The document summarizes the procedures for conducting a constant head test to determine the coefficient of permeability (k) of a soil sample. It includes preparing and saturating the soil specimen, setting it up in a permeameter, maintaining a constant head of water, collecting outflow measurements over time, and calculating k using Darcy's law relationships. The test is repeated multiple times to obtain an average k value.
The document summarizes the procedures for conducting a constant head test to determine the coefficient of permeability (k) of a soil sample. It includes preparing and saturating the soil specimen, setting it up in a permeameter, maintaining a constant head of water, collecting outflow measurements over time, and calculating k using Darcy's law relationships. The test is repeated multiple times to obtain an average k value.
The document summarizes the procedures for conducting a constant head test to determine the coefficient of permeability (k) of a soil sample. It includes preparing and saturating the soil specimen, setting it up in a permeameter, maintaining a constant head of water, collecting outflow measurements over time, and calculating k using Darcy's law relationships. The test is repeated multiple times to obtain an average k value.
The document summarizes the procedures for conducting a constant head test to determine the coefficient of permeability (k) of a soil sample. It includes preparing and saturating the soil specimen, setting it up in a permeameter, maintaining a constant head of water, collecting outflow measurements over time, and calculating k using Darcy's law relationships. The test is repeated multiple times to obtain an average k value.
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FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ECG 303 (BASIC SOIL MECHANICS)
DATE Conducted: 29/1/2017 Submitted: 5/1/2017
LAB GRO 4L (3) COVER
UP SHEET LEVE 1 Lab Title: CONSTANT HEAD L TEST Leader: 1 / 2 / 3 / 4/5 TEST 3 Group Member Name: Student NO. ID: 1. Wan Muhammad Aiman 2015811 bin Wan Hashim 9588 2. NO Ahmad Aiman TO ELEMENTS Ashraf bin ASSESS 2015890 LEVEL OF OPENNESS Mohd Fariza 044 0 1 2 3 3. Zairi Azizi bin INDIVIDUAL Kamarudin IN-LAB 2015861 ACTIVITIES ASSESSMENT 454 1 Nabilah 4. PUNCTUALITIY binti Md Zin / / 2015857 / / / / / / 402 2 Nur 5. DISCIPLINE Amirah (DRESS CODE,SAFETY Syakirah binti 2015887 / / / / / / SHOES,SAFETY REGULATIONS) / / M. Omar 716 3 KNOWLEDGE ON OPEN ENDED / / / / / / LABORATORY / / 4 / / / / / / / / / LEADERSHIP SKILL / / / 5 / / / / / / COMMUNICATION / / REPORT ASSESSMENT 6 INTRODUCTION 7 BASIC CONCEPTS 8 SUMMARY OF PROCEDURES/ METHODS 9 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 10 DISCUSSION OF RESULT 11 CONCLUSION
PREPARED FOR: MADAM NUR AIN BINTI MAT
YUSOF Note: 1. Only the group members attending the lab session are qualified for lab report marks (Group leader is responsible to cancel out the name(s) of the absentee Or 0 mark will be given to the leader) 2. You are required to use the same lab cover for ALL lab reports and MUST fill-in all particulars clearly and correctly. Incorrect/unfilled particulars will cause your marks to be deducted OR the lab report will not be examined. 3. Lab report will not be examined for late submission. 4. The use of hand phones is strictly prohibited during lab session. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ECG 303 (BASIC SOIL MECHANICS)
CONTENT PAGE STUDENTS NAME
NO 1. Title Nabilah 2. Introduction Nabilah 3. Objective Ahmad Aiman Ashraf 4. Theoretical Background Zairi Azizi 5. Problem Statement Amirah Syakirah 6. Apparatus Wan Muhammad Aiman 7. Procedure Amirah Syakirah & Ahmad Aiman Ashraf 8. Result & Analysis Nabilah & Amirah 9. Discussion Wan Muhmmad Aiman & Zairi Azizi 10. Conclusion Wan Muhammad Aiman & Ahmad Aiman Ashraf 11. References Nabilah 12. Appendix Zairi Azizi
TITLE : CONSTANT HEAD TEST
1.1 Introduction
Level 1 laboratory activity refers to condition where the problem and ways & means are guided and given to the students. However the answers to the assignment are left to the students to solve using the group creativity and innovativeness. It is hoped that the activity will slowly introduce and inculcate independent learning amongst students and prepare them for a much harder task of open-ended laboratory activities.
In this laboratory session, students will be introduced on how to determine the coefficient of permeability of soils using constant head test.
1.2 Objectives
To determine the coefficient of permeability of soils.
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ECG 303 (BASIC SOIL MECHANICS)
1.3 Learning Outcomes
At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:
1 Conduct the constant head test to determine the coefficient of permeability of soil sample. 2 Analyse data correctly and present in typical format 3 Work in a group to produce technical report.
1.4 Theoretical Background
A material is said to be permeable if it contains continuous voids. Permeability is a
property of permeable material that permits flow of liquids through the voids. The flows of liquid through soil either by laminar or turbulent depending on permeability of soil and the head causing flow.
Darcy (1856) demonstrated experimentally that for laminar flow conditions in a saturated soil, the rate of flow or discharge per unit time is proportional to the hydraulic gradient.
q = k.i.A
Where; q = discharge per unit time
k = Darcys coefficient of permeability
i = hydraulic gradient
A = total cross-sectional area of soil mass, perpendicular
to the direction of flow
The coefficient of permeability (or simply permeability) of soil can be determined in
laboratory using permeameter under constant head or variable head. Under constant head if Q is total quantity of flow (cm3) in time interval t (second) through cross sectional area FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ECG 303 (BASIC SOIL MECHANICS)
of specimen A (cm2) and L (cm) is length of specimen, H (cm) height of water in the tube, h (cm) is the headloss measurement, thus the coefficient of permeability (k) is given by:
QL k= Aht cm/sec
2.0 Problem Statement
Permeability is a measure of how easy water can flow through a soil volume and is considered to be one of the most important geotechnical parameters. Having knowledge on soil permeability will help engineers in their design selections. As a group, you are required to investigate the permeability coefficient of a given soil sample. The group must carry out the test following the procedures outline and subsequently analyse the data and present it in a proper technical format.
3.1 Apparatus
Permeameter complete with accessories
de-aired water balance mixing pan graduated measuring cylinder meter scale stop watch beaker
1. The mould was cleaned and grease was applied on inside of the mould. Its weight was recorded. 2. Prepare sample: a) The sample was trimmed to the size of mould from undisturbed lump of soil collected from the site. This sample was fit into the mould. Wax was applied around periphery of the sample moulded to prevent leakage or; b) Statically prepared the compacted remolded specimen of desired density and water content or; c) Dynamically prepared compacted remolded specimen of desired density and water content. 3. The excess soil was trimmed off. Filter paper was placed on top of soil specimen and perforated base plate was fixed to it. 4. The assembly was turned upside down and compaction plate or end plug and collar was removed, as the case may be, top perforated plate was placed on the top of soil specimen, sealing gasket and fix top cap were inserted properly. 5. The sample was saturated and vacuum dessicators facility was used if available. 6. The specimen (mould) was taken out when saturation is complete. 7. The mould was placed in the bottom tank. 8. The bottom tank was filled with water up to its outlet. 9. The outlet tube of constant head tank was connected to the inlet nozzle of the permeameter. All air bubbles were removed from the system. 10. The hydraulic head was adjusted. The head was recorded. 11. The stop watch was started and at the same time a beaker was put under the out let of the bottom tank. 12. The test was runned for some convenient time interval. The time was recorded. 13. The quantity of water collected during that time was measured and recorded. 14. The test was repeated two times more under the same head and for the same time interval.
QL The coefficient of permeability of soils, k = Aht
Data Sheet: FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ECG 303 (BASIC SOIL MECHANICS)
DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY OF SOIL
(Constant Head Test) SOIL SAMPLE DATA Diameter of sample, D cm 10 2 Cross-sectional area of sample, A cm 78.54 Length of sample, L1 cm 10 Length of sample, L2 cm 20 Length of sample, L3 cm 30
HEIGHT OF WATER IN TUBES AT STEADY STATE
Height of water in tube 1, H1 cm 57 Height of water in tube 2, H2 cm 51 Height of water in tube 2, H3 cm 47
Quantity of Time taken, Headloss, Headloss, Headloss, Coefficient of Permeability, k (cm/sec)
water, t h1 h2 h3 k1 k2 k3 Average Q (cm3) (sec) (cm) (cm) (cm) 250 65 6 4 10 0.082 0.245 0.147 0.158 250 63 6 4 10 0.084 0.253 0.152 0.163 250 64 6 4 10 0.083 0.249 0.150 0.161 Overall average coefficient of permeability of soil sample, k cm/sec 0.482
3.4 Calculation 2 D Area of sample = 4 2 (10) = 4 2 = 78.540 cm QL k= Aht
QL From this experiment, we can obtain the value of permeability, k by using formula Aht
. the value of permeability we obtain from calculation is 0.482cm/s. This magnitude of permeability is low by refer to table below.
Magnitude of Range permeability High k> 101 cm/sec
Medium k 103 cm/sec
Low k< 101 cm/sec
This is because the porosity of sand is high where water can flows through the soil with less resistance. It can drain water easily but hardly can retain any water. The permeability is also affected by pore size. The greater pore size of soil the more permeability than the soil with smallersize. From value k we obtain, we can know that this types of soil is not suitable for drainage.
4.2 Conclusion
As a conclusion, the time we get is much faster. This is because the permeability of sand soil absorbs the water is low. This sand soil has a large molecular space. Therefore, water diffusion rate is low.there are a few factors affecting this. The factors are effective air void content, effective void size and drain down.
While we doing this experiment, there are some errors occurs. First error is human error. . In this experiment human errors that could have occurred include the incorrect booking of result. This is a common error within laboratory experiments. The person reading values of the scale may have read the values incorrectly and therefore cause error within our collected result. To minimise these errors we used two people booking the results, so if one person conducted an error the other person should have the correct readings. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ECG 303 (BASIC SOIL MECHANICS)
