FORCES UNIDIMENSIONALS

fora depenent del temps: F(t) = m

F = F(v) + Fcons

dv
dt

fora depenent de la velocitat: F = F(v)

temps caracterstic desmortement (temps de relaxaci): =

fora depenent de la posici (conservativa): F = F(x) =

E = T +U =

1
m v 2 +U(x)
2

t=

x0

petites oscillacions: k = U (x min ) ; w 0 =

dU
dx

m
b

; W12 = U(x 1 ) U(x 2 ) = U

dx
2
m

(E U )

k
2
; T =
m
w0

forces no conservatives:

dE
= F v(t)
dt

OSCILLADORS
forma general: m x = k x b x

; x + 2 x + 20 x = 0

infraesmortet: x(t) = A e t cos( 1 t + ) ; 1 =

1 t

+ C2 e

2 t

; =

b
2 m

; 0 =

k
m

20 2

; 1 = + 2 20

; 2 = 2 20

sobrees. creua el punt dequilibri: x0 < x 0 1 crticament esmortet: x(t) = (C 1 + C 2 t) e t

; x 0 > 0 x0 < x 0

oscilladors forats, forma general: m x + b x + k x = f (t)

x p (t) = A0 () cos( t + ()) ; A0 () =

x(t) = x h (t) + x p (t)

; tan(()) =

2
20 2

ressonancia en amplitud: R = 20 2 2 = 12 2 ressonancia en potencia: R = 0

= D D = AD 1 = a1 x 1 + a 2 x 2 ; 2 = a 2 x 1 + a 2 x 2
acoblats: x = A x
acoblats no homogenis: soluci homognia 1 = a1 x 1 + a 2 x 2 ; 2 = a 2 x 1 + a 2 x 2 ;
substitur x1 y x2 completes en la soluci
1 = a1 x1 + a 2 x2 ;
2 = a 2 x1 + a 2 x2
(m1 = m2 = m ; k1 = k2 = k ; k12 = k) mode polsant: x 1(0) = A ; x 2 (0) = x1(0) = x2 (0) = 0

+

+
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
x 1(t) = A cos 1
t cos
t ; x 1(t) = A sin
t sin
t
2
2
2
2

mode simtric: x 1(0) = x 2 (0) = A ; x1(0) = x2 (0) = 0 x 1(t) = x 2 (t) = A cos( 2 t)

2 COSSOS

m1 r1 + m2 r2
vector centre de masses: R =
m1 + m2

; vector posici relativa: r = r1 r2

dinmica: (m1 + m2 ) R = F1e + F2e ; r = f +
FORCES CENTRALS

r
forma general: F(r) = F(r) r ; r =
r

propietats camps centrals: F = 0

1
(m2 F1e + m1 F2e ) ; f = F1i = F2i )
m1 + m2

; r = (x,y,z) ; r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2

F = U

dL
;
=0
dt

dE
;
=0
dt

dS
L
=
dt
2 m

;
coordenadas polars: x = r cos ; y = r sin ; v = r r + r

a = (
r - r 2 ) r + (r + 2 r )
L = m r 2 = m r v

velocitat areolar:

1
1
L2
1
2
2
energia: E = T +U = m v +U(r) = m r +
+U(r) = m r2 +U eff (r)
2
2
2
2
2 m r
d 2u

equaci de la trajectria:

+u =

m
L u2
2

F(1 / u) ; r = 1 / u

POTENCIALS DEL TIPUS K/r

B =

m k
L2

rbites:

; A= B +
2

2 m E
L2

1
=
1 + cos A cos + B
; = 1+

p
k
= 1 + cos ; a =
r()
2E

; T2 =

4 2 3
G M
a ; g =
G M
R2

parbola

hiprbola

a(1 - 2)

a(2 - 1)

0<<1

=1

>1

E = Ueff

E<0

E=0

E>0

; v=

; =

A
B

m k2

ellipse

G M m
2 r

1
B

2 E L2

circumferencia

rbita circular: E =

; =

; ve =

2 G M
r

G M
r

rbita ellptica: apogeu = r+ ; perigeu = r ; vr max r1,2 = a 1 2 ; 1,2 =

MECNICA ANALTICA
Lagrangi: L = L(q, q,t)
= T U
Equacions de Lagrange:

d L L
=0

dt qk qk

Moment generalitzat: pk =

T
qk

Hamiltoni: H = H(q, p,t) =

Equacions de Hamilton: qk =

pk L

H
pk

i pk =

H
qk

RELATIVITAT
velocitat: v = c

; factor de Lorentz: =

1
1 2

v x
transformacions de Lorentz: x = (x v t) ; y = y ; z = z ; t = t 2

c
composici de velocitats: ux =

ux + v
1+

v ux

; uy =

c2

uy

v u
1 + 2 x
c

; uz =

uz

v u
1 + 2 x
c

v x
transformacions inverses: x = (x + v t ) ; t = t + 2

c
transformacions inverses: ux =

ux v
1

v ux
c

; uy =

uy

v u
1 2 x
c

dilataci del temps: t = t contracci de lespai: l =

; u =

uz

v u
1 2 x
c

1
1+
sallunyen ; r = e
sapropen
1+
1

dinmica relativista: E = E 0 + K = m c 2 ; p = m v

E
transformacions: px = px
c

; p y = p y ; pz = pz ;

E
transformacions inverses: px = px +
c

energia i massa dun fot: E = c p

; E 2 = E 20 + p 2 c 2 ;

; p y = p y

; p = c m

v p c
=
c
E

E
= px
c
c

; pz = pz ;

E
=
+ px
c
c