Chapter 21-C Language1-2oP PDF

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K.
Sinha & Priti Sinha
Computer Fundamentals
Pradeep K. Sinha
Priti Sinha
Chapter 21
Introduction to C
Programming
Language
Chapter 21: Introduction to C Programming Languages Slide 1/76
Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn about:

Features of C
Various constructs and their syntax
Data types and operators in C
Control and Loop Structures in C
Functions in C
Writing programs in C
1
Basic Features and Rules
Features of C
Reliable, simple, and easy to use

Has virtues of high-level programming language with
efficiency of assembly language
Supports user-defined data types
Supports modular and structured programming concepts
Supports a rich library of functions
Supports pointers with pointer operations
Supports low-level memory and device access
Small and concise language
Standardized by several international standards body
Ref. Page 424 Chapter 21: Introduction to C Programming Languages Slide 4/76
2
C Character Set
Category Valid Characters Total
Uppercase alphabets A, B, C, , Z 26
Lowercase alphabets a, b, c, , z 26
Digits 0, 1, 2, , 9 10
~ `! @ # % ^ & * ( ) _
Special characters 31
+ = | \ {}[ ]:; " ' < > , . ? /
93
Constants
Constant is a value that never changes

Three primitive types of constants supported in C are:
Integer
Real
Character
3
Rules for Constructing Integer
Constants
Must have at least one digit
+ or sign is optional
No special characters (other than + and sign) are
allowed
Allowable range is:
-32768 to 32767 for integer and short integer
constants (16 bits storage)
-2147483648 to 2147483647 for long integer
constants (32 bits storage)
Examples are: 8, +17, -6

Rules for Constructing Real
Constants in Fractional Form
Must have at least one digit

Must have one and only one decimal point
+ or sign is optional
No special characters (other than + and sign) are
allowed
Examples are: 5.3, +18.59, -0.46
4
Rules for Constructing Real Constants
in Exponential Form
Has two parts mantissa and exponent - separated by

e or E
Mantissa part is constructed by the rules for constructing
real constants in fractional form
Exponent part is constructed by the rules for
constructing integer constants
Allowable range is -3.4e38 to 3.4e38
Examples are: 8.6e5, +4.3E-8, -0.1e+4

Rules for Constructing Character
Constants
Single character from C character set

Enclosed within single inverted comma (also
called single quote) punctuation mark
Examples are: A a 8 %
5
Variables
A C variable is an entity whose value may vary during
program execution
It has a name and type associated with it
Variable name specifies programmer given name to
the memory area allocated to a variable
Variable type specifies the type of values a variable
can contain
Example: In i = i + 5, i is a variable
Rules for Constructing Variable Names
Can have 1 to 31 characters

Only alphabets, digits, and underscore (as in last_name)
characters are allowed
Names are case sensitive (nNum and nNUM are different)
First character must be an alphabet
Underscore is the only special character allowed
Keywords cannot be used as variable names
Examples are: I saving_2007 ArrSum
6
Data Types Used for Variable Type
Declaration
Data Minimum Storage

Used for Variables that can contain
Type Allocated
int 2 bytes (16 bits) integer constants in the range

-32768 to 32767
short 2 bytes (16 bits) integer constants in the range
-32768 to 32767
long 4 bytes (32 bits) integer constants in the range
-2147483648 to 2147483647
float 4 bytes (32 bits) real constants with minimum 6 decimal digits
precision
double 8 bytes (64 bits) real constants with minimum 10 decimal
digits precision
char 1 byte (8 bits) character constants
enum 2 bytes (16 bits) Values in the range -32768 to 32767
void No storage allocated No value assigned
Variable Type Declaration Examples
int count;
short index;
long principle;
float area;
double radius;
char c;
7
Standard Qualifiers in C
Category Modifier Description
Lifetime auto Temporary variable

register Attempt to store in processor register, fast access
static Permanent, initialized
extern Permanent, initialized but declaration elsewhere
Modifiability const Cannot be modified once created

volatile May be modified by factors outside program
Sign signed + or
unsigned + only
Size short 16 bits

long 32 bits

Lifetime and Visibility Scopes of
Variables
Lifetime of all variables (except those declared as static) is

same as that of function or statement block it is declared in
Lifetime of variables declared in global scope and static is
same as that of the program
Variable is visible and accessible in the function or
statement block it is declared in
Global variables are accessible from anywhere in program
Variable name must be unique in its visibility scope
Local variable has access precedence over global variable of
same name
8
Keywords
Keywords (or reserved words) are predefined words whose
meanings are known to C compiler
C has 32 keywords
Keywords cannot be used as variable names
auto double int struct

break else long switch
case enum register typedef
char extern return union
const float short unsigned
continue for signed void
default goto sizeof volatile
do if static while
Comments
Comments are enclosed within / and /
Comments are ignored by the compiler
Comment can also split over multiple lines
Example: / This is a comment statement /
9
Operators
Operators
Operators in C are categorized into data access,
arithmetic, logical, bitwise, and miscellaneous
Associativity defines the order of evaluation when
operators of same precedence appear in an expression
a = b = c = 15, = has R L associativity
First c = 15, then b = c, then a = b is evaluated
Precedence defines the order in which calculations
involving two or more operators is performed
x + y z , is performed before +
10
Arithmetic Operators
Operator Meaning with Example Associativity Precedence
+ Addition; x+y LR 4
- Subtraction; x-y LR 4
Multiplication; xy LR 3
/ Division; x/y LR 3
% Remainder (or Modulus); x%y LR 3
++ Increment;
x++ means post-increment (increment LR 1
the value of x by 1 after using its value);
++x means pre-increment (increment the RL 2

value of x by 1 before using its value)
Associativit
Operator Meaning with Example Precedence
y
-- Decrement;
x-- means post-decrement (decrement LR 1
the value of x by 1 after using its value);
--x means pre-decrement (decrement RL 2
the value of x by 1 before using its value)
= x = y means assign the value of y to x RL 14

+= x += 5 means x = x + 5 RL 14
-= x -= 5 means x = x - 5 RL 14
= x = 5 means x = x 5 RL 14
/= x /= 5 means x = x / 5 RL 14
%= x %= 5 means x = x % 5 RL 14
11
Logical Operators
Logical Operators
! Reverse the logical value of a single variable; RL 2
!x means if the value of x is non-zero, make it
zero; and if it is zero, make it one
> Greater than; x>y LR 6
< Less than; x<y LR 6
>= Greater than or equal to; x >= y LR 6
<= Less than or equal to; x <= y LR 6
== Equal to; x == y LR 7
!= Not equal to; x != y LR 7
&& AND; x && y means both x and y should be LR 11
true (non-zero) for result to be true
|| OR; x || y means either x or y should be true LR 12
(non-zero) for result to be true
z?x:y If z is true (non-zero), then the value returned RL 13

is x, otherwise the value returned is y
Bitwise Operators
Bitwise Operators
~ Complement; ~x means RL 2
All 1s are changed to 0s and 0s to 1s
& AND; x & y means x AND y LR 8
| OR; x | y means x OR y LR 10
^ Exclusive OR; x ^ y means x y LR 9

<< Left shift; x << 4 means shift all bits in x LR 5
four places to the left
>> Right shift; x >> 3 means shift all bits LR 5
in x three places to the right
&= x &= y means x = x & y RL 14
|= x |= y means x = x | y RL 14
^= x ^= y means x = x ^ y RL 14
<<= x <<= 4 means shift all bits in x four places RL 14
to the left and assign the result to x
>>= x >>= 3 means shift all bits in x three RL 14
places to the right and assign the result to x
12
Data Access Operators
Data Access Operators
x[y] Access yth element of array x; y starts LR 1

from zero and increases monotically up
to one less than declared size of array
x.y Access the member variable y of LR 1
structure x
x y Access the member variable y of LR 1

structure x
&x Access the address of variable x RL 2
*x Access the value stored in the storage RL 2

location (address) pointed to by pointer
variable x
Miscellaneous Operators
Associativit Precedenc
Operator Meaning with Example
y e
Miscellaneous Operators
x(y) Evaluates function x with argument y LR 1
sizeof (x) Evaluate the size of variable x in bytes RL 2
sizeof (type) Evaluate the size of data type type RL 2

in bytes
(type) x Return the value of x after converting RL 2

it from declared data type of variable
x to the new data type type
x,y Sequential operator (x then y) LR 15
13
Statements
Statements
C program is a combination of statements written
between { and } braces
Each statement performs a set of operations
Null statement, represented by ; or empty {} braces,
does not perform any operation
A simple statement is terminated by a semicolon ;
Compound statements, called statement block, perform
complex operations combining null, simple, and other
block statements
14
Examples of Statements
a = (x + y) 10; / simple statement /
if (sell > cost) / compound statement follows /

{
profit = sell cost;
printf (profit is %d, profit);
}
else /* null statement follows /
{
}
I/O Operations
15
Simple I/O Operations
C has no keywords for I/O operations

Provides standard library functions for performing all I/O
operations

Basic Library Functions for I/O
Operations
I/O Library
Meanings
Functions
getch() Inputs a single character (most recently typed) from standard input (usually
console).
getche() Inputs a single character from console and echoes (displays) it.
getchar() Inputs a single character from console and echoes it, but requires Enter key to be
typed after the character.
putchar() or Outputs a single character on console (screen).
putch()
scanf() Enables input of formatted data from console (keyboard). Formatted input data
means we can specify the data type expected as input. Format specifiers for
different data types are given in Figure 21.6.
printf() Enables obtaining an output in a form specified by programmer (formatted
output). Format specifiers are given in Figure 21.6. Newline character \n is
used in printf() to get the output split over separate lines.
gets() Enables input of a string from keyboard. Spaces are accepted as part of the input
string, and the input string is terminated when Enter key is hit. Note that although
scanf() enables input of a string of characters, it does not accept multi-word
strings (spaces in-between).
puts() Enables output of a multi-word string
16
Basic Format Specifiers for
scanf() and printf()
Format
Data Types
Specifiers
%d integer (short signed)
%u integer (short unsigned)
%ld integer (long signed)
%lu integer (long unsigned)
%f real (float)
%lf real (double)
%c character
%s string
Formatted I/O Example

/ A portion of C program to illustrate formatted input and output /
int maths, science, english, total;

float percent;
clrscr(); / A C library function to make the screen clear /

printf ( Maths marks = ); / Displays Maths marks = /
scanf ( %d, &maths); / Accepts entered value and stores in variable maths /
printf ( \n Science marks = ); / Displays Science marks = on next line because of \n /
scanf ( %d, &science); / Accepts entered value and stores in variable science /
printf ( \n English marks = ); / Displays English marks = on next line because of \n /
scanf ( %d, &english); / Accepts entered value and stores in variable english /
total = maths + science + english;

percent = total/3; / Calculates percentage and stores in variable percent /
printf ( \n Percentage marks obtained = %f, percent);

/ Displays Percentage marks obtained = 85.66 on next line
because of \n /
(Continued on next slide)
17
Formatted I/O Example

Output:
Maths marks = 92
Science marks = 87
English marks = 78
Percentage marks obtained = 85.66
Preprocessor Directives
18
Preprocessor Directives
Preprocessor is a program that prepares a program for
the C compiler
Examples of some common preprocessor directives in C
are:
Preprocessor
Use
directive
Used to look for a file and place its
#include contents at the location where this
preprocessor directives is used
#define Used for macro expansion

Used for conditional compilation of
#ifdef..#endif
segments of a program
Examples of Preprocessor Directives

#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.1415
#define AND &&
#define ADMIT printf (The candidate can be admitted);
#ifdef WINDOWS
.
.
.
Code specific to windows operating system
.
.
.
#else
.
.
.
Code specific to Linux operating system
.
.
.
#endif
.
.
.
Code common to both operating systems
19
Standard Preprocessor
Directives in C
Preprocessor Directive Meaning Category
# Null directive
#error message Prints message when processed
Simple
#line linenum filename Used to update code line number and filename
#pragma name Compiler specific settings
#include filename Includes content of another file File
#define macro/string Define a macro or string substitution
#undef macro Removes a macro definition Macro
#if expr Includes following lines if expr is true

# elif expr Includes following lines if expr is true
#else Handles otherwise conditions of #if
Conditional
#endif Closes #if or #elif block
#ifdef macro Includes following lines if macro is defined
#ifndef imacro Includes following lines if macro is not defined
# String forming operator
## Token pasting operator Operators
defined same as #ifdef
Pointers, Arrays and

Strings
20
Pointers
C pointers allow programmers to directly access
memory addresses where variables are stored
Pointer variable is declared by adding a symbol
before the variable name while declaring it.
If p is a pointer to a variable (e.g. int i, *p = i;)
Using p means address of the storage location of
the pointed variable
Using p means value stored in the storage location
of the pointed variable
Operator & is used with a variable to mean variables
address, e.g. &i gives address of variable i
Illustrating Pointers Concept
1000 62 i
Location Location Location

address contents name
Address of i = 1000
Value of i = 62
int i = 62;
int p;
int j;
p = &i; / p becomes 1000 /
j = p; / j becomes 62 /
j = 0; / j becomes zero /
j = (&i) / j becomes 62 /
21
Array
An array is a collection of fixed number of elements in

which all elements are of the same data type
It is a homogeneous, linear, and contiguous memory
structure
Its elements can be referred to by using their subscript
or index position that is monotonic in nature
First element is always denoted by subscript value of 0
(zero), increasing monotonically up to one less than
declared size of array
Before using an array, its type and dimension must be
declared
An array can also be declared as multi-dimensional such
as Matrix2D[10][10]
Illustrating Arrays Concept

1010 92 1005 Y
1008 63 1004 A
1012 10.25
1006 82 1003 B
1008 250.00
1004 66 1002 M
1004 155.50
1002 84 1001 O
1000 82.75
1000 45 1000 B
int marks[6]; float price[4]; char city[6];
Each element Each element Each element

being an int being a float being a char
occupies 2 bytes occupies 4 bytes occupies 1 byte
marks[0] = 45 price[0] = 82.75 city[0] = B

marks[1] = 84 price[1] = 155.50 city[1] = O
. . .
. . .
. . .
marks[5] = 92 price[3] = 10.25 city[5] = Y
(a) An array of (b) An array of (c) An array of

integers having real numbers characters
6 elements having 4 elements having 6 elements
22
String
A string is a one-dimensional array of characters
terminated by a null character (\0)
It is initialized at declaration as
char name[] = PRADEEP;
Its individual elements can be accessed in the same way
as we access array elements such as name[3] = D
Strings are used for text processing
C provides a rich set of string handling library functions
Library Functions for String Handling
Library Function Used To

strlen Obtain the length of a string
strlwr Convert all characters of a string to lowercase
strupr Convert all characters of a string to uppercase
strcat Concatenate (append) one string at the end of another
strncat Concatenate only first n characters of a string at the end of another
strcpy Copy a string into another
strncpy Copy only the first n characters of a string into another
strcmp Compare two strings
strncmp Compare only first n characters of two strings
stricmp Compare two strings without regard to case
strnicmp Compare only first n characters of two strings without regard to case
strdup Duplicate a string
strchr Find first occurrence of a given character in a string
strrchr Find last occurrence of a given character in a string
strstr Find first occurrence of a given string in another string
strset Set all characters of a string to a given character
strnset Set first n characters of a string to a given character
strrev Reverse a string
23
User Defined Data Types
User Defined Data Types (UDTs)
UDT is composite data type whose composition is not

included in language specification
Programmer declares them in a program where they are
used
Two types of UDTs are:
Structure
Union
24
Structure
It is a UDT containing a number of data types grouped
together
Its constituents data types may or may not be of different
types
It has continuous memory allocation and its minimum size
is the sum of sizes of its constituent data types
All elements (member variable) of a structure are publicly
accessible
Each member variable can be accessed using . (dot)
operator or pointer (EmpRecord.EmpID or EmpRecord
EmpID)
It can have a pointer member variable of its own type,
which is useful in crating linked list and similar data
structures
Structure (Examples)
struct Employee struct Employee
{ {
int EmpID; int EmpID;
char EmpName[20]; char EmpName[20];
}; } EmpRecord;
Struct Employee EmpRecord;

Struct Employee pempRecord = &EmpRecord;
25
Union
It is a UDT referring to same memory location using several
data types
It is a mathematical union of all constituent data types
Each data member begins at the same memory location
Minimum size of a union variable is the size of its largest
constituent data types
Each member variable can be accessed using , (dot)
operator
Section of memory can be treated as a variable of one type
on one occasion, and of another type on another occasion
Union Example
unionNum
{
int intNum;
unsigned
unsNum
};
union Num Number;
26
Difference Between Structure and
Union
Both group a number of data types together
Structure allocates different memory space contiguously
to different data types in the group
Union allocates the same memory space to different
data types in the group
Control Structures
27
Control Structures
Control structures (branch statements) are decision
points that control the flow of program execution based
on:
Some condition test (conditional branch)
Without condition test (unconditional branch)
They ensure execution of other statement/block or
cause skipping of some statement/block
Conditional Branch Statements
if is used to implement simple one-way test. It can be in

one of the following forms:
if..stmt
if..stmt1..else..stmt2
if..stmt1..else..if..stmtn
switch facilitates multi-way condition test and is very
similar to the third if construct when primary test object
remains same across all condition tests
28
Examples of if Construct
if (i <= 0) if (i <= 0)
i++; i++;
else if (i >= 0)
j++;
if (i <= 0) else
i++; k++;
else
j++;
Example of switch Construct
switch(ch) Same thing can be written also using if

{ construct as:
case A:
case B: if (ch == A || ch == B || ch == C)
case C: printf(Capital);
printf(Capital); else if (ch == a || ch == b || ch == c)
break; printf(Small);
case a: else
case b: printf(Not cap or small);
case c:
printf(Small);
break;
default:
printf(Not cap or small);
}
29
Unconditional Branch Statements

Break: Causes unconditional exit from for, while, do,
or switch constructs. Control is transferred to
the statement immediately outside the block
in which break appears.
Continue: Causes unconditional transfer to next
iteration in a for, while, or do construct.
Control is transferred to the statement
beginning the block in which continue
appears.
Goto label: Causes unconditional transfer to statement
marked with the label within the function.
Unconditional Branch Statements
Return [value/variable]: Causes immediate termination of

function in which it appears and
transfers control to the statement
that called the function. Optionally,
it provides a value compatible to
the functions return data type.
30
Loop Structures
Loop Structures
Loop statements are used to repeat the execution of

statement or blocks
Two types of loop structures are:
Pretest: Condition is tested before each iteration to
check if loop should occur
Posttest: Condition is tested after each iteration to
check if loop should continue (at least, a single
iteration occurs)
31
Pretest Loop Structures
for: It has three parts:

Initializer is executed at start of loop
Loop condition is tested before iteration to
decide whether to continue or terminate the
loop
Incrementor is executed at the end of each
iteration
While: It has a loop condition only that is tested
before each iteration to decide whether to
continue or terminate the loop

Examples of for and while
Constructs
for (i=0; i < 10; i++)

printf(i = %d, i);
while (i < 10)

{
printf(i = %d, i);
i++;
}
32
Posttest Loop Construct
dowhile
It has a loop condition only that is tested after each
iteration to decide whether to continue with next
iteration or terminate the loop
Example of dowhile is:
do {
printf(i = %d, i);
i++;
} while (i < 10) ;
Functions
33
Functions
Functions (or subprograms) are building blocks of a
program
All functions must be declared and defined before use
Function declaration requires function name, argument
list, and return type
Function definition requires coding the body or logic of
function
Every C program must have a main function. It is the
entry point of the program
Example of a Function
int myfunc ( int Val, int ModVal )
{
unsigned temp;
temp = Val % ModVal;
return temp;
}
This function can be called from any other place using

simple statement:
int n = myfunc(4, 2);
34
Sample C Program (Program-1)

/ Program to accept an integer from console and to display
whether the number is even or odd /
# include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int number, remainder;
clrscr(); / clears the console screen /
printf (Enter an integer: );
scanf (%d, &number);
remainder = number % 2;
if (remainder == 0)
printf (\n The given number is even);
else
printf (\n The given number is odd);
getch();
}

/ Program to accept an integer in the range 1 to 7 (both inclusive) from
console and to display the corresponding day (Monday for 1, Tuesday for
2, Wednesday for 3, and so on). If the entered number is out of range,
the program displays a message saying that /
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
#define MON printf (\n Entered number is 1 hence day is MONDAY);

#define TUE printf (\n Entered number is 2 hence day is TUESDAY);
#define WED printf (\n Entered number is 3 hence day is WEDNESDAY);
#define THU printf (\n Entered number is 4 hence day is THURSDAY);
#define FRI printf (\n Entered number is 5 hence day is FRIDAY);
#define SAT printf (\n Entered number is 6 hence day is SATURDAY);
#define SUN printf (\n Entered number is 7 hence day is SUNDAY);
#define OTH printf (\n Entered number is out of range);
void main()
{
int day;
clrscr();
printf (Enter an integer in the range 1 to 7);
scanf (%d, &day);
35

switch(day)
{
Case 1:
MON;
break;
Case 2:
TUE;
break;
Case 3:
WED;
break;
Case 4:
THU;
break;
Case 5:
FRI;
break;
Case 6:
SAT;
break;
Case 7:
SUN;
break;
default:
OTH;
}
getch();
}

/ Program to accept the radius of a circle from console and to calculate
and display its area and circumference /
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# define PI 3.1415
void main()
{
float radius, area, circum;
clrscr();
printf (Enter the radius of the circle: );
scanf (%f, &radius);
area = PI radius radius;
circum = 2 PI radius;
printf (\n Area and circumference of the circle are %f
and %f respectively, area, circum);
getch();
}
36

/ Program to accept a string from console and to display the number of
vowels in the string /
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <string.h>
void main()
{
char input_string[50]; / maximum 50 characters /
int len;
int i = 0, cnt = 0;
clrscr();
printf (Enter a string of less than 50 characters: \n);
gets (input_string);
len = strlen (input_string);
for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
switch (input_string[i])

{
case a:
case e:
case i:
case o:
case u:
case A:
case E:
case I:
case O:
case U:
cnt++
}
}
printf (\n Number of vowels in the string are: %d, cnt);
getch();
}
37

/ Program to illustrate use of a user defined function. The program initializes an array of n elements
from 0 to n-1 and then calculates and prints the sum of the array elements. In this example n = 10 /
#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 10
int ArrSum(int *p, int n);

{
int s, tot = 0;
for(s = 0; s < n; s++)
{
tot += *p;
p++;
}
return tot;
}
int main()
{
int i = 0, sum = 0;
int nArr[SIZE] = {0};
while(i < SIZE)
{
nArr[i] = i;
i++
}
sum = ArrSum(nArr, SIZE);
printf("Sum of 0 to 9 = %d\n", sum);
return 0;
}
Key Words/Phrases
Arithmetic operators Main function
Arrays Member element
Assignment operators Null statement
Bit-level manipulation Operator associativity
Bitwise operators Operator precedence
Branch statement Pointer
Character set Posttest loop
Comment statement Preprocessor directives
Compound statement Pretest loop
Conditional branch Primitive data types
Conditional compilation Reserved words
Constants Simple statement
Control structures Statement block
Format specifiers Strings
Formatted I/O Structure data type
Function Unconditional branch
Keywords Union data type
Library functions User-defined data types
Logical operators Variable name
Loop structures Variable type declaration
Macro expansion Variables
38

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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K.

Sinha & Priti Sinha

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

In this chapter you will learn about:

Chapter 21: Introduction to C Programming Languages Slide 2/76

Basic Features and Rules

Chapter 21: Introduction to C Programming Languages Slide 3/76

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Reliable, simple, and easy to use

Category Valid Characters Total

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Constant is a value that never changes

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Must have at least one digit

Has two parts mantissa and exponent - separated by

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Single character from C character set

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Rules for Constructing Variable Names

Can have 1 to 31 characters

Data Minimum Storage

int 2 bytes (16 bits) integer constants in the range

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Variable Type Declaration Examples

Category Modifier Description

Lifetime auto Temporary variable

Modifiability const Cannot be modified once created

Size short 16 bits

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Lifetime of all variables (except those declared as static) is

auto double int struct

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Chapter 21: Introduction to C Programming Languages Slide 19/76

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

++x means pre-increment (increment the RL 2

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

= x = y means assign the value of y to x RL 14

z?x:y If z is true (non-zero), then the value returned RL 13

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Data Access Operators

Operator Meaning with Example Associativity Precedence

Data Access Operators

x[y] Access yth element of array x; y starts LR 1

x y Access the member variable y of LR 1

&x Access the address of variable x RL 2

*x Access the value stored in the storage RL 2

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

x(y) Evaluates function x with argument y LR 1

sizeof (x) Evaluate the size of variable x in bytes RL 2

sizeof (type) Evaluate the size of data type type RL 2

(type) x Return the value of x after converting RL 2

x,y Sequential operator (x then y) LR 15

Chapter 21: Introduction to C Programming Languages Slide 27/76

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

a = (x + y) 10; / simple statement /

if (sell > cost) / compound statement follows /

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Chapter 21: Introduction to C Programming Languages Slide 30/76

Simple I/O Operations