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Chapter 2

The Health Promoting


Schools framework
The health care system does a great job with health care problems once they have emerged,
but in terms of shaping attitudes and behaviours, particularly those at an early age, we need to
be doing that in those cultural settings where young people spend most of their time. 42

2.1. Worldwide, there is growing understanding of the role of schools in the health and
wellbeing of individuals, their families and the community. This has been coupled
with a trend towards comprehensive, whole-school approaches aimed at improving
and/or protecting the physical, mental, social and spiritual health of all members of
the school community. The Committee examined these trends in the context of the
internationally recognised Health Promoting Schools framework in which a school
undertakes a broad range of activities aimed at strengthening its capacity as a
healthy setting for living, learning and working.

Health promoting schools


2.2. A health promoting school is a school community that takes action and places
priority on creating an environment that will have the best possible impact on the
health of students, staff and the wider school community. 43 A health promoting
school takes action to promote and protect the health of its members, where health
encompasses the dimensions of social, physical, intellectual, mental and emotional
wellbeing. 44 There are two key purposes of health promoting schools: to enhance
educational outcomes; and to facilitate action for health by building health knowledge
and skills in the cognitive, social and behavioural domains. 45

2.3. Building on the principles outlined in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, the
International Union for Health Promotion and Education sets out a number of
principles for health promoting schools. 46 First, a health promoting school promotes
the health and wellbeing of students and staff, enhances the learning outcomes of
students, and upholds social justice and equity concepts. Health promoting schools
provide a safe and supportive environment for all members of the school community,
facilitate student participation and empowerment, and collaborate with parents and
the local community. They also link health and education issues and systems, and
integrate health into the schools ongoing activities, curriculum and assessment

42 Mr T. Harper, Chief Executive Officer, VicHealth, Transcript of Evidence, Public Hearing, Melbourne, 16 November 2009, 5.
43 Deakin University and Department of Education, Employment and Training (Victoria), Health Promoting Schools In Action: A
guide for schools (Melbourne: Deakin University, DEET and VicHealth, 2000), 4.
44 ibid.
45 International Union for Health Promotion and Education, Achieving health promoting schools: guidelines for promoting health

in schools (France: IUHPE, 2009), 1.


46 ibid.

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Developing opportunities for schools to become a focus for promoting healthy community living

standards. Finally, a health promoting school sets realistic goals based on accurate
data and sound scientific evidence, and seeks continuous improvement through
ongoing monitoring and evaluation. 47

Essential elements of promoting health in schools

2.4. The International Union for Health Promotion and Education has identified six
essential elements of a health promoting school, namely: healthy school policies;
physical environment; social environment; individual health skills and action
competencies; community links; and health services. These elements can be
summarised as follows:

Healthy school policies: These are clearly defined in documents or in accepted


practices that promote health and wellbeing. Many policies promote health and
wellbeing eg. policies that enable healthy food practices to occur at school;
policies which discourage bullying.

The schools physical environment: The physical environment refers to the


buildings, grounds and equipment in and surrounding the school, such as: the
building design and location; the provision of natural light and adequate shade;
the creation of space for physical activity; and facilities for learning and healthy
eating.

The physical environment also refers to: basic amenities such as maintenance
and sanitation practices that prevent transmission of disease; safe drinking
water availability; air cleanliness; as well as any environmental, biological or
chemical contaminants detrimental to health.

The schools social environment: The social environment of the school is a


combination of the quality of the relationships among and between staff and
students. It is influenced by the relationships with parents and the wider
community.

Individual health skills and action competencies: This refers to both the formal
and informal curriculum and associated activities, where students gain
age-related knowledge, understandings, skills and experiences, which enable
them to build competencies in taking action to improve the health and
wellbeing of themselves and others in their community, and which enhances
their learning outcomes.

Community links: Community links are the connections between the school
and the students families plus the connections between the school and key
local groups and individuals. Appropriate consultation and participation with
these stakeholders enhances the health promoting school and provides
students and staff with a context and support for their actions.

Health Services: These are the local and regional school-based or


school-linked services, which have a responsibility for child and adolescent
health care and promotion, through the provision of direct services to students
(including those with special needs). They include: screening and assessment
by licensed and qualified practitioners; and mental health services (including

47 ibid.

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Chapter 2The Health Promoting Schools framework

counselling) to promote students social and emotional development, to


prevent or reduce barriers to intellectual development and learning, to reduce
or prevent mental, emotional, and psychological stress and disturbances, and
to improve social interactions for all students. 48

The process for developing a health promoting school

2.5. The International Union for Health Promotion and Education has developed a set of
guidelines for health promoting schools, which outline the various stages involved in
establishing health promotion within schools. 49 The guidelines emphasise that
establishing a health promoting school is not a time limited project; it is a process of
change, development and evolution that builds a healthy school community. The
guidelines therefore suggest allowing three to four years to complete specific goals:
everything cannot be changed at once and if the goals and strategies are realistic, then
substantial change can occur in 34 years. 50

2.6. At the outset, there must be a supportive government and/or local education
authority policy for health promoting schools. The guidelines note that where there
are supportive policies for health promoting schools by national, regional or local
authorities, it is easier for schools to embrace the concept. 51 International experience
has shown, however, that in a number of countries the initiative for health promoting
schools has come initially from the school community, leading to later policy adoption
at the national level. 52

2.7. Within the school, the first step in implementing the Health Promoting Schools
framework is to achieve administrative and senior management support. Health
promoting schools is a whole-school approach and, as such, needs to have ongoing
support and commitment from school leaders. 53 The next step is to create a small
group which is actively engaged in leading and coordinating health promotion actions
and activities. It is essential that all key stakeholders are represented on this group,
including teachers, non-teaching staff, students, parents and community members.
The guidelines for promoting health in schools state that health promoting schools
begin well if the workload is shared and all key groups are involved in decision
making and implementation. 54

2.8. The health promotion groups first task is to conduct an audit of current health
promoting actions according to the six essential components of the Health Promoting
Schools framework. The group can then establish agreed goals and develop
strategies to achieve the goals within the capacity of the schools resources. The
guidelines also suggest developing a Health Promoting School Charter which
symbolises the commitment of the school, sets out the schools principles and
targets, and enables the school to celebrate its achievements in health promotion. 55
Celebration of milestones such as the creation of the Health Promoting Schools
Charter or implementation of a new health promotion policy helps to affirm the

48 ibid., 3.
49 ibid., 1.
50 ibid., 2.
51 ibid., 1.
52 ibid.
53 ibid.
54 ibid.
55 ibid.

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Developing opportunities for schools to become a focus for promoting healthy community living

concept of health promoting schools in the minds of the school and its local
community and senior officials. 56

2.9. The health promoting schools guidelines recognise that staff must think about
activities outside the classroom as being equally as important as activities within it. It
is therefore essential that staff have ongoing opportunities to attend professional
development programs and to be able to present and discuss their schools initiatives
with others. 57

Sustaining health promotion initiatives within schools

2.10. The International Union for Health Promotion and Education guidelines outline a
range of factors that have been demonstrated to be necessary for sustaining the
efforts and achievements of the first few years over the following five to seven years.

2.11. One of the first factors in sustaining health promotion efforts in schools is ensuring
there is a continuous active commitment and demonstrable support by governments
and relevant jurisdictions to the ongoing implementation, renewal, monitoring and
evaluation of the health promoting strategy. 58 The International Union for Health
Promotion and Education guidelines identify that a signed partnership between
health and education ministries of a national government has been an effective way
of formalising this commitment. 59 Linked to this is the need to ensure that monitoring
and evaluation services in the education sector view health promotion as an integral
part of the life of the school and that it is reflected in the performance indicators.
Likewise, the monitoring and evaluation services in the health sector must view
student learning and success as an integral part of health promotion and reflect this
in their performance indicators. 60

2.12. Another essential factor to ensure the sustainability of health promoting initiatives is
to establish and integrate all the elements and actions of the health promoting
strategy as core components to the working of the school. Schools should review
and refresh after each three to four years. They should also maintain a coordinating
group with a designated leader to oversee and drive the strategy. This group should
have continuity of some members, as well as the regular addition of new
personnel. 61 The guidelines also highlight the need to ensure that most of the new
and ongoing initiatives involve most of the staff and students in consultation and
implementation. 62 Schools should also seek and maintain recognition for health
promotion actions both within and outside the school. 63

2.13. Various resources are also essential to sustaining health promotion efforts within
schools. This includes ensuring there is time and resources for appropriate capacity
building of staff and key partners. 64

56 ibid., 2.
57 ibid.
58 ibid.
59 ibid.
60 ibid.
61 ibid.
62 ibid.
63 ibid.
64 ibid.

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Chapter 2The Health Promoting Schools framework

The Health Promoting Schools framework in Australia


2.14. The Committee is aware that the Health Promoting Schools framework is not a new
approach to health promotion within schools nationally and internationally. The
adoption of a health promoting school approach was recommended by the National
Health and Medical Research Council in 1996, and the Australian Health Promoting
Schools Association supports health promoting schools as a best practice framework
for school health promotion, and for inter-sectoral collaboration for health in
schools. 65 A 1997 report found that every state and territory education system either
used or recognised the term health promoting school and were on some level
promoting the concept within school communities. 66 Similarly, health departments or
health foundations have funded initiatives in health promoting schools. 67

2.15. It is therefore unsurprising that there was a high level of awareness of the health
promoting schools model among participants in the inquiry. Over sixty written
submissions explicitly mentioned the Health Promoting Schools framework, 68 while
many other submissions and witnesses described similar models with a whole-school
approach to health promotion.

The national model

2.16. The Australian Health Promoting Schools Association was established in 1994. It
developed out of the Australian Association for Healthy School Communities and the
Network for Healthy School Communities. 69 The association aims to initiate and
support ways of establishing in schools, a broad view of health consistent with the
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, and to promote nationally the concept of health
promoting schools through collaboration among existing agencies, professional
associations, government departments and student and parent groups.

65 Australian Health Promoting Schools Association, commissioned by the Australian Government Department of Health and
Family Services, A national framework for health promoting schools (20002003) (Canberra: DHFS, 2001), 10.
66 Jeff Northfield and others, School Based Health Promotion Across Australia (Sydney: Australian Health Promoting Schools

Association, 1997), 5.
67 ibid.
68 Submissions noting the Health Promoting Schools framework include: AFL Victoria; The Alannah and Madeline Foundation;

Australian Drug Foundation; Australian Health Promotion Association (Victorian Branch) and Australian Health Promoting
Schools Association; Bayswater North Community Renewal Project; Bentleigh Bayside Community Health; Camp Hill
Primary School; Cardinia Shire Council; Caulfield Community Health Service; City of Boroondara; Darebin City Council;
Dental Health Services Victoria; Department of Education and Childrens Services (South Australia); Department of
Education and Department of Health and Human Services (Tasmania); Department of Education and Training (Queensland);
Department of Education and Training and Department of Health and Families (Northern Territory); Department of Health
(New South Wales); Department of Health (Western Australia); EACH Social and Community Health; Eating Disorders
Foundation of Victoria (Eating Disorders Victoria); Family Planning Victoria; Foundation 49; Frankston City Council; Glenelg
Healthy Schools Network, Portland District Health; HealthWest Partnership; Healthy Kids School Canteen Association; Heart
Foundation (Victoria); The Home Grown Project; Inner East Primary Care Partnership; Kids Go For Your Life, Cancer
Council Victoria and Diabetes Australia (Victoria); Knox City Council; Macedon Ranges Shire Council; MindMatters,
Principals Australia; Moyne Health Services; Northeast Health Wangaratta; Northern Metropolitan Region, Department of
Education and Early Childhood Development (Victoria); Nutrition Australia (Victorian Division); Outer East Health and
Community Support Alliance; Peninsula Health Community Health: Quit Victoria; School Focused Youth Service; Southern
Health; SunSmart, Cancer Council Victoria; VicHealth; Victorian Healthcare Association; Wellington Primary Care
Partnership; Western Metropolitan Region, Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (Victoria); Womens
Health Victoria.
69 Australian Health Promoting Schools Association, About us. http://www.ahpsa.org.au/pages/about.php (accessed 8 July

2010).

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Developing opportunities for schools to become a focus for promoting healthy community living

2.17. In 1997, the Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services


commissioned the Australian Health Promoting Schools Association to develop a
national framework for health promoting schools. The association developed a
framework which was depicted as three overlapping elements: (1) curriculum,
teaching and learning; (2) school organisation, ethos and environment; and (3)
partnerships and services. 70

2.18. The purpose of the national Health Promoting Schools framework was to guide
interaction between the health and education sectors in order to promote health
gains for children and young Australians. In particular, the framework was designed
to:

enhance coordination between the education and health sectors, and between
different levels of government and the non-government sector;

guide policy and infrastructure development at a national, state and local level;

set priorities to inform national, state and local planning and guide strategies,
programs and initiatives; and

promote sustainable national and state health promoting school activity and
strengthen community-based involvement. 71

2.19. As part of the National Health Promoting Schools Initiative, the Australian Health
Promoting Schools Association, through a consultative process with input from all
states and territories, developed a vision statement in 1997 that all children in
Australia will belong to school communities which are committed to promoting
lifelong learning, health and wellbeing. 72 The vision is based on the following
principles:

Health and learning: Good health supports lifelong learning, living and
wellbeing.

Supportive, safe environment: Students grow and learn in a safe, caring,


responsive and empowering environment.

Holistic (ecological) approach: Health promoting schools view health


holistically, addressing the physical, social, mental, intellectual and spiritual
dimensions of health through comprehensive programs.

Social justice: Equal access to education opportunities by male and female


students from all population groups is essential for promoting quality of life.

Linking curriculum, environment and community: Health promoting schools


ensure a coordinated, comprehensive approach to learning by linking
curriculum with the school ethos/environment and the community.

70 Australian Health Promoting Schools Association, commissioned by the Australian Government Department of Health and
Family Services, A national framework for health promoting schools (20002003) (Canberra: DHFS, 2001), 7.
71 ibid., 6.
72 ibid., 1415.

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Chapter 2The Health Promoting Schools framework

School community engagement: Health promoting schools are inclusive the


whole school community of students, parents, staff and local agencies are
engaged in school activities.

Respect for all: Active participation is based on respecting skills, values and
experiences of parents, students, staff and members of the school community.

Staff and parent wellbeing: Staff and parent wellbeing is integral to health
promoting school activity.

Active participation and empowerment: Individuals and the community are


empowered through collaboration, participatory decision making and personal
action.

Partnerships: Partnerships result in action which is more effective, efficient and


sustainable.

Health literacy: Addressing health literacy is an important component of a


health promoting school.

Diversity: The contribution of diverse cultures and groups is sought, welcomed,


supported and valued. 73

2.20. According to a report commissioned by the Commonwealth Department of Health


and Family Services, evidence from the early implementation of the health promoting
schools approach was promising, with positive impacts arising in the social and
physical environments of various schools, staff development, school lunch provision,
exercise programs, aspects of health related behaviour such as dietary intake, and
aspects of health such as fitness. 74 There was also evidence that the approach is
able to impact positively on aspects of mental and social wellbeing such as
self-esteem and bullying, which had previously proved difficult to influence. 75

2.21. The Committee was unable to undertake a comprehensive analysis of the different
approaches towards the health promoting schools philosophy across Australia.
However, submissions from governments throughout Australia reveal that the Health
Promoting Schools framework has evolved in various forms in different jurisdictions.
While some jurisdictions, including Western Australia, Queensland, the Northern
Territory and South Australia, have clear statements or resources associated with the
Health Promoting Schools framework, other jurisdictions appear to have incorporated
the frameworks underlying principles into their broader education policies and
programs.

73 ibid., 10.
74 ibid., 11.
75 ibid.

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Developing opportunities for schools to become a focus for promoting healthy community living

2.22. Of interest, the Committee identified a number of formal agreements covering health
promotion within schools between relevant ministries in Australia. Such agreements
may cover a broad commitment to health promotion within schools, or focus on a
specific health promoting project. For example, in Western Australia, a Memorandum
of Understanding between the Department of Education and Training and the
Department of Health underpins the delivery of school health services in public
schools and clearly articulates the nature of school health services in a broader
health promoting schools context. The Memorandum of Understanding includes the
establishment of local agreements between District Education Offices and Area
Health Services. 76 In South Australia, a Memorandum of Agreement with South
Australia Health and the Department of Education and Childrens Services has been
signed for the Eat Well Be Active primary schools project. 77

2.23. Some of the other health promoting schools activities and approaches currently
operating in various jurisdictions across Australia include: establishment of a health
promoting schools unit within the education department; development and promotion
of quality health promoting schools resources; the existence of formal health
promoting schools networks; the employment of health promoting schools
coordinators in various government departments and health organisations; the
establishment of grant schemes for schools to undertake health promoting schools
projects and activities; inclusion of the health promoting schools concept within
broader education policies and frameworks; the existence of coordinated networks of
government and non-government agencies working collaboratively on school-based
projects; and school nurse programs that have an explicit health promotion function.
Additionally, a number of jurisdictions provide awards to recognise the achievements
of schools and/or communities in promoting healthy community living.

The Victorian Health Promoting Schools Project

2.24. The Health Promoting Schools model was first introduced into Victorian schools in
1997, through a collaborative project between Deakin University and the (then)
Department of Education, Employment and Training. The objective of the project was
to establish an interactive network of health promoting schools and to strengthen the
capacity of schools to be healthy settings for living, learning and working. 78 VicHealth
funded the Health Promoting Schools Project from 1997 to late 2000. 79

2.25. The framework used in the pilot project is shown in Figure 2.1.

76 Department of Health (Western Australia), Written Submission, July 2009, 10.


77 Department of Education and Childrens Services (South Australia), Written Submission, July 2009, 34.
78 Deakin University and Department of Education, Employment and Training (Victoria), Health Promoting Schools In Action: A

guide for schools (Melbourne: Deakin University, DEET and VicHealth, 2000), 1.
79 Damien Ridge and others, Finding a place for health in the schooling process: A challenge for education, Australian Journal

of Education 46, no 1 (June 2002): 2122.

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Chapter 2The Health Promoting Schools framework

Figure 2.1 Health Promoting Schools Framework

Source: Deakin University and Department of Education, Employment and Training (Victoria), Health Promoting Schools In
Action: A guide for schools (Melbourne: Deakin University, DEET and VicHealth, 2000), 8.

2.26. A diverse range of 100 schools were chosen for inclusion in the Health Promoting
Schools Project, based on criteria such as location, past school health initiatives,
level (primary and secondary) and system (government, Catholic and
independent). 80 Formal evaluation and feedback was provided to schools during the
project. 81

2.27. At the commencement of the project in May 1997, a major survey of health
promoting schools activity in Victoria found that while there was activity which fell
within the health promoting schools concept in all surveyed schools, only a small
number were very involved in actively becoming a health promoting school. 82 At this
time, more than 85 per cent of schools reported having policies on gender equity,
classroom safety, discrimination and bullying, and over 70 per cent of respondents
felt that their school always provided a safe, stimulating and welcoming
environment. 83 A need for greater parent participation in school policy development
and decision making was identified, and community links and partnerships were
identified as an area that is particularly challenging. 84 More than 50 per cent of
respondents reported that students gained a basic understanding relevant to their
age and culture of physical activity, personal safety, nutrition, road safety and
relationships, however, a basic understanding of mental health, sexual health and
consumer health were judged as unsatisfactory. 85

80 ibid., 22.
81 ibid.
82 Deakin University and Department of Education, Employment and Training (Victoria), Health Promoting Schools In Action: A

guide for schools (Melbourne: Deakin University, DEET and VicHealth, 2000), 12.
83 ibid.
84 ibid.
85 ibid.

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Developing opportunities for schools to become a focus for promoting healthy community living

2.28. During the project, schools were expected to set priorities for action, and plan and
then implement health promotion projects in their schools over a one-year period. In
order to encourage a holistic approach, the project provided a range of resources
including a tool for staff to audit what was already happening in their schools in terms
of: health practices and policies; professional development for teachers; funding for
teacher release time; assistance in strategic planning; and various support resources
such as regular newsletters and a guidebook. According to schools that participated
in interviews following the project, the audit turned out to be a valuable educative
exercise in that it revealed the different components of school life that can shape
health, what the school was doing, and what still needed to be done. 86

2.29. Throughout the pilot, the (then) Department of Education, Employment and Training
developed and maintained a health promoting schools website. The website
included: latest research findings; resources to address health related issues such as
bullying and drug education; case studies of school activities; contacts and news of
in-service activities; copies of the health promoting schools newsletters; and
discussion opportunities. Although the website no longer operates, some of the
material remains available through PANDORA, Australias Web Archive. 87

2.30. At the conclusion of the project, a guide was produced outlining a series of case
studies showing the ways in which 15 participating schools had developed health
promoting schools responses appropriate to their particular contexts. The case
studies highlight a broad range of health promoting activities undertaken during the
Health Promoting Schools Project. Practices and policies were prominent around
staff health and welfare, positive school relationships and student mental health. 88
Some of the specific activities included:

health promoting schools as a school charter priority or policy statement;


promoting positive/healthy relationships;
student behaviour policies;
student attendance;
resilience programs;
anti-bullying programs;
stress management;
staff wellbeing;
individual school drug education strategies;
healthy canteen food;
developing a passive garden for student relaxation; and
lending outdoor equipment. 89

86 Damien Ridge and others, Finding a place for health in the schooling process: A challenge for education, Australian Journal
of Education 46, no 1 (June 2002): 24.
87 PANDORA, Australias Web Archive, Health Promoting Schools, Department of Education, Employment and Training

(Victoria), http://pandora.nla.gov.au/tep/67717.
88 Damien Ridge and others, Finding a place for health in the schooling process: A challenge for education, Australian Journal

of Education 46, no 1 (June 2002): 25.


89 ibid.

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Chapter 2The Health Promoting Schools framework

2.31. Schools reported a wide range of achievements stemming from involvement in the
Health Promoting Schools Project. These included: greater awareness of and skills in
health promotion; better learning outcomes; better student participation; increased
perceptions of student and teacher wellbeing; better coordinated and more
comprehensive health promotion approaches; improved social environments; and
better links with the community. 90 As observed by Ridge et al, many of these kinds
of changes are really about better, more effective schools. 91

2.32. In the post-project audit, 93 per cent of the project schools indicated that they felt
they were better equipped to implement education system policies and requirements
concerning student welfare, and 69 per cent indicated that they felt their teaching
was more student centred. 92

2.33. Table 2.1 shows a range of reported changes that case study schools attributed to
the Health Promoting School Project.
Table 2.1 Reported changes attributed to the Health Promoting School Project

Changes for students Changes for the school Changes in community links
increased awareness of increased awareness of networking with local
health issues health promotion and related schools
greater student issues
establishment of new
responsibility for actions dissemination of HPS ideas links with local agencies
improved student and learning to wider staff
body greater knowledge and
learning outcomes
use of wider service
increased physical better physical environment
system
activity improved relationships
moves to formalise links
sense of being cared for better atmosphere in school
with outside agencies
and belonging better organisation of health
happier students promotion activities greater parent
greater student better mediation of conflicts satisfaction in the school
involvement in decision better staff morale greater involvement of
making parents in school life
move towards more proactive
health strategies community involvement
development of school health in school projects
curriculum
development of health related
policies
incorporation of health into
the school charter

Source: Damien Ridge and others, Finding a place for health in the schooling process: A challenge for
education, Australian Journal of Education 46, no 1 (June 2002): 26.

2.34. A study of the perceived outcomes of the Health Promoting Schools Project reported
some shift away from the reliance on school staff time and expertise and a focus on
the curriculum to a greater involvement of community agencies and partnerships with
the health sector. 93 Ridge et al stated that this happened because the project
broadened awareness of the wider community/agencies/services available to

90 ibid.
91 ibid., 26.
92 ibid.
93 ibid., 27.

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Developing opportunities for schools to become a focus for promoting healthy community living

schools, and a range of relationships and partnerships were initiated or enhanced in


project schools. 94

2.35. Importantly, the project evaluation illustrated how ownership of the school
contribution to health can shift from externally developed programs and curriculum
descriptions towards school-based development of initiatives, policies and
procedures. 95 The health promotion projects in schools tended to become located
around issues that were pertinent to schools and already taking up time, for
example, violence and staff welfare. 96 Over 90 per cent of project schools in the
post-intervention audit indicated that the Health Promoting Schools Project linked in
with other projects already occurring within the school and that it provided impetus
and momentum to extend on previous and current work:
There was a sense that being involved in the HPS project helped people to reconceptualise
and reorganise their activities to find better ways forward and to add value to their work.
Additionally many interviewees considered that the HPS project provided an opportunity to
bring specific projects together under the one umbrella for a more unified and coordinated
approach to health promotion. 97

2.36. The qualitative analysis suggested that those who had a strong sense of what their
school was trying to achieve in the long term, and who understood how different
projects could be coordinated to increase effectiveness and save time, were best
able to adapt the multitude of short-term projects (with varying agendas) that come
into their schools to their own benefit and use the Health Promoting Schools
framework to their best advantage. 98 Ridge et al concluded that in any effective
health promotion activity in schools, the agenda needs to be driven primarily by an
education sector that has demonstrated it can embrace holistic approaches to health,
with the health sector acting as partner and facilitator. 99

Current Victorian experiences with the Health Promoting Schools model

2.37. The Committee found that despite the above pilot of the Health Promoting Schools
model, together with a high level of understanding of the model among education
and health sector stakeholders, the health promoting schools philosophy is not
formally or consistently implemented in the Victorian school sector. Nonetheless, the
Committee was pleased to receive a small number of submissions outlining current
health promoting schools initiatives in Victorian schools.

2.38. A written submission from EACH Social and Community Health (based in
Melbournes eastern region) outlined in detail its Health Promotion Teams
experience with the Health Promoting Schools framework. The team has a health
promotion officer dedicated to the education setting, with the main focus being a
five-year health promoting schools pilot project (set to run until 2013). The project is
supervised by the teams health promotion manager who has worked in the Scottish
health promoting schools arena for over ten years. 100

94 ibid.
95 ibid., 28.
96 ibid.
97 ibid., 29.
98 ibid.
99 ibid., 31.
100 EACH Social and Community Health, Written Submission, June 2010, 2.

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Chapter 2The Health Promoting Schools framework

2.39. EACH Social and Community Health stated that the most important learning from
its pilot project has been the creation of a dedicated specialist health promotion in
schools position. 101 This position, in working across three pilot schools, has
concentrated on the following key health promotion action areas: partnerships;
guidance and support; building capacity for the ongoing development and
implementation of the Health Promoting Schools framework; and monitoring and
evaluation. 102 The teams other key learnings include:

Developing relationships and laying the project foundations take time and are
resource intensive in the early stages, but are nonetheless crucial and should
not be rushed or forced.

Consultation with the students, staff, parents and carers and wider community
agencies creates a strong sense of ownership of the project within the school.
It is important to work with and alongside the school and community and allow
the project to be driven by the partnership process rather than as an individual
or agency agenda.

Leadership is extremely important in enabling the project.

Engaging secondary school students proved to be very challenging and


required intensive resources, persistence and patience.

It is important to start where the school is at going in with a preset agenda


does not work.

It is important for the school to have tangible outcomes.

Publicity, recognition and reward proved to be great incentives for the school
community. 103

2.40. The Committee notes that the above learnings are similar to those experienced in the
various regions and schools visited during investigations in New Zealand.

2.41. Glenelg Healthy Schools Network provided a submission outlining its experience in
assisting schools to implement the Health Promoting Schools framework in Glenelg
Shire. The network was established in 2006 by lead agency Portland District Health
and involves collaborative partnerships with schools, teachers, youth workers and a
broad range of health sector staff from a range of organisations. The network noted
that it has had particular success in health promotion within primary schools:
From experience we can comment that primary schools are an excellent forum for change and
many programs such as Kids Go For Your Life and Get a Taste of This have been
successfully implemented in our schools by involving the broader school community (parents,
teachers, health workers, clubs and groups). Indeed, primary schools in our shire that made
efforts to involve these people were more receptive to new ideas, achieved more and more
readily took on board health messages. 104

101 ibid., 10.


102 ibid., 1011.
103 ibid., 910.
104 Glenelg Healthy Schools Network, Portland District Health, Written Submission, July 2009, 2.

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Developing opportunities for schools to become a focus for promoting healthy community living

2.42. Moyne Health Services told that Committee that it is also in the process of
establishing a collaborative network of partnerships to apply the Health Promoting
Schools framework at a local level. Organisations involved in this partnership include
Warrnambool Schools Network, South West Healthcare, Terang/Mortlake Health
Service, Brophy Family and Youth Services, Barwon South West Womens Health
Network, Moyne Shire Council and South West Primary Care Partnership. 105

2.43. Camp Hill Primary School also made a written submission outlining its experiences
with the Health Promoting Schools framework. The school has found the framework
to be extremely helpful in developing a culture of healthy living within the school
community:
The framework has raised awareness within the school community of the importance of
leading a healthy lifestyle and the benefits that can have both physically and emotionally.
Implicitly the framework has also strengthened ties within the community as parents, students,
teachers and members of the broader community come together to participate in the many
health promoting activities initiated by the school. The framework has also provided an impetus
for the school to become involved in other state or local programs such as Kids Go For Your
Life, Ride2School, Travel Smart and Streets Alive. 106

2.44. The Committee believes the above examples represent only a sampling of schools
and partnerships currently applying the Health Promoting Schools framework in
Victoria. A submission from the Department of Education and Early Childhood
Developments Hume regional office suggested that many schools in its region have
been operating under the Health Promoting Schools model since 1997, 107 while the
Northern Metropolitan office outlined how the Health Promoting Schools framework is
used by secondary school nurses within the region. 108

Future development of the Health Promoting Schools model

2.45. Various submissions to the inquiry recommended statewide implementation of the


Health Promoting Schools framework in Victoria. Organisations recommending the
implementation of the Health Promoting Schools model were largely from within the
health sector and included: the Australian Health Promotion Association (Victorian
Branch) and Australian Health Promoting Schools Association, 109 Bentleigh Bayside
Community Health, 110 Cardinia Shire Council, 111 Dental Health Services Victoria, 112
EACH Social and Community Health, 113 Foundation 49, 114 The Home Grown
Project, 115 Nutrition Australia (Victorian Division), 116 South West Primary Care
Partnership, 117 Victorian Healthcare Association 118 and Wellington Primary Care
Partnership. 119

105 Moyne Health Services, Written Submission, June 2010, 1.


106 Camp Hill Primary School, Written Submission, April 2010, 2.
107 Hume Region, Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (Victoria), Written Submission, May 2010, 2.
108 Northern Metropolitan Region, Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (Victoria), Written Submission,

May 2010, 2.
109 Australian Health Promotion Association (Victorian Branch) and Australian Health Promoting Schools Association, Written

Submission, July 2009, 4.


110 Bentleigh Bayside Community Health, Written Submission, June 2010, 6.
111 Cardinia Shire Council, Written Submission, July 2009, 5.
112 Dental Health Services Victoria, Written Submission, July 2009.
113 EACH Social and Community Health, Written Submission, June 2010, 10.
114 Foundation 49, Written Submission, August 2009, 78.
115 The Home Grown Project, Written Submission, July 2009, 9.
116 Nutrition Australia (Victorian Division), Written Submission, August 2009, 35.
117 South West Primary Care Partnership, Written Submission, May 2010, 3.
118 Victorian Healthcare Association, Written Submission, July 2009, 4.
119 Wellington Primary Care Partnership, Written Submission, June 2010, 4.

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Chapter 2The Health Promoting Schools framework

2.46. The views presented by organisations supporting statewide implementation of the


Health Promoting Schools framework are well represented by a submission from the
Heart Foundation:
the Heart Foundation recommends that the Committee examine the Health Promoting
Schools model with a view to endorsing its implementation in Victoria. Health Promoting
Schools is an internationally recognised and widely used model to best guide health promotion
in the school setting yet despite this, its implementation is somewhat lagging in this state. This
inquiry presents an ideal opportunity for Victoria to introduce a comprehensive and
system-wide approach to better health in the school setting. 120

2.47. The Victorian Healthcare Association similarly recommended that the Committees
inquiry should result in a contemporary Victorian framework of core values and
principles relevant to the health promoting schools approach. It noted that the
framework should provide schools, health services and other stakeholders with the
relevant tools, guidance and knowledge to implement a health promoting schools
approach, while allowing for sufficient flexibility for local decision making. 121 It noted
that this will require substantial, long-term funding mechanisms that facilitate these
processes. 122

2.48. The Australian Health Promotion Association (Victorian Branch) and Australian
Health Promoting Schools Association suggested that the benefits of investing in the
health promoting school concept could be very significant. 123 They believe that a
state and regionally managed holistic healthy schools program will provide the one
entry point into the education sector and encourage and promote high quality
initiatives that are based on good evidence and ultimately add value to existing
curriculum initiatives, and broader features of school society such as ethos and
culture. 124 They stated:
A Health Promoting School framework across Victoria warrants further widespread
implementation via Health and Education department collaboration. This is not a prescriptive
approach, but requires a basis of core values and principles that enable the reflection of local
cultural, organisational and political considerations. This must be supported by high level
leadership and appropriate resourcing. 125

2.49. The Australian Health Promotion Association (Victorian Branch) and Australian
Health Promoting Schools Association suggested that one of the foundations for
effective implementation of the Health Promoting Schools framework would be
strategies that clearly establish the expectations of what schools must accomplish in
order to participate in health promoting schools, and which also provide a clear
direction in terms of what specific actions are required. They therefore recommended
that the Victorian Government develop a health promoting school status indicator by
2015 which forms a component of accreditation and reporting guidelines. They
suggested that this status be realistic, achievable and measurable, and annually
audited. 126

120 Heart Foundation (Victoria), Written Submission, July 2009, 2.


121 Victorian Healthcare Association, Written Submission, July 2009, 4.
122 ibid.
123 Australian Health Promotion Association (Victorian Branch) and Australian Health Promoting Schools Association, Written

Submission, July 2009, 7.


124 ibid., 4.
125 ibid., 7.
126 ibid., 6.

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Developing opportunities for schools to become a focus for promoting healthy community living

2.50. The Committee notes that other countries have introduced similar indicators and
targets for participation in health promoting schools initiatives. For example, the UK
Government set a target that all schools would be participating in the National
Healthy Schools Program by 2009, and that 75 per cent of schools would have
achieved National Healthy School Status. 127 Similarly, the Scottish Executive set a
target in 2002 that all schools in Scotland were to be health promoting schools by
2007. In the same year, the Scottish Health Promoting Schools Unit was established
by the Scottish Executive, in partnership with the Health Education Board for
Scotland (now NHS Health Scotland), Learning and Teaching Scotland and the
Convention of Scottish Local Authorities. 128

2.51. The Committee recognises the Health Promoting Schools framework as a


comprehensive and useful tool for schools seeking to implement a whole-school
approach to health promotion. The framework is an international best practice
approach to health promotion within schools which is well understood and accepted
within the Victorian health community. It is less clear, however, how well the
framework is understood, accepted and utilised within the schools sector.

2.52. The Committee therefore recommends that the Department of Education and Early
Childhood Development review the development and implementation of the Health
Promoting Schools framework in Victorian schools, with the aim of:

establishing realistic goals and expectations for school health promotion;

guiding policy and practice at the regional and local level;

facilitating effective collaboration between the health and education sectors in


planning, implementing and evaluating health promotion activities within
schools;

identifying the health promotion competencies required by school staff to


successfully implement health promotion programs;

coordinating and sustaining the wide range of health and wellbeing programs
and services currently occurring in Victorian schools;

ensuring longer-term funding for proven school-based health promotion


programs and services; and

improving the dissemination of information and evidence, including case


studies and practical resources, about the effectiveness of health promotion
activities within schools.

2.53. The Committee believes that the above work should be underpinned by a signed
partnership agreement between the health and education departments, and the
establishment of a high level interdepartmental committee responsible for planning
and implementing a coordinated, systemic approach to health promotion within
Victorian government, Catholic and independent schools.

127 ibid., 10.


128 Learning and Teaching Scotland, Background.
http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/healthpromotingschools/practitioners/nationalguidance/background.asp (accessed 9 July
2010).

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Chapter 2The Health Promoting Schools framework

Conclusion
2.54. A central focus of the Committees inquiry was the International Union for Health
Promotion and Educations Health Promoting Schools framework. Health promoting
school communities aim to make a positive contribution to health and learning
through the interrelationships between three important areas: curriculum, teaching
and learning practices; school organisation, ethos and environment; and partnerships
and services. The Health Promoting Schools framework has been successfully
implemented by governments worldwide, and was presented as international best
practice throughout the Committees inquiry.

2.55. The Committee found that most Victorian schools are already involved in a varied
range of health promotion programs, activities and services. In some instances,
schools and local networks are formally applying the Health Promoting Schools
framework. The Committee welcomes these initiatives and believes that through a
more systemic approach, primary and secondary schools across Victoria could be
assisted to better plan, organise and implement their health education, health
promotion programs and student welfare initiatives.

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Developing opportunities for schools to become a focus for promoting healthy community living

30

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