08 Angular
08 Angular
look at 3 components
Lx yp z zp y i ( y
z z
y )
L y zpx xp z i ( z
x x
z )
Lz xp y yp x i ( x
y y
x )
operators do not necessarily commute
Lx L y L y Lx [ Lx , L y ]
2 [( y
z z
y )( z
x x
z )
(z
x x
z )( y
z z
y )]
i 2 ( y
x x
y ) iLz
P460 - angular momentum 2
Side note Polar Coordinates
Write down angular momentum components in polar coordinates
(Supp 7-B on web,E&R App M)
Lx i (sin f
cot cos f
f )
Ly i ( cos f
cot sin f
f )
Lz i f
and with some trig manipulations
L2 2 [ sin1 (sin ) sin12 f 2 ]
2
but same equations will be seen when solving angular part of S.E. and
so L2zYlm L2z lm m ml2 2Ylm
L2Ylm 2 [ sin1
(sin
) ml2
sin 2
]Ylm
l (l 1) 2Ylm
[ Ly , Ly ] [ Lx , Lx ] [ Lz , Lz ] 0
or [ Li , L j ] i ijk Lk
ijk tensor 0any indices same
1, all different
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1
0
,a
1
,b
0
,c
1
1 0 1 0
[ Li , L j ] i ijk Lk
Usually use Pauli spin matrices to represent. Note O(3) gives integer
solutions, SU(2) half-integer (and integer)
0 1 0 i
Lx
1
Ly
i
2
0 2
0
1 0
Lz
0
2
1
L 0 L
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1
1
0 1 0 0 0 1
P460 - angular momentum 15
Can also look at matrix representation for 3x3 orthogonal (real)
matrices
Choose Z component to be diagonal gives choice of matrices
L Lx iL y
1 0 0
Lz 0 0 0
0 1
0
1 1
Lz m m m Lz 0 1 0 ,
0 0
0 0 0 0
Lz 1 0 1 , Lz 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
L 0 0 , L 1 0 , L 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
L 0 1 , L 1 0 , L 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0
Lx 1
2 ( L L ) 1
2 1 0 1
0 0
1
0 i 0
Ly i
2 ( L L ) 1
2 i 0 i
0 0
i
L2
i LT
i Li
[ Lz , L ] L [ L2 , L ] 0
[ L , L ] 2Lz
Lz ( L g ) ( hbarL L Lz ) g
L g L mg ( m 1)( L g )
m for operators L
Lz g L l g L l 2l (l 1)
equate l l (l 1) l (l 1) l l
and show
C (l , m) (l m )( l m 1)
C (l , m) (l m )( l m 1)
and insert this into the second for the highest m state (m=l)
L l , l 0 0 eif ( i cot )Yll
f
eif ( i cot ) F ( ) eimf
f
eif eilf ( i cot (il )) F ( )
ei ( l 1)f ( l cot ) F ( )