Web Technologies Lecture Notes On Unit 2

Web Technologies
B.Tech III Year II Semester

IT DEPT
Java Script
Unit II
JavaScript
Introduction
data types & expressions
Arrays in Java Scripts
control statements
functions & libraries
Java Script Objects
Event Handling
Dynamic HTML Introduction
Dynamic HTML with Java Sripts
Introduction
HTML is good for developing static Web pages
can specify text/image layout, presentation, links,
Web page looks the same each time it is accessed
in order to develop interactive/reactive pages, must integrate programming in some form or
another
client-side programming
Client side validations of a Web application can be Performed using a scripting language
e.g., JavaScript, JScript, VBScript
Scripting elements are embedded in the HTML of a Web page, with (HTML) tags to identify
the program component
e.g., <script
type="text/javascript"> </script>
the browser executes the program as it loads the page, integrating the dynamic output of
the program with the static content of HTML
could also allow the user (client) to input information and process it, might be used to
validate input before its submitted to a remote server
Scripts vs. Programs

a scripting language is a simple, interpreted programming language
scripts are embedded as plain text, interpreted by application
simpler execution model: don't need compiler or development environment

saves bandwidth: source code is downloaded, not compiled executable
platform-independence: code interpreted by any script-enabled browser
but: slower than compiled code, not as powerful/full-featured
JavaScript: the first Web scripting language, developed by Netscape in 1995
syntactic similarities to Java/C++, but simpler, more flexible in some respects,
limited in others (loose typing, dynamic variables, simple objects)
JScript: Microsoft version of JavaScript, introduced in 1996
same core language, but some browser-specific differences
fortunately, IE, Netscape, Firefox, etc. can (mostly) handle both
JavaScript & JScript
Common Scripting Tasks

adding dynamic features to Web pages
validation of form data (probably the most commonly used application)

image rollovers
time-sensitive or random page elements
handling cookies
defining programs with Web interfaces

utilize buttons, text boxes, clickable images, prompts, etc
limitations of client-side scripting

since script code is embedded in the page, it is viewable to the world
for security reasons, scripts are limited in what they can do
e.g., can't access the client's hard drive
since they are designed to run on any machine platform, scripts do not contain platform
specific commands
script languages are not full-featured
e.g., JavaScript objects are very crude, not good for large project development
JavaScript
JavaScript code can be embedded in a Web page using <script> tags
the output of JavaScript code is displayed as if directly entered in HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Page</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
// silly code to demonstrate output
document.write("<p>Hello world!</p>");
document.write displays text in the page
text to be displayed can include HTML

tags
the tags are interpreted by the browser
when the text is displayed
document.write(" <p>How are <br/> " +

" <i>you</i>?</p> ");
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Here is some static text as well.</p>
as in C++/Java, statements end with ;

but a line break might also be interpreted as
the end of a statement (depends upon
browser)
</body>
</html>
JavaScript comments similar to C++/Java

//
starts a single line comment
/**/ enclose multi-line comments
JavaScript Data Types & Variables
JavaScript has only three primitive data types

String : "foo"
Number : 12
Boolean : true
'how do you do?'

"I said 'hi'."
""
3.14159
1.5E6
false
Null : the only value of Null is the reserve word null indicates no value
Undefined : If a variable is explicitly declared but not assigned a value it
has the value undefined
<html>
<head>
<title>Data Types and Variables</title>
</head>
<body>
var x, y;
x= 1024;
y=x; x = "foobar";
document.write("<p>x = " + y + "</p>");
document.write("<p>x = " + x + "</p>");
</script>
</body>
</html>
assignments are as in C++/Java

message = "howdy";
pi = 3.14159;
variable names are sequences of letters,

digits, and underscores that start with a letter
or an underscore
variables names are case-sensitive
you don't have to declare variables, will be
created the first time used, but its better if
you use var statements
var message, pi=3.14159;
variables are loosely typed, can be assigned

different types of values (Danger!)
JavaScript Arrays
arrays store a sequence of items, accessible via an index
since JavaScript is loosely typed, elements do not have to be the same type
to create an array, allocate space using new
(or can assign directly)
items = new Array(10);
// allocates space for 10 items
items = new Array();
// if no size given, will adjust dynamically
items = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]; // can assign size & values []
to access an array element, use [] (as in C++/Java)

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
items[i] = 0;
// stores 0 at each index
the length property stores the number of items in the array

for (i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
document.write(items[i] + "<br>");
}
// displays elements
Array Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Die Statistics</title>
<script type="text/javascript"
src="http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/~martin/teaching/comp519/JS/r
andom.js">
</script>
</head>
<body>
numRolls = 60000;
dieSides = 6;
rolls = new Array(dieSides+1);
for (i = 1; i < rolls.length; i++) {
rolls[i] = 0;
}
for(i = 1; i <= numRolls; i++) {
rolls[randomInt(1, dieSides)]++;
}
for (i = 1; i < rolls.length; i++) {

document.write("Number of " + i + "'s = " +
rolls[i] + "<br />");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
suppose we want to
simulate die rolls and
verify even distribution
keep an array of counters:
initialize each count to 0
each time you roll X,
increment rolls[X]
display each counter
Arrays (cont.)
Arrays have predefined methods that allow them to be used as stacks,
queues, or other common programming data structures.
var stack = new Array();
stack.push("blue");
stack.push(12);
stack.push("green");
var item = stack.pop();
//
//
stack is now the array ["blue", 12]

stack = ["blue", 12, "green"]
// item is now equal to "green"
var q = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10];
item = q.shift();
// item is now equal to 1, remaining
// elements of q move down one position
// in the array, e.g. q[0] equals 2
q.unshift(125); // q is now the array [125,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
q.push(244);
// q = [125,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,244]
JavaScript Operators & Control Statements

<html>
<head>
<title>Folding Puzzle</title>
</head>
<body>
var distanceToSun = 93.3e6*5280*12;
var thickness = .002;
var foldCount = 0;
while (thickness < distanceToSun) {
thickness *= 2;
foldCount++;
}
document.write("Number of folds = " +
foldCount);
</script>
</body>
</html>
standard C++/Java operators &

control statements are provided
in JavaScript
+, -, *, /, %, ++, --,
==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
&&, ||, !,===,!==
if , if-else, switch
while, for, do-while,
PUZZLE: Suppose you took a piece
of paper and folded it in half, then in
half again, and so on.
How many folds before the thickness

of the paper reaches from the earth to
the sun?
JavaScript Math Routines

<html>
<head>
<title>Random Dice Rolls</title>
</head>
<body>
<div style="text-align:center">
var roll1 = Math.floor(Math.random()*6) + 1;
var roll2 = Math.floor(Math.random()*6) + 1;
document.write("<img src='http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/"+
"~martin/teaching/comp519/Images/die" +
roll1 + ".gif alt=dice showing + roll1 />");
document.write("  ");
roll2 + ".gif alt=dice showing + roll2 />");
</script>
</div>
</body>
</html>
the built-in Math

object contains
functions and
constants
Math.sqrt
Math.pow
Math.abs
Math.max
Math.min
Math.floor
Math.ceil
Math.round
Math.PI
Math.E
Math.random
function returns a real

number in [0..1)
Interactive Pages Using Prompt

<html>
<head>
<title>Interactive page</title>
</head>
<body>
var userName = prompt("What is your name?", "");
var userAge = prompt("Your age?", "");
var userAge = parseFloat(userAge);
document.write("Hello " + userName + ".")
if (userAge < 18) {
document.write(" Do your parents know " +
"you are online?");
}
else {
document.write(" Welcome friend!");
}
</script>
<p>The rest of the page...</p>
</body>
</html>
crude user interaction can

take place using prompt
1st argument: the prompt
message that appears in the
dialog box
2nd argument: a default value
that will appear in the box (in
case the user enters nothing)
the function returns the value

entered by the user in the
dialog box (a string)
if value is a number, must use
parseFloat (or parseInt) to
convert
forms will provide a better

interface for interaction
(later)
User-Defined Functions
function definitions are similar to C++/Java, except:
no return type for the function (since variables are loosely typed)
no variable typing for parameters (since variables are loosely typed)
by-value parameter passing only (parameter gets copy of argument)
function isPrime(n)
// Assumes: n > 0
// Returns: true if n is prime, else false
{
if (n < 2) {
return false;
}
else if (n == 2) {
return true;
}
else {
for (var i = 2; i <= Math.sqrt(n); i++) {
if (n % i == 0) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
}
Can limit variable scope to the

function.
if the first use of a variable is preceded
with var, then that variable is local to
the function
for modularity, should make all
variables in a function local
Function Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Prime Tester</title>
function isPrime(n)
// Assumes: n > 0
// Returns: true if n is prime
{
// CODE AS SHOWN ON PREVIOUS SLIDE
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
testNum = parseFloat(prompt("Enter a positive integer", "7"));
if (isPrime(testNum)) {
document.write(testNum + " <b>is</b> a prime number.");
}
else {
document.write(testNum + " <b>is not</b> a prime number.");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Function definitions
(usually) go in the
<head> section
<head> section is
loaded first, so then
the function is
defined before code
in the <body> is
executed (and,
therefore, the
function can be
used later in the
body of the HTML
document)
<html>
<head>
<title> Random Dice Rolls Revisited</title>
function randomInt(low, high)
// Assumes: low <= high
// Returns: random integer in range [low..high]
{
return Math.floor(Math.random()*(high-low+1)) + low;
}
</script>
</head>
Another
Example
recall the dynamic dice
page
<body>
<div style="text-align: center">
roll1 = randomInt(1, 6);
could define a function for

generating random
numbers in a range, then
use whenever needed
roll1 + ".gif'/>");
roll2 + ".gif'/>");
</script>
</div>
</body>
</html>
easier to remember,
promotes reuse
JavaScript Libraries
better still: if you define functions that may be useful to many pages, store in a
separate library file and load the library when needed
the file at http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/~martin/teaching/comp519/JS/random.js

contains definitions of the following functions:
randomNum(low, high)
randomInt(low, high)
randomChar(string)
randomOneOf([item1,,itemN])
returns random real in range [low..high)

returns random integer in range [low..high)
returns random character from the string
returns random item from list/array
Note: as with external style sheets, do not put <script> tags in the external JavaScript library file
load a library using the SRC attribute in the SCRIPT tag (put nothing between the beginning
and ending tags)
src="http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/~martin/teaching/comp519/JS/random.js">
</script>
Library Example
<html>
<head>
<title> Random Dice Rolls Revisited</title>
src="http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/~martin/teaching/comp519/JS/random.js">
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div style="text-align: center">
roll1 + ".gif'/>");
roll2 + ".gif'/>");
</script>
</div>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript Objects
an object defines a new type (formally, Abstract Data Type)
encapsulates data (properties) and operations on that data (methods)

Java Script supports many implicit objects for various operations they are
String Object
Number Object
Date Object
Document Object
Navigator Object
Window Object
History Object etc..
String Object
a String object encapsulates a sequence of characters, enclosed in quotes
properties include
length
methods include
charAt(index)
substring(start, end)
toUpperCase()
toLowerCase()
: stores the number of characters in the string

: returns the character stored at the given index
(as in C++/Java, indices start at 0)
: returns the part of the string between the start
(inclusive) and end (exclusive) indices
: returns copy of string with letters uppercase
: returns copy of string with letters lowercase
to create a string, assign using new or (in this case) just make a direct assignment (new is implicit)
word = new String("foo");
word = "foo";
properties/methods are called exactly as in C++/Java

word.length
word.charAt(0)
String example: Palindromes

function strip(str)
// Assumes: str is a string
// Returns: str with all but letters removed
{
var copy = "";
for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
if ((str.charAt(i) >= "A" && str.charAt(i) <= "Z") ||
(str.charAt(i) >= "a" && str.charAt(i) <= "z")) {
copy += str.charAt(i);
}
}
return copy;
}
function isPalindrome(str)
// Assumes: str is a string
// Returns: true if str is a palindrome, else false
{
str = strip(str.toUpperCase());
for(var i = 0; i < Math.floor(str.length/2); i++) {
if (str.charAt(i) != str.charAt(str.length-i-1)) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
suppose we want to
test whether a word
or phrase is a
palindrome
noon
Radar
Madam, I'm Adam.
A man, a plan, a canal:
Panama!
must strip non-letters out of the
word or phrase
make all chars uppercase in

order to be case-insensitive
finally, traverse and compare
chars from each end
<html>
<head>
<title>Palindrome Checker</title>
function strip(str)
{
}
function isPalindrome(str)
{
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
text = prompt("Enter a word or phrase", "Madam, I'm Adam");
if (isPalindrome(text)) {
document.write("'" + text + "' <b>is</b> a palindrome.");
}
else {
document.write("'" + text + "' <b>is not</b> a palindrome.");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Date Object
String & Array are the most commonly used objects in JavaScript
other, special purpose objects also exist
the Date object can be used to access the date and time
to create a Date object, use new & supply year/month/day/ as desired
today = new Date();
// sets to current date & time
newYear = new Date(2002,0,1); //sets to Jan 1, 2002
12:00AM
methods include:
newYear.getYear()
newYear.getMonth()
newYear.getDay()
newYear.getHours()
newYear.getMinutes()
newYear.getSeconds()
newYear.getMilliseconds()
can access individual components of a date
<html>
Date Example
<head>
<title>Time page</title>
</head>
<body>
Time when page was loaded:
now = new Date();
document.write("<p>" + now + "</p>");
time = "AM";
hours = now.getHours();
if (hours > 12) {
hours -= 12;
time = "PM"
}
else if (hours == 0) {
hours = 12;
}
document.write("<p>" + hours + ":" +
now.getMinutes() + ":" +
now.getSeconds() + " " +
time + "</p>");
</script>
</body>
</html>
by default, a date will be displayed in

full, e.g.,
Sun Feb 03 22:55:20 GMT-0600
(Central Standard Time) 2002
can pull out portions of the date using

the methods and display as desired
here, determine if "AM" or "PM" and
adjust so hour between 1-12
10:55:20 PM
Another Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Time page</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Elapsed time in this year:
now = new Date();
newYear = new Date(2012,0,1);
secs = Math.round((now-newYear)/1000);
days = Math.floor(secs / 86400);
secs -= days*86400;
hours = Math.floor(secs / 3600);
secs -= hours*3600;
minutes = Math.floor(secs / 60);
secs -= minutes*60
document.write(days + " days, " +
hours + " hours, " +
minutes + " minutes, and " +
secs + " seconds.");
</script>
</p>
</body>
</html>
you can add and subtract Dates:

the result is a number of
milliseconds
here, determine the number of
seconds since New Year's day
(note: January is month 0)
divide into number of days, hours,
minutes and seconds
document Object
Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, etc. allow you to access information about an
HTML document using the document object
<html>
<head>
<title>Documentation page</title>
</head>
<body>
<table width="100%">
<tr>
<td><i>
document.write(document.URL);
</script>
</i></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><i>
document.write(document.lastModified);
</script>
</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
document.write()
method that displays text in

the page
document.URL
property that gives the

location of the HTML
document
document.lastModified
property that gives the date &

time the HTML document was
last changed
navigator Object
navigator.appName
<html>
<!- COMP519
property that gives the browser

name
<head>
<title>Dynamic Style Page</title>
navigator.appVersion
property that gives the browser

version

a {text-decoration:none;
font-size:larger;
color:red;
font-family:Arial}
a:hover {color:blue}

a {font-family:Arial;
color:white;
background-color:red}
js14.html
16.08.2006 -->
if (navigator.appName == "Netscape") {
document.write('<link rel=stylesheet '+
'type="text/css" href="Netscape.css">');
}
else {
document.write('<link rel=stylesheet ' +
'type="text/css" href="MSIE.css">');
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
Here is some text with a
<a href="javascript:alert('GO AWAY')">link</a>.
</body>
</html>
User-Defined Objects
can define new objects, but the notation can be somewhat awkward
simply define a function that serves as a constructor
specify data fields & methods using this
no data hiding: can't protect data or methods

// Die class definition
function Die(sides)
{
this.numSides = sides;
this.numRolls = 0;
this.roll = roll;
// define a pointer to a function
}
function roll()
{
this.numRolls++;
return Math.floor(Math.random()*this.numSides) + 1;
}
define Die function (i.e.,

the object's constructor)
initialize data fields in the
function, preceded with
"this"
similarly, assign method to
separately defined function
(which uses this to access
data)
Object Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Dice page</title>
src="Die.js">
</script>
</head>
<body>
die6 = new Die(6);
die8 = new Die(8);
roll6 = -1;
// dummy value to start loop
roll8 = -2;
// dummy value to start loop
while (roll6 != roll8) {
roll6 = die6.roll();
roll8 = die8.roll();
document.write("6-sided: " + roll6 +
"    " +
"8-sided: " + roll8 + "<br />");
}
document.write("<br />Number of rolls: " +
die6.numRolls);
</script>
</body>
</html>
create a Die object using new

(similar to String and Array)
here, the argument to Die

initializes numSides for that
particular object
each Die object has its own
properties (numSides &
numRolls)
Roll(), when called on a
particular Die, accesses its
numSides property and
updates its NumRolls
Event Handling in Java Script

Event:
An event is something that happens, e.g. a mouse click on a button, an image that has loaded.
Events usually occur as a result of human interaction with the browser, e.g. selecting a document to
load, entering form information.
Event Handlers
Event handlers are JavaScript methods, i.e. functions of objects, that allow us as JavaScript
programmers to control what happens when events occur.
For example, the following form has an onSubmit event handler that displays an alert message:
<FORM NAME="formName" onSubmit="alert('Form submitted') >
<INPUT TYPE="SUBMIT"> </FORM>
List of Event objects and Event Handlers

Object
Event Handlers
Area
onClick(), onMouseOut(), onMouseOver()
button
onBlur(), onClick(), onFocus()
checkbox
form
onReset(), onSubmit()
frame
onLoad(), onUnload()
image
onAbort(), onError(), onLoad()
link
onClick(), onMouseOut(), onMouseOver()
password
onBlur(), onChange(), onFocus()
radio
reset
select
submit
text
textarea
window
onBlur(), onError(), onFocus(), onLoad(),

onUnload()
What is DHTML
Generally, DHTML refers to applications that allow a Web page to change dynamically without
requiring the request is to be passed to/from a web server.
More specifically, DHTML refers to the interaction of HTML, CSS and Scripting language
(JavaScript).
Crucial component of DHTML is DOM (Document Object Model)
DHTML = HTML + CSS + JavaScript + DOM
Why comes DHTML
To make Web pages interactive.

HTML pages have static nature.
DHTML provides us with enhanced creative control so we can manipulate any page element at any
time.
It is the easiest way to make Web pages interactive.
It doesnt increase server workload and require special software to support.
JavaScript and DHTML

Example 1 :
Changing background and text colors Dynamically :
<html>
<head>
<script type=text / javascript >
function change()
{
document.body.style.backgroundColor=blue ;
document.body.style.color=yellow ;
}
</script></head>
<body bgcolor=red>
<form type=button value=CHANGE COLOR onclick= change() >
</form> </body></html>
OUT PUT :
Changes background color to blue and text color to yellow when u click the button
Example 2 :
Changing Font Dynamically using Mouse Events:
<html>
<head> <title> dynamic font styles and colors for links</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor=red>
<a style= color : blue;
onmouseover =this.style.color=red; this.style.font =italic 16pt Times ;
onmouseout =this.style.color=blue; this.style.font =normal 16pt Times ; >
Click Here </a>
</body>
</html>
OUT PUT :
When the mouse is placed on Hyper link text it will be changed from blue to red color.
When the mouse is out of the Hyper link it will be change back to blue color.
Important questions
1.
Explain the features advantages and limitations of java script
2.
With an example explain how parameters are passed to functions in

JavaScript
3.
Write a JavaScript program to convert distance in kilometers, miles to

meters or inches
4.
Explain the characteristics of DHTML
5.
Compare and contrast HTML and DHTML with suitable examples.
6.
Write a java script to verify a phone number, email-id and date formats.
7.
Explain Event Handling in Java script with an example
8.
Explain all the Implicit java script objects their properties and methods

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What are some common scripting tasks mentioned in the document?

What are some common scripting tasks mentioned in the document?

What is the difference between scripts and programs according to the document?

What is the difference between scripts and programs according to the document?

Web Technologies

B.Tech III Year II Semester

Scripts vs. Programs

simpler execution model: don't need compiler or development environment

Common Scripting Tasks

validation of form data (probably the most commonly used application)

defining programs with Web interfaces

limitations of client-side scripting

document.write displays text in the page

text to be displayed can include HTML

document.write(" <p>How are <br/> " +

as in C++/Java, statements end with ;

JavaScript comments similar to C++/Java

starts a single line comment

/**/ enclose multi-line comments

JavaScript Data Types & Variables

JavaScript has only three primitive data types

'how do you do?'

assignments are as in C++/Java

variable names are sequences of letters,

variables are loosely typed, can be assigned

(or can assign directly)

items = new Array(10);

// allocates space for 10 items

items = new Array();

// if no size given, will adjust dynamically

items = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]; // can assign size & values []

to access an array element, use [] (as in C++/Java)

// stores 0 at each index

the length property stores the number of items in the array

for (i = 1; i < rolls.length; i++) {

stack is now the array ["blue", 12]

JavaScript Operators & Control Statements

standard C++/Java operators &

How many folds before the thickness

JavaScript Math Routines

the built-in Math

function returns a real

Interactive Pages Using Prompt

crude user interaction can

the function returns the value

forms will provide a better

Can limit variable scope to the

could define a function for

the file at http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/~martin/teaching/comp519/JS/random.js

returns random real in range [low..high)

encapsulates data (properties) and operations on that data (methods)

: stores the number of characters in the string

properties/methods are called exactly as in C++/Java

String example: Palindromes

make all chars uppercase in

// sets to current date & time

newYear = new Date(2002,0,1); //sets to Jan 1, 2002

can access individual components of a date