Boiler CI Karti

Boiler Controls & Instrumentation
K Karthikeyan
K thik
Manager
Controls & Instrumentation
BHEL, Tiruchirappalli
Mail : [email protected]
Boiler C&I
PART I - BOILER BASICS
PART 2 - INSTRUMENTATION
PART 3 - CONTROLS
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Boiler C&I
BOILER BASICS
K Karthikeyan
Manager/C&I
a age /C&
BHEL Trichy

Boiler C&I
BOILER CLASSIFICATION

Boiler C&I
BHEL BOILERS
Power Boilers
Up to 600 MW rating(Coal, oil and gas fired - Subcritical)
Up to 800 MW - Supercritical
Nuclear steam generators

Up to 235 MW rating
Industrial boilers
Up to 450 Tonnes/hour rating
Fertilisers,, Petrochemical,, Steel & Paper
p industries
Wide range of fuels- Oil, Gas, BFG, Bagasse, Black liquor.

Boiler C&I

Schematic of a boiler
Boiler C&I

Boiler C&I
UTILITY BOILERS - ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS
Furnace & Circulation system

S
Superheaters
h t
Reheaters
Economiser
Airheaters
Fans
Pulverisers
Raw coal feeders
Fuel firing system
Sootblowers

Boiler C&I
CIRCULATION SYSTEMS
Natural circulation
Controlled circulation
Once
O through
h h
Circulation ratio :
Mass rate of water fed to the steam generating tubes
to the mass rate of steam generated.
Natural circulation 6
Controlled circ 4
Once through 1

BOILER CIRCULATION SYSTEMS

Boiler C&I
Fans
Types
- Centrifugal fans (Radial Flow fans)

Air enters parallel to axis and
leaves perpendicular to axis
- Axial flow fans

Air enters parallel to axis and
leaves parallel to axis

Boiler C&I
Fans
1. Axial
Impulse type - IGV Control.
Reaction type - Blade pitch Control.
2. Radial
Inlet damper control, Variable speed control;
Variable speed control by two speed motor,
Hydraulic coupling or Variable frequency drive.

Boiler C&I
RADIAL FANS - SPEED CONTROL
- Flow proportional to Speed

- Flow proportional to cube of (Impeller Dia)
- Head proportional to Square (Speed)

- Head proportional to Square (Impeller Dia)
Hence Variation in speed alters the performance

Boiler C&I
FANS IN BOILER - SCOPE
Primary air fans - Dries & transports Pulverised coal
Forced draft fans - Supplies Combustion air
Induced draft fans - Sucks Flue gas out of furnace

Boiler C&I
MILL - GRINDS COAL
Slow speed mills (Tube mills - 15 to 25 RPM)
Medium speed mills (Bowl mill, Ball and race mill
etc.-
t 50 tto 100 RPM)
High speed mills (hammer mills directly coupled
to motor - 750 to 1000 RPM)

Boiler C&I
RAW COAL FEEDERS
Scope : CONVEY RAW COAL TO MILL
Types : Volumetric - Rotary and drag link,
Gravimetric Endless belt type

Boiler C&I
AIRHEATER
H t recovery equipment
Heat i t
Extract heat from Flue gas to heat primary & secy. Air
Types :
Regenerative type ( Rotating drive )
Tubular type

Boiler C&I
SOOTBLOWERS
Remove ash & slag from pressure part tubes
Types
Long retractable sootblowers - traverse & rotary motors

Half retractable sootblowers- traverse & rotary motors
Rotary blowers - rotary motor
Wall blowers - traverse & rotary motors
Furnace temperature probe - Used during boiler start up

Boiler C&I
Tangential Firing
Assembly
sse b y
Windbox

Boiler C&I
C l Pi
Coal Pipes
From Mills
to Windbox

Boiler C&I
Coal burner

Boiler C&I
Oil burner

Boiler C&I
Windbox in shop

Boiler C&I
Burner tilt lever

Boiler C&I
Radial Fan
Axial Fan

Boiler C&I
Pulveriser

Boiler C&I
Pulveriser

Boiler C&I
Gravimetric coal feeder

Boiler C&I
BOILER CONTROLS
K Karthikeyan
y
Manager/C&I
BHEL Trichy
Mail: [email protected]

Boiler C&I
BOILER CONTROLS
Continuous control :
Objective
Enabling
E bli Automatic
A t ti Operation.
O ti
Optimising operating performance.
On-Off control :
Objective
Supervise process operation for safety
P
Prevent
t process from
f entering
t i hazardous
h d region.
i

Boiler C&I
BOILER CONTROLS
Auto control system
Boiler A
Auxiliaries
iliaries interlocks & protection s
system
stem
Furnace safeguard supervisory system (FSSS)

Boiler C&I
Auto control system.

system
Master demand
Combustion and draft control
Feed-water control
Steam
Steam-temperature
temperature control

Boiler C&I
Master demand
'Master demand' controls the boiler operation.
Steam is generated by burning fuel.
Master demand sets burners firing at a rate

required for steam production.
Firing rate requires FD fans to deliver adequate air

for combusting
g the fuel.

Boiler C&I
Master demand
Air input requires products of combustion to be expelled

from furnace (by ID fans)
fans).
Water
W t mustt be
b fed
f d into
i t boiler
b il to
t match
t h steam
t production.
d ti

Boiler C&I
Master demand
Air input requires products of combustion to be expelled

from furnace (by ID fans)
fans).
Water must be fed into boiler to match steam production.
Boiler is a complex, multivariable, interactive process.
Each of the above parameters affects/ is affected by

all of the others.

Boiler C&I
Master demand
Functions of Master
Master demand
demand :
Sets the firing rate
Regulates quantity of combustion air to match fuel input
Regulates quantity of feed water to match steam

production

Boiler C&I
Master demand
Design of the master system :
Power Demand.
..Fed primarily to turbine (Boiler-following control)
..Fed directly
y to boiler ((Turbine-following
g control))
...Fed to both (Co-ordinated unit control).

Boiler C&I
Air Flow Control
Fuel Flow control
Coal mill control
Objective :
Fuel is consumed at a rate that exactly matches the
Steam demand.
Fuel is consumed safely, so that the energy is

released without risk to plant
plant, personnel or environment

Boiler C&I

Boiler Master demand provides the common demand for
both fuel and air control.
Total unit fuel demand is obtained with lesser of the

actual air flow or the Boiler master demand as set value
Unit air flow demand is obtained with greater of the

actual fuelflow or the boiler master demand as set value
Unit air flow demand is adjusted in response to

measured flue gas 02 and CO
ota co
Total corrected
ected Fuel
ue flow
o s signal
g a is
s obta
obtained
ed by su
summing
g
up individual fuel flow signals
Boiler C&I
Coal mill control

Objective :
To maintain adequate Primary Air velocity while

transporting coal from mill to furnace.
To regulate PA temperature to "dry"

dry coal as it is
transported to furnace.

Boiler C&I
Feedwater control
Objective :
To supply enough water to the boiler to match the

evaporation rate.
Water level in the drum p

provides an immediate
indication of water contained by the boiler
Actual Steam Flow is a useful feedback to correct for

required feedwater during transient conditions when
level may not be accurate.
Difference between Actual steam flow and Actual

Feedwater Flow is added to the level error to form the
Feedwater demand.
Boiler C&I
Steam temperature control
As the steam flow increases, steam temperature in

radiant zone decreases where as steam temperature
p
in convection zone increases.
Radiant zone tubes
The increasing fluid flow takes away more heat that

f ll on the
falls h metal.l
So steam-temperature/steam-flow
p profile for radiant
p
zone shows a decline as steam flow increases.
Boiler C&I
Steam temperature control
Convection pass tubes:
Steam temperature in convection pass increases

with steam flow increase.
Higher heat transfer by increased flow of gases

increases the steam temperature
temperature.
Steam temperature/ Steam-flow profile for

convection
ti pass shows
h a rise
i ini temperature
t t as the
th
flow increases.

Boiler C&I
St
Steam t
temperature
t control
t l
Attemperation is to pump a fine spray of comparatively

cool water droplets into the vapour to reduce steam
temperature.
Intermixing of hot steam and cold water causes the

coolant to evaporate.
Final mixture is an increased volume of steam at a

temperature lower than that prior to the water injection
point.
This cooling function is achieved in the attemperator.

Boiler C&I
St
Steam t
temperature
t control
t l
Fireball can be moved to a higher

g or lower level in
the furnace.
This is achieved by tilting burners upwards or

downwards with respect to a midpoint.
Fireball repositioning changes the heat transfer

f
pattern in tube banks.
Controlling steam temperature by use of tilt is

predominantly used for RH Steam temp control.

Boiler C&I
BOILER AUXILIARIES INTERLOCKS AND PROTECTION SYSTEM
Scope :
Sequence control of starting and Protection &
interlocking of boiler auxiliaries like
FD fans,
ID ffans,
PA fans,
Airheaters,
Dampers,
Valves, etc.

Boiler C&I
CONDITIONS EXISTING WHEN THE UNIT IS SHUT DOWN AND

PRIOR TO STARTING OF ID FANS.
ID fan 'A' and ID fan 'B' off.

Regulating vanes of fans A & B fully open
Inlet dampers of ID fans A & B open
Outlet dampers of ID fans A & B open
The regulating vanes will be on manual control
during shutdown,
shutdown and signal from furnace draft
control to regulating vanes of ID fans disconnected.
Lube oil pumps off(if applicable)

Boiler C&I
Starting ID Fan 'A'

A (ID fan 'B'
B off)
ID fan 'A' shall be prohibited from starting till the following
conditions are satisfied:
Regulating vanes of ID Fan-A in minimum position.

Outlet damper of ID Fan-A closed.
Inlet damper of ID Fan
Fan-A
A closed
Lube oil pressure to the ID fan-A bearing adequate
(lube oil pressure adequate lamp indication shall be
provided on the control on the control desk)) if FOLS is
p
applicable.
ID Fan and Fan motor bearing temperature not very
high.
One of the airpreheaters running.
Motor winding temperature not very high.

Boiler C&I
Wh ID fan
When f 'A' is
i started
t t d (ID Fan
F B is i off),
ff) impulses
i l shall
h ll be
b
given for:
Opening the inlet damper and outlet damper of ID fan A

after the motor reaches rated speed.
Connecting g the regulating
g g vanes/scoop p tube control of
ID fan A to the auto control.
Opening the interconnecting dampers (if applicable)
Closingg the inlet g
gate and the outlet g
gate of ID fan B and
bringing the regulating vanes/scoop tube control to
minimum position.
Permission to start either FD Fan A or FD Fan B.

Boiler C&I
Tripping of ID Fan A (ID Fan B is off)- ID fan 'A' shall trip

automatically under following conditions.
ID fan A bearing temperature too high (prior to this, ID fan A

bearing temperature high shall be annunciated in UCB)
ID fan A motor bearing/winding
g g temp.
p too high
g (p(prior to this, ID
fan 'A' motor bearing/winding temperature high shall be
annunciated in UCB)
Lube oil pressure is very low and very low condition remain
for certain fixed time 10 secs (if FOLS is applicable)
Post purge fan trip from FSSS
Vibration level of fan or motor very high (high to be alarmed)
ID fan A motor protection acted.

Boiler C&I
When ID fan A trips (ID fan B is off) impulses shall be given for:
Opening the outlet damper of ID fan B

Opening the inlet damper of ID fan B to wide open
position.
Disconnecting the impulse from auto control system
(output from A/M station)
Opening the regulating vanes/scoop control of ID fan A to
wide open position.
Tripping
pp g the working g FD fans.
Boiler tripping.
To keep the inlet gate and outlet gate of ID fan A open

Boiler C&I
Tripping of FD fan A (FD fan B is off)- FD fan A shall trip

automatically under the following conditions:
FD fan A bearing temperature too high (prior to this, FD

f A bearing
fan b i t
temperature
t hi h will
high ill be
b annunciated
i t d in
i UCB)
FD fan A motor bearing/winding temperature too high (prior
to this, FD fan A motor temperature high will be
annunciated in UCB)
Both ID fans trip
Vibration level of fan or motor very high (high to be
alarmed)

Boiler C&I
When FD Fan A trips (FD fan B is off) impulses shall be given for:
Disconnecting the impeller control drive from auto control

system
t ( t t signal
(output i l from
f A/M station)
t ti )
Bringing the impeller of Fan A to the maximum position
Bringing the impeller of FD fan B to the maximum position
Opening the outlet damper of FD fan B
To open the emergency scanner air damper
Boiler tripping
The outlet damper of FD fan A shall remain open

Boiler C&I
Starting PA fan A (PA fan B off)- PA fan A shall be prohibited from

starting until the following conditions are satisfied:
Regulating vanes of PA Fan A in the minimum position

Outlet damper
p of PA fan A in closed p position
Anyone FD fan is on
Purge complete
PA fan and fan motor bearing temperature not very high

Boiler C&I
Wh PA fan
When f A is
i started
t t d (PA fan
f B is i off),
ff) iimpulses
l shall
h ll be
b
given for:
Opening the outlet damper of PA Fan A after the motor

reaches rated speed
Connecting the regulating vanes of PA fan A to auto control
Bringing the regulating vanes of PA fan B to the minimum
p
position
Closing the outlet damper of PA fan B
Permission to start any three mills through FSSS.

Boiler C&I
PA fan
f A shall
h ll trip
t i (PA fan
f B isi off)
ff) under
d ththe ffollowing
ll i
conditions:
PA fan A bearing temperature too high (prior to this bearing

temperature high shall be annunciated in UCB)
PA fan A motor bearing/winding temperature too high (prior to s,
this motor bearing/winding temperature high shall be annunciated
in UCB)
Boiler trips
Vibration level of fan or motor very high (high to be alarmed)

Boiler C&I
When PA fan A trips (PA fan B is off), impulses shall be given for:
Disconnecting the regulating vanes of PA fan A from auto control

Bringing the regulating vanes of PA fan A to minimum position
Closing the outlet damper of PA fan A
Bringing the regulating vane PA fan B to minimum position
Tripping all the operating mills (done through FSSS)

Boiler C&I
When PA fan B trips

p (PA
( fan A is on),
), impulses
p shall be given
g for:
Disconnecting the regulating vanes of PA fan B from auto control

Bringing the regulating vanes of PA fan B to minimum position
Energisation of partial load relay (load to be limited to 60%)
Tripping mills in excess of three through FSSS

Boiler C&I
Starting AH A (AH B is off):
AH A electric motor is started if the sump

p oil temperature
p of the
bearings measured through RTD is less than 70
Whenever AH A electric motor trips impulses shall be given for
starting AH A air motor by de-energising the solenoid provided
th sump oil
the il temperature
t t off support/guide
t/ id bearing
b i off AH A isi less
l
than 70
Impulse shall be given for closing of the inlet and outlet dampers
of AH B which is off

Boiler C&I
Tripping of AH A (AH B is off)
Whenever the sump oil temperature of support/guide bearing is

greater than 70 c an alarm shall be initiated through RTD to alert
the operator. The operator shall check the circulation pump
operation and the coolant flow at local to bring down the sump oil
temperature. In case if the temperature of sump oil is unable to be
brought down AH electric motor/air motor shall be tripped
manually.
Air motor shall trip automatically when AH A electric motor
starts.

Boiler C&I
Both AHs are working when AH A trips & AH B continues to run:
The gas inlet damper, the secondary air outlet damper and primary
air outlet damper of the tripped AH shall automatically closed.
The gas outlet damper, the secondary air inlet damper and PA fan
inlet damper (if provided) of the tripped AH need not be closed.
However, if the operator wants to manually close these dampers
they can be closed.

Boiler C&I
BOTH AHS ARE TRIPPED:
If both AHs A & B trip the operator may try for restarting the AHs.
If anyone of the AH is not started within 5 minutes the operator

shall
h ll manually
ll trip
t i the
th boiler.
b il Conditions
C diti before
b f start
t t up off AH

Boiler C&I
INTERLOCKS FOR OIL CIRCULATION PUMPS OF SUPPORT

BEARING OF AIR HEATER: FOLLOWING INTERLOCKS SHALL
BE PROVIDED FOR OIL CIRCULATION PUMPS.
Whenever the sump oil temperature of support bearing of air

heater A is high (40 ) impulse shall be given to start the main oil
circulation
The standby oil circulation pump shall start when the main oil
circulation pump fails to start or trips (This is applicable where 2
x 100% oil circulation pumps are provided)
The main oil circulation pump/stand-by oil circulation pump shall
trip when the temperature of the support bearing falls below a
p ( o C).
preset value (40 )
Manual operation of the lube oil pumps shall be prohibited when
the ambient temperature is too low. Since viscosity of the oil will
be high so that the pump couldn't be started

Boiler C&I
BLOW DOWN VALVE INTERLOCKS
When drum water level rises to 125mm above normal water level
an annunciation
i ti 'D
'Drum l
level
l high
hi h shall
h ll be
b given
i i UCB.
in UCB
When drum level rises to 125mm above normal water level, blow
down valves BD-8 and BD-9 shall open and this condition shall be
annunciated.
Blow down valves shall close automatically when the water level
falls down to NWL. One de-interlock switch shall be provided for
both the valves for manual operation
operation.

Boiler C&I
FD fan lube oil/control oil system interlocks:
Pump A will start automatically if pump B trips provided A/M switch is in

auto position
Pump A will start automatically with a time delay of 0-60 seconds if lube
oil pressure falls below a set value and the pump B is working provided
A/M switch is in auto position.
Pump B will start automatically if pump A trips/has not started provided
A/M switch is in auto position.
Pump B will start automatically with a time delay of 0-60 seconds if lube
oil pressure falls below a set value and the pump A is working provided
A/M
Pump p A or p
pump p B can be started/tripped
pp byyp pressing
g the respective
p push
p
button provided on LCP(local panel) only when A/M switch is in manual
position.
FD fan A shall be prohibited from starting until the control oil pressure is
adequate.

Boiler C&I
REHEATER PROTECTION LOGIC
Boiler shall be tripped

pp after 10 seconds,, when any
y of the following
g
conditions occur:
1) When Boiler is working and if

(i) Both generator circuit breakers open and
(ii) HP Bypass or LP Bypass valves remain closed less than 2%
2) When Boiler is working and if

(i) Turbine trips and
(ii) HP Bypass
B or LP Bypass
B valves
l remain
i closed
l d less
l th 2%
than

Boiler C&I
FURNACE SAFEGUARD SUPERVISORY SYSTEM

( FSSS )
This system takes care of interlocks required for

starting, supervising the operating and safe shut
down of the equipments connected with fuel
firing system.

Boiler C&I
Tangential Windbox

FURNACE PLAN CORNER
DESIGNATION
NDARY AIR
NDARY AIR
SECON
SECON
FRONT WATER WALL

Boiler C&I
Fireball Tangential Firing

Boiler C&I
CAUSES OF FURNACE EXPLOSIONS

An interruption of the fuel or air supply or ignition energy to the
burners, sufficient to result in momentary loss of flames,
followed by restoration and delayed reignition of an
accumulation.
Fuel leakage in to an idle furnace and the ignition of the
accumulation by a spark or other source of ignition.
Repeated unsuccessful attempts to light-off without appropriate
purging,
i resulting
lti ini the
th accumulation
l ti off an explosive
l i mixture.
i t
The accumulation of an explosive mixture of fuel and air as a
result of loss of flame or incomplete combustion at one or more
burners in the presence of other burners operating normally or
during lighting of additional burners.
The accumulation of an explosive mixture of fuel and air as a
result of a complete furnace flameout and the ignition of the
accumulation by a spark or other ignition source, such as could
occur where attempting to light a burner(s).
Purging with an airflow that is too high, which stirs up
combustibles smoldering in hoppers.

Boiler C&I
CAUSES OF FURNACE IMPLOSIONS
A mal-operation of the equipment regulating the boiler gas flow,

including air supply and flue gas removal, resulting in furnace
exposure to excessive induced draft fan head assembly.
The rapid decay of furnace gas temperatures and pressure

resulting from either a rapid reduction in fuel input or a master
fuel trip.
trip
A combination of the two conditions indicated in a, b above has

resulted in the most severe furnace implosion incidents.
incidents

Boiler C&I
FUNCTIONS OF FSSS
A prefiring purge of furnace

Establishment of appropriate permissives for firing the ignition
fuel.(i.e. purge complete, fuel pressure within limits)
Establishment of the appropriate permissives including ignition
permissives, for the main fuel.
Continuous monitoring of firing conditions and other key
operating
ti parameters.
t
Emergency shutdown of portions or all of the firing equipment
when required.
A post firing purge of the steam generator.
generator

Boiler C&I
FSSS
F - FURNACE
S - SAFEGUARD
S - SUPERVISORY
S - -SYSTEM
FSSS ENSURES SAFE FURNACE OPERATING CONDITIONS DURING
START UP
LOW LOAD OPERATION
SHUT DOWN.

Boiler C&I
FSSS
SOME OF THE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES TO ACHIEVE SAFE

AND RELIABLE OPERATION
FURNACE SHOULD BE PURGED BEFORE

LIGHT UP
ADEQUATE IGNITION ENERGY TO EACH
BURNER
ADEQUATE AIR SUPPLY TO EACH BURNER TO
AVOID FLAME OUT
OPTIMUM FURNACE PRESSURE
CORRECT AIR TO FUEL RATIO

Boiler C&I
FSSS
FUNCTIONAL DIVISION OF LOGICS
UNIT LOGIC
ELEVATION LOGIC
CORNER LOGIC

ELEVATION C LOGIC CORNER 1 LOGIC
FSSS CONTROL
CONTROL
COMPUTE
COMPUTE MONITOR
UNIT LOGIC MONITOR

CORNER 2 LOGIC
CONTROL
ELEVATION B LOGIC
CONTROL COMPUTE
CONTROL
UNIT MONITOR CORNER
FIELD FIELD
COMPUTE COMPUTE DEVICES
DEVI CORNER 3 LOGIC
CES
MONITOR CONTROL
MONITOR COMPUTE
ELEVATION A LOGIC
MONITOR
CONTROL
CORNER 4 LOGIC
COMPUTE CONTROL
COMPUTE
MONITOR
MONITOR
ORGANIZATION OF FSSS LOGIC FIG. - 1

Boiler C&I
FSSS
UNIT LOGIC
Scope :
SUPERVISION OF OVERALL FURNACE CONDITIONS
MONITORING CRITICAL PARAMETERS OF FUEL FIRING

SYSTEM
SUPERVISION OF FURNACE PURGE OPERATION
CONTINUOUS MONITORING CRITICAL FEED BACK TO

ENSURE MAXIMUM SAFETY DURING OPERATION
TRIPPING ALL FUEL IF DANGEROUS CONDITIONS BUILD

UP

Boiler C&I
FSSS
ELEVATION LOGIC
RECEIVES COMMAND FROM UNIT LOGIC

OR OPERATOR FOR START,, SHUTDOWN,, OR TRIP THE
ELEVATION .
ISSUES FEEDBACK TO UNIT LOGIC ON ACTION TAKEN

BY ELEVATION LOGIC

Boiler C&I
FSSS
CORNER LOGIC
RECIEVES ELEVATION LOGIC COMMANDS

FOR INITIATION OF ACTION APPLICABLE TO CORNER
EMERGENCY TRIP SIGNALS ORIGINATING IN UNIT

LOGIC AND TRANSMITTED VIA ELEVATION LOGIC
BYPASS CORNER LOGIC PERMISSIVES AND CAUSE
IMMEDIATE CLOSURE OF FUEL VALVES
CORNER LOGIC IS NOT APPLICABLE TO COAL

ELEVATIONS SINCE STARTING ONE MILL WILL
SHUTDOWN PARTICULAR ELEVATION AS NO INDIVIDUAL
CORNER SHUT OFF DEVICES ARE PROVIDED.

Boiler C&I
FSSS
ARRANGEMENT OF SYSTEM
FSSS - MAJOR PARTS
LOGIC CABINET
CONSOLE INSERT
SECONDARY AIR DAMPER PANEL
MILL PANEL
FIELD EQUIPMENTS
CUSTOMER SUPPLIED INTERFACE
EQUIPMENT.

Boiler C&I
FSSS
FSSS NET
CABI
LO GIC
Y
RELA
L
PANE
ES MILL
CABL THER MENT
S
UG-I
N TO O QUIP
ATED PL FIEL
D E
BRIC
. FA AIR
PREE SEC.
ANEL
OM
ROL P
RO
CO NT
L
RO
NT
CO
D
EL
OLE
FI
CONS RT
IN E
S
LOCAL GUN MAINT.
SWITCH
ARRANGEMENT OF
FURNACE SAGEGUARD SUPERVISORY SYSTEM

Boiler C&I
FSSS
BOILER TRIP COMMAND IS INITIATED BY
LOW OR HIGH DRUM WATER LEVEL

BOTH I.D OR F.D ARE OFF
LOW OR HIGH FURNACE PRESSURE
REHEATER PROTECTION TRIP
TURBINE
LOSS OF ALL FUEL TRIP
LOSS OF UNIT D.C POWER
LESS THAN FIRE BALL AND LOSS OF AC AT
ANY ELEVATION
MANUAL TRIP
UNIT FLAME FAILURE TRIP
INSUFFICIENT PRIMARY AIR

Boiler C&I
FSSS
BOILER TRIP COMMAND RESULTS IN
STOPPAGE OF ALL FUEL INPUTS BY TRIPPING
1. ALL PULVERIZERS
2
2. ALL FEEDERS
3. ALL OIL GUNS
4. ALL IGNITORS
IT CLOSES
1. IGNITOR
2. LIGHT OIL
3. HEAVY OIL
TRIP VALVES

Boiler C&I
FSSS
PULVERIZER SHUT DOWN SEQUENCE
{ START ASSOCIATED OIL ELEVATION

{ REDUCE FEEDER SPEED TO MINIMUM
{ CLOSE HOT AIR GATE
< PULVERIZER OUTLET TEMPERATURE IS 120F
{ STOP FEEDER
< WAIT FOR 2 MINUTES
{ STOP PULVERIZER
< FURNACE STABILIZES
{ ASSOCIATED OIL LEVEL SHUT DOWN.

Boiler C&I
FSSS
MILL OUTLET TEMPERATURE CONTROL
A HIGH PULVERIZER OUTLET TEMPERATURE
( ABOVE 200F ) WILL OPEN COLD AIR DAMPER
AND CLOSE THE HOT AIR GATE.

Boiler C&I
FSSS
FEEDER CONTROL
A. FEEDER RUNS AT MINIMUM SPEED UNTIL

INITIATING CONDITION IS CORRECTED, AT
WHICH TIME THE FEEDER WILL BE RETURNED
TO CONTROL.
A. PULVERIZER BOWL DIFFERENTIAL HIGH.
B. PULVERIZER AMPS. ABOVE MAXIMUM SET POINT.
B. LOSS OF COAL FLOW AND LOW PULVERIZER

CURRENT WILL TRIP THE FEEDER, OPEN COLD AIR
DAMPER AND CLOSE HOT AIR GATE
GATE.
AFTER CORRECTIVE ACTION THE HOT AIR GATE IS
OPENED AND FEEDER IS RESTARTED.

Boiler C&I
FSSS
CONDITIONS FOR A PULVERIZER TRIP
PULVERIZER DISCHARGE VALVE NOT OPEN
LOSS OF UNIT DC POWER (FOR MORE THAN 2 SECONDS)
PULVERIZER IGNITION PERMIT NOT SATISFIED AND SUPPORT

IGNITION IS REQUIRED.
BOILER TRIP
PRIMARY AIR FAN TRIP

Boiler C&I
FSSS
PULVERIZER STARTING PROCEDURE
} START
< PULVERIZER ON LIGHT
} OPEN HOT AIR GATE
< WAIT TILL PULVERIZER COMES TO TEMPERATURE
( 140F )
} START FEEDER ( AT MINIMUM FEEDER SPEED )
< COAL FLOW INDICATOR OR PULVERIZER AMPERE (
( WITH IN 5 SECONDS )
< FIFTY SECONDS
} FEEDER SPEED RELEASED TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL
FUEL AIR DAMPER OPENED
FUEL AIR DAMPER MODULATED TO AUTOMATIC
CONTROL.

Boiler C&I
FSSS
PULVERIZER START REQUIREMENTS
A IGNITION ENERGY AVAILABLE
B. ADEQUATE PRIMARY AIR
C. D.C POWER AVAILABLE
D. LOCAL PULVERIZER CONDITION SATISFACTORY
E. IF NO OTHER FEEDER IS WORKING FUEL AND AIR

NOZZLE TILTS PLACED IN HORIZONDAL
CONDITION.

Boiler C&I
FSSS
CONDITIONS ( LOCAL ) TO BE SATISFIED TO START
RESPECTIVE PULVERIZER
A. DISCHARGE VALVE OPEN
B. SEAL AIR VALVE OPEN
C. COLD AIR DAMPER OPEN
D. PULVERIZER DAMPER OUTLET LESS THAN 200F
E. FEEDER INLET GATE OPEN
F. TRAMP IRON HOPPER VALVE OPEN.

Boiler C&I
FSSS
AIR REQUIREMENTS FOR PULVERIZER STARTING
AIR FLOW ADJUSTED BETWEEN 30% AND 40%

FULL LOAD
AIR FLOW ADEQUATE PRIMARY AIR WITH ONE P.A FAN

WORKING ONLY HALF OF THE MILLS CAN BE OPERATED
FOR ADDITIONS MILLS BOTH P.A FANS SHOULD

WORK.

Boiler C&I
FSSS
PULVERIZER IGNITION ENERGY AVAILABLE
A MINIMUM OF 3 OF THE 4 LIGHT OIL OR HEAVY OIL

NOZZLE VALVE OF THE ELEVATION JUST ABOVE OR
BELOW ARE OPEN
BELOW,
OR
BOILER LOADING IS GREATER THAN 30% AND

PULVERIZER JUST ABOVE OR BELOW IS IN SERVICE AT
GREATER THAN 50% LOADING.

Boiler C&I
FSSS
FUNCTIONS OF FURNACE SAFEGUARD SUPERVISORY SYSTEMS
1. FURNACE PURGE SUPERVISION

1
2. SECONDARY AIR DAMPER MODULATION AND ON-OFF CONTROL
AND SUPERVISION
3 IGNITOR ON-OFF
3. ON OFF CONTROL AND SUPERVISION
4. LIGHT OIL ON-OFF CONTROL AND SUPERVISION
5. HEAVY OIL ON-OFF CONTROL AND SUPERVISION
6. PULVERIZER AND FEEDER ON-OFF CONTROL AND SUPERVISION
7. FLAME SCANNER INTELLIGENCE AND CHECKING
8. BOILER TRIP PROTECTION.

Boiler C&I
FSSS
NO COAL FLOW ALARM SYSTEM
1 PICKUP UNIT
1.
a) SOUNDING ROD
b)) RUBBER MOUNTING
c) MICRO PHONE
2 SOLID STATE SIGNAL EVALUATION UNIT

2.
a) AMPLIFIER
b) SIGNAL CONDITIONER
c) SOLID STATE TIMER
d) OUTPUT RELAY.

Boiler C&I
FSSS
PULVERIZER SHUT DOWN
} START ASSOCIATED OIL ELEVATION

} REDUCE FEEDER SPEED TO MINIMUM
} CLOSE HOT AIR GATE
< PULVERIZER TEMPERATURE IS 120F
} STOP FEEDER
< TWO MINUTES
} STOP PULVERIZER
< FURNACE STABILIZES
} SHUT OFF ASSOCIATED OIL ELEVATION.
ELEVATION

Boiler C&I
FSSS Oil system
HFO RECIRCULATION :
3 HEAVY FUEL OIL (HFO) RECIRCULATION DONE TO HEAT HFO TO
REQUIRED TEMPERATURE BEFORE FIRING IN BOILER.
3 HFO RECIRC. VALVE CAN BE OPENED WHEN ALL HFO NOZZLE
VALVES ARE CLOSED.
3 HFO RECIRC. VALVE AUTOMATICALLY CLOSES IF ANY HFO NOZZLE
VALVE IS OPENED.
HFO TRIP VALVE

OPEN PERMISSIVES
3 PURGE COMPLETE (NO MFT)
3 HFO SUPPLY TEMPERATURE ADEQUATE. OR HFO RECIRC.
3 HFO SUPPLY PRESSURE ADEQUATE VALVE OPEN.
3 ALL HONV CLOSED
CLOSED.

Boiler C&I
CLOSE CONDITION
1
1. HFO HEADER PRESSURE VERY LOW >2 SEC.
SEC & ANY HFO NOZZLE
VALVE IS OPEN.
2. HFO HEADER TEMPERATURE VERY LOW >2 SEC. & ANY HFO
NOZZLE VALVE IS OPEN.
3. ATOMISING STEAM HEADER PRESSURE V.LOW >2 SEC. AFTER ANY
PAIR START/STOP COMMAND.
4. MASTER FUEL TRIP.
5. LOSS OF UNIT 220V DC POWER OR LOSS OF UNIT CRITICAL
POWER.
HFO ELEVATION START (PAIR MODE)

(A)PAIR 1-3 START COMMAND INITIATES FOLLOWING :
1 A 70 SEC.
1. SEC TIMER STARTS MONITORING PAIR START
SEQUENCE.
2. CORNER-1 GETS START COMMAND IMMEDIATELY.
3 CORNER
3. CORNER-33 GETS START COMMAND AFTER 15 SECS
SECS.

Boiler C&I
NOTE : THIS DELAY IS APPROVED TO AVOID TOO MUCH OF HFO

HEADER PR. FLUCTUATION. (PAIR 2-4 STARTING IS
SIMILAR TO PAIR 1-3.)
((B).
) WHEN CORNER-1 GETS START COMMAND,, FOLLOWING EVENTS
TAKEPLACE PROVIDED THERE IS NO CORNER TRIP COMMAND.
1. ATOMISING STEAM NOZZLE VALVE GETS OPEN COMMAND.
2. HEA IGNITOR GETS ADVANCE COMMAND.
WHEN ATOM. NOZZLE VALVE IS FULLY OPEN.
3. HFO NOZZLE VALVE GETS OPEN COMMAND.
4 HEA IGNITOR GETS COMMAND TO SPARK.
4. SPARK
(C). HEA GIVE SPARKS FOR 10 SECS. WITHIN THIS TIME FLAME HAS
TO BE DETECTED BY THE RESPECTIVE SCANNER. OTHERWISE, HFO
NOZZLE VALVE WILL CLOSE AUTOMATICALLY. IF FLAME IS
DETECTED THE BURNER WILL CONTINUE TO BE IN SERVICE.

Boiler C&I
CORNER TRIP
THE BURNER IN SERVICE TRIPS IF ANY ONE OF THE CONDITION

EXISTS.
1. OIL GUN NOT ENGAGED.
2. HFO MANUAL ISOLATION VALVE CLOSED.
3. STEAM MANUAL ISOLATION VALVE CLOSED.
4. NO FLAME.
5. LOCAL MAINTENANCE SWITCH NOT IN REMOTE POSITION.
ELEVATION TRIP :
FOLLOWING CONDITIONS TRIPS THE ENTIRE ELEVATION IN

SERVICE.
1. MFT.
2 HFO TRIP VALVE CLOSED
2. CLOSED.

Boiler C&I
HFO ELEVATION START (ELEVATION MODE)
ELEV MODE OPERATION IS AUTOMATICALLY SELECTED
ELEV.
IF ANY FEEDER ADJACENT TO THE OIL ELEV. IS IN
SERVICE FOR >50 SECS.
START COMMAND OF ANY ONE PAIR OF BURNERS CAUSES
1. STARTING OF CORNER-1.
2 STARTING OF CORNER-3 AFTER 15 SECS.
2. SECS DELAY.
DELAY
3. STARTING OF CORNER-2 AFTER 25 SECS. DELAY.
4. STARTING OF CORNER-4 AFTER 40 SECS. DELAY.
AN UNSUCCESSFULL START ALARM IS GIVEN AND THE BURNERS IN
SERVICE WILL BE SHUT DOWN IF AFTER THE EXPIRY OF START TIME
IS ATLEAST 3 BURNERS ARE NOT IN SERVICE.
HFO ELEV. SHUT DOWN

PAIR 1-3 SHUT DOWN
PAIR 1-3 STOP COMMAND INITIATES THE FOLLOWING
1. A 355 SECS. STOP TIME MONITORING TIMER IS STARTED.
2. CORNER-1 RECEIVES STOP COMMAND.
Boiler C&I
3 CORNER-3
3. CORNER 3 RECEIVES STOP COMMAND 15 SECS.
SECS LATER.
LATER
PAIR 2-4 SHUT DOWN SEQUENCE IS SIMILAR TO PAIR 1-3 SHUT
DOWN SEQUENCE.
CORNER-1 SHUT DOWN\

CORNER-1 STOP COMMAND INITIATES FOLLOWING.
1. HFO NOZZLE VALVE GETS CLOSE COMMAND.
2. WHEN HFO NOZZLE VALVE FULLY CLOSES,
SCAVENGE VALVE GETS OPEN COMMAND &
HEA IGNITOR GETS ADVANCE COMMAND.
3. HEA IGNITOR ADVANCES,SPARKS FOR 15 SECS & THEN RETRACTS
4. AFTER 300 SECS. OF SCAVENGING SCAVENGE VALVE & ATOM .
VALVE GET CLOSE COMMAND.
A BACK UP TRIP IS GENERATED 340 SECS. AFTER BOTH THE
PAIRS ARE STOPPED. THIS SIGNAL WILL GENERATE A
CORNER TRIP. AFTER 355 SECS. STOP TIME IF ANY HFO
NOZZLE VALVE IS STILL OPEN, ELEV. UNSUCCESSFUL SHUT
DOWN ALARM IS GENERATED.

Boiler C&I
HFO ELEV. SHUT DOWN
HFO ELEV. MODE SHUT DOWN IS AUTOMATICALLY SELECTED IF

ANY FEEDER IS IN SERVICE FOR >70 SECS.
THIS IS DONE IN SIMILAR LINE TO HFO ELEV. START UP (ELEV. MODE)

DESCRIBED EARLIER.
EARLIER
HFO ELEV. PAIR MODE IS AUTOMATICALLY SELECTED WHEN ALL

FEEDERS ARE OFF.
OFF

Boiler C&I
TYPICAL CONDITIONS FOR FURNACE PURGE ARE

AS FOLLOWS:
Heavy fuel oil trip valve All pulverisers off.

closed. All feeders off.
Heavy fuel oil nozzle Pulveriser outlet ggates
valves closed. closed.
Light fuel oil trip valve All hot air gates closed.
closed. All cold air dampers not
Light
Li ht fuel
f l oil
il nozzlel valves
l greater than 5 open.
closed. Both PA fans off.
Flame scanners on each No boiler trip existing.
elevation indicate no
flame. All auxiliary air dampers
modulating.
Air flow greater than 30%
and less than 40%

Boiler C&I
TYPICAL CONDITIONS THAT WOULD CAUSE AN

EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN ARE AS FOLLOWS:
Loss of AC at any
Loss of all FD fans. elevation in service and
Loss of all ID fans.
fans l
less than
th fire
fi ball.
b ll
Loss of all fuel. Loss of DC.
Reheater Protection Both emergency trip push
acted. buttons pushed.
Air flow less than 30% Heavy fuel oil trip valve
Loss of flame. closed.
Furnace pressure very Heavy fuel oil nozzle
hi h
high. valves
l closed.
l d
Furnace pressure very Light fuel oil trip valve
low. closed.
Drum level very high. Light fuel oil nozzle valves
Drum level very low. closed.
Air flow greater than Flame scanners on each
30% and less than elevation indicate no
40% flame
flame.

Boiler C&I
BOILER
INSTRUMENTATION
K Karthikeyan
M
Manager/C&I
/C&I
BHEL Trichy
Mail: [email protected]

Boiler C&I
Why
h Instruments?
To measure the actual values of
different p
parameters for which the
boiler is designed.
Safe working range of the different
parameters are maintained.
To monitor one or more variables at
a time and provide input for
automatic control.
control
Boiler C&I
Why Instruments?
In case of operator failure to take
p
remedial action for an upset
condition, it protects the boiler by
pp g
alarms and trippings.
To provide data on operating
conditions before failure of the
equipment for analysing the failure.

Boiler C&I
Boiler measurements
Pressure Flue gas analysis(O2,
Differential
ff pressure CO, SOx, NOx,
Temperature Opacity)
Differential SWAS(Conductivity,
SWAS(Conductivity
temperature(heat flux) pH, Silica, Dissilved
Flow O2, Hydazine)
Level Image
I sensing(CCTV)
i (CCTV)
Vibration (rotating
Sound(steam leak)
device)
S
Speed d (rotating
( t ti Viscosity (fuel oil)
device) Calorific value
Position
Weight

Boiler C&I
Instrumentation
representation- ISA
First letter Succeeding letters
A- Alarm
P-Pressure
I Indicate
I-
T-temperature
R- Record
F- Flow
g
Q- Integrate
A- Analytical C- Control
S- Switch
T tansmitter
T- t itt
E- Element
P- Pocket
P
W- Well
Boiler C&I
Kraftwerk Kennzeichen system(KKS)

y ( )
HA Pressure system HF- Bunker, feeder and
HAC-
HAC economiser pulveriser
p
HFA- Bunker
HAD- evaporator
HFB- Feeder
HAG
HAG- circulation
HFC-
HFC pulveriser
l i
HAH- HP superheater including classifier
HAJ- reheater HFD- Fluegas
g return
HCB- Steam HFE- Mill air
sootblowing HFG- temp
storage(indirect firing)
HFW- sealing fluid

Boiler C&I
HH- Main firing HHL- Combustion

system air supply system
HHA main burners HHM- Atomising
HHB- Retarded steam
combustion grate HHN- Atomising air
HHE- PC bin
forwarding and
distribution system

Boiler C&I
HJ- Ignition firing system

HJA Ignition burners
HJF- Oil temp storage-pump and distribution
system
HJL- Combustion air supply system
HJM- Atomising steam
HJN- Altomising g air
HJQ- Cooling air
HJT- Heating steam

Boiler C&I
HL- Combustion air HN- Flue gas

system)PY, SY and
Ducting)
HNA- ducting g
HLA- ducting HNC- ID Fan
HLB
HLB- fan system-
system FD HNE- Stack
HLC- extermnal air HNF- Fluegas
heating recirculation
HLD- AH flue gas
HQ- ESP
heated
Q ESP system
HQA- y

Boiler C&I
LAB- FW piping
LAC-BFP
LAD- HP heater
p y
LAE- HP DESH spray
LAF- IP DESH spray
LBA- MS piping
LBA
LBB-HRH piping
LBC-CRH Piping

Boiler C&I

Boiler C&I

Boiler C&I
TO SHH1
TO DRUM LEVEL TO DRUM LEVEL
CONTROL CONTROL
16 PORT PRESSURE VESSEL
16 PORT PRESSURE VESSEL

ND FIREMANS FLOOR
OR
D FIREMANS FLOO
EWLI
DWLG
DWLG
EWLI
AT UCB AND
AT UCB AN
CHEMICAL DOSING
TO SAMPLE
COOLER
FROM ECONOMISER
TO SUCTION MANIFOLD
TO CBDT

Boiler C&I
TO DRUM TO DRUM
ECONOMISER OUTLET HEADER
ECONOMISER
ECONOMISER INLET HEADER

ECO RECIRCULATION LINE
FROM WATER WALL
BLANKED STUB FOR ACID WASH CONNECTION
TO DRAIN HEADER
TO SAMPLE COOLER
FEED CONTROL
STATION

Boiler C&I
( LEFT )
MAIN STEAM LINE
( RIGHT )
MAIN STEAM LINE
SH OUTLET HDR
SH PLATEN INLET HDR
FROM DIVISION TO DRAIN HEADER

PANEL

Boiler C&I

Boiler C&I

Boiler C&I

THANK YOU

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Boiler Controls & Instrumentation

PART I - BOILER BASICS

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Nuclear steam generators

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

UTILITY BOILERS - ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS

Furnace & Circulation system

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

- Centrifugal fans (Radial Flow fans)

- Axial flow fans

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

RADIAL FANS - SPEED CONTROL

- Flow proportional to Speed

- Head proportional to Square (Speed)

Hence Variation in speed alters the performance

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

FANS IN BOILER - SCOPE

Primary air fans - Dries & transports Pulverised coal

Forced draft fans - Supplies Combustion air

Induced draft fans - Sucks Flue gas out of furnace

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

MILL - GRINDS COAL

Slow speed mills (Tube mills - 15 to 25 RPM)

Medium speed mills (Bowl mill, Ball and race mill

High speed mills (hammer mills directly coupled

to motor - 750 to 1000 RPM)

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

RAW COAL FEEDERS

Scope : CONVEY RAW COAL TO MILL

Types : Volumetric - Rotary and drag link,

Gravimetric Endless belt type

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Regenerative type ( Rotating drive )

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Remove ash & slag from pressure part tubes

Long retractable sootblowers - traverse & rotary motors

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Gravimetric coal feeder

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli

Auto control system

Furnace safeguard supervisory system (FSSS)

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited - Tiruchirappalli