Pressure Vessel Engineering Ltd.

provides: ASME Vessel Code Calculations - Finite Element

Analysis (FEA) - Solid Modeling / Drafting - Canadian Registration Number (CRN) Assistance

Using the ASME VIII-1 Nozzle F Factor (UG-37):

The stresses around a nozzle located in a cylindrical shell are not the same in all directions. If a
non-round nozzle is oriented in the correct direction, ASME allows us to take advantage of this.

F Factor can
help with this
nozzle This nozzle
has higher
stresses
F Factor will
not help

This is a FEA plot of a pressure vessel with two identical elliptical nozzles, but oriented in
different directions. ASME says that the two nozzles have different stresses around them, as the
FEA results confirm. A cylindrical shell circ stress is 2x the longitudinal stress. The nozzle that
cuts more material in the circ direction has higher stresses.

- The default F factor is 1.0 this effect can be ignored if desired

- F Factor can reduce the required amount of area replacement to in certain directions
this allows less conservative nozzle designs if the non-round nozzle is oriented favorably.
- F Factors other than 1.0 can only be used for integral (full penetration welded, no re-pad)
nozzles.
- The nozzle will need to be calculated twice once in the longitudinal direction at F = 1.0
and once in the circ direction at F=0.5. Different d values will be used for the different
directions.

An example follows:

Disclaimer: This document is provided for educational purposes only. Pressure Vessel Engineering
Ltd. is not liable for its use.
ASME figure UG-37. At angle of 0 degrees, the maximum circ stress exists, F = 1.0. At angle
90 degrees, the maximum longitudinal stress exist, which is half the circ stress. F = 0.5

The enclosed example shows an elliptical manway nozzle that takes advantage of the F factor to
get a higher pressure rating than otherwise possible.

Laurence Brundrett
Aug 6 2008 (rev 1)

J:\2900-2999\PVE-2923 PVE Training\Nozzle F Factor\Understanding the Nozzle F Factor.doc - Page 2 of 2

1 Pipe and Shell ver 4.08 Page 1 of 2
2 Host Shell Description
Do
3 Options:
4 Interior ip? - Calculate interior pressure
5 No Exterior ep? - Calculate exterior pressure
6 Rolled Plate pr? - Pipe or rolled plate
t
7 Non-Threaded pt? - Type of pipe

Length
No relief? - Stress Relief Calculations Required

Long Seam
8

9 Dimensions:
10 60.000 Do [in] - outside diameter
11 1.0000 t [in] - nominal wall thickness
12 tminUG16b [in] - minimum wall per UG-16(b)
13 100.000 L [in] - length for volume and weight
14 0.000 Corr [in] - corrosion allowance
15 Material and Conditions:
16 Material
17 20,000 S [psi] - allowable stress level
18 1.00 El - longitudinal efficiency (circ. stress)
19 1.00 Ec - circ. connecting efficiency (longitudinal stress)
20 0.000% UTP [%] - undertolerance allowance
21 0.000 UTI [in] - undertolerance allowance
22 455.00 P [psi] - interior pressure
23 Stress Classification:
24 NOTE: Both validity checks need to be "Acceptable" in order to use this sheet
25 If not, refer to sheet "Thick Cylindrical Shell"
26 ckValidity1 = tmin < 0.5*(Do/2) 0.669 < 0.5*(60/2) = Acceptable
27 ckValidity2 = P< 0.385*S*El 455< 0.385*20000*1 = Acceptable

28 Variables:
29 Td = 0.000 0= 0.000
30 UT [in] = t*UTP+UTI 1*0+0 = 0.000
31 nt [in] = t-Corr-UT-Td 1-0-0-0 = 1.000
32 Ri [in] = Do/2-nt 60/2-1 = 29.000
33 Volume [cuft] = ((Do/2-t)^2)**L/1728 ((60/2-1)^2)*3.1416*100/1728 = 152.898
Weight [lb] = (Do-t)**L*t*40.84/144
34 (60-1)*3.1416*100*1*40.84/144 = 5256.84
35 Interior Pressure: VIII-1 UG-27(c)(1,2)
36 ta [in] = P*Ri/(S*El-0.6*P) 455*29/(20000*1-0.6*455) = 0.669
37 tb [in] = P*Ri/(2*S*Ec+0.4*P) 455*29/(2*20000*1+0.4*455) = 0.328
38 tmin [in] = MAX(ta,tb,tminUG16b) MAX(0.669,0.328,0) = 0.669
39 tr1 [in] = P*Ri/(S*1-0.6*P) Required Wall Thick 455*29/(20000*1-0.6*455) = 0.669
40 Checkt = tmin <= nt 0.669 <= 1 = Acceptable
41 PMaxA [psi] = (S*El*nt)/(Ri+0.6*nt) (20000*1*1)/(29+0.6*1) = 676
42 PMaxB [psi] = (2*S*Ec*nt)/(Ri-0.4*nt) (2*20000*1*1)/(29-0.4*1) = 1399
43 PMax [psi] = Min(PMaxA,PMaxB) MIN(676,1399) = 676
44 CheckP = PMax >= P 676 >= 455 = Acceptable
30 Nozzle Reinforcement ver 3.90 UW16(c)mod <- SavedDesign 6-Aug-08 Page 1
31 www.pveng.com Automatic dh - not hillside
22 Sample F Value <- Vessel Automatic Limit Diameter
33 Calculation for the circ section (at 90) <- Description Curved Shell or Head Section
34 Shell:
35 <- Shell Material OD Nozzle
36 20,000 <- Sv, shell allowable stress level, PSI
37 1.00 <- E1, efficiency of shell at nozzle Nt Leg43
38 58.00 <- Ds, Shell ID Full
39 1.000 <- Vt, shell wall thick, uncorroded, UT removed t Penn.
40 0.669 <- tr, required shell wall thickness int. press.(E=1)
41 0.000 <- trE, required shell wall thickness ext. press.(E=1) Leg41
44 Nozzle:

Nozzle
45 <- Nozzle Material Leg41 Shell
46 20,000 <- Sn, allowable stress level (Sn)
47 1 <- B, from A = 0.09590 Vt
48 1.00 <- E, nozzle efficiency
49 455.00 <- P, internal design pressure Leg43
50 0.0 <- Pa, external design pressure Proj
51 20.000 <- Do, outside diameter <- Note Do
54 1.000 <- Nt, wall thick, uncorroded
55 0.0% <- UTp, undertolerance (%)
58 2.000 <- L, exterior Projection UW-16.1 (c) modified
59 1.000 <- Ip, interior projection
61 Reinforcing:
71 0.375 <- Leg41, size of weld fillet
73 0.375 <- Leg43, size of weld fillet
74 0.500 <- F <-- Note F Value
87 Variables:
88 UT = Nt*UTp =1*0 Undertolerance UT = 0.000
90 Rn = Do/2 - (Nt-nca) + UT = 20/2 - (1-0) + 0 Effective Radius Rn = 9.000
95 t = Vt-sca =1-0 Effective Shell Thickness t= 1.000
96 ti = Nt-2*nca =1-2*0 Nom Thick of Int. Proj. ti = 1.000
101 tn = Nt-nca = 1-0 Avail. Nozzle Thick. No UT tn = 1.000
102 d = Do-2*tn = 20 - 2*1 Opening Dia. d= 18.000
108 fr1 = MIN(Sn/Sv,1) = MIN(20000/20000, 1) fr1 = 1.000
111 fr2 = MIN(Sn/Sv,1) = MIN(20000/20000, 1) fr2 = 1.000
126 h = MIN(Ip-sca,2.5*t,2.5*ti) = MIN(1-0,2.5*1,2.5*1) h= 1.000
127 tcLeg41 = Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,tn,t)) = Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,1,1)) tc41 = 0.250
131 tcLeg43 = Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,t,tn)) = Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,1,1)) tc43 = 0.250
133 F = Min(Fenterered, 1) F= 0.500
141 Pipe Required Wall Thickness - trn from internal, trnE from external pressure
142 LDo = L/Do LDo = 0.100 Dot = Do/trnE Dot = 0.000
143 trn = (P*Rn)/(Sn*E - 0.6*P) <= tn-UT = (455*9)/(20000*1 - 0.6*455) trn = 0.208 Acceptable
145 trnR = (P*Rn)/(Sn*1 - 0.6*P) = (455*9)/(20000*1 - 0.6*455) E=1 trnR = 0.208
146 trnE = (3*Do*Pa)/(4*B) <= tn-ut = (3*20*0)/(4*1) trnE = 0.000 Acceptable
148 Geometry Constraints:
150 0.7*Leg41 >= tc41 0.7*0.375 >= 0.25 0.263 >= 0.250 Acceptable
158 0.7*Leg43-nca >= tc43 0.7*0.375-0 >= 0.25 0.263 >= 0.250 Acceptable
171

180 Appendix 1-7 Necessary Check

181 when Ds>60,if(2*Rn<=Ds/3,if(2*Rn<=40, "App. 1-7 calculations not required","App. 1-7 calculations required"),"App. 1-7 calculations required")
182 when Ds<=60,if(2*Rn<Ds/2,if(2*Rn<20,"App. 1-7 calculations not required","App. 1-7 calculations required"),"App. 1-7 calculations required")
183 App. 1-7 calculations not required
207 Area Replacement: Fig UG-37.1 Pressure From: Internal External
208 A = 1.0*d*tr*F + 2*tn*tr*F*(1-fr1) Note A Required -> A Required (internal) = 6.020
209 = 1.0*18*0.669*0.5 + 2*1*0.669*0.5*(1-1)
212 Ae = 0.5*(d*trE*1 + 2*tn*trE*1*(1-fr1)) = 0.5*(18*0*1 + 2*1*0*1*(1-1)) A Required (external) = 0.000
215 A1 = max(d, 2*(t+tn)) * (E1*t-F*tr)-2*tn*(E1*t-F*tr)*(1-fr1) A1 = 11.980
216 = max(18,2*(1+1))* (1*1-0.5*0.669)-2*1*(1*1-0.5*0.669)*(1-1)
219 A1e = max(d, 2*(t+tn)) * (E1*t-F*trE)-2*tn*(E1*t-F*trE)*(1-fr1) A1e = 18.000
220 = max(18,2*(1+1))* (1*1-0.5*0)-2*1*(1*1-0.5*0)*(1-1)
225 A2 = min((tn-trnR)*fr2*Min(5*t,2*L) , (tn-trnR)*fr2*Min(5*tn,2*L)) A2 = 3.170
226 = min((1-0.208)*1*Min(5*1,2*2) , (1-0.208)*1*Min(5*1,2*2))
230 A2e = min((tn-trnE)*fr2*Min(5*t,2*L) , (tn-trnE)*fr2*Min(5*tn,2*L)) A2e = 5.000
231 = min((1-0)*1*Min(5*1,2*2) , (1-0)*1*Min(5*1,2*2))
233 A3 = Min(5*t*ti*fr2, 5*ti*ti*fr2, 2*h*ti*fr2) A3 = 2.000 2.000
234 = Min(5*1*1*1, 5*1*1*1, 2*1*1*1)
240 A41 = Leg41^2*fr2 = 0.375^2*1 A41 = 0.141 0.141
247 A43 = (Leg43-nca)^2*fr2 = (0.375-0)^2*1 A43 = 0.141 0.141
249 Actual Area = 17.431 25.281
250
330
Acceptable Actual-Required = 11.411 25.281
30 Nozzle Reinforcement ver 3.90 UW16(c)mod <- SavedDesign 6-Aug-08 Page 1
31 www.pveng.com Automatic dh - not hillside
22 Sample F Value <- Vessel Automatic Limit Diameter
33 Calculation for the longitudinal section (at 0) <- Description Curved Shell or Head Section
34 Shell:
35 <- Shell Material OD Nozzle
36 20,000 <- Sv, shell allowable stress level, PSI
37 1.00 <- E1, efficiency of shell at nozzle Nt Leg43
38 58.00 <- Ds, Shell ID Full
39 1.000 <- Vt, shell wall thick, uncorroded, UT removed t Penn.
40 0.669 <- tr, required shell wall thickness int. press.(E=1)
41 0.000 <- trE, required shell wall thickness ext. press.(E=1) Leg41
44 Nozzle:

Nozzle
45 <- Nozzle Material Leg41 Shell
46 20,000 <- Sn, allowable stress level (Sn)
47 1 <- B, from A = 0.09590 Vt
48 1.00 <- E, nozzle efficiency
49 455.00 <- P, internal design pressure Leg43
50 0.0 <- Pa, external design pressure Proj
51 16.000 <- Do, outside diameter <- Note Do
54 1.000 <- Nt, wall thick, uncorroded
55 0.0% <- UTp, undertolerance (%)
58 2.000 <- L, exterior Projection UW-16.1 (c) modified
59 1.000 <- Ip, interior projection
61 Reinforcing:
71 0.375 <- Leg41, size of weld fillet
73 0.375 <- Leg43, size of weld fillet
74 1.000 <- F <-- Note F Value
87 Variables:
88 UT = Nt*UTp =1*0 Undertolerance UT = 0.000
90 Rn = Do/2 - (Nt-nca) + UT = 16/2 - (1-0) + 0 Effective Radius Rn = 7.000
95 t = Vt-sca =1-0 Effective Shell Thickness t= 1.000
96 ti = Nt-2*nca =1-2*0 Nom Thick of Int. Proj. ti = 1.000
101 tn = Nt-nca = 1-0 Avail. Nozzle Thick. No UT tn = 1.000
102 d = Do-2*tn = 16 - 2*1 Opening Dia. d= 14.000
108 fr1 = MIN(Sn/Sv,1) = MIN(20000/20000, 1) fr1 = 1.000
111 fr2 = MIN(Sn/Sv,1) = MIN(20000/20000, 1) fr2 = 1.000
126 h = MIN(Ip-sca,2.5*t,2.5*ti) = MIN(1-0,2.5*1,2.5*1) h= 1.000
127 tcLeg41 = Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,tn,t)) = Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,1,1)) tc41 = 0.250
131 tcLeg43 = Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,t,tn)) = Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,1,1)) tc43 = 0.250
133 F = Min(Fenterered, 1) F= 1.000
141 Pipe Required Wall Thickness - trn from internal, trnE from external pressure
142 LDo = L/Do LDo = 0.125 Dot = Do/trnE Dot = 0.000
143 trn = (P*Rn)/(Sn*E - 0.6*P) <= tn-UT = (455*7)/(20000*1 - 0.6*455) trn = 0.161 Acceptable
145 trnR = (P*Rn)/(Sn*1 - 0.6*P) = (455*7)/(20000*1 - 0.6*455) E=1 trnR = 0.161
146 trnE = (3*Do*Pa)/(4*B) <= tn-ut = (3*16*0)/(4*1) trnE = 0.000 Acceptable
148 Geometry Constraints:
150 0.7*Leg41 >= tc41 0.7*0.375 >= 0.25 0.263 >= 0.250 Acceptable
158 0.7*Leg43-nca >= tc43 0.7*0.375-0 >= 0.25 0.263 >= 0.250 Acceptable
171

180 Appendix 1-7 Necessary Check

181 when Ds>60,if(2*Rn<=Ds/3,if(2*Rn<=40, "App. 1-7 calculations not required","App. 1-7 calculations required"),"App. 1-7 calculations required")
182 when Ds<=60,if(2*Rn<Ds/2,if(2*Rn<20,"App. 1-7 calculations not required","App. 1-7 calculations required"),"App. 1-7 calculations required")
183 App. 1-7 calculations not required
207 Area Replacement: Fig UG-37.1 Pressure From: Internal External
208 A = 1.0*d*tr*F + 2*tn*tr*F*(1-fr1) Note A Required -> A Required (internal) = 9.364
209 = 1.0*14*0.669*1 + 2*1*0.669*1*(1-1)
212 Ae = 0.5*(d*trE*1 + 2*tn*trE*1*(1-fr1)) = 0.5*(14*0*1 + 2*1*0*1*(1-1)) A Required (external) = 0.000
215 A1 = max(d, 2*(t+tn)) * (E1*t-F*tr)-2*tn*(E1*t-F*tr)*(1-fr1) A1 = 4.636
216 = max(14,2*(1+1))* (1*1-1*0.669)-2*1*(1*1-1*0.669)*(1-1)
219 A1e = max(d, 2*(t+tn)) * (E1*t-F*trE)-2*tn*(E1*t-F*trE)*(1-fr1) A1e = 14.000
220 = max(14,2*(1+1))* (1*1-1*0)-2*1*(1*1-1*0)*(1-1)
225 A2 = min((tn-trnR)*fr2*Min(5*t,2*L) , (tn-trnR)*fr2*Min(5*tn,2*L)) A2 = 3.354
226 = min((1-0.161)*1*Min(5*1,2*2) , (1-0.161)*1*Min(5*1,2*2))
230 A2e = min((tn-trnE)*fr2*Min(5*t,2*L) , (tn-trnE)*fr2*Min(5*tn,2*L)) A2e = 5.000
231 = min((1-0)*1*Min(5*1,2*2) , (1-0)*1*Min(5*1,2*2))
233 A3 = Min(5*t*ti*fr2, 5*ti*ti*fr2, 2*h*ti*fr2) A3 = 2.000 2.000
234 = Min(5*1*1*1, 5*1*1*1, 2*1*1*1)
240 A41 = Leg41^2*fr2 = 0.375^2*1 A41 = 0.141 0.141
247 A43 = (Leg43-nca)^2*fr2 = (0.375-0)^2*1 A43 = 0.141 0.141
249 Actual Area = 10.271 21.281
250
330
Acceptable Actual-Required = 0.907 21.281
30 Nozzle Reinforcement ver 3.90 UW16(c)mod <- SavedDesign 6-Aug-08 Page 1
31 www.pveng.com Automatic dh - not hillside
22 Sample F Value <- Vessel Automatic Limit Diameter
33 Calculation with no F allowance (F = 1.0) <- Description Curved Shell or Head Section
34 Shell:
35 <- Shell Material OD Nozzle
36 20,000 <- Sv, shell allowable stress level, PSI
37 1.00 <- E1, efficiency of shell at nozzle Nt Leg43
38 58.00 <- Ds, Shell ID Full
39 1.000 <- Vt, shell wall thick, uncorroded, UT removed t Penn.
40 0.669 <- tr, required shell wall thickness int. press.(E=1)
41 0.000 <- trE, required shell wall thickness ext. press.(E=1) Leg41
44 Nozzle:

Nozzle
45 <- Nozzle Material Leg41 Shell
46 20,000 <- Sn, allowable stress level (Sn)
47 1 <- B, from A = 0.09590 Vt
48 1.00 <- E, nozzle efficiency
49 455.00 <- P, internal design pressure Leg43
50 0.0 <- Pa, external design pressure Proj
51 20.000 <- Do, outside diameter <- Note Do
54 1.000 <- Nt, wall thick, uncorroded
55 0.0% <- UTp, undertolerance (%)
58 2.000 <- L, exterior Projection UW-16.1 (c) modified
59 1.000 <- Ip, interior projection
61 Reinforcing:
71 0.375 <- Leg41, size of weld fillet
73 0.375 <- Leg43, size of weld fillet
74 1.000 <- F <-- Note F Value
87 Variables:
88 UT = Nt*UTp =1*0 Undertolerance UT = 0.000
90 Rn = Do/2 - (Nt-nca) + UT = 20/2 - (1-0) + 0 Effective Radius Rn = 9.000
95 t = Vt-sca =1-0 Effective Shell Thickness t= 1.000
96 ti = Nt-2*nca =1-2*0 Nom Thick of Int. Proj. ti = 1.000
101 tn = Nt-nca = 1-0 Avail. Nozzle Thick. No UT tn = 1.000
102 d = Do-2*tn = 20 - 2*1 Opening Dia. d= 18.000
108 fr1 = MIN(Sn/Sv,1) = MIN(20000/20000, 1) fr1 = 1.000
111 fr2 = MIN(Sn/Sv,1) = MIN(20000/20000, 1) fr2 = 1.000
126 h = MIN(Ip-sca,2.5*t,2.5*ti) = MIN(1-0,2.5*1,2.5*1) h= 1.000
127 tcLeg41 = Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,tn,t)) = Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,1,1)) tc41 = 0.250
131 tcLeg43 = Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,t,tn)) = Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,1,1)) tc43 = 0.250
133 F = Min(Fenterered, 1) F= 1.000
141 Pipe Required Wall Thickness - trn from internal, trnE from external pressure
142 LDo = L/Do LDo = 0.100 Dot = Do/trnE Dot = 0.000
143 trn = (P*Rn)/(Sn*E - 0.6*P) <= tn-UT = (455*9)/(20000*1 - 0.6*455) trn = 0.208 Acceptable
145 trnR = (P*Rn)/(Sn*1 - 0.6*P) = (455*9)/(20000*1 - 0.6*455) E=1 trnR = 0.208
146 trnE = (3*Do*Pa)/(4*B) <= tn-ut = (3*20*0)/(4*1) trnE = 0.000 Acceptable
148 Geometry Constraints:
150 0.7*Leg41 >= tc41 0.7*0.375 >= 0.25 0.263 >= 0.250 Acceptable
158 0.7*Leg43-nca >= tc43 0.7*0.375-0 >= 0.25 0.263 >= 0.250 Acceptable
171

180 Appendix 1-7 Necessary Check

181 when Ds>60,if(2*Rn<=Ds/3,if(2*Rn<=40, "App. 1-7 calculations not required","App. 1-7 calculations required"),"App. 1-7 calculations required")
182 when Ds<=60,if(2*Rn<Ds/2,if(2*Rn<20,"App. 1-7 calculations not required","App. 1-7 calculations required"),"App. 1-7 calculations required")
183 App. 1-7 calculations not required
207 Area Replacement: Fig UG-37.1 Pressure From: Internal External
208 A = 1.0*d*tr*F + 2*tn*tr*F*(1-fr1) Note A Required -> A Required (internal) = 12.040
209 = 1.0*18*0.669*1 + 2*1*0.669*1*(1-1)
212 Ae = 0.5*(d*trE*1 + 2*tn*trE*1*(1-fr1)) = 0.5*(18*0*1 + 2*1*0*1*(1-1)) A Required (external) = 0.000
215 A1 = max(d, 2*(t+tn)) * (E1*t-F*tr)-2*tn*(E1*t-F*tr)*(1-fr1) A1 = 5.960
216 = max(18,2*(1+1))* (1*1-1*0.669)-2*1*(1*1-1*0.669)*(1-1)
219 A1e = max(d, 2*(t+tn)) * (E1*t-F*trE)-2*tn*(E1*t-F*trE)*(1-fr1) A1e = 18.000
220 = max(18,2*(1+1))* (1*1-1*0)-2*1*(1*1-1*0)*(1-1)
225 A2 = min((tn-trnR)*fr2*Min(5*t,2*L) , (tn-trnR)*fr2*Min(5*tn,2*L)) A2 = 3.170
226 = min((1-0.208)*1*Min(5*1,2*2) , (1-0.208)*1*Min(5*1,2*2))
230 A2e = min((tn-trnE)*fr2*Min(5*t,2*L) , (tn-trnE)*fr2*Min(5*tn,2*L)) A2e = 5.000
231 = min((1-0)*1*Min(5*1,2*2) , (1-0)*1*Min(5*1,2*2))
233 A3 = Min(5*t*ti*fr2, 5*ti*ti*fr2, 2*h*ti*fr2) A3 = 2.000 2.000
234 = Min(5*1*1*1, 5*1*1*1, 2*1*1*1)
240 A41 = Leg41^2*fr2 = 0.375^2*1 A41 = 0.141 0.141
247 A43 = (Leg43-nca)^2*fr2 = (0.375-0)^2*1 A43 = 0.141 0.141
249 Actual Area = 11.411 25.281
250
330
ERROR Actual-Required = (0.629) 25.281