Chapter 11

1 s2
11.1 Se( flexible, center ) = (B) IsI f
Es
355
= = 59.16 kN/m 2
( 2)( 3)
2
Given: = 4; B = = 1; s = 0.35; Es = 13,500 kN/m2
2
1 2s
I s = F1 + F2
1 s

L 3 H 4
m = = = 1.5; n = = =4
B 2 B 2

2 2

From Table 11.1, F1 = 0.454; from Table 11.2, F2 = 0.054.

1 ( 2)(0.4)
I s = 0.454 + (0.054) = 0.472
1 0 .4

Df 1.5 L
Also, with = = 0.75 and = 1.5, Table 11.3 gives If = 0.765. Hence,
B 2 B

1 0.4 2
S e ( flexible, center ) = (59.16)[(4)(1)] (0.472)(0.765) = 0.0053 m = 5.3 mm
13500

Se(rigid) = (0.93)(5.3) 4.93 mm

1 s2
11.2 As in Problem 11.1, S e ( rigid ) = 0.93 (B ) IsI f
Es

E s ( i ) z ( 3000 )( 6) + (1100 )(8) + (8500 )(10 )

Es = = = 4658 lb/in 2 = 670,752 lb/ft 2
z 24

Given: B = L = 6 ft; s = 0.3; = 4

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 100000
= = 2778 lb/ft 2
( 6)( 6)

B 6
B = = = 3 ft.
2 2

1 2s
I s = F1 + F2
1 s

L H 24
m = = 1; n = = =8
B B 6

2 2

From Table 11.1, F1 = 0.482; from Table 11.2, F2 = 0.02

1 ( 2)(0.3)
I s = 0.482 + (0.02) = 0.493
1 0 .3

Df 3
Also, = = 0.5. From Table 11.3, If 0.77. So,
B 6

1 0.3 2
S e ( rigid ) = (0.93)(2778)(4 3) (0.493)(0.77) = 0.016 ft 0.2 in
670752

11.3 a. The plot of e vs. is shown.

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 b. c = 170 kN/m2

e1 e2 0.755 0.65
c. C c = = 0.35
2 16
log log
1 8

e1 e2 0.658 0.65
Cs = = = 0.026
2 16
log log

1 8

C s 0.026
= = 0.074
Cc 0.35

Ws 12 g
11.4 a. Height of solids: H s = = = 0.152 cm 0.06 in.
AG s w (4.91)(2.5 4) 2 ( 2.49 )(1)

Change in Final Hv
dial reading height, H Hs Hv = H Hs e=
Hs
(ton/ft2) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.)
0.063 0.0112 0.8013 0.06 0.7413 12.35
0.125 0.0059 0.7954 0.06 0.7354 12.25
0.250 0.0124 0.7830 0.06 0.723 12.05
0.500 0.0222 0.7608 0.06 0.7008 11.68
1.000 0.0324 0.7284 0.06 0.6684 11.14
2.000 0.0886 0.6398 0.06 0.5798 9.66
4.000 0.2105 0.4293 0.06 0.3693 6.15

The e-log graph is plotted on the following page.

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 b. From the graph, c = 1.8 ton/ft2

e1 e2 9.66 6.15
c. Cc = = = 11.66
2 4
log log

1 2

W 140
11.5 Ws = = = 117.6 g
1 + w 1 + 0.19

Ws 117.6
Hs = = = 1.375 cm
AGs w ( )(3.175) 2 (2.7)(1)

Final Hv
height, H Hs Hv = H Hs e=
Hs
(kg/cm2) (cm) (cm) (cm)
0.5 2.519 1.375 1.144 0.832
1.0 2.5 1.375 1.125 0.818
2.0 2.428 1.375 1.053 0.765
4.0 2.322 1.375 0.947 0.688
8.0 2.206 1.375 0.831 0.604
16.0 2.09 1.375 0.715 0.576

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 The e-log graph is plotted.

From the graph, c = 1.85 kg/cm2

e1 e2 0.688 0.604
Cc = = = 0.28
2 8
log log
1 4

Cc H +
11.6 a. S c = log o
1 + eo
o

Cc = 0.009(LL 10) = (0.009)(42 10) = 0.288

150
= = 16.67 kN/m 2
(3)(3)

( 2.72)(9.81)
d = = 15.7 kN/m 3
1 + 0 .7

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 (2.72 + 0.7)(9.81)
sat = = 19.73 kN/m 3
1 + 0 .7
8
o = (15.7)(1.5) + (19.73 9.81) = 63.23 kN/m 2
2

(0.288)(8) 63.23 + 16.67

Sc = log = 0.137 m
1 + 0.7 63.23

t + 4 m + b
11.7 Eq. (11.68): av
=
6

Eq. (10.35): = q I 4

L 3 B z
m1 = = = 1; b = = 1.5 m; n1 =
B 3 2 b

150 kN
q= = 16.67 kN/m 2
(3)(3)

B z
b= n1 =
m1 z 2 b q I4 = qI4
(m) (m) (kN/m2) (Table 10.9) (kN/m2)
1 0.0 1.5 0 16.67 1.0 16.67
1 4.0 1.5 2.67 16.67 0.231 3.85
1 8.0 1.5 5.33 16.67 0.065 1.08

16.67 + (4 3.85) + 1.08

av
= = 5.52 kN/m2
6

(0.288)(8) 63.23 + 5.52

Sc = log = 0.049 m
1 + 0.7 63.23

18
11.8 a. o = (6)(114) + (12)(118) + (117) (12 + 9)(62.4) = 1842.6 lb/ft 2
2

Cc = 0.009(LL 10) = (0.009)(38 10) = 0.252

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 (0.252)(18) 1842.6 + 550
Sc = log = 0.297 ft. 3.5 in.
1 + 0.73 1842.6

Cs H C H +
b. Sc = log c + c log o
1 + eo o 1 + eo c

0.252
(18)
5 2200 (0.252)(18) 1842.6 + 550
= log + log
1.73 1842.6 1.73 2200
= 0.135 ft 1.63 in.

G s w (2.66)(9.81)
11.9 d (sand) = = = 15.81 kN/m 3
1+ e 1 + 0.65

(Gs 1) w (2.66 1)(9.81)

=
sand = = 9.87 kN/m 3
1+ e 1.65

(Gs 1) w (2.74 1)(9.81)

=
clay = = 8.62 kN/m 3
1+ e 1 + 0.98

6
o = (2)(15.81) + (4)(9.87) + (8.62) = 96.96 kN/m 2
2

Cc = 0.009(LL 10) = (0.009)(54 10) = 0.396

Cs H C H +
Sc = log c + c log o
1 + eo o 1 + eo c

0.396
( 6)
6 150 (0.396)(6) 96.96 + 85
= log + log
1.98 96.96 1.98 150
= 0.138 m 13.8 cm

e1 e2 1.22 0.97
11.10 C c = = = 0.784
2 225
log log

1 108

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 e1 e3
Cc =

log 3
1
300
e3 = e1 C c log 3 = 1.22 0.784 log = 0.872
1 108

0.92 0.77
11.11 Cc = = 0.498
3
log
1.5

4.5
e3 = 0.92 0.498 log = 0.682
1.5

11.12 The plot of elog is shown.

o = 70 kN/m2; e1 = 0.93;

o + = 250 kN/m2; e = 0.79

e = 0.93 0.79 = 0.14

He (2)(0.14)
Sc = =
1 + eo 1 + 0.93

= 0.145 m

cv t
11.13 Tv = ; U = 75%; Tv = 0.477 (Table 11.7)
H dr2

(0.24 cm 2 /min)(t )
0.477 = 2 ; t = 178,875 min = 124.2 days
600
cm
2

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 e

av
11.14 a. mv = =
1 + eav 1 + eav

e = e1 e2 = 0.92 0.77 = 0.15

= 2 1 = 3 1.5 = 1.5 ton/ft2

0.92 + 0.77
eav = = 0.845
2
0.15

av 1.5
mv = = = 0.054 ft 2 /ton
1 + eav 1 + 0.845

k
b. cv = = 0.001085 in.2 /sec = 7.534 10-6 ft 2 / sec
mv w

k
7.534 x 10-6 ft 2 /sec =
62.4
0.054 ft 2 /ton ton/ft
3

2000
k = 1.27 10-8 ft/sec

11.15 In the laboratory:

cv t65
T65 =
H dr2

(cv )(10 min)

0.304 = 2
; cv = 2.74 10 6 m 2 /min
0.019
m
2

U = 40%; T40 = 0.126 (Table 11.7)

In the field:

cv t 40
T40 =
H dr2

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 ( 2.74 10 6 m 2 /min)(t 40 )
0.126 =
(4 m) 2

t40 = 735,766 min = 511 days

e

av
11.16 a. mv = =
1 + eav 1 + eav

e = 0.9 0.75 = 0.15

= 1.5 0.5 = 1 ton/ft 2

0.9 + 0.75
eav = = 0.825
2

0.15

1
mv = = 0.082 ft 2 /ton
1 + 0.825

k (6 107 )(0.0328) ft/sec

cv = =
mv w 62.4
(0.082 ft 2 /ton) ton/ft 3
2000
= 7.69 10 ft /sec = 0.664 ft / day
-6 2 2

Tv H dr2 (0.197)(12) 2
t50 = = = 44 days
cv 0.644

e1 e2 0.9 0.75
b. C c = = = 0.31
2 1.5
log log
1 0.5

Cc H + (0.31)(12) 1.5
Sc = log o = log = 0.934 ft
1 + eo o 1 + 0.9 0.5

Sc at 50% = (0.5)(0.934) = 0.467 ft 5.6 in.

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 e 0.85 0.71

av 250 125
11.17 mv = = = = 6.29 10 -4 m 2 /kN
1 + eav 1 + eav 0.85 + 0.71
1+
2

2
0.025
(0.403)
T70 H dr2 2
cv = = = 1.31 10 5 m 2 /min
t 70 4 .8

k = cv mv w = (6.29 10-4 m2/kN)(1.31 10-5 m2/min)(9.81 kN/m3)

= 8.08 10-8 m/min

cv t90 c (180)
11.18 a. T90 = 2
; 0.848 = v 2
H dr 15

2

cv = 0.265 ft2/day

cv t 65
b. T65 =
H dr2

From Table 11.7, U = 65%; T65 = 0.119

2
0.75
2
(0.119) ft
T H
t65 = 65 dr = (2)(12) = 4.38 10-4 day 38 sec
cv 0.265

t + 4 m + b
11.19 a. Eq. (11.68): av
=
6

Eq. (10.35): = q I 4

L 2 B z
m1 = = = 1; b = = 1.0 m; n1 =
B 2 2 b

300 kN
q= = 75 kN/m 2
(2)(2)

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 B
b= z
m1 z 2 n1 = q I4 = qI4
(m) b (kN/m2) (Table 10.9) (kN/m2)
(m)
1 1.0 1.0 1.0 75 0.701 52.57
1 2.0 1.0 2.0 75 0.336 25.2
1 3.0 1.0 3.0 75 0.179 13.42

52.57 + ( 4 25.2) + 13.42

av
= = 27.8 kN/m2
6

(1 + w ) wGs (1 + 0.24)(9.81)(2.74)
b. sat clay = = = 20.1 kN/m3
1 + wGs 1 + (0.24)(2.74)

2
o = (1)(14) + (1)(17 9.81) + (20.1 9.81) = 31.48 kN/m2
2

Cc = 0.009(LL 10) = (0.009)(46 10) = 0.324

Since o c , the clay is overconsolidated

Cs H C H +
Sc = log c + c log o
1 + eo o 1 + eo c

0.324
( 2 )
5 40 (0.324)( 2) 31.48 + 27.8
= log + log
1 + 0.657 31.48 1 + 0.657 40
= 0.0749 m 75 mm

19
c. U (%) = (100) = 25.3%
75

cv t
d. Tv = ; U = 25.3%; Tv = 0.0503 (Table 11.7)
H dr2

(cv )(365)
0.0503 =
(1 m)2

cv = 1.378 10-4 m2/day

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 (0.0001378)( 2)(365)
e. Tv = 2
= 0.1
2

2

Table (11.7): U (%) 36%

S
U (%) = c (t ) (100); S c (t ) = (0.36)(75) = 27 mm
Sc

CRITICAL THINKING PROBLEM

11.C.1 a. For the clay layer:

t + 4 m + b
Eq. (11.68): av
=
6

Eq. (10.35): = q I 4

L 10 B z
m1 = = = 1; b = = 5 m; n1 =
B 10 2 b

q = (2)(19) = 38 kN/m2

B
b= z
m1 z 2 n1 = q I4 = qI4
(m) b (kN/m2) (Table 10.9) (kN/m2)
(m)
1 4 5 0.8 38.0 0.8 30.4
1 6 5 1.2 38.0 0.606 23.02
1 8 5 1.6 38.0 0.449 17.06

30.4 + ( 4 23.02) + 17.06

av
= = 23.25 kN/m2
6

4
o = (2)(15) + (2)(17) + (18) (2 + 2)(9.81) = 60.76 kN/m 2
2

(0.36)(4) 60.76 + 23.25

Sc clay = log = 0.096 m
1 + 1.1 60.76

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 For the peat layer:

L 10 B z
m1 = = = 1; b = = 5 m; n1 =
B 10 2 b

q = (2)(19) = 38 kN/m2

B
b= z
m1 z 2 n1 = q I4 = qI4
(m) b (kN/m2) (Table 10.9) (kN/m2)
(m)
1 8 5 1.6 38.0 0.449 17.06
1 9 5 1.8 38.0 0.388 14.74
1 10 5 2.0 38.0 0.336 12.76

17.06 + (4 14.74) + 12.76

av
= = 14.8 kN/m2
6

o = (2)(15) + (2)(17) + (4)(18) + (1)(16) (7)(9.81) = 83.33 kN/m2

(6.6)(2) 83.33 + 14.8

Scpeat = log = 0.136 m
1 + 5.9 83.33

Total consolidation settlement, Sc = 0.096 + 0.136 = 0.232 m

b. For the clay layer, a double drainage condition is assumed since the bottom
peat layer has high void ratio and considered permeable.

( H dr2 )(T99 ) (2002 )(1.781)

t99clay = = = 23,746,666 sec 275 days
cv 0.003
For the peat layer, a single drainage is assumed since the top layer is
considered to have relatively low permeability.

( H dr2 )(T99 ) ( 2002 )(1.781)

t99 peat = = = 2,849,600 sec 33 days
cv 0.025

c. Secondary compression in clay:

+ 60.76 + 23.25
eprimary = C c log 0 = 0.36 log = 0.0506
0 60.76

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 e p = e0 eprimary = 1.1 0.0506 = 1.049

C 0.03
C = = = 0.0146
1 + e p 1 + 1.049

t ( 2)( 365)
S s clay = C H log 2 = (0.0146 )( 4) log = 0.0247 m
t1 275

Secondary compression in peat:

+ 83.33 + 14.8
eprimary = C c log 0 = 6.6 log = 0.468

0 83 . 33

e p = e0 eprimary = 5.9 0.468 = 5.432

C 0.263
C = = = 0.0408
1 + e p 1 + 5.432

t ( 2)( 365)
S s peat = C H log 2 = (0.0408)( 2) log = 0.109 m
t1 33

d. Total settlement:

Sc + Ss-clay + Ss-peat = 0.232 + 0.0247 + 0.109 = 0.365 m

e. Time factor in 3 months:

cv t (0.003)(3)(30)(24)(3600)
Tv = = = 0.583
H dr2 2002

Determine the degree of consolidation, Uz from Figure 11.25:

z 3
= = 1.5 ; Uz 0.85
H dr 2

uz
Eq. 11.57: U z = 1
u0

Initial excess pore water pressure, u0 = 23.25 kN/m2

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 u z = (1 U z )u0 = (1 0.85)(23.25) = 3.487 kN/m2 = remaining excess pore
water pressure at point A after 3 months.

The increase in effective stress after 3 months = 23.25 3.487 = 19.76 kN/m2

o = (2)(15) + (2)(17) + (3)(18) (2 + 3)(9.81) = 68.95 kN/m2

Therefore, the final effective stress after 3 months = 68.95 + 19.76

= 88.71 kN/m2

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