
....

Example 1.15...
Solve the equation 9x 4 (3)x + 3 = 0

Solution:
9x = (32 )x = 32x = (3x )2

(3x)2 4 (3)x + 3 = 0

Using y = 3x , y2 4 y + 3 = 0

(y 1 ) (y 3) = 0

y=1 or y =3

y = 3x = 1 or y = 3x =3

x=0 or x=1

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

....

Example 1.16...
Solve the equation 2(32x+1) + 7(3)x 3 = 0

Solution:
2(32x+1) + 7(3)x 3 = 0

2(32x)3 + 7(3)x 3 = 0
6(3x)2 + 7(3)x 3 = 0

Using y = 3x , 6y2 + 7y 3 = 0

(3y 1) (2y + 3 ) = 0

1 3
y= or y=
3 2

1 3
y = 3x = = 31 or y = 3x = (ignored)
3 2

x = 1

.... Exercise1A

2(32x+1) + 7(3)x 3 = 0

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

Exercise 1A

1
1. Evaluate (a) (5)4 (b)(2)4 (c)
34

20
2. Evaluate (a) ( 4ab)0 (b) e0 (c)
2 2

2 3 z 4
3. Evaluate (a) (b) 3y (c) 5
x 4 z
1 1
1
(b) 13 (c) 125
2 3
4. Evaluate (a) 1
125 3
36 512

1 1 1 1
5. Evaluate (a) (b) (c)
125 3 27 3 256 4 81 4
1
3125 5

6. Evaluate (a) a2 b4 a 3 b5 (b) (9x3 b3 ) (2a 2 b 2)

(c) (3a 2 b 8 )(3 1 a 4 b 7 )

x 5 y 6 4x5 y 7 x 2 y 3
7. Simplify (a) (b) (c)
x 4 y 3 8x 2 y 3 xy 4
x 2 y x 2 y 3 x 1
(d) (e) x 1 y 1 (f) (g)
xy 2 x y 1

x 2 y 3 y 6 2x
1

8. Simplify (a) (b) (c)

xy 2 y4 3

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

2
4y
(e) x 2 y
2
(d) (f) x 2 y 2 (g) ( x 1 y 1 ) 1
5x

x 1 y 2 z 3
9. Simplify (a) x y
5 10 3
(b) xy
8 2
(c)
x 2 yz 3

3 x 2 yz 2 ( 2) 3 x 4 ( yz ) 2 4 x 2 ( yz ) 1
(d) (e) (f)
x 4 y 3 z 2 3 2 xy 3 z 4 ( 5) 2 x 4 y 2 z 2
2 2
x y x 2
3 x 1
10. Simplify (a) y x (b) y (c) 1

x y 2 3
x 2
y
4y

(d)
5 x 2

3

(e)
xy 1 2
(f)
(3 xy 1 ) 2
6y
2
xy 3 (2 x 1 y ) 3

11. Simplify each of the following and write the answers with only positive exponent.

1 3
w 2 4 5x 7
8

y
1/ 2
16v
(a) (b) (c)

( 2a 2 b 4 )(3a 2 b 5 )

27 a 4 b 3
(d)1 (2 x 7 y 2 z ) 4 (e)
9a 2 b 5

Solve each equation.

12. 128x = 16 13. 25x (5)x = 12 14. 22x+1 = 4

1
15. 51 2 x =
5

3
16. 4x 2x = 0 17. 3 x 9 x

2
2 x 1
18. 8x
2

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

1
19. 9x 20. 2 x .8 x 4 x
3

1 x 2 x
1 1
21. 4 22. 25 23. 9 2 x 27
2 5

Solve each equation.

24. 2x + 8(2) x = 9

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

25. 32x + 2 = 3x + 1

26. 22x 3 5(2x) + 32 = 0 27. 42x+1 + 4x + 1 = 4x + 2 9

6 x 7(6 x )
28. 4x 2x 6 = 0 29. 3
2

Answers to Exercise 1A
1. (a) 625 (b) 1/16 (c) 81 10 .(a) y2/x3 (b) y (c) 16y2/9x2
2. (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d)x6 y2 /750 (e) 1/ x3y (f) 9x3 /2y5
3. (a) 2x4 (b) 3/y3 (c) 1/z2 1 y 24
11. (a) (b)
4. (a) 5 (b) 7/6 (c) 5/8 w 161 3 v 2 3
2 3
125x 21
5. (a) 15 3p/q (b) 5 (c) 5 (c) 6/b
9 2 3 2
6. (a) ab (b) 18a b/x (c) a b (d) 16x28y8z4 (e) 3a6/b8
9 9 3 4
7. (a) y /x (b) x y /2 (c) 12. 4/7 13. 0.8614 14. 15. 1
1/x3y 16. 0 17. 2, 0, 2 18.
(d)1/x3 y (e) 1/ xy (f) 1/x3y3 (g) 1 6 /3 19. 20. 0 21. 3
y/x 22. 4
8. (a) x/y (b)1/y104 (c) 3/2x 23.
2 2 4 2 2
(d)25x / 16y (e) 1/ x y (f) 1/(xy) (g)
xy
9. (a) x15 y30 (b) x2 y16 (c) 1/x3y3
(d) 3y4 /x6 (e) -8x3/9yz2 (f) 4z/25x6
y3

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Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

1.2 Logarithm

The definition of logarithm is as following:

Definition
Logarithm

x = bn iff logb x = n with > 0 , x> 0 R, that is

x = bn logb x = n.

b is the base of the logarithm, must be positive, and b 1.

Note
Logarithm

The logarithm of any number given base is equal to the power to which the base
should be raised to get the given number.

Example 1.18...
Rewrite into logarithmic notation 25 = 32

Solution:
25 = 32 is read as log 32 to the base 2 = 5.

If 25 = 32 , then log2 32 = 5
....

Example 1.19...
Rewrite into logarithmic notation (a) 1 = b0 (b) b = b1

Solution:
(a) 1 = b0 , then logb 1 = 0 (b) b = b1 , then logb b = 1

....
Example 1.20...
Solve log10 0.0001

Solution: Let log10 0.0001 = x

10x = 0.0001 = 10-4

x = 4
.... Exercise1B

Properties

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

Product

If b, x and y are positive integers and b 1, then logb (xy) = logb x + logb y.

Example 1.21...
Simplify log 25 + log 4.

Solution: log 25 + log 4 = log (25 4) = log 100

10x = 100 = 102

Let log10 100 = x,
x = 2
.... Exercise1B

Properties
Quotient

x
If b , x and y are positive integers and b 1, then logb ( ) = logb x logb y.
y

Example 1.22...
Simplify log 300 log 3 .

Solution: log 300 log 3 = log (300 3) = log 100

10x = 100 = 102

Let log10 100 = x,
x = 2
.... Exercise1B

Properties
Exponent

If b , k and x are positive integers and b 1, then logb x k = k logb x.

Example 1.23...
Simplify log2 256

Solution: log2 256 = log2 2 8 = 8 log2 2 = 8

.... Exercise1B

Properties
Logarithm

Other important properties :

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

i. loga 1 = 0

ii. loga a = 1

iii. alogan = n

Note
Logarithm

Logarithm having the base 10 is known as common logarithm. If the base is 10, log 10
x can also be written as log x.

Logarithm having the base e is known as natural logarithm.

If the base is e, log e x can also be written as ln x.

The formula for base changes is as following:

Properties
Base changed

log b x
If a, b and x are positive integers and a 1 and b 1, then loga x = .
log b a

Example 1.24...
By changing the base, simplify log8 64.

log 2 64 log 2 2 6 6 log 2 2 6(1)

Solution: log8 64 = = = = =2
log 2 8 log 2 2 3 3 log 2 2 3(1)
.... Exercise1B

Note
Base changed

log b b 1
Note that loga b = = .
log b a log b a

These examples show hoe to solve problem using the logarithm properties.

Example 1.25...
Simplify log5 15 3 log5 4 + 3 log5 2

Solution: log5 15 3 log5 4 + 3 log5 2 = log5 15 log5 43 + log5 23

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

15 8 15
= log5 = log5
64 8

.... Exercise1B

Example 1.26...
log b 3
Simplify
log b 27
1
log b 3 log b 3 2 1 2 log b 3 1
Solution: = = =
log b 27 log 33
b
3 log b 3 6

.... Exercise1B

Example 1.27...
If log5 36 =2.2265 and log5 4 = 0.8164, evaluate log5 9
36
Solution: log5 9 = log5 = log5 36 log5 4 = 2.2265 0.8164 = 1.4125
3
.... Exercise1B

Example 1.28...
Find the value of x and express in b that satisfy the equation logb 2x logb (x + 2b) =1 where b is a
positive integer.
Solution: logb 2x logb (x + 2b) =1

2x
logb = logbb
x 2b

2x = b(x + 2b)

2x bx = 2b2

x(2 b) = 2b2

2b
x=
2b
.... Exercise1B

Exercise 1B

Rewrite into logarithmic notation

1. 64 = 43 2. ex = 8 3. 32 = a

4. a2 = 1.6 5. 1.12 = M 6. 2x = 7.2

Rewrite into exponential notation

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

7. log2 8 = 3 8. loga 3 = 6 9. log2 N = 5

1
10. log x = 11. log2 x = 2 12. ln x = 4
2

Find the exact value of each logarithm without using a calculator.

13. log2 1 14. log8 8 15. log5 25

16. log1/3 9 17. log5 3

25 18. ln e3

Solve each equation.

19 log10 10000 = x 20. log3 x = 2 21. log5 x = 3

22. log2 (2x + 1) = 3 23. log3 (3x 2) = 2 24. logx 4 = 2

1
25. logx =3 26. ln ex = 5 27. ln e2x = 8
8

28. log4 64 = x 29. log3 243 = 2x + 1 30. log5 625 = x

32. log6 36 = 5x + 3 32. log2 8x = 3 33. log3 3x = 1

34. Simplify log5 25 + log5 100.

35. Simplify log 45 + log 5.

36. Simplify log3 6561

37. By changing the base, simplify log25 125.

38. Simplify log5 15 3 log5 4 + 3 log5 2

log b 6
39. Simplify
log b 36

40. If log5 72 = 0.3010 and log5 9 = 0.8164, evaluate log5 8

41. Solve the equation 3. 4x + 4x = 5 and give the answer in 4 significant number.

By using logarithm properties, find the values

42. log3 27 729 43. Log7 3

343

64 log 1 27
44. log 2 45.
8 3

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

Solve the following equations

46. 31 2x = 4x 47. 5(23x ) = 7

48. eln (1 x) = 2x 49. 3x 2 = 52x +1

Answers to Exercise 1B
1.log4 64 =3 2.loge 8 =x 3.log3 a = 34.log5 2500
2 35. log 9 + 2 log 5 36. 8
4.loga 1.6 =2 5.log1.1 M =2 6.log2 7.2 15
37. 3/2 38. log5
=x 8

7. 23=8 8. a6=3 9. 25=N 1

39. 3/ 2
40. 0.5154
6
10. =x1/2
11. 2 2 x 4
12. e =x
41. x = 0.1610
13. 0 14. 1 15. 2 16. 2
17.2/3
18. 3 19. 4 20.9 21. 125 22.
7/2
23.11/3 24.2 25. 26.5 27. 4
28. 3
29. 2 30.4 31. 1/5 32. 1 33.
1
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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

1.3 Radical

Definition
Radical

n
a = b iff bn = a where n is the index or root number, is the radical sign and a
is the radicand.

Note

If n is even, then a and b must be nonnegative for the root to be a real number.
If n is even and a is negative, then the root is not a real number .
If n is odd, then a and b can be any real number

Example 1.30...
Write each of the following radicals in exponent form.
(a) 4 16 (b) 10 8x

Solution:
1 1
(a) 4
8x = 8x 10
16 = 16 4 (b) 10

......

Properties
n
x n rule
If n is an even positive integer, then n
xn = x .

If n is an odd positive integer, then n

x n = x.

Example 1.31...
3
Simplify 3 5 .
5
3
3 1
1
3
Solution: 3 = l 5 3 = = 51 = 5
5 3

.....Try Question 1 20 Exercise1C

Properties
A Product of Two Radicals With the Same Index Number
n
x . y = n xy .
n

Example 1.32...
Simplify 3 1000 3 8

Solution: 3
1000 3
8 = 3 8000 = 20

19
 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

....

Properties
A Quotient of Two Radicals With the Same Index Number
n
x x
=n
n y y

Note
If n is even, x and y represent any nonnegative real number and y does not equal 0.
If n is odd, x and y represent any real number and y does not equal 0.

Example 1.33...
3
1000
Simplify .
3
8

Solution:

3
1000
1000
=
= 3 125 = 5
3
8 3 8
..... Try Question 21 28 Exercise1C

Note
n s a positive integer greater than 1 and both a and b are positive real numbers then,
n
n n n a a
1.
n
a n
=a 2. ab = a b n
3. b = n b

Example 1.34...
Simplify 9 x 6

Solution:

x
1
9
x6 = 6 9

6 2
=
x9 x3

1
x2 3 3 x2
........

Example 1.35...
Simplify 18 x 6 y 11

Solution:
9 x 3 y
2 5 2
18 x 6 y 11 = (2 y )

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

= 9 x y
3 2 5 2
2y

= 3x3y5 2y

........
Example 1.36...
Simplify 4 32 x 9 y 5 z 12

Solution:
4
32 x 9 y 5 z 12 = 16 x 8 y 4 z 12 ( 2 xy )

16 4 x 2 y4 4 z3
4 4
= 4 4 4 2xy

= 2x2yz3 4 2xy

........

Example 1.37...
Simplify 5 x 12 y 4 z 24

Solution:
5
x 12 y 4 z 24 = 5 x 10 z 20 ( x 2 y 4 z 4 )

= 5 x2 5 5 z 4 5 5 x2 y 4 z 4

=x2z4 5 x 2 y 4 z 4
........

Example 1.38...
Simplify 3 9x 2 3 6x 4

Solution:
3
9x 2 3
6x 4 = 3
27 x 3 ( 2 x )

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

= 3 27 x 3 3 2 x

=2x 3 2x
.......Try Question 29 36 Exercise1C

A Quotient of Two Radicals With the Same Index Number

a + b and a b are conjugates of each other.

When you multiply conjugates together you get : (a b)(a b) a 2 b 2

Example 1.39...

Simplify (3 x y )(2 x 5 y)
Solution:
(3 x y )(2 x 5 y) = 6 x 2 15 x y 2 x y 5 y 2 )

= 6 x 2 17 x y 5 y 2 )

= 6 x 17 xy 5 y

.........
Example 1.40....
Simplify ( x 2)( x 5)

Solution:
( x 2)( x 5) = x x 2 x 5 x 10

= x 2 3 x 10

= x 3 x 10
.........
Example 1.41....
Simplify (5 x 2)(5 x 2)

Solution:
(5 x 2)(5 x 2) = 25 x 2 10 x 10 x 4

= 25 x 4

........
Example 1.42...
Simplify (3 x y )(2 x 5 y )

Solution:

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

(3 x y )(2 x 5 y ) = 6 x 2 15 x y 2 x y 5 y2

= 6 x 15 xy 2 xy 5 y

= 6 x 17 xy 5 y

.......Try Question 37 54 Exercise1C

Example 1.43...
1
Rationalize the denominator
3 x

Solution:
1 1 3 x
=
3 x (3 x ) 3 x

3 x
=
3 x 3 x
=
3 x
9x
.......
Example 1.44..
5
Rationalize the denominator
4 x 3

Solution:
5 5 4 x 3
=
4 x 3 4 x 3 4 x 3

54 x 3
=
4
x 3 4 x 3
54 x 3
=

16 x 3
.......Try Question 55 66 Exercise1C

Exercise 1C
Evaluate each perfect root.

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

1
1. 25 2. 81 3. 4. 3
27
9

5. 3
125 6. 3
64 7. 3
8 8. 3
64x 6

27
9. 3 10. 3
125x 9 11. 3
216 x 6 12. 4. 5
32x 10
8

Simplify each expression.

13. 8 14. 27 15. 50 16. 3

24

17. 72 18. 3
16 19. 3
625 20. 3 16x 6

Simplify each expression.

21. 3
17 3
. 22. 3
64 3
125 23. 5 x 20x 3 24. 7
x 14

25. 36 x 26. 5
x 10 y 5 27. 9x 5 28. 4
x 12 y 8

Simplify each expression.

2
196 16 y 4 3 xy 3 2x 2 y 3
x 2 y 3 125 x 3
29. 30. 31. 32.
4
16 9x 2 6x 3 y 4 3
8x 3 y 4
33. 32 x 4 y 7 34. 4
625a 11b 8 c 7 35. 5
x 12 y 4 z 24 36. 5
32x 5 3
16x 8

Simplify each expression.

37. 3 2 4 2 38. 6 5 3 5 39. 18 2 8 40. 2 12 3 27

41. 93 24 3 81 42. 3x 9y 4 25 y

43. 8 xy 25 x 2 y 2 3 8 x 3 y 3 44. 3
16 x 4 y 3 x 3 2 xy 53 2 xy 4

Simplify each expression.

45. (5 8 )(3 6 ) 46. 3 ( 3 4) 47 5 ( 5 6)

48. 2 1 2
49. 3 5 2
50. ( 2 6 3)(3 6 )

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 Exponent, Logarithm and Radical

Simplify each expression.

51. 4 a 3 b 2 a b
52. 2 a 6 3 a 6

53. 3 2 4 5 7 3 5 2 54. 9 x
y 2 x 7 y

Rationalize the denominator of each expression.

2 3 5 1
55. 56. 57. 58.
5 5 10 x

3 10 5 3 3 2
59. 60. 61. 62.
5 2 4 2 5 3 3 2

3 1 2 2 x
63. 64. 65. 66.
2 33 x 3 7 5 x y

Answers to Exercise 1C
1.5 2. 9 3. 1/3 4. 3 45. 60 3 46. 3 4 3 47.
5.3 6. 4 7. 2 8. 4x2 56 5
9.3/2 10. 5x3 11. 6/x2 12. 2x2 48. 3 2 2 49. 8 2 15 50.
13. 2 2 14. 3 3 15. 5 2
36 9 6
16. 2 3
51. 8a + 3b 10 ab 52.6a+6 a
17. 23 3 18. 23 2 19. 53 5
36
20. 23 2 53. 21 6 30 28 15 20 10
21. 17 22.20 23. 10x2 24.x2 54. 18 x 7 y 65 xy
2
25. 6 x 26.x y 27. 3x2 x 2 5 15 10
28.x y3 2 55. 56. 57.
5 5 2
29. 7 30. 4y2 /3x 31.1 32.
2/3
5x /2y 1/3 x
58.
33. 4 x 2 y 3 2 y 34. 5a2b2c4 x
35. x 2 z 4 5 x 2 y 4 z 4 36. 4 x 3 3 2 x 2 15 3 2 5(4 2 )
59. 60. 61.
23 6
37. 5 2 38. 3 5 39. 2
4 15
40. 5 3 41. 15 3 3
42.
62. 5 2 5 63. 2 3 64.
9x y 20 y
x 3
43(2x 15) 2x 44. ( x 5y)
x9
3
2xy
14 2 5 7 2 10
65. 66.
44
x xy
x y
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