Dev and Lap Splice Lengths - ETN-D-1-15
Dev and Lap Splice Lengths - ETN-D-1-15
Dev and Lap Splice Lengths - ETN-D-1-15
Bar Sizes #3 to #6
(
(
(a)
(c)
fy t e
db
25fc
3fy t e
db
50fc
(b)
(d)
fy t e
db
20fc
3fy t e
db
40fc
fy
40 f
))
cb+Ktr
db
db
The confinement term (cb + Ktr )/db is limited to a maximum value of 2.5.
Atr = total cross-sectional area of all transverse reinforcement within the spacing s that crosses the
potential plane of splitting through the bars being
developed, in.2
cb = see discussion in text, in.
db = nominal diameter of bar, in.
f c = specified compressive strength of concrete, psi
fy = specified yield strength of reinforcing bars, psi
K tr = 40 Atr sn, in.
n = number of bars being developed or lap spliced
along the plane of splitting
s = center-to-center spacing of transverse reinforcement within d , in.
= 1.0 for normal weight concrete
= 0.75 for lightweight concrete
= 1.0 for uncoated and galvanized bars
e
= 1.5 for epoxy-coated or zinc and epoxy dual
coated bars with clear cover < 3db,
or clear spacing < 6db
Based on experience in fielding inquiries from designers and in presenting seminars, there seems to be a
tendency among some Code users to categorize Section 25.4.2.3 as being applicable only to structural
members with transverse reinforcement. Or that Section 25.4.2.3 is most advantageous for use with structural members having stirrups or ties. Presumably,
the presence of the K tr term in the denominator of
Eq. 25.4.2.3a has an influence for such actions.
The Code is clear as to the use or applicability of the
K tr term. At the end of Section 25.4.2.3, following the
equation for K tr , the Code states:
It shall be permitted to use K tr = 0 as a design simplification even if transverse reinforcement is present.
Thus, for those structural members without transverse reinforcement, or if the stirrups in beams or the
ties in columns are ignored, the part of the denominator
of Eq.25.4.2.3a with the K tr term reduces to determining
the value of (cb /db) for the particular conditions. The value
cb is the smaller of: (1) one-half of the center-to-center
spacing of the bars; and (2) the distance from center of the
bar to the nearest concrete surface. The definition of cb
presents new concepts. Center-to-center bar spacing (actually one-half of the c.c. spacing) is used rather than the
clear spacing, which is used in Section 25.4.2.2. Instead
of concrete cover to the bar as used in Section 25.4.2.2
and prescribed in Section 20.6, cover as used in Section
25.4.2.3 is the distance from the center of the bar to the
nearest concrete surface.
Tension Development and Lap Splice Lengths of Reinforcing Bars under ACI 318-14 [ETN-D-1-15]
2.0
< 2.0
Max. percent of
As spliced within
required lap length
Splice
Type
50
Class A
100
Class B
All cases
Class C
Section 25.5.1. This section presents the Code requirements for tension lap splices, st. Table 2, which is based
on Table 25.5.2.1 in the Code, defines the conditions under which lap Class A or B can be used, where Class A is
defined as 1.00 ld, and Class Bis defined as 1.3 ld.
Note that the 12 in. minimum is not imposed on d if
it is used to determine lap lengths, so the Code imposes
this limit after lap length has been calculated. For example, if d without the 12 in. minimum is determined to be
10 in., a Class A st would be 1.0 x 10 = 10 in., increased
to 12 in. and Class B st would be 1.3 x 10 = 13 in. Other
key points for lap splices:
Tension lap splices are not permitted for #14 or #18
bars.
Lap spliced reinforcing bars are permitted not to be
in contact, but the maximum center-to-center spacing of lap splices bars cannot be the lesser of onefifth the required lap splice length and 6 in.
When calculated for lap splice lengths, d cannot
be reduced by ratio of As,provided /As,required.
Solution:
(A) d by Section 25.4.2.2
Clear spacing of the bars = 10.0 0.75
= 9.25 in. or 12.3db
Greater of:
25 (1.0) 4,000
= 28.5 or 29 in.*
If the bars are epoxy-coated, the coating factor, e ,
has to be determined. Because the concrete cover value of 2.7db is less than 3db , the coating factor e = 1.5.
Thus, for the #6 epoxy-coated bars:
d =
1.5(28.5) = 42.7 or 43 in.
(B) d by Section 25.4.2.3
Determine the value of cb which is the smaller of:
2.0 + 0.75 / 2 = 2.4 in. governs: cb = 2.4 in.
or 10 / 2 = 5.0 in.
The provisions in Section 25.4.2.3 can be used advantageously for certain structural members and conditionsthose applications that may be ignored if K tr is
regarded as being relevant only to structural members
with transverse reinforcement. Generally, slabs, footings
and walls, in which the reinforcing bars have relatively
large concrete cover and spacing, will be the candidates
where the use of Eq. 25.4.2.3a and taking K tr = 0 will
often result in significantly shorter values of d .
Greater of:
Examples
Example No. 1
Given: An 8-in. thick slab is reinforced with #6 Grade
60 uncoated bars with a center-to-center spacing of
10 in. Concrete cover is 2 in.; normal-weight concrete
with fc= 4,000 psi.
st
fy
40 f
))
cb+Ktr
db
db
40 (1.0) 4,000
2.5
= 17.1 or 17 in.
If the #6 bars are epoxy-coated, the coating factor
= 1.5 as determined in the preceding section:
e
d =
1.5(17.1) = 25.6 or 26 in.
*It is CRSI practice in technical publcations to round the development and lap splice lengths
up to the next whole number if the decimal is 0.2 or higher.
29 in.
43 in.
25.4.2.3
17 in.
26 in.
Class B st
2014 Code
Section
Uncoated
Epoxy-Coated
25.4.2.2
37 in.
56 in.
25.4.2.3
23 in.
34 in.
A substantial reduction in reinforcement could be realized by using Section 25.4.2.3 if the 8-in. thick slab had
large plan dimensions and the #6 bars at 10 in. were
typical reinforcement. Savings in reinforcement would
result from shorter lap splice lengths, because tension
lap lengths are multiples of tension development length:
Class A = 1.0 d and Class B = 1.3 d .
The preceding calculated values of d , using Sections
25.4.2.2 and 25.4.2.3, would not be affected if the bars
are lap spliced. Lap splicing would reduce the clear spacing by one bar diameter, i.e., the clear spacing = 10 0.75
0.75 = 8.5 in. or 11.3dd , which is still greater than the
clear spacing criterion of 2db in Table 1 (Section 25.4.2.2).
And with regard to Section 25.4.2.3, one-half of the c.c.
4
As in the previous Section 25.4.2.2 solution, the factors t , e and are equal to 1.0. Thus,
(60,000)(1.0)(1.0)(0.75)
d =
25 (1.0) 4,000
= 28.5 or 29 in.
Using Section 25.4.2.3 and Code Eq. 25.4.2.3a:
))
fy
t
e
s
db
40 fc cb+Ktr
db
3
Here again, as in the previous Section 25.4.2.3 solution, the factor s = 0.8 for the #6 bars, and the factors
, and are equal to 1.0. Thus,
t
e
3
60,000
(1.0)1.0(0.8)
d =
0.75
40 (1.0) 4,000
1.5
= 28.5 or 29 in.
For 3/4 in. concrete cover, d = 29 in. using Section
25.4.2.2 or Section 25.4.2.3.
The rationale for d being the same value, based on
Section 25.4.2.2 or 25.4.2.3, is: the value of (cb + Kt r )/
db in Eq.25.4.2.3a is equal to 1.5; then dividing the 3/40
in Eq.25.4.2.3a by (cb + Kt r )/db and multiplying by s results in ((3/40)/1.5)0.8=0.04=1/25, which is the constant
in the expression from Table 1.
Example No. 2
Given: A spread footing has plan dimensions of
13'-6" 13'-6" and an overall depth of 56 in. The footing
is reinforced with 17 #10 Grade 60 uncoated bars each
way; normal-weight concrete with fc = 3,000 psi; the column dimension is 2'-6" square.
Tension Development and Lap Splice Lengths of Reinforcing Bars under ACI 318-14 [ETN-D-1-15]
fy
40 f
))
cb+Ktr
db
db
40 (1.0) 3,000
2.5
= 41.7 or 42 in.
20 (1.0) 3,000
Available
Embedment
Properly
Anchored?
25.4.2.2
70 in.
63 in.
No
25.4.2.3
42 in.
63 in.
Yes
Example No. 3
Given: This example demonstrates the use of Sections
25.4.2.2 and 25.4.2.3 for calculating d for beam bars with
stirrups. Grade 60, uncoated bottom bars in the interior
span of a continuous beam. Other data are: bw = 24 in.;
h = 30 in.; concrete cover to the stirrups is 1.5 in.; normalweight concrete with fc = 4,000 psi; #4 U-stirrups are
spaced at 13 in. on center and provided throughout d .
= 69.6 or 70 in.
Because the d of 42 in. is less than the available embedment length of 63 in., the #10 bars are satisfactory
according to Section 25.4.2.3. The results are summarized in Table 4.
3
60,000
(1.0)1.0(1.0)
d =
1.27
40 (1.0) 4,000
2.0
= 45.2 or 46 in.
If K tr is taken as zero:
(cb + K tr )/db = (2.25 + 0)/1.27
= 1.8 < 2.5, use 1.8
Figure 3 Assumed Location of #10 Bar at
Corner of #4 Stirrup
Bar spacing and concrete cover:
From side face of beam to center of outermost #10
bar, the distance is: 1.5 (cover) + 0.5 (stirrup diameter)
+ 1.0 (X) = 3.0 in.
c.c. spacing of the 5 #10 bars
= (24 (2)(3))/4
= 4.5 in.
20 (1.0) 4,000
61 in.
46 in.
25.4.2.3 (with K tr = 0)
51 in.
Example No. 4
Given: Consider the base slab of a cantilever retaining
wall. The concrete is normal weight with fc = 3,000 psi.
Assume that the #11 bars, spaced at 8 in. c. to c., are
required to resist the factored moment at Point A, i.e., the
tension d cannot be reduced by the ratio of As (required)
to As (provided).
Figure 4 Base Slab of Retaining Wall
= 60.2 or 61 in.
fy
d =
40 f
))
cb+Ktr
db
db
Tension Development and Lap Splice Lengths of Reinforcing Bars under ACI 318-14 [ETN-D-1-15]
Table 7 Tension Development and Lap Splice Lengths for Bars in Walls, Slabs and Footings (ACI 25.4.2.3)
fc = 3,000 psi
Bar
Size
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
Lap
Class
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
Uncoated
Uncoated
Uncoated
Epoxy-Coated
Epoxy-Coated
Epoxy-Coated
Epoxy-Coated
Top
Other
Top
Other
Top
Other
Top
Other
Top
Other
Top
Other
Top
Other
Top
Other
13
17
22
28
32
41
43
56
69
90
86
111
104
135
125
162
146
190
12
13
17
22
24
32
33
43
53
69
66
86
80
104
96
125
113
146
17
22
28
37
41
54
56
73
90
117
112
146
136
176
163
212
191
248
15
20
25
32
37
47
50
64
80
104
99
128
120
155
144
187
169
219
13
17
17
23
22
28
26
34
43
55
54
70
66
86
81
105
97
125
12
13
13
17
17
22
20
26
33
43
41
54
51
66
62
81
74
97
17
22
23
29
28
37
34
44
55
72
70
91
86
112
106
137
126
164
15
20
20
26
25
32
30
39
49
64
62
80
76
99
93
121
111
145
13
17
17
23
22
28
26
34
38
49
43
56
53
69
66
85
79
102
12
13
13
17
17
22
20
26
29
38
33
43
41
53
51
66
61
79
17
22
23
29
28
37
34
44
49
64
56
73
70
90
86
111
103
134
15
20
20
26
25
32
30
39
43
56
50
64
61
80
76
98
91
118
13
17
17
23
22
28
26
34
38
49
43
56
48
63
55
71
61
79
12
13
13
17
17
22
20
26
29
38
33
43
37
48
42
55
47
61
17
22
23
29
28
37
34
44
49
64
56
73
63
82
71
93
79
103
15
20
20
26
25
32
30
39
43
56
50
64
56
73
63
82
70
91
Table Tension Development and Lap Splice Lengths for Bars in Walls, Slabs and Footings (ACI 25.4.2.3)
fc = 4,000 psi
Bar
Size
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
Lap
Class
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
12
15
19
24
28
36
37
48
60
78
74
96
90
117
108
140
127
165
12
15
15
20
19
24
22
29
37
48
47
60
57
74
70
91
84
109
12
12
15
19
21
28
29
37
46
60
57
74
69
90
83
108
98
127
15
19
24
32
36
47
49
63
78
102
97
126
117
153
141
183
166
215
13
17
22
28
32
41
43
56
69
90
86
111
104
135
125
162
146
190
12
12
12
15
15
19
17
22
28
37
36
47
44
57
54
70
64
84
15
19
20
25
24
32
29
38
48
62
61
79
75
97
92
119
109
142
13
17
17
22
22
28
26
34
42
55
54
70
66
86
81
105
97
125
12
12
12
15
15
19
17
22
25
33
29
37
36
46
44
57
53
68
15
19
20
25
24
32
29
38
43
55
49
63
60
78
74
97
89
116
13
17
17
22
22
28
26
34
38
49
43
56
53
69
66
85
79
102
12
12
12
15
15
19
17
22
25
33
29
37
32
42
36
47
40
52
15
19
20
25
24
32
29
38
43
55
49
63
55
71
62
80
69
89
13
17
17
22
22
28
26
34
38
49
43
56
48
63
55
71
60
79
Notes:
1. Tabulated values are based on a minimum yield strength of 60,000 psi and normal-weight concrete. Lengths are in inches.
2. Tension development lengths and tension lap splice lengths are calculated per ACI 318-14, Sections 25.4.2.3 and 25.5.1, respectively, with bar
sizes limited to #3 through #11.
3. When the variable cb from ACI 25.4.2.3 was calculated, it was assumed that concrete cover controlled. That is, c. c. spacing was assumed
to be greater than 1.0 db plus twice the concrete cover.
4. Lap splice lengths (minimum of 12 inches) are multiples of tension development lengths; Class A = 1.0 d and Class B = 1.3 d
(ACI 318 25.5.1). When determining the lap splice length, d is calculated without the 12-inch minimum of ACI 25.4.2.1.
5. Top bars are horizontal bars with more than 12 inches of concrete cast below the bars.
6. For epoxy-coated bars, if the c.-c. spacing is at least 7.0 db and the concrete cover is at least 3.0 db, then lengths may be multiplied by 0.918
(for top bars) or 0.8 (for other bars).
7. For Grade 75 reinforcing bars, multiply the tabulated values by 1.25. For Grade 80 reinforcing bars, multiply the tabulated values by 1.33.
8. For lightweight concrete, divide the tabulated values by 0.75.
60,000)(1.3)(1.0)(1.41)
20 (1.0) 3,000
fy
40 f
))
cb+Ktr
db
db
40 (1.0) 3,000
1.9
= 79.3 or 80 in.
Because d = 80 in. does not exceed the available embedment length of 81 in., the #11 bars can be anchored
as straight bars. This example clearly demonstrates the
significant reduction in d that is possible, under certain
conditions, by using Section 25.4.2.3 instead of Section
25.4.2.2. The computed d of 80 in. by Section 25.4.2.3
is 21% shorter than the 101 in. computed by Section
25.4.2.2. The results are summarized in Table 6.
Table 6 Results of Example No. 4
2014 Code
Section
Available
Embedment
Properly
Anchored?
25.4.2.2
101 in.
81 in.
No
25.4.2.3
80 in.
81 in.
Yes
Summary
This Technical Note discusses the provisions in Sections 25.4.2.2 and 25.4.2.3 of the 2014 ACI Building
Code for determining the tension development lengths,
d , of reinforcing bars. Several examples are presented
to complement the discussion. The examples serve to
identify some of the conditions and the structural members for which the more rigorous provisions in Section
25.4.2.3 can be used advantageously.
Tension Development and Lap Splice Lengths of Reinforcing Bars under ACI 318-14 [ETN-D-1-15]
References
American Concrete Institute ACI Committee 318
[1971], Building Code Requirements for Reinforced
Concrete (ACI 318-71), American Concrete Institute,
Detroit, Michigan, 78 pp.
American Concrete Institute ACI Committee 318
[1977], Building Code Requirements for Reinforced
Concrete (ACI 318-77), American Concrete Institute,
Detroit, Michigan, 103 pp.
American Concrete Institute ACI Committee 318
[1983], Building Code Requirements for Reinforced
Concrete (ACI 318-83), American Concrete Institute,
Detroit, Michigan, 111 pp.
American Concrete Institute ACI Committee 318
[1989], Building Code Requirements for Reinforced
Concrete (ACI 318-89) and Commentary (ACI 318R-89),
American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 353 pp.
American Concrete Institute ACI Committee 318
[1995], Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-95) and Commentary (ACI 318R-95),
American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 369 pp.
Contributors: Dr. David P. Gustafson, P.E., S.E. and Anthony L. Felder, P.E., with subsequent
contributions from Neal S. Anderson, P.E., S.E..
Keywords: development, lap splices
Reference: Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute-CRSI [2015], Tension Development and Lap
Splice Lengths of Reinforcing Bars Under ACI 318-14, CRSI Technical Note ETN-D-1-15, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Schaumburg, Illinois, 8 pp.
Note:This publication is intended for the use of professionals competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its contents and who will accept responsibility for the application of the
material it contains. The Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute reports the foregoing material as
a matter of information and , therefore, disclaims any and all responsibility for application of the
stated principles or for the accuracy of the sources other than material developed by the Institute.