Small Ruminant Research 113 (2013) 211218

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Small Ruminant Research

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/smallrumres

Sensory prole and physicochemical parameters of cheese

from dairy goats fed vegetable oils in the semiarid region of
Brazil
Ertha Janine Lacerda de Medeiros a, ,
Rita de Cssia Ramos do Egypto Queiroga b , Ariosvaldo Nunes de Medeiros c ,
Marco Aurlio Delmondes Bomm d , Ana Sancha Malveira Batista e ,
Sunia Samara dos Santos Flex a , Marta Suely Madruga a
a
Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology, Department of Foods Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraiba
(PPGCTA/DEA/CT/UFPB), Campus I, 58.059-900, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
b
Departament of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (DN/CCS/UFPB), Campus I, 58.059-900, Joao
Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
c
Departament of Animal Science, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraiba (DZ/CCA/UFPB), Campus II, 58.397-000,
Areia, Paraiba, Brazil
d
National Center for Goat and Sheep Research, Embrapa, 62.011-970, Sobral, Ceara, Brazil
e
Departament of Animal Science, State University of Vale Acarau, 62.040-370, Sobral, Ceara, Brazil

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 30 January 2013
Received in revised form 15 February 2013
Accepted 16 February 2013
Available online 20 March 2013
Keywords:
Colourimetry
Goat cheese
Sensory
Texture
Vegetable oil

a b s t r a c t
The supplementation of vegetable oils in the diets of dairy goats may enhance to improve
nutritional and sensory qualities of goat milk and cheese. Cheese was made from milk of
crossbred Saanen French Alpine goats fed diets containing 4% vegetable oils (faveleira oil,
sesame oil or castor oil), and physicochemical parameters, texture prole, colour and fatty
acids of the goat cheeses were analysed. The sensory attributes of the goat cheese were
analysed using quantitative descriptive analyses. The cheeses exhibited similar physicochemical and sensory attributes (P 0.05) regardless of the animals diets. For cheeses
made from the milk of goats fed sesame oil, the hardness was lower, and the cheeses were
softer than the control (P < 0.05). Faveleira oil and sesame oil positively affected the fatty
acid prole of the cheese. In general, the addition of different oils to the diets of dairy goats
did not promote changes in the sensory quality of the cheese produced and can be used as
a dietary supplement.
2013 Elsevier B.V. Open access under the Elsevier OA license.

1. Introduction
In Europe, goat cheese is much appreciated, and its consumption is part of the local culture, which is not the case
in Brazil. Goat milk production is a dynamic and growing
industry that is fundamental to the wellbeing of hundreds

Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 83 3216 7576; fax: +55 83 3216 7119.
E-mail address: [email protected] (E.J.L.d. Medeiros).
0921-4488 2013 Elsevier B.V. Open access under the Elsevier OA license.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.02.006

of millions of people worldwide and is an important part

of the economy in many countries. In addition, the studies
demonstrate that this milk is also rich in microcomponents
(fatty acids, vitamins), in volatile compounds (avours,
terpenes), and phenolic compounds, favourable to human
nutrition and health (Silanikove et al., 2010).
Because of its nutritional characteristics, researchers
have attempted to improve the physicochemical characteristics of goat milk, especially by inducing changes through
addition of different sources of fat in the diets of dairy

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E.J.L.d. Medeiros et al. / Small Ruminant Research 113 (2013) 211218

goats (Queiroga et al., 2010). In this context, vegetable oils

have been used to increase dietary energy density and to
improve the quality of goat milk and its derivatives. However, there are limiting factors in the use of vegetable oils
in the diets of ruminants. The oil content should not exceed
7% of the ethereal extract in dry matter (NRC, 2007).
Some studies have reported positive effects of lipid supplementation on milk quality in goats. Sanz Sampelayo
et al. (2007) reported that lipid supplementation in dairy
goats causes no changes in energy consumption or milk
production but signicantly increases the fat content of
milk in most cases. In addition, the presence of unsaturated fatty acids in feed may have positive effects, such
as inhibiting the production of methane and ammonia in
the rumen and increasing the efciency of microbial synthesis (Mohammed et al., 2004). Some studies have shown
that dietary supplementation with fodder and oils improve
the quality and sensory attributes of milk (Bernard et al.,
2009; Chilliard et al., 2003; Palmquist and Griinari, 2006)
and cheese (Cabiddu et al., 2006; Santos et al., 2012).
Among the existing lipid sources, faveleira oil (Cnidoscolus quercifolius or C. phyllacanthus), sesame oil (Sesamum
indicum L.) and castor oil (Ricinus communis L.) have
received special attention for their wide applicability, availability and high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, but their
effects as supplements in animal diets and on changes in
cheese attributes are still poorly understood. The seeds of
faveleira (5070% oil) stand out due to the presence of
unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid (C18:2n6
cis), which accounts for 41.6% of linoleic (Santos et al.,
2005). Castor seeds show crude oil levels ranging from 35 to
55%, where 90% is ricinoleic acid (C18:1 cis-9,12-OH), giving
this oil typical features, such as high viscosity over a wide
range of temperatures, oxidative stability, a low freezing
point, and total solubility in low-molecular-weight alcohols (Berman et al., 2011). Sesame seeds, which contain up
to 60% oil and 1723% protein, produce oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids and the presence of antioxidants such as
sesamin, sesamolin, and sesamol (Suja et al., 2004).
The objectives of the present study were as follows: to
evaluate the effect of supplementation of three vegetable
oils (faveleira, sesame and castor) on the milk composition
of dairy goats raised in Brazilian semiarid region and to
characterise rheological properties, colour, fatty acids and
sensory properties of goat cheese produced from different
dietary treatments.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Animals and experimental rations
The cheese was made from the milk of crossbred Saanen French
Alpine goats, which were hand milked, kept in connement and fed diets
prepared according to NRC (2007) requirements (Table 1). Four diets were
used in the study: Treatment 1, basal diet without the addition of vegetable oil to the dry matter; Treatment 2, basal diet plus 4% faveleira oil;
Treatment 3, basal diet plus 4% sesame oil; and Treatment 4, basal diet
plus 4% castor oil.
The trial lasted 76 days and followed a Latin square design (4 4) with
8 animals distributed into two for each treatments, with four treatments
and four processing periods, being which the rst 15 days of each period
were used for adaptation to the diet and for the four days following the
collection of milk samples.

2.2. Cheese samples and production technology

In each period, the cheeses were made using 10 L of goat milk per
treatment, and they were pasteurised at 65 C (1 C) for 30 min followed
by cooling to 37 C (2 C) and coagulation with additives in the following sequence: 0.25 mL L1 85% lactic acid solution; 0.1 g L1 lyophilised
lactic starter culture with Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (Christian Hansen Ind. & Com. Ltd., Valinhos, SP,
Brazil); 0.5 mL L1 50% calcium chloride; and 0.9 mL L1 commercial coagulant (Ha-La , Christian Hansen Ind. & Com. Ltd., Valinhos, SP, Brazil). After
40 min of rest, the curd was gently cut into cubes, drained, and salted in
brine (9 g L1 NaCl). The cheese mass was then distributed into 250 g perforated moulds, pressed for 46 h at room temperature, vacuum packed
and stored under refrigeration 4 1 C for 7 days. Four cheeses manufactured were 250 g for each treatment, in which a part was designed to
sensory analysis and partly other analysis.

2.3. Physicochemical analysis

Physicochemical analyses were performed in accordance with the following procedures recommended by AOAC International (2000): 991.20
for protein; 989.04 for lipids; 935.42 for ash; 981.12 for pH; and 978.18 for
water activity. The moisture content from the samples was determined
following the international standard method (IDF, 1958).

2.4. Texture analysis

Texture prole analysis (TPA) were performed using a TA-XT2i texturometer (Stable Micro Systems, Survey, UK) coupled to a stainless steel
spherical probe (P/1S) 1 inch in diameter (Extralab Brazil, So Paulo,
Brazil). Cheeses were cut into cylindrical shapes (50 mm in diameter and
25 mm in height) and analysed in triplicate for each treatment.
The conditions for texture analysis based on the procedure of Andrade
et al. (2007) were as follows: 1.0 mm/s speed, 50% compression, 5.0 g contact force, and 5 s between cycles. The texture parameters of hardness,
cohesiveness, adhesiveness, springiness and chewiness were analysed
using Texture Expert for Windows 1.20 software (Stable Micro Systems).

2.5. Colourimetric analysis

The determination of instrumental colour was performed on a CR400 colourimeter (Minolta, Osaka, Japan) using the CIELAB system colour
scale (L*a*b*) with a D65 illuminant (standard daylight) and measuring
angle of 10. The L*, a* and b* parameters were determined according to
the International Commission on Illumination (CIE, 1996). Using reference
plates, the apparatus was calibrated in the reectance mode with specular
reection excluded. A 10 mm quartz cuvette was used for the readings.
Measurements were performed in triplicate on the external and internal
of each piece of cheese immediately after unpacking.

2.6. Fatty acid analysis

For all the samples analysed, lipid extraction was performed according to the technique of Folch et al. (1957). For the analysis of fatty acids,
saponication and esterication of the cheeses were performed according
to the method of Hartman & Lago (1973).
The esteried samples were analysed with a gas chromatograph (Varian 430-GC) with a ame ionisation detector (FID) and fused silica capillary
column (CP WAX 52 CB Varian; 60 mm 0.25 mm, 0.25 m lm thickness). Helium was used as the carrier gas (ow rate of 1 mL min1 ).
The initial oven temperature was 100 C, and the temperature was programmed to reach 240 C by increasing 2.5 C per min for 20 min. The
injector and detector temperatures were maintained at 250 and 260 C,
respectively.
An aliquot (1.0 L) of each esteried extract was injected into a
split/splitless type injector at 250 C, and the chromatograms were
recorded using Galaxie Chromatography Data System software. Fatty
acids were identied by comparing the retention time of the methyl esters
with Supelco ME19-Kit standards (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters C6-C24). The
results were quantied by standardisation of the areas of methyl esters
and are expressed as percentages of the area.

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213

Table 1
Percentage and chemical composition of experimental diets.
Components

Experimental diets
Control without oil

Faveleira oil

Sesame oil

Castor oil

Proportion of ingredients (% dry matter)

Tifton hay
Ground corn
Soybean meal
Faveleira oil
Sesame oil
Castor oil
Core minerala
Limestone

49.30
37.29
10.79
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.37
1.25

49.06
32.99
11.34
4.00
0.00
0.00
1.47
1.13

49.06
32.99
11.34
0.00
4.00
0.00
1.47
1.13

49.06
32.99
11.34
0.00
0.00
4.00
1.47
1.13

Dry matterb
Organic matter
Mineral matter
Crude protein
Ether extract
Neutral detergent berc
Acid detergent berc
Lignin
Total carbohydrates
Total digestible nutrients
Metabolisable energy (Mcal/kg)d

86.99
91.91
8.09
13.82
3.15
39.92
18.70
3.12
74.95
61.61
2.36

Chemical composition (%)

87.42
91.96
8.04
13.69
6.97
39.19
18.48
3.03
71.31
69.68
2.64

87.42
91.96
8.04
13.69
6.97
39.19
18.48
3.03
71.31
69.05
2.67

87.42
91.96
8.04
13.69
6.97
39.19
18.48
3.03
71.31
69.19
2.60

a
Mineral supplement (nutrients/kg de supplement): Ca = 210 g; P = 70 g; Mg = 5 g; F = 700.00 mg; Zn = 3.010 mg; Cu = 440 mg; Mn = 1485 mg; Co = 25 mg;
Fe = 340 mg; Cr = 6.00 mg; Se = 20 mg; I = 48 mg; S = 10 g; Vit. A = 250,000.00 UI/kg; Vit. D3 = 40,000.00 UI/kg; Vit E = 350.00 UI/kg.
b
% on the basis dry matter.
c
Free ash and protein.
d
EM (Mcal/kg) = ED (Mcal/kg) 0.86.

2.7. Sensory analysis

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee under protocol number 154/2009. The panellists were chosen from among a group
prepared and trained for more than 150 h of sensory analysis of various
types of cheese. Thirteen members were selected to dene the descriptive
terminology for the sensory attributes of goat cheese in more than three
training sessions. The quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) test was
applied according to the methodology described by Faria and Yotsuyanagi
(2002) and performed in three sessions with samples served refrigerated
(4 1 C) in 2 cm 2 cm 2 cm. The sensory attributes, including external appearance, odour, texture (hardness and springiness), basic taste
(sour and salty), avour and aftertaste (intensity and persistence), were
evaluated using a 5-point intensity scale ranging from less intense to
more intense for most attributes, except for external appearance (dry to
moist), hardness (soft to hard) and springiness (less elastic to more elastic)
(Hossenlopp, 1995).

2.8. Microbiological analysis

The analyses were performed on the basis of Ofcial Analytical Methods for Microbiological Analysis for Control of Animal Products and Water
as required by National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) for Staphylococcus aureus, total coliform in food, thermotolerant coliform in food,
Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes (Brazil, 2001).
The microbiological quality of cheeses was monitored during the
maturation phase, and the presence of S. aureus, Salmonella spp. or L.
monocytogenes was not detected at any time. Moreover, the total and thermotolerant coliform MPN (most probable number) remained less than 3
MPN/g indicating that the curd type goat cheese was pathogen-free and
exhibited satisfactory microbiological quality, thereby allowing it to be
used in the sensory analyses.

2.9. Statistical analysis

A simultaneous double Latin square (4 4) experimental design was
used with eight animals randomly distributed into four treatments and

four periods. The following statistical model was used in the analysis of
the physicochemical data:
Yijkl =  + Qi + Tj + Pk + A(i)l + QTij + xijk
where Yijkl is the observation of goat j in period k submitted to treatment
i with i, j, and k = 1, 2, 3, 4;  is the general effect of the mean; Qi is the
effect of the Latin square with Q = 1,2; Ti is the effect of treatment i with
i = 1, 2, 3, 4; Pk is the effect of period k; A is the effect of goat l in square i
with l = 1, 2, 3, 4; QT is the interaction of the effect of Latin square i with
treatment j; and ijk is the random error associated with each observation
Yijkl.
The statistical model of the sensory analysis data contained only
the xed effect of the treatment. Treatment means were compared by
Tukeys test at 5% error probability using statistical software (SAS, 1996).
A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using sensory data,
rheological parameters, physicochemical parameters and fatty acids.

3. Results
The components chemical: moisture, protein, lipids, ash
e aw of the cheeses were not affected (P 0.05) by the addition of vegetable oils to the diets of the goats. There were
signicant differences among the four treatments (P < 0.05)
for the pH, hardness, cohesiveness, colour a* (internal) and
colour b* (external) parameters of goat cheese (Table 2).
Lightness (L*) did not affect (P 0.05) the external or internal intensity of the white colour of cheeses from different
treatments. The cheeses exhibited L* values close to 100
ranging from 91.20 to 92.57.
In the fatty acid prole of the goat cheeses, the highest
area percentages were found for the C16:0, C18:1, C18:0,
C14:0, C10:0, C12:0, C18:2 and C8:0 acids with a total area
average of 91%. The levels of saturated fatty acids, including palmitic and lauric acids, were reduced (P < 0.05) when

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E.J.L.d. Medeiros et al. / Small Ruminant Research 113 (2013) 211218

Table 2
Mean and standard error of the physicochemical parameters, texture and colour of cheese from goats fed different vegetable oils.
Treatments1 (cheese)

SEM

Signicance

Parameters

Control without oil

Faveleira oil

Sesame oil

Castor oil

Physicochemical
Moisture (%)
Protein (%)
Lipids (%)
Ash (%)
Aw
pH

48.80
26.60
23.35
3.28
0.951
5.80c

48.45
25.31
24.17
3.38
0.950
6.11a

49.65
26.00
22.94
3.26
0.960
5.95b

49.74
26.54
22.67
3.57
0.956
6.10a

0.464
0.292
0.283
0.059
0.003
0.031

ns
ns
ns
ns
ns

Rheological
Hardness (N)
Cohesiveness (g)
Adhesiveness (g)
Springiness (g)
Chewiness (N)

67.84a
0.62b
0.85
0.84
38.21

56.47ab
0.68a
0.93
0.82
33.98

45.62b
0.70a
1.77
0.86
28.78

57.22ab
0.68a
0.62
0.86
36.67

4.255
0.001
0.002
0.001
2.597

Colour2
L*(e)
a*(e)
b*(e)
L*(i)
a*(i)
b*(i)

91.20
2.90a
10.40b
92.33
2.57a
9.45c

91.62
3.24ab
10.40b
92.44
2.81ab
9.47c

91.20
3.28b
10.59b
92.02
3.11bc
10.53b

91.73
3.62c
11.93a
92.57
3.45c
11.55a

0.234
0.081
0.237
0.169
0.092
0.246

ns

Fatty acids
C8:0
C10:0
C12:0
C14:0
C16:0
C18:0
C18:1
C18:1 n9cis, 12-OH
C18:2
Others saturated fatty acid
Others unsaturated fatty acid
Total saturated fatty acid
Total unsaturated fatty acid

2.15
8.68a
4.44a
11.03a
28.13a
11.88b
22.70ab
nd
2.77b
3.69
4.53b
69.46
30.54b

1.88
6.90ab
3.08b
8.35c
26.45ab
15.13ab
25.61a
nd
3.48a
3.60
5.52a
64.27
35.73a

2.07
6.38b
3.28b
9.14bc
24.66b
16.64a
25.70a
nd
3.35a
3.68
5.10a
64.92
35.08a

2.02
8.02ab
3.73ab
10.17ab
27.62ab
11.63b
18.88b
6.56
2.57b
4.09
4.41b
66.46
33.54ab

0.048
0.315
0.143
0.268
0.485
0.607
0.875
0.346
0.095
0.012
0.097
0.801
0.115

ns

ns
ns
ns

*
*

ns
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

ns
*

ns
*

SEM = standard error of the mean; ns = non-signicant; nd = non-detected.

Means followed by different lowercase letters in the same row indicate signicant differences according to Tukeys test at a 5% signicance level.
1
0% oil (control); 4.0% faveleira oil; 4.0% sesame oil; 4.0% castor oil.
2
L*(e), a*(e) and b*(e) correspond to the external colour parameters of the cheese, and L*(i), a*(i) and b*(i) correspond to the internal colour parameters.
*
P < 0.05.

sesame and faveleira oils were added to the diet of lactating goats. The total concentration of unsaturated fatty
acids showed a signicant difference (P < 0.05) among the
cheese samples, especially when sesame and faveleira oils
were added to the diets with a similar percentage of 35%.
The sensory attributes analysed did not vary between
treatments (P 0.05), showing differences (P < 0.05)
among treatments for hardness and external appearance
(dry/moist) (Table 3). The sensory attributes of quality,
which contribute to the intensity of the parameters studied, had an average score of 2.55 on a scale from 1 to 5,
thus indicating cheeses of intermediate quality.
To identify the sensory attributes, physicochemical
properties, rheological properties and fatty acids that contributed most to distinguish the differences among the
samples of cheese from goats fed with diets containing
different vegetable oils, a principal component analysis
(PCA) was performed using the average values of the repetitions in a correlation matrix (Fig. 1), revealed 87.8% of the
variability among the parameters analysed in the cheese
samples.

4. Discussion
The physicochemical composition of the cheeses was
not affected by the addition of vegetable oils to the diets
of the goats (Table 2). Similar results have been reported
for cheese made from the milk of Saanen goats (Seifu
et al., 2004) and for semi-hard cheese made from the milk
of Alpine goats (Zeng et al., 2007). Santos et al. (2012)
reported that goats diets with soybean oil supplementation increased the fat and total solids content (%, w/w, total
matter) of milk. Similar results concerning changes in milk
composition as a consequence of with soybean oil supplementation of goats diet were reported by Bouattour et al.
(2008), particularly the increase in fat level and the maintenance of protein content.
Cheeses with lower pH values, mainly values close to the
casein isoelectric point, possess textures with high gumminess, and cheeses with higher pH values present a more
plastic texture (Bhaskaracharya and Shah, 2001). In this
context, the pH of the cheeses analysed varied among treatments with higher pH values observed in cheeses from

E.J.L.d. Medeiros et al. / Small Ruminant Research 113 (2013) 211218

215

Table 3
Mean and standard error of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) of cheese from goats fed different vegetable oils.
Attributes

Treatments1 (cheese)

SEM

Signicance

Control without oil

Faveleira oil

Sesame oil

Castor oil

2.63b

3.15a

2.74b

3.20a

0.105

2.54
2.38
1.93
2.43

2.62
2.41
1.91
2.43

2.62
2.49
1.97
2.44

2.59
2.44
2.02
2.41

0.048
0.042
0.042
0.043

ns
ns
ns
ns

Texture
Hardness
Springiness

2.92ab
2.57

2.83b
2.63

2.74b
2.62

3.26a
2.67

0.125
0.040

Taste
Sour
Salty

2.99
2.46

2.75
2.53

2.66
2.40

2.74
2.65

0.065
0.045

ns
ns

Flavour
Overall intensity
Rancid
Goat
Aromatic

3.17
2.38
2.89
2.53

2.88
2.17
2.58
2.49

2.91
2.15
2.61
2.47

3.08
2.32
2.71
2.51

0.059
0.057
0.067
0.044

ns
ns
ns
ns

After taste
Intensity
Persistence

3.07
2.94

2.82
2.65

2.80
2.72

3.01
2.85

0.070
0.068

ns
ns

External appearance
Odour
Overall intensity
Goat milk
Rancid
Aromatic

ns

SEM = standard error of the mean; ns = non-signicant.

Means followed by different lowercase letters in the same row indicate signicant differences according to the RyanEinotGabrielWelsch test at a 5%
signicance level.
1
0% Oil (control); 4.0% Faveleira oil; 4.0% sesame oil; 4.0% castor oil.
*
P < 0.05.

Fig. 1. Principal component analysis of cheese from goats fed different vegetable oils.

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E.J.L.d. Medeiros et al. / Small Ruminant Research 113 (2013) 211218

goats fed faveleira oil or castor oil. The goat milk also presented a more pronounced alkalinity and buffering capacity
in comparison to cow milk, which is mainly related to the
associated casein and phosphate systems (Galina et al.,
2007). Low pH values make calcium phosphate micelles
more soluble increasing the loss of soluble calcium of whey
during the draining of curdled milk (Park, 2006).
There were signicant differences in the hardness of
the cheeses. The cheese from the sesame oil treatment
was softer compared to the control treatment, and the
cheese from the faveleira oil and castor oil treatments
exhibited intermediate values compared to the control and
sesame oil treatments. The cohesiveness of the cheeses
from the faveleira oil, castor oil and sesame oil treatments
were not signicantly different, but the cohesiveness values were higher than the cohesiveness value of the cheese
from the control treatment, indicating that cheeses from
the oil treatments were more cohesive. Nevertheless, the
variation in hardness observed cannot be unequivocally
attributed to the addition of oils to the diet and may be
caused by variations in the nal pH, which can affect cheese
hardness. There were no signicant differences among
the treatments for the other texture attributes analysed
(adhesiveness, springiness and chewiness). The springiness
values observed in the present study were similar to those
observed for probiotic Minas fresh cheese studied by Buriti
et al. (2005).
The analysed goat cheeses exhibited high lightness values (L*) with component b* predominant over component
a*. These values are associated with a more intense white
colour most likely resulting from the lower diameter of fat
globules in goat milk (3.5 m in goat milk vs. 4.5 m in cow
milk) and the full conversion of -carotene into vitamin A,
which occurs in the metabolism of goats, as reported by
Lucas et al. (2008).
The addition of vegetable oils to the diets may have positively inuenced the instrumental colour parameters a*
and b*, especially in sesame oil and castor oil treatments.
Cheese from the castor oil treatment exhibited the highest values for b* (yellowness). In fact, castor oil was the
most yellow of all of the oils studied due to the presence
of carotenoids in the oil (Famelart et al., 2006). Buffa et al.
(2001) and Santos et al. (2011) reported similar L*, a* and
b* values for the control treatment in a study of curd type
goat cheese. The lightness (L*) value of the control treatment in the present study was higher than the one reported
by Sheehan et al. (2009) for goat cheese (86.70), and the a*
values were similar in these studies. Pizzillo et al. (2005)
studied ricotta cheese made from the milk of different goat
breeds (Girgentana, Siriana, Maltese and Italian), and they
reported results similar to those observed in the present
study for lightness and component b*.
The levels of saturated fatty acids, including palmitic
and lauric acids, in the fatty acid prole of the goat
cheeses, were reduced when sesame and faveleira oils
were added to the diet of lactating goats. Similar results
were observed by Chilliard et al. (2007) and Pereira et al.
(2010), who reported that some vegetable oils in the diet
of lactating goats, regardless of the bre source, reect a
fatty acid prole of novo synthesis in mammary epithelial
cells.

Only the total concentration of unsaturated fatty acids

showed a signicant difference among the cheese samples (Table 2) revealing that supplementation with 4%
vegetable oils in the diet of dairy goats increased the
percentage of fatty acids in cheese to a level considered benecial to human health (Williams, 2000); this
observation was especially detectable when sesame and
faveleira oils were added to the diets. According to Jenkins
and McGuire (2006), unsaturated fatty acids can alter
the rumen fermentation of bre by the toxic action of
brolytic bacteria, which are involved in the biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the present study,
the inclusion of oils rich in C18:2, such as faveleira oil
(63.87%) and sesame oil (48.18%) (Medeiros et al., 2012),
increased the rate of saturation stearic acid and, consequently, monounsaturated C18:1. However, this result
differed from the result observed by Chilliard et al. (2007)
and Bernard et al. (2009), who reported that a greater
amount of linoleic acid inhibits the saturation of monounsaturated.
Signicant differences among treatments were
observed for hardness and external appearance (dry/moist)
(Table 3). The other sensory attributes analysed did not
vary between treatments. For the external appearance,
panellists thought cheeses from the castor oil and faveleira
oil treatments appeared moister than those from the
control and sesame oil treatments, but this perception
could not be attributed to measurable differences in moisture among cheeses because the moisture content was
not signicantly different among treatments. Although
there were no signicant differences among treatments
in aftertaste, panellists reported a marked persistence
of goat avour but did not attribute this avour to the
addition of vegetable oils to the diets of dairy goats. Using
a 5-point sensory scale, Gonzalez et al. (2003) reported
similar results for the aftertaste quality and intensity of
goat cheese with starter culture.
Pereira et al. (2010) reported that the inclusion of castor
oil as a supplement in goat feed modies the physicochemical characteristics of the milk, especially fat content, aside
from accentuating the rancid avour in the sensory prole.
In contrast, the supplementation of vegetable oils in the
diets of dairy goats did not affect the goat cheese sensory
characteristics, which may have been due to technological
factors resulting from the manufacturing process.
The results of the correlation matrix with the 2 components together accounted for 87.8% of the variability among
the attributes and parameters analysed in the cheese
samples, which indicated a high correlation between the
intensity of goat avour and aftertaste with the medium
chain fatty acids (C10:0, C12:0 and C14:0) and short chain
fatty acids, such as caprylic acid (C8:0). These results suggested that the goat avour may be associated with the
hydrolysis of these fatty acids, which is known to cause
rancid avour in these foods, but the rancid avour is not
sensorially perceived in cheeses due to the inuence of
the fermentation process. The presence of long chain fatty
acids, such as C18:0, caused no signicant differences in
the sensory attributes of the cheeses; this nding is important because these fatty acids are essential in evaluating
the nutritional quality of products.

E.J.L.d. Medeiros et al. / Small Ruminant Research 113 (2013) 211218

According to component 1, the texture parameters were

positively correlated among the samples. Interestingly, the
rheological parameters and sensory hardness inversely
interacted with moisture in component 2 although they
were not signicantly different from the moisture parameter in the cheeses as shown in Table 2, indicating that rmer
cheese samples had the lowest moisture. The correlation
of the cohesiveness of the cheeses supplemented with the
addition of oils in the diet was conrmed by the principal
component analysis. The pH of the control cheese (without oil) showed that the nal pH was lower in the control
compared to the other cheeses, which may have affected
the hardness of the cheese and, consequently, attributed
to the improved softness of the cheeses from the faveleira,
sesame and castor oil treatments compared to the control
cheese.
5. Conclusions
The inclusion of faveleira, sesame or castor oils had no
effect on the physicochemical composition, but the addition of faveleira and sesame oils positively affected the
fatty acid prole of cheese with a reduction of saturated
fatty acids and an increase of unsaturated fatty acids. However, the addition of such oils did not cause a change in
the rheological parameters and perceived sensory quality. The use of vegetable oils in the manipulation of goat
diets may improve fat composition of dairy animals and,
consequently, may increase the nutritional value without
affecting the sensory characteristics of the cheese.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to CNPq (Conselho Nacional
de Desenvolvimento Cientco e TecnolgicoBrazil) and
MAPA (Ministrioda Agricultura, Pecuria e Abastecimento
- Brazil) for nancial support (Edital MAPA - Process
578403/2008-0 e 578217/2008-2).
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