Lectures in ENGINEERING MECHANICS STATICS By Muhammed Abbas Lecturer in Department of Civil Engineering College of Engineering University of Samarra= peeled ee - ENGINEERING MECHANICS General Principles : Mechanics: Mechanics is a branch of physical Sciences that is Concerned with the state of rest or moti of bodies that are Subsected to the action of forces. In general, this Subject can be subdivided into three loranches : rigid body mechanics, de formabl body mechanics, and flurd mechanics . We will Study ouly the rigid body mechanics. Rigid body mechanics is divided inte two areas + Statics and Dynamics . “Seatics deals wrth the equilibrium ef bodies that are either at rest or Move with constant velocity, whereas Dynamics is concerned with the accelerated motion of bodies.Fundamental Concepts: Basic Quantities: Whene ane Cour Naresh quantities in mechanics. 1. Length : Length is used to locate the position of a point and to describe the site of physical systems. 2- ~Vime : ~Vime is am Succession of events. Le is ” impertronk in Dynamics» 3. Mass: Mass ig a measure of quantity of matter . y. Ferce: Force is push er pall exerted by one body on another . Ldealization: Models or ideslitations are used so simpliby application of tle theory. Were are thee important idealizations : 1. Particle: A partrcle has a mass, but a Sire that can be neglected . Fer example) earth can be modeled asa f Compared to its orbit. oa) rth ov bit ©Rep body: + Argyl badly 's @ ambing short of onlaege nurober- J af Parkickes v1 which a the Particle s remasq at afryed oustance rom ore walle, Goth befare ane after applying. d loa, 3. Concentrated farce s Acancentetted farce rePreserts the effect afaloading whichis assumed to acbat apomt en abedy when The contact area is small compared with Ehe overall siZe Mewtons Three laws of Atatione Evpineevir} Mechanics is formulated on the basis £ Melton’ wee laws of motion: First le law: aparticl le oy ginal al’ rest» or mays in astrarght bine with constant Velocity fends fo remain in this state. Proyickd the Parhrele U's nat Subjected be an unblancedl. forces. Ge conol_ Lava: aparticle acted Yen by ary, unbilane forte © experrences. an attelerttion (a) thet has the same clirection + the Force andatiegaitrele. fal (5 proportional te the farce. mather tahcally : f =Ml*Q GB)Thi laws for eyeryachiny thee anequa a opposite reaction. Newtons (aw of Grayttahene| Attraction. Thegavitationl attraction force belesr any ic Particles is; Ste rN [. Ca 2 ~ Whee + Fs. forces of gevilation between the. tire Pirlicls, G. universal Constant. of frvitatern = 66-593 x10" re? /kg »S2 M4 9 Z = yas f cach of the Guo bedies. r= distance Lefurecy fhe two Pevticles.Weight: re weight ola por ticle is the gravitational Goren bexween & particle end the earth . By wring the saretio FeG me w= Gm ye Me = mass of he earth. me mast of the particle - pz Viseance betveen the particle ant tle ceater of tle earth. WW = Weight of tle particle. => Wee a) m Cin kg) =? W Gn N) gravitational acceleratim. 4 9.8) m/st at sea level and latitude 4S” u Csrandard ecation) | a2.1% fs we For examplegif me2 kg => We 2*9-81=19.62N ® ik ms 300g => Me03 leg IW = 0-349. = 2.943 ©Units of Measurements : nas A unite of weosurement 1S of a physical quantity, Were are two main measurement Systems : ao definite maquitude L- Metric System (Lnternational System SI): This system is based ow three main units | meter — kilogram -Second Cmks System), SI is an abbreviation of French expression ( Systeme International ) in English (Interantionn| Sytem), Whe comma units in SI system anes 9, kg, tomy mm am, Ny kN. Kelvin, Celsius. 2- English System (British System) Cor Imperial System) (or US Customary System ) : This system is based om Loo - Pound ~ Second Le is alse called (FPS System) - Wee commuam Units in British System ere. tb, slag > inch » fe, ‘le, Fahrenheit. ©Prefixes: Wher a numerical puontity ts either very large or VOY gmall, the units used to define its sige may be modified by using & prefix. We comm prefixes are? Multiplication factor Prefix Symlool ao'* —_—_ *erra ——— Tv 40? — giga — G& 40° ee ME QA Mm 1o3 ——— ilo —— k ‘ 40% ———— hecte = Wa deca ——. da 46° —— deci. 77> a Aone centi —— © 40°32 ———— mili — ™ 106 ———— micre ——— os 107 nano n ae pice —— P Exom plesO 5000000 N = 309° kN = 5 MN @® 0-003 ™ = 3xio2m = 3mm ® Skg = 5 #10 4 = Sees g ®Common Unit Conversions: Length : am = 3-28 tt Le = 30-48 om 4 in = 2:54 em = 25-4 mm 4 mile = 5280 ft = 1609.24 m = 1.60934 kom 261 kim [1 mph (mile per hour) = \. 61 vem / bh |] A yards 3 Fe a he = tein “Mass and Weight : 1 kb = 453-39 9 C&L = Pound , frum Reman word Libra) => 1t ky = 2-205 Xb 1 hb - 4-448 N L stene = \4 &b 4 slug = 3214 Rh = \U- 59 kg 4 Rb = 16 ounce 1 keg = 9-81 N Temperature ¢ __ i “Fs zc + 32 “F : Fahvenhere (ei: er 5 ('F-32) “c : Celsius Siu ia kK « Keluin (Su. k 2c + 243-15 Volume. 1 iter = Loco cm og Lm = Lone Rie @ee unit Conversions + Exam ples € 3 kN to kq. @ cmver 4 kegs 9-81 N => ine a kg AWW = 40 N 5 = 3kN = 3x10 N es eae g = 305:8) kg 9-8) QL to ka- (2) Convert 2e 4 Qe= 4S3-S79* 6 45359 ky => Lo Qo= Zo #045359 ky = 9.042 kg Qe/ fer co kg/m: ® Convert GF 4 fee Jo-UQ cma o-3ohBm 4 Yes 0o- 48359 ky > ve up Gro St = 6te# 0.453593 10432-3104 beg [mr ve (o-zo4a™)> @) Convert Seco in” fc A ine 2-34 OM = Yoo go00(o-o2S4m 2-SU m= o-o27shm ~> Seco ints J =3-2258 mi Convert 6 WW. m te Qb-in. a y We t n= Nb qos yung nines * “ans NB HM \ in A iw eo otshm => tme a Sasi . abn = 6 #1 _) iy = 5310%-1 . YMES XL eS easy in = 53107-1721 Xin @Numerical Colculations z Le is important that the answers to any probles, be reported with both justifiable accuracy and appropriate significant Figures. Dimensional Homogeneity > The terms of any equation used te descrile a physical process muse be dimensionally homogeneous - For example : Sm + Focm = 5mto-Em = SFM or = Beocm+ Foom Ss stocm Significant Figures: The numer of signi Ticant hi Contained in any number determinas tle accuracy of the number. For example, tho number 3521 Contant four sigarhi< Figures 35400 five signif icant Frgures . wy 35-4 (10%) three Significant Pr gures: Cprerers i ~6 900042) => 0-421 (10) oF uae’), Rounding off Numbers For example if tle anaes: pp Is te three Signi icant Ligures : 3.258% => 3-26 rounding up sine BS: 3.2421 => 374 rounding cow Stree 25.Ec ORCE_ VECTORS fist ve, olebine He scalars wd Vectors ; Seals Ts aguanhity that character) Zed bg qpositioe or nepettive number. Far example > Mass , length. Vectors Ls aquantity Mathes bet amaqniticde and advection Far exanpe Fore 2 velecity. Avectoy- 's vePresert eel grprrady bY a7 arrou The fergth of arrow yepresents the rr grituede WA the ange between the arrow ting of actors and eve frence / AXIS vepresentr the olvechon. (aa From the fijure Show We vechoy (Ares amagnitule of nx dunirs and adivection equals 35 | re : measured counterclockwise Ron a ca \nevefience line ( Wor iZarta| here). Peat(O ) called tail ond Point P) Bi of adioy a eel aR ‘Vitetor oPeretions: CQ) Mulkiplication oF avector 6 Scalar: For examples a A A, gf Y 59 anTP we have a tuo vectors om (A) €(B) WKese Anse Vector S ney be addec fo Porm avesulkant \edor RQ 2A+B by using the parle legrena “3 B law Yodo Wis, (A)s (6) are jomed at their tats, Parallel Lines drawn from He head of each Vector interSect at a common Pont to Porm apayallelegyar Which extends frow the teu] of (MF (B) te the ‘terSectisn pot. A We Can ee add (B) te(A) using tangle constrticie gyam (aud + which i's 4 spearl Case of paralleloy a Connect the head of (A) to the Kail of CB). The yesultant extends Prom Wre tail of (A) tothe recvol of (8) - Byp or head of (3) fo tail sh (A). 7 est R LH <9 <= . ev @As. 4 Special Case if (A) £(8) are collineqy (the both haye the same line of achor), (R) defer myncol by scar adden. A —__4.__ 8, R > ©) vector subtraction: “Tre vesultant hifPeence. between two vectors (A) 48) may be exprased os (R48 . A+(-B)) Aig =e as ats By \g vA —\ A/S A Veto Mans be Fesoled rite buge Components haying Known hres ef action by asi the Ppallloyers (aw ' [Re example : If (R) 1s to be VYeSelyed iho Gmyponent- cecting. along. the Ines & $b » Start Bom the heath oF R te draw a Pavaltelog reins, “Wen the com porwnt ASB extend im the tal of & bo the ter Section Ponts \yFinclig arasultant. force s— TY By constrecting. parallelgyant or triaagle we can find the R by using. Cosine $ sine aw Addition several forces: Successive ap plication of PL. Vester - Addition of Foy ce s. A force is ayector quankihy, sires if has meg vile. ord direction . TrevePoe , the Force adclitior Wi\Pe According Yoke Parall oGvein (eu o we sine low ond The @sine Law: Cc ag Sine law + ae = Se = Sin yee —_— Qt res - We a Cosme law: Ce | fl +B°--2AB Cos c @s)Examples oe = RAM Pleo. Ext: Determine the pag nitude of the vesultant and the diveckon measuredt Frown the. . hoi Zantal (ine. Sok. Tee Pavall dlogem lan of addition is Shown below: USe the Cosine low» Use the case law Re [@UWX- r(B)Qes Po =10-BKy Use the sine law fo fro the ergle O i os . oe =6 sind= 0547130237 i in TK 33-14-30 =3:7% Aap ISEn2: Determine the angle & &0 that Ake resulfant fovee ts clirecteo! hori Zantally te the ragkt. Also find the magnitude of the yesul fant + Soll , A BEN BMG a Use Sine larg: eee nx . S50 6 & Sin K205#45 => X 226-06) From the rian => y= BA ° 4° $2180 — (35.06) ~ $0.-9°94 USe Cosine (aw: Re FOr rE) cos 9" 2 104 Kay«3 Debermine Whe mar nihacte oh. Forces FA ondFe bing. onench chain in erder bo develop 4 yesultot orce & GoON) diverted along. He Positive Sa ; 600, us F, a / . aes i ” Nal i FA 1180-(45+30) EB ° 405° fo Fa FAW. 600 _ Sin45® in 109 FA = 43923N Fe _ be — ane SM30 Sin 105 Fg- 310 58N ®Ext hor the Frame shown Defernune Hs eagle & So thats the hors Zonkal component [Fe has abn agrihule F4ON, Also Gud Bag Sob, Fac FAc=<[oo _ Gc, e 6 Fag/ x (=> Ae ie) ow poh FAB f* i {One : Sind Bind \— sing =o. 6928 P2438 BS & = 1800 60+ 43-85°) = 1% .15° FAB 500 2 528 =. [rg -S6o- ae sab =b Ag = 560-56 VV or Fag - | (600% c409)2-2¢520 C400) cos HIS FAB= 5059) ®ZAG: Resse the 50 Lb force. into components achig. along. © X F Yaxes &) x5 9 ees C 52 kx Sind Eg Fue So Sin 3d Fx225 1b 50 Fy : 2. ag a a ~ => ty =50 sin 60 sin90 sin 60 Fu = 43: % Lb or Fre 50 cos 6 =25 ¢ ry 250 8160 =F 3b © 4 Se PB . NY . > Ex. bo ay FA =T#-36 $i 20 Siw 100 a -% 42,96 Fie FH I “sin {oo “sr 60Ex Datererin ee mag ai tuole and the di vection of the Yesul bank Bevce Lens 450N So 2, the swe X-axr's. 4oon * Io & R- WF +((50)* 2c106)(iG0) @SIIS Eo 700 =QI2G Ay 15° 212. & SINS sm 115 O= 39.8° cliection of Resultant with the how Zantel = 398415 : = 54.3° am‘Resolving a Force into Rectangular Components: When Pe coren is resolved into two perpendicular axes, the components are called rectangular comp ouants . We can represent these Com ponents by Using either scalar notatim or Cartesiqn vector notation. 4. Scalar Notatio: rt By Sing evi gmowmetry + F "ES 1 te. Fx Cos @= ae => Fe Feese Sines Fo _y £2 F sina —= => Fe E F 5 Zé 3 Fy Notice that the Sane results are Fx obtained vf we opp'y the Sine daw : FO. Fr => Fy =f smo [since sia go=t] Sin9o Sin Aso = PX# = Fae F Sin (40-0) = Faso Sin9o Sin (40-6) te ale bere Fis delined by Fo +. a slope inStead of the ayko, os 4 then by using the triangles similarity: Fx Fx. = [x= FCA) F Cc Fx 2 bine Fy= FC%) F @)2- Cartesian Vector Motatiom: Ls is also possible to represent the x and y companents ch a Sorce in terms of Cartesian unit vectors ¢ andj The unit vectors 6 fare dimensioless and used to designate the directions of tle Sampaments. We can express tle Lerce F in Cartesian Vechers as: ifr Fx—" = . 4 z Fx % Fy are magaitudes Calways positive) , whereas i YJ are Unit vectors (positing or negating) We can use erther ef the two methods (Scalar Notation and Cartesian vector etatio) to tind the resuleeant Several coplanar foreas. By Scala notation metlhs d: te Frys Fix + Fex—Fsx = ZFx +4 Fry = Fiy — Fry +Pay =ZFy Fr ={(Fax) + (Fry) Oz tan! am Fry Frx , _ Fax ¥FRy :Resulponts in YY Linectros FR: Resultant ej | Fre @:dinectm ' (22) ‘ of FrBy Cartesian vecter notatio method : = . . Fis Fix & +FyJ Fos Fext -FayJ => . . ¥3=-Faxt +Fayu =_—> sl el > Fas Fit Fer Fs = Fixé+ Fry yt Fani-Fayd — F3xl+Fay j = (Fix + Frx-Faa)é + ( Fiy- Fay + Fay J =(Fr«)¢ + CFry) J Also the magnitude anol th . : Fr can be dine ctio - the Same Manne. deern” i deren gotation Method. Briefly p Te is easier to Vind the resultant of coplanar Sra by resolving each fora into rectangular components adding che compoments tn each direction, and imally Si nding dhe resultant by Using thy Pythagorean theorem Cif the Scalar notation i's used) and/or by vecter addition (if the Cartesian vector noratio fs used), @3)Examples : Ex.) + Determine the x Y Components for the Loon- force . a. anh. te Fx in F ces 36 [oo CoS 30 = 86.60 N —» a at Fy 2 F SinBo s-loo Sin3o = —So = SON a ake Negative Sign of He ¥y indicates that Fy is divected in the opposite Line chim ob ave y- Ex. + Determine Ae a¥y Comp omcats 5 mi Lov the 200 N- force. POG +. Fee -20° Sin 60 = -\92-2 =VFB-UN ah Fy s toe CoS60= 100N fF Ex.a: Determine tle xvy Components for He Soolh- fore, , , 5 \ goadk aS Sheet > ys t- 0 ’ aod ss" . SR ae) ON | LYNE ‘aK \ “goed \ * ay Ex = geo Sin Ho = SI4-GRb 47 Fys—Boo Cosho=—612-83 = 612-83 wel @Bxy : Determine tle magnituole anol tle dinection ch tle vesuleant fore, Use cle sealar notati aud tla Cartesiom Sol. wector Notatim Rthed:. @ Scalar Notation: i eee te Fey = DExs Feit FretPxs =850(t) -62s Sindo-F50 Sings = -l62.a3 =\62U-83N <— a Fry a LFy< Fy, + Fy rFys -8Se0 (})-é2s5 CoS So + FS0 CSUS = —S20.93 Sto-93nN | Fa = |(Frx) + (Fey) 6s tan! S038 \E2BE (l % @ Cartesian Vector Notatim: = — pangpiaes Fre Fit FotFs 2 (Bs0(4) i - g50(2) J ) + (-625 Sin 30 ¢ = 62508544) 4 (HF 5e sin bs C+ P50 Gesu J) => Fa = (162-83 ( -520-93 J) N We magni cade and the direction of Fr are deternined In the Same manner ashthe Scalar notation . (28)Ex-s: Ss. Dererming athe mangnituole enrol tle dynectign Cor orientation) measured clockwise from the positime K-axis, of che resultant force for the three forcas acting m tHe bracket - SQ. Methed © (By Scalar notation), i, Fae 52 Qb af /_ Fax 2 “— x i Ey FreGokh 1 Pg Wists eo Qh a> Fry = UEx = Fix + Fox + Fax = 150 ces go + 80+52(2) = 126-05 2b —» +t Fry = LEy= Fiy tr Fey + Fay = +150 Singo +o + 52 (Ab) = ~99.92= 99.22.N | Fre (26.05) + (99.42)" =] pa be OS Method IL (By Cartesian vector notatigny) : = (150 c#sgee -1S05in Boy + (Rot + oj) + (se(Syi + 52(12)j) = (126.05 ( - 99-725) The meen’ ide. saad the direction of Fa as Method I . Ge)Exe : Determine the magnitude and the directim 6 oe ale Loree Fi Se thot tle resultant force is directed vertically Upward erd| thas a magnitude of SooN. sd. te Fex= DFx o = Fi Sin@ + 400 CoS 30 —6e0( 4) => F, Sine =133-53 —H all Fry = 2Fy Boo = Fr @s0-+400 Si'n3o + 600(%) = Fi cos@s Z4Ho e hu © & => Fisme_ 133-58 Divide <40 7G Fi tose 2hHo = tan O=0.5s¢5 SOe 27) Substitute nto @=> TZ Su 29.1 =133-58 => Fy=24Y.66N Ex.7: Determine the x ¥I Com ponants of ee en acting a tHe gusset plate of tle truss. Show that the resultant fore i's Etre. sd. Fins 208 200 Xb 7 Fiz200 Nb Fy = Fre 7 geet Le s20lb % x Fy, = see ~2Ho= THOMEN * wr Fey Frxs= 300 (2)z Igo dh / Fyz= 300 ( 4). tHe Fry 2 -3002300db A vy Fyy= 0 F3- 300. Fe 222004320+1Bo-30070, Fey =0-2ot2yorore 6>) Faz 3o0gb “x aForces in “Three Dimensions + Serces im “Wee Dimensions + “We problems A Levees in three dimensims ane greatly simpli ied if the bereces ane represented in Cartesian vector form, Right = Handed Coordinate Systew * We will use the right hand rule to develop the theary of vector algebra. x In xhis rule, the dhumb of the — rig he Wand points in the +e Z-axis when the Ringers are curled about this ants and directed bran ty tue K-axis te te +ve y-axis Rectangular Compments of. a Vector: A vecter A may have one, tie, or three rectangular Components along phe % 4, % axes, depending om how che vector is oriented relating Ay a wo he axes. A=zA+Az CMector addition) — sas = bur A’= Ax+Ay = >| A= Axt+ Ay+Az “The mognitude ef the Vector Bis determined by ASing the Pythagorean thesren: A=[AD™+ Aa) 5 but (Ax) #(Ay) => | A =\(Ax)’+ Ay) +ae (28)Cartesian Unit Vectors ; Im three dimensions the Cartesian unit vectors lojzk are used to designate the directions of 4, axes respectively o Cartesian Vector Representation : ee eee ay The re presentrett om el a vector A in Cartesian Vector dorm fg: A=Axi + Ayj +Azk Seperating che magnitude and tle direction ob each Component vector will simp $y the Operations of Vector algebra, particularly in three dimengions Direction of a Cartesian Vector: _ WE Witt Aching the dinection el a vector A by the angles K, By and Y, measured between the tail of A and the 4ve xp¥,2 axes provided tley are Located at tle taslef A. z A aah ayes Ay x AK From He Figures: cosas AX ’ eee 9 Co$¥= Az A A A Wen the angles d,B,¥ can be determined from the inverse Csings (25)An easy way of obtaining the anglesd,B, and ¥ as Saollows : a . We have A =Axd + Ayd + Ark => Az |Ax + Ay +As ——O A = Axis Aj, AE Divide Abs A> SAA A if Tek is a unis vector of A, we have Ak = cos% , Ad = wsB Aes os ¥ => Uae CosKi + CoSBY + Cosy k From 23.0 At = AY oS + Atcos B+ AY Cos xX sails ffs 5 as Notice that tle vector A can be expressed as: Re A cosain AcsBi + ACosy ke) Clem AcAneyehy as Sometimes, the direction of tle vector A can be Speci fied by two angles & ¥ gas follows: Az=A cosh Pram upper A= A Sin @ shoded triangle tram the Lower Sherded trvomale : Ay =A Cos@ = A Sin B Cos Ay = A'sing = A sing sine => \F- A Sing cosa C4 A Sing SOS +A os 6k]* Addition of Cartesian Vectors i'n BD? We addition Cor Subtraction) of tive on more vectors are greatly simplified iL ele vectors are expressed in Xerms oh their Cartesian Compenants . —) . . Wwe have AzAxi+Agi + Azk =o . . and B =Bxit+ By Jt Bz a AO he resultant R= ATB = (Ax+Ba)i + (AytBa)5 + (At+Be)k = concurrent forcas, tle resultant R i's k = =>R For several sul an for two or more Com currtnt Forces. Here LFx,UFy, and TFz represent tle algebrre sums of the respective 7972 or i,j pk Componoats ef each force in the sy sper J (ai)ies Az=Ax+ Ay + Az Vector addition Az Axi+Ays+Aak] Vector expression in Cartesian vectors. A= leur + CAyy 4 CAay® | che magnitude of ely vector (Ga ee e) “he Lirection angler of tle Vector the direction argle ., Az A cosa 4A CosB§+ AcoSY kh] Vecher ex pression in terms of angles. - A sin G @s@ (4 A SinG SinOj + A Cosg k | Vector expressiom in terms of two any bs @)Examples: Ex-\: Express the eon F as a Cartesian vector. seh. 2 2 Cosa + Col B+ Co Ve] 2 coStK + CoS Go HOS 4USz1 => Cosa= |\~€ sy) -@-03)* 2} O° > x= wees) 60 oy X= SFC e-s) = IZ" By insyectio => X= Coe => F=F osx (+ FospitF uk =QRee cos Go )i+ Gas Gs Go)d+ (Coo WS 4S) k = Yoo i + lool FAW RKG N Show that the magnitude ol EF =200N- [-> 2 a Fx + Fy + Fe = @oo N 5 a ork. ae (3)Ex. 1 Dererming the wong nade end cla Linection angler of tle resultant force acting om tle ring - Fe {50{-100) +took} | lw sd. ! ca al — Fa = i = [sei —Yoj + 1@ok $F IN The mognitake of i resultant + Fr = fise}s (-4e)*4+C\eoy = [ior Ww] We direction angles 4, Bradt : CoS Ks Feo. 59 cosp= Ea 2 =4* 202094 |B ER \o1 cos ¥= FR 2 O04 Fr Fa = \ tl Notice that F > 90 Since Fy is negative . x — = — DE =Fir+ Fo (vector adal'tror) (605 + Bok) +( Sel ~t00 $+ look) Lou ° Fi 605 + Bok} lwEx.3. Express He bere Fin Cartesian Vector. Also Vind the angler Band ¥ . F’s Fxt Fy 5 Veter odalitroy Now: F2= F Sin Go = 100 Six Go = 86.6 kw Fz F cs Go = '00 GS Ge = So kw Fe 2 Fes Gos Bo Costs s 35-4 bv Fy x F/ sin WSs So Sin 4S2 35-4 WwW — — — —_ —_> — => F- Flt Fe = Fat FytFa = [Fez 35-40 — B5-4y +800 k Fe |(we-4t4 C-35-4)° + CBE. 6)* = 100 kw = *: cos! Fx. cos! SSH = 694° Bros! Fy - cos TSH = mee v= os" FE = Gs! BEE> Bo" r eo” @s)Pesitim Vecter: A Position Vector Fr is AL ine! ate Veter ESM cir of mae ts eerie an teeta pert in space relative te another Pernt - z te Sind ve By vector addition: = A 8 (x5 4,7) CM, 94,22 —s os re = Yatr — —. os => r=re -ra — * . . : = ve O%\el 4+ ¥pis FQ k)~C¥a (44g dt Bak) = [Fe (re -%a) + Ge Ya) i+ Be-Sade Gubrracting the coordinate of the tas| of the vector F bran the Coordinate, of He head) Exanyes Determrne tle Length of +l, bern hey AR. ec ered eee od A \s (V4 0, -3) Bis (-2,2,23) —_— r= re-ra AB = G2-vit (teri 4 (B-G)k —_ => rez ES ¢ +2j+Ck im => Lae = [C34 (2) 4+ Ce = F™ Note Bat ac -%y -Gk Lea -LagForea Veetor Divected Along a Line + Te represent tle meet dinected i B along an element AB , the A Sau unit Vector WU Js multipleat 3 by ye mong ni the ob He force, x, = Wee unit Vector Ws Te LP vector, +: maprie = Fera-Fe Examples A man pulls om the cord at pornt B wrth a force BSoN - Represent this herce i rt A acting the Suppo ut yte y as a Cartesran Vector, ™ and determine the direction. Bom trovel Brom A toB SQ. We can find r directly + Fe{ae -%j -Gkym vc [@beCer+ Ce = Fm %, Band ¥ are aD measured between r (or F) and tye axe. with or;'qrn at A,SS ot Product : TWe dot product tsa multiplication of two Vectors. Leis Velined as: |A- B = AB cose oS Wher A and B are Veetors BR and @ (5 the angle between e A their tails in whieh oLKog K\80 . Laws ol Operations Por Dot Product : = 1. Commutative Law: A.B = B-A. 2. Multiplication by a Scalar : &(A-B)=(AR).B = A- (XB) 3-Distributive Law: A- = %)<(A-B)+(R-C) Dot Product in Cartesian Vector Form: _ We have Ae Axi +Ayj +Azk B= Bult+Byj+Bek => WE = (Axi + AX) + Aek) (Bait Byi + Bek) = Ax Bx (Vi) + AxBy (C4) + AxBa(i-k) “4 Ay BEGEO + Ay By (3-3) + AyB2ely-k) 4 Ae RX (kei) + Ae By (ej) + Ag Ba (k-k) But ColeWjyowsesl 5 bef 2 GC) Sos 9o=9 (ele sl) LI) eS 9080 ¢ JrleeQ) Ci eS 9028 = Sitteme Ne] @Applicatios of Dot Product : See EE “Where ane two main applications (especially t3D) ere Finding the argle between two Nines (ov vectors). am RS = AB se @ cose ce AB AB _ 1 RB . . alert BE] , en 2. Finding he Comporrents that ane Paralleé and perpertli cular to a vector Cor Aire ) 4 Qa if ua ts a unit vector eA In ae direckio , P ‘ \ We hav Aas A cos @ Ae — dot product Aa a Sa —P Ua Bur A. Un = Aig CSG=A SG [since va=t] ne = fa= A. Ua Ne perpendicular component Ap i's determined as fellows : wom FoR RF] Notese Aa is also called the projection of A along a-axis. * Ap Ts alse called the projection of A aloy p-axisExample : Dererming the argle & between the force F and the pipe Segment BA, also find the preyectio of F along this Segment . Solutio: Te Gink ©: a Van = Bb -2jatk => ren =\cots C2) 4G) =3™ Fee Tay sth —& Mee=|our se t= 1o om oy PRA FBS Oot Cards OEM) > = Cos ven Be 5 3h | Te Sind the componant of Fo aly BA (Fa,): We have: Feas F Opa O. 2 Fea mtj 2 yaik “eat ef OI ts = — en _ ; F= F-Upe = 800 (84 + ik) = —F58-9) +253k => Feat F ‘Use = (-458-95 +253 k)-(E(- Sj + bu) = © )(S$) + C458 -9)(E) + 54) =[590 w] Or! Fea=F cose = 800 Cos 42.5 =[590 NJ Same answer,290, [Express Fy and Fe in Cartesian vector form, SOLUTION Force Vectors: The unit vectors up and uc of Fy and Fe must be determined fist. From Fig a (215 = 051 + [225 - CLD + @- Om OT te is = 057+ 25 = 1s) + OOF 05)? + (05 +442, 145i + gk OF + GS 0F 3 ‘Thus the force vectors Fy and Fe are given by ba ing e( 21-34 2a) = (oan ~204 + om 313 few mae =the Ju) = ans ag eye hee (©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Allights reserve. This publealon is protected by Copyright ond writen permission shouldbe obtained from te pubiher pio io any profited repredcon, slorage ina reteva sysiem, Cor transmission in any form orby any means, elecrone, mecharica. ‘holocopyng, recording, or tkewse, For information regarding permissions), wrt to Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Educaton, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 7458.294. ‘The tower is held in place by three cables Ifthe force of each cable acting on the tower is shown, determine the ‘magnitude and coordinate direction angles a, 7 of the resultant fore. Take x = 20m, SOLUTION 2,15) m4 Rox tose sea) ~ steg8)® Fr = Fos + Fos + Foc = (321.661 ~ 16.82) ~ 1466.71) N Fa = Vasey + (lemay + (1a08 71) 1501 66N = 1.50KN (321.66 . ono (Siw) “78 peat) me ag! 1501.66 ‘Ans. Note: “We values eh Upy Yrp and Unc have been Aetermined as velore, For exampl ; Ups OA: 2Ol+ISG-24k aot IS J~U4k ee crneer meena von [ache (ig)tt (-uy® 34.66 (© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc, Upper Saddle River, NJ. AN erved. This publcaton Is protected by Copyright and written permission shouldbe obiained trom tv pubher prio fo any prohibited reproduction, slorage in a reteva system, (or transmission in any for orby any means, electronic, mechanical. ‘hotocopyng, recording, o kes For information regarding permissions), wre to ‘Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc, Upper Sadde River, NJ 07458,“2100, ‘The guy wires are used (0 support the telephone pole, Represent the force in each wire in Cartesian Vector form, [Neplect the diameter ofthe pol. SOLUTION Unit Veetor: tae = (1 = ON + 4 = OY + (0 4k) m = (14 + 4 — 44) m rae = VEE EF a = 5745 m 0.17411 + 0.6963] ~ 06963K. tap = (2-1 + (-3- 0 + (0- 55)kIm a0 = VEX IF SH = 6516 typ _ 21-4 - 55k 6516 [21 3) ~ 5.5K) m = 030411 ~ 0.4562) ~ 08363 Fy = Fyttge = 250(-0.17418 + 0.6963) ~ 0.6053K) N = [48.521 + ITA0N§ — 174.08) N (4st + 174 — 17K Ses Fann = 175(0.30418 + 0.8560} ~ 08983K) (53224 ~ 7493) — 14634] NO > = [53.21 ~ 79.5) ~ Ufik) Ans. (©2013 Pearson Education, in, Upper Sade River, Ni. AIRGAS reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and writen permission shouldbe obained trom Ue pubaher pio io any profited reproducon, storage in areeval sytem, ‘or transmission in any frm orby any means, elecroni, mechanical, _hotocopyng, recorting, or ikewise. For Information regarding permissions), wrt to: Righls and Peanissions Departmen, Pearson Educalon, In, Upper Saddle River, Nd 07488.2102, Each of the four forees acting at E has a magnitude of 28 KN. Express each force as a Cartesian vector and ‘determine the resultant force. SOLUTION ‘ text Fea = [128 ~ 8) ~ 24k) kN, 6 2 ean (tht fet) (28 + 8 — 24) kN <6), 4, 2 2o(Ztr+ y- 2x) Feo = (-121 ~ 8) ~ 24K) kN ss F; Feat Fen + Fee + Feo, [+968 | aN ~ (© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Sade River, NJ. Al Ay rights Toeerve. Tis pubcation is protected by Copyright and writen permision shouldbe obtained trom the pubcher prior to ery prohibited reproduction, storage in a retteval system, ‘or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, ‘holocopying recording, or Ekewse, For information regarding perisoin(s, wrt: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc, Upper Sade Rar, NJ O74S8,2.107, The chandelier is supported by three chains which are : concurrent at point O. If the resultant force at O has a ‘magnitude of 130 Tb and is directed along the negative z axis, determine the force in each chai, o _ A Fe SOLUTION i 8, Tar Psi 41 Qc rr Fe= BP; 130 = 3(0S321F) ap" P= S21P (©2013 Pearson Education, lc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Alnghis reserved. This publication ls protected by Copyright and witien permission should be obtained trom te publisher pir to ary prohibited reproduction, storage ha rettova ysiem, tr transmission in any form orby any means, electronic, machanial, ‘hotocopying recording, or tkewise, For information regarding ermission(s). wie to igh and Permissions Department, Parson Education, Inc. Upper Sade River, NJ O74S8.2116, Determine the magnitude of the projected component of force Fy acting along the z axis. SOLUTION Unit Vector: The unit vector wyy must be determined first. From Fig. a, (8 - 1+ C12~ OY + @- 30k | Vie = OF + (12 = OF + ‘Thus, the force vector Fyy is given by 3,2 Pas» Fatay=70(34~ 24-41) = po — am - om 8 Vector Dot Product: The projected component of Fy along the z axis is (Fad: Fyne = (3004 ~ 200) ~ 600k) = =5001b ‘The negative sgn indicates that (Fis rece owards the negative «aT (Fan): = 600 1b 4 ‘Aas. =a Yao -3¢6k pp = — = 3p = -k YRe (©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Sade River, NJ. Aleghts reserved. This pubeabon is protected by Copyright end writen permission sould be obtained irom th publisher port any proMblted reproduction, slorage in @retieva system, ‘ortranamission in any form orby any means, elector, mechnicah, ‘holocopying recortng.o likewise. For information regarding permissions), wrt to Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Educaton, Inc, Upper Saddle River, NJ O7458.MOMENT AND COUPLE : Moment of a Force: LON EE ik ane eee The moment of a Lorce about a point or axis provides a measure of the zendency of aly Loree to cause a body to retake About tle point or axis. From the bigqure: Ss he Yarce F anh tbe point 0 4) 5) Rie fnia plane , We moment M about the point O,or about an axis passing through O° and perpendicular to the plane is a Vector Quantity | The magnitude of the mament M i's: Where d is tle moment arm (the perpendicular aiactiterntca’ Prom the point O te the line of ACTIM ef F)- The unrts of moments are force unrts times length units, €-J- Nem, ab. Fe acc ete. “he direction of the moment 1s represented Ly Ce or £) . Here the clockwise rotatio is considered ko be positive whereas the counterclockwise rotation is negative.Example : Find the Moment of the 5 WW force about the point A- Solution: Mg = —5 * 2 =-lo A \o kNem #) Ft SiN Varignon’s theerem Says that the moment of a force about a point 15 equal te tle sum of de moments ol the forces components about tle point. Fer example : . FSion he moment alocut A dua to F is: " Myjz-lo#5 =-5e F; Mfrs = Sonm ° 5 Fy> F(4)28N Fx = FC2)=6N Wh, momint about A dua to Fy is: M,=—-@#4s -32 =32 Nem *) The momet alot A due to Fa WW: Mz. —6*3= -18 = 13 Nem *) My +M22 50 Nm ¥) Ma = 50 N-™¥) => Ma=M4+M2 o-k. (@)Resultant Moment of a System of Coplanar Forces : Resultant moment Mp of a system of coplanar forces can be determined by adding the moments of all forces algebraically , ne: |Meat Fed Por example : \& : att EG Mi,_? 541-5 Mebe CO a)arn 6 ¥3=-18 Oda =e Whe 4 —E(MR), = 5-\g = -\13 = 13 MSE » Fis 5 fb Faz@Qb Couple : Couple is defined as twe parallel forces that have the same magnitude , opposite directioms, and are Seperated by a perpendicular distance. “The moment produced by a couple —a + F Id ‘s called couple moment Mc, 4 es ro Where, F i's a magnitude of one of tle forces, and d is tle perpenditular distance between th, two forces . The only effect of a couple is to produce a rotation Since the resultant of the twe forces 5 Zero. Note : The couple mamant , A aa aay pois Maite eaymeens GG) a Phe. teog wey is alree vector PinaEx. Dererming the mogni tude and tle Jirectio fA the couple- io sek. Aw Me = F-d eo = lox2=2oe lm A \ow Using of Couples in Statics : QD Changing the line of action of tle force: We want to move the Loree F from tle point AtoB AF F °. F Pt F, Be 5 ° B ab F ab NS a M=F.g introduce 1 ‘ erie and aoe peat SAwivalent forces at e rea — Corp le Syston @ Reduction of a force System toa foree and couple Fr les Ifo | om Fi a, ~ [ss 3 A Fe CoMcurrent forces fs t Force and Couple @)Using the Moment Concept to Find the Resultang of Nonconcurrent Forces: re Fe We want te Sing tle Fi Fs Magmitnhe, Lirectio, ° = ank heocakion of ay ad u Saree “esos Fe —{—+4 2 — “We monies: Fee (Fax) + CRayh Frr e wines i, Fax FY y The Location + Fayed = Fy d +GFa)y dima: da Warignew’s thesrem) [(Ma)o= EMo} . AWis equation gives tle Location d. Ex. Dererming tle mMagnicube , direction, and Lecation of tle vesulcant Larce from the point A. sd gw ges +) Fas s+é6x4= lev] it ast ge (Mr)a = 2Ma am nee Wad = Ser +6454 44S : VB les = dsm ph 4 oe 1 We can find the distance 3 - oOo; Mere by taking the moment about any point. — Fer example, about the force BIN: 18 ¥xX=6G)44 (Us => x=amd2242 zumExamples about Moments and Couples : Ex: Find the moment of each of ihe two Lorces aloout the point A. Fiz 2zson Sol Fer Fy A Sin 605 4! oy dye 2 Sin Go = 1-432 _m z + M.-F. 4d = 259 #1732 = 433 Nem C £ Bine ™ djs 2-5 sin 53-132 2m ot actin, Soon Cc Ma = Fa.di = See #2slooo Nem CO Note . It is easier to use Varignon’s theorem in this example, FI Fi : Mi = 250 cos 3e (2) = 433 NWO or 3 Ma = 322 C404) - 500 (2%) (6) = (ooo Nem Csame results) For FaExample2: Determine the moment about promt B °f cach of te Hwee forces aching. on the bean. asp Fr250%b ; oR Sok. . : “he ie Fz {bo She, of she HRS LOH ID 2 4.125 kyo fe GM 1-375(i1) = -4125 Mb. fe ¢ Ma 2 -5e0(E)(5)o2~ Looe th ft = 2.00 kip. ft 9 FP Ms 2-160 win 30(0-5)40 7-40 th fe. gou.fe PMR 2-665 6165 Lb-fEExamples er the Pavey pele. Determine the resultant: moment ot the ha 1 sultan e | Ime Gree Coat eat so @ Mo. X Fol FN = ~Joo (3-5) +450(3) +4004) J00 fb = 500 tb. ft (* 400fb tf A renwved: Mp =450 (3) +400l4) = 2950 tb. PE EempleDefermne the angle @) (e's 6-5 18°) of Khe force (Fz 40 th) sottat Hf Produce @ marirnaur moment about (A) and Omir. moment e bout (A),Soh. a (9) - Fe 4olb : . oy. € ae = 4o | (G4. oe VG = 329.84 bb A a D= ban! (F) ='4.09 2 90-4iet® 365 9¢° 8 6218 -14.04 = 165. 966 Examples eterrmire the magniticle and Aiggherah Sense of the resy/faut- moment about (f), SON Sol: # MRA 2 MEA = 50(2) +60 (0) -20 (3 Sin 30) 40N +40 (44 3ce5 Bo) ~ 333.92 Nom G G5ExampleeDetermia, the moment f fhe Gute . wes TOM 1g) a\f 4 7 | - 4 4 Hs Sob: Me is clifbrault bo SH adebermiig fre PerPen ditular as ea Aisfance between the hor eS: steno we an resolve each force sino Bomponents. and then use yarigrous theorem. GON Fx = 10( 4 +4) 2120 {20 ene are “There ave tue Coup es:- Tow My =120€4) =120 Nm % Mz 290 (3) = 2% Nm D => Mc 21204240 +390 Nom D Notice fect the cuple moment can be act at cu pont of: the member * Strce Bee Me 290Nm is Free Vesey 5 ¢ 1 i> ™ =pG+4)-p(a) { in M-7(4) +P) =pd - @)Example lepReplace the forces acting, onthe brace an eguiyalent resultant fare, nd couple ated neg at pans A. Sok, FRx 2100 ~400 ws.qg° = -382.8 =382-8s—. FRy = ~608 ~4fos Sin 45° - ~ 832.8 882.8 { 3828 Fe. [Gena aatee = 962.2N) fr 882.8 O= bar, ee 655° oo G mpa OMA = 100(0) +600 (0-4.)-4-400 Sin45°(0.8) +4oo Coy 45° (0+3) 7551-12 Anna 7) => The 2Yuiva let System : 55/-|2 Now H22N as @ExamplepReplace, the force System acting on the hearn by an efuiyglut farce ane Couple. moment at point (B). 25h 1S ks ® fm ay < | A g B va 9 Sol: pony Am ion @xme 27 25( 2x6 -1-5(@s 30) 8% = -14.6 = 116 kum % ay Fx = YF x : ta) (#) +15 sn? 2-125 = 7:25 kV/— af Ry = Dy =-2.5(8) -1-5 Gs 36-3 25.8 -58 Ku | => Fa \ (1-25) 6-8) 2 5.92 Kal bz tary! (= 272.3° ‘ Fe > = mys bomExample 9: Determine the mognitude , direction, ark Location of the resultant, (with respect to point A). Seon As I—> loo N 60 os A 4 2oon am Ths Tim? eo ™ m Sod. , Fey = Seo Ces fo +lo0= SSON —p Fry = — See Sf4G0 +200 = = -233 =233N magsides Fae [roteCeny = atnew Vs R dinectim: 62 taw' 233.337 S 350 S Roeatiom with wespect te porat A: Fry d= Fiysdie Fey-da + Fy. ds ~ 233% 3 = ~ S00 Sin Gol) + Me 200 (2-5) + 100(0-s) — a. dst = S-ot™m ZB3 eases 33 a Te equivalent System + +——7F S-0% 5?)Cross Product : Pek CSE We formulation > SS k ixk =k Sin@ De = Lx tk Sin gqox-j ==) . i s---- etc. ‘ J “We cross product in Cartesian vector expression is; AB = (Ait Ay i+ Avk)x (Beit By) 4Beh) = (AyB2-AzBy)(-(AxB2-AzBx)j 4 (AxBy—~AyBx) k Wis value f AXxB may be written in easier dererminant form as: 1a. fi ik AxXB= | Ax Ay A Bx By Be Moment of a Fovce in Vector Formulation: Ln vector Cor mulaty ou, He meet of afore F about tle Povnt O Ws: SSS . 4 o We —s ch Mo is. F = Fd We direction ef Me obtained by curling the bingers of RH trom dashed = r to F, thew the chump represeats tHe dynectior a)Principle of Transmissibility + he moment Mo can be determined by applying the cross product of the position vector 7 from the point © te any point on the Lyne of action ef ray Porce F. This property tn calleol the transmissibility and it is useful in 3D and also UD because the pep encl'culae distance d wr'll be not needed = So Aine of achion ... Moment of a Fores about 4 Specified Axis: For example, ce Sind dy 42 moment A dy Lorce F i alomuk the y-anis ; — Find the most of FE abut @% a point om Yoanss (say o)- > Moe® x¥F — Use the dot irae —_e My Mod =(PXF)- My: Mamet dleout (cenpmene me)In generad | to Lind th Moment of a Peres EF about an axis a —s Maz Ua - _ Uax Uay Wag = Ce xk) = rx vy Yz Fx Fy Fe S aay and Ma = Ma. Ua where: Yan > Yay , Wag Yx 2 vy 572 Fx > Fy » Fe represent the x,y ,2 Components ef the unit vector Ua . ’ ‘ “oe “a o “ ‘ “ of the position vector ¥- oe oo G " “ co ef the force F. We point O is any porat on the axis aHow to find tle dererminant value ? The signs Ser cofacters + o> + —- +. + - 4 Calculating the determinants : D Fer 4X 4 dererminant « \alea Ex, [-4¢/>-% } Fer 2X2 dererminant : \2 il- adickb Er, \¢ 3|= 4(3)-2C1) slo ) Fer 3x3 determinant : So Oo @ Ex. Tt: Ex. Uf 2 1 3 As \3 ~ <2 Sind deta, 23 4 ah Sf -ern >) det.A =~ 2-4 —_— st HE 412-3 = 36 +(-2) +6 (29) &@® Fer dererminants °f. any size: Mis method called (expansion by minors) : AN aie alg. an aay Ady A304 AIS = an Ant ue Aitag Aig Crom tT raw) or = 12 Aras O2r Azz +032 A32 (fro 2" lumen or Grow any mew or column. ve simplify the calculation, take row or column corel, greater number ol Zeroes. Ex. Find the dererminant Ger hy matrix 2 1 3 Ae |: 2 a 3 \ SA. ake 15% row Att Au = CY at 3 \ = Cre) (3 #-2) = 5 pa acd® [2 ~] ren \ =-[G* 1)-@e-2)\e-7 | = (3¥3)-(2K-DEN 3 => det. A= an Ant a2An 413 Ayy aoe |? n 2(5)+1CH+3 G1) 36 ul Csame result)| « ee || ‘© ania Peano Education, Te Upper Sale River.N. A eg rtrvd. Ths ei pote nde ll copyright law as they caren ‘ast No portion os material may De reproauced afore ob ay meas hoa permis fn wring fom he pobither 442 Determine the resultant moment prosuced by {orees Fy and Fe bout point O. Express the result as 2 Cartesian veslor Force Vectors The position vcr fa, ad force veers se determined Gr. vf go ma) fay rae Pe Gat (Ona | Fos Fate = af eae] = (1201 180) ~ 3608] 1-07 + 3-07 + (0-6F Moment: The resultant moment of F, and F abou point Os given by Dy ey tak ° TS sto to] * fo iso 60 ® = [+720 + 7204] N-m Ans t R#20NL-A6G,0,6)m wat ee Mo = Fan x Fe + Yor a Fe =. = bane = Fe= Feupgg » Fe = Fe Upc aaeeete =rES) ® eo | ©2010 exon Ect, ne. Upper Sade River, NE Al gh eserve Thi mater protec under aepyright laa hey curely ‘No pectin of it material may be eroded any fom ob ay means wiht permit fe wag Com ine publi, 485, Determine the moment of the free F about an axis exlending between A and C. Express the resi at & Cartesian vest Position Vector: y= EK) Unie Vecor Along AC Aste: = Ole Boy 2 osc 06g ieore-o Exyresing Myc a6 4 Cartesian veto yields Moment of Force F About AC Aste: With F= (41+ 12)—34) kN applying Eq. 4-7, we have ™, fac Bac ey ried. Briet Syke — — Mac = Macs Crea ®F) = | ¥eax Yes ve we Fu Fy Fe vac Dhe = Note: Cis a point om AC line [Same as o)}( EQuIiLiBRIUM When = System Pare Geen, om a body has no resultant , the body is im equilibrium | We equilibrium means thot the ody remains fn y Stability Ler both rest and Moving states ih first Newtons law - Here, we will study the static eauilibriun . According +e aly Newtons first Raw, cle equations of eauiliterium fer the wigid body in the plane ave. Ttx=0 FLAY = Fyco re ZMoze where o igh any point in tle rem ! FBD is a Sketch of a body or a portim of 4 body completely Vsolated (or free) from its Surreundings - By using FBD, the unknown forces and momenty acting om a body Can be determined by thy three equations ef equilibrium. We need to know three things Lebere studying how to draw sha FBD:@® Support Reactions + Were are various types of reactios that occur at supports and points of Support Letween bodies subjectak +e Serces. Wyre of Connection No. of unknown, @ Cable one (tension force) @ Link ore Chension on Compressim ) @ Roller one Creactio acting s per pend culee eo the A Surface at the point — FA coutact ), ®@ Rocker 7 7 = ag me ‘ @ Smooth contacting , Surface re o oeWee of Connection @©Roller on confined slot + @Menber yin connedkd] +0 cellar on Smooth red. seal No. of Unknowns one Creaction actyy perpendicular +o tle Surface at He Point of contact) ve o on ls, ae © Member Fixed connected to collar on Smeoxk rod - SE Two ( Loree and moment at the Junction Poine) ! @® Slider (or roller guide). ES (19) Pin (or hinge support). ee “Two C Componente of force or magni tucle end direct A resultant force). @ Fixed supper + -—— Three (tue Campranas A ferce anh momen ar resultant force and moment ),@) External and Unternal Forces: Since a rigid body is a compos tion of particle. both external and internal Aoadings may act on it, Only the external Aoodings are represented om FBD because tle ‘net: effect fintemal force, on the bedy vs Zero. Q@ Werght of a Body ? When a body 's subjected te 2 gravitation) freld then te has a specified weight » The werght of thy body 1s represented by a resultant force directed downward and located at the center of gravity of the body. Remember W=m#9 Procedure for Drawing the FBD: le Isolate the body from ‘ts constraints and Connection and draw its outlined shape - 2. Identify all the external forces and moments that act om the body . These are generally dug te: ay Applied Aoadings . (2) Reactions at the supports or at the points ef contact with other bodies. (3) The weight of ty body - @)Ex..: Draw FBD for the beam with mass Looky \ZooNn Sak, Wem #9 = loo ¥9-8) ° = 981 N at = We. FBD is MA \200N em Ln Ax A 4 9g 3m 3a Ex... Draw FBD Ler Bw SA. FBD (5 shown below: Ulan Q Ge Bw Ay RyEx.3: Two smooth tubes A ¥ B, each having mass A 2 ky rest between the inclined — plates. Draw FRD Sor cube A, tube R , and tube AYB together. Sel. Wa =We = 249-815 1\9-60N FBD tube A FRD tebe R Here, R not draws because 1b intemal force.(R in FBD A and TGD B cance) each other) .Ex.y. Draw Fep fer the member ABC. Ex-s s: Draw FBD fer the uniform bar which has a mass of Loo kay and a Center ef mass © - We Supports A, By avd C are oo ° smooth. Soh, we loo¥9.8l [IGNSprings : TL we have a \inearly elastic spring, CRinear moans that the change in Length iis proportional to tle applied Loree , and elastic meant that the Spring will returns te its orginal shape afcer the applied force i's removed ), tebe fedig Het shee indi Spring i 4 4 A i i rf I F dX: original Lengih ad tle Spreng . A: change in Length alter Qoad mm Celorgatron or shortening) Each spring has a stiPlness called Spring Constant or Spring stiffness, denoted by Ck) rand defined as a force needed te cause a unre Deagth of change in the original spring Aengh The units of ke are (N/m , kil/o, b/ia,---ee We magnitude of cle Loree exerted om a spring which For example, if k= So0N/m, then the force needed to change tle Length of de Spring by o-2m is: Fek.A= 500k wo2m = toon. @We Problems of Equilibrium of Coplanar Forces: We Lellowing ewe examples illustrate these problems. Ex.1: Determing the tensio in cables BA and BC Mecessary te Support the Go-leg cylinder. Solutio: Weytinde-= 60 *79.8) = 588.6 N We Sension in cable BD is “mah fe Me weight of tHe cylinder Tap = Ter= 588-6 N W=S8eQn Te find Tee and Teas draw th Fap for the rig B, and apply LExso W UFyco at tly ring B- te LFx=0 Tea Tee 5 Toc 45 - £ Tea =o —D ? = us? +} ZFy=6 568-6N Tac sings +2 Tea =e —® — 588°6 solve O¥®@ => | Tac = 475-66" and | Tan = 420NEx: We unstretched length of Spring AB's 3m Lb the lock is held fn the equilibriun Positio, determine the mass of the block 3m y& ™ sm kag = 30 N/m Selstios Fsk.& => TG, = 30 (5-3) = 60N FRD Cring A): Tac Gon Wea Zs tt. LFx=e 60(4) - The Ge)ee Ww => The = 67-88 N af Lkyso => —W 460(Z) 467-88 (fe) =0 => W= Byun = ko Wie 84 fp. Wemxg => the mass of bled 3 om e564 (77)Solving ale Equilibrium Problems: To Sind La unknowns im the Structure, tle FRD and We SA MariOn s oA eauililorium are used. Examples ‘ Ex.) : Determing the reactims at A and B. Neglect ale oer ghe ol the beam. 2oon Goon Be t AR B rocker Fay LOON.m sol, te SExeo Goo Cas 3o-Byx=0 = Bxe 5I9-GIN a G zmg=o Ay (#)- Goo Sin30(5)~100c06 => Ayz2rze-Stw fe au tu au af ZFyzo Ay +By- S00 STHIO-2Zworz 228. 57 +BY Goo Sinto ~Zoo=o —>By= 271-43 N tEx2: Determine tle tension in the cord (thar Wraps ower frietioless Pulley ) and ely Yeactims at pin a. Sel. First draw FRD , We FBD ber te cord and pulley ts combined ty re Wagram Che Ser cas iw Com kacting Portia ane internal Serces) - es Ma zo T Co-s) ~lee(OS)oe => T=loon 4 \ Note . We +2nsigu Temarns Constant loon + as the cord passer ouge tle pulley Sor any radius Feo and ony angle. terse — -Ax AGD) 5H 26 =o => Ax=Se0one. a1 ZFy-6 + Ay ~\c0-(o0) S4sJoro => Aye IE. ON tEx-3 Determine tle densi fy ak cable and the reactrom at A. VE eh D 7 Ax A re? + 6128 Ay Bo XL CG ZMa zo -T(s)-7T (BS) ce) + 80013) =e => re 74-58 db te DFx=0 toe 1 = => Ax = 33-35 fb x #4-58 (j=) <0 aa Pa ZUFyso AX +44-58 + F458 (F-) Re =0 => Ay=- 61-28 = 61-28 dL y“We Resultant 4 the Distributed Loadings: Wee, looky may ‘be subjected to Arstributed Joadings such aS those caused by wind, Chuids of material over tha \oody’s surface. evr Weight “Whe mest commen types of these foods are thy uniferm doosling and triangular Jasin - oO Unrlorm Bo oding : R Te agnieuda of the Tae resultant if Row *"Q fy er(aren of food). “The Location of R passes through the centres of de rectande C middle of alk rectangle). Rg Fer example: A S LN /n R= 544220 iN f prea —oOT focated at 2m Prom B. qm tm R @ Winrguler towdings w The resultant R's tly arta ot briengle 2, or: g Re ol ; foc ates at the centrord ef triangle (one third he Jength ft de Ervangle mtsasured pram che wight Side). For example: R= S#227.5 10 A fy ster focated at tm From B = +} C a ee Ju” teExt Derermine ale reactios at AYR. Yo kw Bow | 2okw var q. eu 4 Jan 5 A , Bu) 6m GBMazo 20(1h) + 3o(8) +84 (3-S)-By (B)=0 =P By = lolaska F SX, st Ey =e ; Aye lol PS —4o-3e-2o <2 =P Aye MS =pAyetigs ky | —tp2 Fezo Axt 8420 => Ax=-84 => Ax= Bt i)Ex.r. Dererming te reactions at AYB. YS Win Sel. Ri 30 #2 F B Ry =30 He F-22216 bw Zeyh eS) 1 Ys e a a ne 36m Te 3-6 Ree ieer-6 Raz 1S #36 2 2 = 2th =ttw Ga Maso 27 (2-4) 4216 (3-6) 4 8104 2F (4-8) Re Cos Go (4-2)z0 =~ Res 495 kw 2G ag, Ler 1 2F0(3-6)4 Blo - RB GS Go(F-2)=0 a ! is ty These + Ax - 49s Stn Gozo => Ax 4U8-68 WW—> ef Lhyzo | Ay - 27-216 -T74+ 49S CaS Go= o = Ayzar-s kN 4} @Equilibrium in Three Dimensions: ® Support reactions in BD systems: Number of Unknowns w ‘One unknown. The reaction is a force which acts away {rom the member in the known drcetion of the cable. j ‘One unknown, The reaction is a force which acts ‘perpendicular tothe surface atthe point of contact, smoot surace sppogt 0 y One unkoown. ‘The reaction is a force which acts ‘ perpendicular 1 the surface atthe point af contact, rote @ nD Three unknowns, The reactions are three rectangular force compoacats. ‘ ¥ F, battand socket “it Four unknowns. The reactions are two force and two couple-moment components which act perpendicular to the shaf. Note:The couple moments are enerally not applied it the body i supported ehephere. See the examples sing journal bearing‘Number of Unknowns Five unknowns. The reactions are iwo forse and three couple-moment components, Note: The couple moments fare generally not applied if-the body 1s supported lsewhere, See the examples, Five unkaowns. The reactions are three force and iwo ouple-mament components. Nave: The couple moment: are generally not applied if the body ts supported ‘elsewhere, See the examples. wt My Mya pe aoe Five unknowns. The reactions are three force and wo ‘souple-mioment components. Note: The couple montents are generally not applied if the body is supported elsewhere. See the examples. Five unknowns. The reactions are three force and 1wo. ‘ouple-moment components. Note: The couple moments fare generally not applied if the body is supported elsewhere, See the examples, coy Six unknowns. The reactions are three force and three ‘couple-moment components‘Typical examples of actual supports that are referenced to Table 5-2 ate shown in the following sequence of photos. : @) Equarions of equilibrium mm 3D: In Cartesian Vectors : UE=0 + EM -8 in which DE os UFxi + IFyj +UFek and TM =SMal + UMyJ +2Mak LExzo , ZFyse 1 2Fere ZMx=0 ,eMy=eo 7 ZMz =0 @Be) In scalarEx: We boom is used te su port the 375_N flowerpot . Determine the tension eee in wires AB and AC. Tot / J? 02} es gh Solurion: FBD (beom): Fai Fae = Fan “® Yas = Fas ( O-2i-0-6) +0-3k V2) C0 67 4(0-) - 6 3 k & (ere +e Pap 5 Fass = Tae ; a8 oy) YAc J Eee Fae Yae =-2 Ey. (- =-% Fae - 3 Slate he k — aMe = =e Ea Fa AB +FactW)=e => eeteh fog, Fan j+5 Frok) *+ 4 Fret S Fai EFack) + (-3#5k)] =o ag nae +g tae Pause 4g Fag + EFac) 20 TIMxz =o => % Ea +E Tae -UUS0>° —O IMy=ze = q =o 2ZMz=° => - e+ = Facto —@ Save O4@ = [Fa = Fes 37-5)Ex-2+ : 1 The force exerted on the highway sign by wind and the sign’s weight is F = 800i ~ 600 (ND Determine the reactions atthe built-in suppor at O. Solution: . The force ating onthe signs P= Fyit Fy) Pek = 800 ~ 600) +0KN, nd the position fm Oto the pe on the ign where Facts Fn oj4 848 sum fo te sga ae ofthe sgn i included i the componens fF SDM = Moxt+ Movi “The coesponding scalar equa 5. or Te find the react’ forces: = . . LE =o =p (Boel Seay + ok) + (Ox +Oy 402k) => (Beet Ox) i +(-60040y) 4 (040ak) = X Fre (820 +Ox)i IF x20 } Boo+Ox 20 <> Ox =-800 N TEyps (réeot Oyj ,LFy=0 —POy=600N LD Fenc (0+02)k,UFy:0 => C2 =0Ex.3: ‘The tower is 70 m tall. The tension in cach cable is 2 KN. Treat the base of the tower A as a built-in support, What are the reactions at A? KN u bom Ne Solution: The wragy s 19 determine moments sou A We to The ce easton at A ar dermine rom the sums frss. (Not ha the Seeaen Ris meer be wu we poaletoeee kamal tceae fase heady en ela a nde Treen fe pom Scare 0.0.0), (0.70.0, CC, 0.0), Eo ote ¢z,0,50), 6140.0, ~40) ae re The it eso palo th bles, rete rom oh pin Fiorme from wich Ay = 4TOBRN, tne = 4 ~ 70} ~ 40, DP a = (Az +0200) sno = 205~ 7} +50, from whch Az = 0200148 ne = ~501~ 70 7 ‘The wi vector parle othe cables, pointing fom Be: Aye = 044441 0.7778) — 0.4444 Maw = 022651 ~ 0.79265 + 0.5001 Vane = ~0.58125 ~ D897} 40. ‘The kpsons ive eb ue Tap = 2s = 0452 ~ 1.5852) +1 1924 AN, Tor = 2aye = O88 ~ 1.5556 — 0.8K ANY, 8 Tae = My = 1.106254 — 1.02755 ~ Ok ls sow The sum of the moment hoot A is Ma M4 + ran * Tue + tank Tap + eau Tae =0 + ran x (Toe + Tue + Top) 5k DMa=mts| 0 et Jeo = (rg +1708 UN +O sid = ress) 0 oom whch Mg = -1T oN ©4519 40-8889 -1-1G25 = O-1F93Ex, (2D by Vectors): ‘The weight Wi = 1000 Ib. Neglect the weight ofthe bar AB. The cable goes over a pulley at C. Determine the weight W und the reactions at the pin support A. Solution: The seasy to este the lensone lhe end bar ‘AB io an ypcompanert, amd then el the mame DOW ATS zero The angle Betwwon the cable and the poste ae 35°, The esion vor in he abe Ta = Wali ea(80°) + Jun(—35)) 081921 — 0.5734))0) Assume aunt ent fr te bor Theale Been the ba ashe sive axis 180? ~ 50° = 130°. The postion vector ofthe ip coa(130") + jsin(L30°), = 0.64 The temionexenedby Wh ie shout Ain DOMa = len x Ti) + (er x Ta) = en x (TL + Te) 14 j = 1) vss oto losinw, —vs7seivs ~ 1000) 1000}. 7 0.25871¥e + 012.8)k =o, pM, tom wich Wa = 24535 De = (ay + wyosinay =o fom which A = 2084418 Pv = (ay ~ Wal0s736 10005 =o from which Aye = 2424.5SIMPLE TRUSSES 0 truss is a Shuclure Composed ef Slencler members doined together at their end jeovats. The: members commonly usec! consist or melal bars. The fort connemctions’ are. usually formed by bolting. or welling, the, ends of members to commen plate called a gusset plate , er by Passing ctlayye belt or pin MAyough eath of fhe members: of “Weeden struts Planer Trusses: plonae trusses hie. ing sing Plane and ae Led to support roofs and bridges. (| Mh yoot trussery yyy a bridge truss Assum Hons for Design 1. Al loadings are 9pplied at the jorts: 2. The members ave goiredl tegebrer a sept pins Because of these two assumptions , the forces ed the end of the member must be, chrected along. the ams of the member, If the force tends to elongate the member, ct is a fensile, force CT), whereas if it tenels to shor fen the member, ELS @ Compressiffe force. CC.) - Te 6 oe Tension, Com PessignAnalysis of a Fass: “The analysis means 1 in the. rus S mem bers - There ave two metbod’s of the truss: 4- Te fonts mmethaol - 2-Fre sedhions Method, indir. the reactions ard fhe forees bo Lind the Forces fa the mont bers Qe Method of soitts: Th Wis method » the F.B.0 of each fant 's drawn Than Yee equilibrium equations SFx so and Wyz0 ove adPlied CiKe eGuilibrum equdtion. LM=e is sekistied since Me Fortes in each goin ove concurrent). if the Sense of divection af force. in {he member ws Un KMown , assure the Force is pension cry. Neolice Shale fhe engion fevces pulling, 2% the joint nie the com pression over Pushing. on the font: oe cProcedure for Analysis: -l- Draw FB.D. of afant have at Least one unknown force and at most bu unknawn member Forces, -Z If the sense of ahection of the force in the member v5 unknown assume cle force is Knsi, “S-APPMS Zines 4 Lhyae te Rind te tuo unknown mem ber harees, A- Repett stepCt) 03) fur te, other geviks. Note, Orient X SY aes such Hat the Fores IN F.BD. canbe eas YW vesalyed,E: ‘acamples C gout Method ); Ex As Delermiae the force. 1 each member of te truss sok: York Ry 50, In | ORF, a Ee Fx x0 => Foo~FRe 3 45°20 Fee =PoZ.1N CC) af Wye => -FAR +4 Fee Sh 45°20 Fat FAR = Sc0n OD 7 of 4 whic Fac 4s QF 8 FAC 4707.1 cos 45% 0 oe = Fac =50on CT.) Uy -0 = Fol. | sn45 +Cy co oe Ge 500 N) { goint -A, SFreo = Are500N + Tryso > Ay. GooN. os 7s aEx:2: Debomite “Te farce vn ea manly of Whe uss. Sof, Weve ave, move rom 2m bse unkwswns Ws each go. Find Yre renchion s . ZM Azo , z BRZ-~Cy 4) =e = ye tN : BFyco Ay 15 ku} = ; Zrrso = Axe SYN = AyehS Spink Cs Use the axes orientation Reg Ly ble Solutie- co simply + “7 SFyz0 eee 15 ws 3° FRe sin 152° FRc =5:02 kuCc) AIF Ko — Fen 49:02 SS 15 —1:5 510 30-0 = Feo=4:) Kw CT) Po LFk coy 4.) cos 30’ FADS 0? 36D => Fao= 4-1 tw CT) Fad 2 Ryo 24. sm e)-4FQD=? => Fp 4.) Kur) fomt CQ): . . ZF yo: —FAB vinds4 3 5.02 sin4ge0 B 3 ~o-BFZ KuG) BY Bt, 6e) ' *yZero ~ Farce Members: “The Zero - Fore members ave used bo increase the Sibi of the, truss olunng. construction anol Eo Proviele. support if the qoplied Loadhg. i's changed, The Zen - farce members canbe oleterrmaol by inspection In general, there owe. Ewo acSes , , : 1— If only twe memlowS Forwnr atvuss fat onrol no external oad or suapaurt reacts 1S qpoalied te Me fair these Luo members ate Zero —forre members. QQ +> bc ; poet @) , jot ©) Far . . rec. A AB * EET Sfrso Figen ge Fe gee Ty ee: = =O co Sa UFyco = Faro Sg ae ZFreo => Fot+o-0 De.=0Q-TIP three members form afyuss gomt for which tuo of the members are collinear ane no external Load or support reaction 's applied Me got, the thivel meter ]¢ Zero- forte membus. ems, 2 t wa Efxze Gec Ex3- Determine, We Cero ee” : sel Prom Jr Gly Facee from jouk ©: Forse Crom jowt Fs FeFso No tice Sod Pron jaws ® ‘ Fer =ZKN Ce)Ex4 4; Determing, the forces in each member: Bk ee A +" : hs Faces edn octon adm 4 odin | Foes FGFes goth: UFyco =e faa (%)=8 FaB-18.38 Kwa} Drs =b Face 1333b =[Ho- 6Fkw CO) { Aes OR Fag font c S Fee -Fac =10°67¢T) a tH; Jaark \" Fy 20 = Fen(D=14 offen =28336)) Fat = Treo me Foy =23:33(0.78 40) Fen , port Gs Feo, = Faq - 186% (nr) Entine Wass DM B20 —BGo-4)- Fy Co- 8) 414 (2) 20 ae ye 12 Kw Pjont_F: Eee 23-38 Ss SAS Lhy= 9 . Fro es “ => Fre(%)-23:33( 2 +17=0 as 2-5 kw DFxeo =» -Feo +9( A) ~ 23-33 (=e a Fra=4-6} 17 fot ©: — Fao Feo (Fen=- 320 = 32% kw CG) For checking» Smite + -320C3) +300 C4) @) +320 (DC) _\2eo A) = tee gk.Ex:2: Determine the Force Wi menvers GFy ce and CID. Sok: First Fined Eye UMA= » 20-8)44-502-5) -EyCW=9 => Ey -1:3345 kw Section @—®@ X Mcz0 FaFQ5 )-I. 3375(2) <0 IMF 20 a Feo (4)¢1) = 13395 U)-0 => (Feo - 2.23 2 723 NO) y Me so Fee. (ee) (1 2s Fer z0 or di vectly <9Ex:3: Detormire the face in members Fy, H,ana Hk ef the k truss Shown in the Frg. Sof; UR Comnok Sele. Abas Problem toy sec. ©-© 4 Unknowns with 3 FG. but se. @—@ anbe Selecked since Ywee Memb ex Pass Ywreugh ; Gor, bm one goint- ‘ Take upper part ; Miso 25(8).+ Fuk Ud Fep A Ax AyEx. : Draw FBD for each member . Similar to the frame in Ex, but the force Pe is added over the member BD, Sel. “VWhere is no two- foree member. C, Cx oe P | . i cy} 8 Bx Ex, as Cm * Da 4 A ch af 2 ve $ Ax Ay Ey Ex3 : Draw FBD fer each member : Py cy < DE ct cx p ic e iD Pe Feo ko 8 ed Dg a —_ B 5 ee cs Ay AV Ax ep 9 Fey Note that BD fon fs two- force memberEx.4 » Determine the reactions at C SQ. ap is two-force member. Lees N Fa 8 f © cK 7 Wages Dm 2m a (FBD) gi EEMese + ~2e00 (2) + Fag Sin 60 (4) z0 => Fags 154.2 N LFyse | NSYF Sin€o -Looottyzo =a{ey=1200nf te DEwce + WSF Gs oo —Cx=0 S[Cxs SF¥Z-35N<— If one does not recognize that AB is two-foree member, then more work I'S needed to Solve th problem 74s Shown below: Notice: CoooN (Fa) 24 DMg =o => Cy= 1000 N t Kl LFyso => By=looo Nf J % ZFr=0 => Bra -Cx=0 ——O Bg oe (F8D)yy . ZMaAzo => By (360560) -By(3sin6e) So Bx SF Ie BE substitute inte eg Day Cxz 579.350 * 4h Gad)Ex.S : Dexerming the reactions at pine emt age oy} OTP Sol. > | Ws loo ¥ 9.81 1.6 = 98IN oe o.8 “The member BE is Lo two force Member , Vega oy aes eS 5 Cx Cf g e Yj [em — ; Bier | Al 7 Lom } re Fee 381N Fed (cEF) FED (Cer): Ce EMe =0 For (te) (1-6) +981 (2)=0 =a Pee =t434-1t > Toe= 193414 N 7 af 2Fy = 1 Cy +1734-1F (4)-781 = => Cys — 245-25 > yn 1d Ay DFyso : Cy + 1734.19 (G=)=° => Cy = — 1226-14Exe: Determine vhe Nerizontal and vertical components of forces at pins A,B,and C. Soh. EBD (Pulley A) ¢ > > ZFxeo => Axsseth <—]) wy ot ary--— yee OT) 333-37 Nb Fev (Age) » meh eee ce G EMeze oe " e y ~80(15) +8y(9)20 Sys BRI] ote) 9 He terash af sry-o = 80 + 133.33 + Cy =o = Cy 53-33 GF 53-33Ab| FBD (BD): ate — eee @ sMp=e ah fie 80 (2.5) -Bx(3) —133.33(9)=0 ee 3.4L => Bx =-3373-32 = [33-328 <) 3. FBD (ABC): SS Fyeo: Boy 39392 enzo —ifenetts 524] eeEx.F : Determine tle Lorce P needed to Support the 2oo ky mass. Also what are the reactions ot hooks A,Bpand C ? Sd. We 200 ¥9-8) = \962N ARA Rs 2P 2P 2P 2k op ean (>): q 6 es oe fb 9P = 1962 pr vP oe [P= 213 N P Poze 3P _ genial Ry = 27 = 436" fF] os =2P = 4scnt| "t OF [Res er 1308 FI D For checking \9g2.N > Entire System PEF yc » Ra+Rer Re - P-1962 =0 4364436 41308 -218 -1962 = 0 & OkeEx.g: 150 Ab/fe Desrermine the yf forces at Pins B and C on member ABc. 2! 5! —— se SA.t EB and CD ane both two-foree members. Fep (AB¢): iso¥F = lo50 Sb Ge =SMapazo Ax L ay. 1050(3-S) —Fee (4 )(5) al ral —Fep (#)=0 wz ' =? Feo= 525 -t Fee —O — b cD F@D (DEF): G ZMpezo rep 2! a Fac (2)(2) + Feo (#) =o—@ Substitute €g- inte <4.@: => For (2) 47 (525-4 Fe) =e = (Foe = 1531-25 Th 7] = [Fen =-350 = 350 th fiEx.9 : Dexermine the reactions at A and B e tm Soon Sat. FB (AC): SMa zo — Cx(I\-5 SinGe) = Cy (V5 Cos 60) + 600 (2#5)=e —O Cx Colm Soon FeDCBCc): —S \~<3— a SZMgzo: CxC\)-CyO\)-Seaij= 1 F EMe se « Hcy Seeidno—@ ty It Solve OV @Q=> Cx= hor. en > UB Cy = -9F-4 Ccormect thy dineetion) ty SeSFxeo = Yo2-¢-~seo-Bx<0 => Bx=~9F-4= OEY N at SFyz0 => 97-4 + By=0 > By= ~9F-4= 9R-4N | FRD (Ac): Ate SExso = Ax t+ Coo Sin Go ~4or-C = 0 =pAx=—INF=NFN af ZF ys0 =p Ay-Goo CoS Go 93-420 =P Ay= B9ZN by 147.Exo : “Tee pin B will safely Suppert a force of 24 IN. What is the largest mass M that the yin B will Safely SMpport ? sd. wim *4 = 9-81M 3) ce ox 500 Loo AN B Bx 1B" Boo % ex ® i w Eg A Ax = Ay ? By Jey Fp (BdE): Beo wos SS G EMe=0 => By(Fo0)-W(Yoo)=s > By = tw Entine Frame» ste DExco => Ax =o FD (ABC): G EMezo => Bx (G00) — W (See) =o => Bx- = Ww Now: Re = |\By)*+ (Bx) = [Lowy (Zw = 1 clo W 24 Ws | oloWW => Wi23-352 lwWe23tsaNI2kip Ex.w: a Bx: ‘P ISkipfr og Determing the wile ; a = Cc reactions at 30) e 4 A,B, and c. Fabre se’ 34 (There is a hinge Cpin) at point DY. : B kip sd. A dp Dx —. Hip, _ poets “ ty Ay ° / GEMy = 0 eo He ~4 cos 30 (12) + Ay (6)-8(2)=0 — Ay= 9-595 kip f Entine beam . GE EMeze ~4 Cos 30 (36) + 9.595 (30) —8 (26) ~15 + By (le) m2) (4)C8)= 2 = By= 8:54) kip F a ZFy=6 <4 cos 30 49-595 8 +8-5U1 — 12 C4) 4 Cy=0 => Cys 2-928 key + +e LFx=0o — ~4Sinso —12 (2) 4Cxse => Cxs 9-2 KipExi2 For the wall crane shown in the figure, Pind he reactions at A and D. Also Pind the force in the cable d tle 4 winch . Sal. 350 358. es pov asg - 350 E g exis {po ” an 3s0 350 FBD (ABC): BD is twe Fore member, Fy G =Mase ax (X=)(4)4 350 sincodyy c —Fep " a VE + Ay - bone + Foo (%) =° => Fep= 2408-564 a} Zkgec Ay +2408.56 (fe) -t00 dase since =e => Ay= too = too Lb | t+ET x20 Ax-2uog-s6 (1e)-350 Wes Go+350-350 zo ve => Ax = 18t8-N LL — Dy FBD (Db): < Dea 2408-56 Ce): \Fo3-11 Lb ee al AN Fea = 2408-5 ¢ S sy db Dy= zee 56 (Sy. \F03- +Ex.13 + We engine hoist is used ko Support the Zooks engine. Derermina aly rea acti in the hydraulic cylinder AB, the horizontal and Ver ticod Components of tla Lorca at tle pin crand the Feactious ar the Mixed Sepport D. Sa AB is woe Loree, Member . d= |3s0+¢s0- 2 Bse)(Bs0)cos Zo > 861-21 mm Sin@ _ Sin Bo ° B oo’ => e@- FC.4) B50 861-21 \.250 etsm gy E Fep CAC): [RR Sl < 200% 981 G=EMezo . Seay Fag 19620) 6) + Fag $1 6-41 Co-asyog, = Fag= 9224-60 N x ee al te TEx cg => CK ~9224-60 Gs Fe. 4) =o => Cxe 2168-65. af Z Fy zo SP—Cy-1962 SOME G9 SFG tl So PY eFOG. 1 A] FRp (Entin): 14 Sin fo —_* SFxeo => Vxeo Spyco => VJ=NIGAN EMpd=0 [> Mp~ 1962 (1-6-1 YSinto) so ~2 MD=2662-27 NmCENTROID The centroid is a point which defines the geometric center of an object - We Lines areas, and volumes all have centroids. Here, we will study the centroid of areg only . Centroid of Area: he centroid of aren Is represented by th Coordinates (% 59) measured from a reference axes Xand y - For a general case ef area the centro is determined a5 follows: Take a vertical Strip a = + trig Moment of aren © ZMamunts of Strips] Homend of omens Z Mond aie Ax =§ aa. % Take a horiqental Strip A.g = fdA-ySymmetric Area: When the aren has an axis of Symmetry , the centrei4 of the area will lie along the ani's of the symmetry When the aren has two or more than two axes of Symmetey , the centrord will le at the intersection of thse on C one axis of Symm, Tbe avr's ( . ~\ of} Sym: Mare than +00 axis ef symm. Ex) Locate the centroid of the shaded aren Shown: Syaa YA ode | Sxda = fxyedx ; e(xxtdxs (ede sq t AzsSydee f, xtdee 5 L07J. = - Sxda 4 _ 3» = 095m eR a ®For 5: Va dAz(Q-x«)dy 4 xey x = dacQ-s'") ay ' Ba a, | Jydas fy CesMyay = fo- 9 Jay (E-E TY °Ex.a: Lecate x for ahe Shaded On: I aw) y=” S sem Sa-41 dX x Sol. xc Sxda “A dAs (¥r~d) dx = (x~ x" Jdx | = §xda= J, * Cw) dx 3 4 \ = fGen = DS, \ \ \ S Qe Ae I A = {/ Oe -) axe I, (x-« )dx x Ss 3x sftCentrard of. _Gampesite areas: The. centrool of G@mpesiie 4reqs can be fourd using the velations ;— 7. 27d 7. 24 yA a TA fa¢Ds where: x4 corm rerds of each composite ae the wed. >A: sum of Me areas of aif parts (tal area), x9: Ceatrards of the total aeq. Centrords far Commen shapes af aveas ae given in the table below! :Shap e Seden 6 Aavio ~/ from AetgvS FF Sar x ae Aeh vO Cfareach Seto] kx) Sa 9 ae Ao" by ,Yr0dt4r L rong 3 2Jz0 ofim radians ) A bh = hel - atl «ntl _h xe bY Fined ee=24; Locate the centroid of the ue Shown: Sole, The plate vs diyroled in fo Fhree segmnertt Se iT} an tdi / \.LI-4 J 2B i SB Den \n am) Segment, A e a) RG les 13-5 + yg 8S @ 303) <9 -15 (18 ©) -oie7k 7-8? 9: uP _4 2Ax -4) 2g, SA 7S” 348" S2 EA. pe = teem @B2: locate He centroid @ I © —_—, 10 @ yb el Begmat A Q g«40~80 4 to 1220664 139 @ 4 (316) #19 7 45 . tase / A042) 10052 rat 6) AQ. - 25.13 A 19-304 a 2269-87 Zax 2A-d 2354-48 211% = 354-48 ~~ 5-0% 6-1 =X = 67-8F % = —127-8 = — 1829 om 69. 8F ee Direct Solutions Ae ou tey(ts) 4 Coseseter (84% “OST 5 og = [getay SHIH (SF 0") “om = cpa tenet) Hors4sete) Unt (osm 5 (4s) i gaia) £ SESH OSM) na 2-182bie tocate the centroid! (J) ef the Cress Sectional areq at the beam, ¥ soft ‘ oI 1 ce cot EE * tin | © én cH , a 1 Le : a1 @ 4) | “| “| L4__ | oy YY tin tin seiment = A A oe @ rage 1 28 Q gets 2? (845 50 @ ford «10 210 2 —— Say 250d, Ta AD a4 = Sot = 11-9 in or directly: 42 _ “(ais (SEMIS V9 in pri GED + ORY ®Sg A x am A 0-4 43-621-44 13 2992 J-8r3 2 2- @ bee 2t aliglaes aes 21-8 @) 2es = 36 a b+e4 2d 108 @ “ZOS)(9)-9 3:6-%f234 73:06 TAK 15-192 ee ee Direc ty ! (ost #6 18) + (0 5aBD EON) eusaent ee BE) = (oS 2) Be) F (0 SHI BHS) TOY F Eo seo x= Co4* = 9.2Lm Hay HewPes locate the centrortl . so: due to Sommety. Keo 32am aS Q { 1Bem 1o/? \ie _ an —# ea ) Tom cy i oy Gbur 2) 4 53: “3° sais 3:92 F val ne -2O Se. A y Ad “4 £032) 5" 16381 alt 94033 £Gs\32) 2 168 SODFU3 ; o ! 39 16416 -(32-4 kD © 4 4s ti8) 482, (32+ 3 ee 27314962 (Gey snaal} “gg (0-3 Eo) © oe 232: 4 TAs 3" F TAY: 5482458 a, BYR 2A _ -14.99 cm 3654 eolTem @(owt f An engineer wants eo cshimate, the effect o wind Loaclsand he needs the qrea and Centre./. Dekerrmpe the. WEA and cortrored for Ce 4k - a. ind) Ans. 4 fz 26.62 m* R= FEL m 4 © ya2tor02 Xe fhe wall. _——y /2,\ alTHE MoMENTS of TNERT} TA _FOR AREAS! ~The. inertia ig Whe veaishance of enn aryect ke aches We moment of inevbrg (5 artensare of om rgyects vesizfavce. to its retehen- Te ementt of tnertiiq for AR Aven ts. limapertart Propet Ps a nelysy's and: desigh of servctural member $ The centvord represents tre “Pistmement of « area (Sx fA). eshile fhe-mement »finerti'a of ovea yepresents the second momen ff aren ({ x2elA) consider the fy gure “Tke moment of inertia of the avea about (%) Fy J axes o are: Tx {sad » 4: (xt Me polar moment of lnertiq Jy is Bo =\xtd A Ke velabion with La + Iy \s [From Ve wrayer G) joe Ta Tydec We vroment oFinertiq os alias pose [pre of alistence Squared ¥ aves | cmd the units ave Lergth vase ty the fourth pever) ef, Pa) int, er ae Paretlel xis Theorem For an Are: Thrs Fheorgn rs use te End Phe. maomecth of sitertiey abet ary axrs Prallel fo Axis Passing. Hyrough Pe centroid . y : TT gs Hheoyenn Says: dD: A An ~Tr Ady ae . Ty- 154. Adg a vs Se Jet Ad : Kadits of Gyyation of an red: “The Yael jas. Bs Sy ration 6 often USed in design 4 Columns . “he Pow Las ewe [ive x ds fu -[E , eke & op GSItomeat of inert by integrin . EK: Oetermpe tHe moment f thera for the eet are wth reset toC4) the, Centyoiclal Kax's: 2 heats ao Pasig thrseagh fhe base of. (Rs: ©) the 2 axis a Me Perpen dicular to X- lane. cane Pes! throyh C. ie cular 5 Pp rv vg é (@) Tx - Sgr aa ZZ A aby hah 7 | ix = SSF bby LS a ee . ne <3 hie =b (ay a =\5 Ss 2 ET, a Be he +t bh3 -3\ls-g] «7 , (b) I~ elk aad? - bb? 4 bh (3) - hh oe ays (c) \c ali+ ly 2 J5- whe = bry Lhe. 1 bh(hr+b) [Ze| Ext Oelermune mermect of irerti4 of be. skded Aron and abot X-axis - \ Sof: Tae AA =(loo—x) dy “S (eos de SY = tof-* 10 Mn seh: a4 “A AA=2x Ay da 22 Faeyr 4 _ Tne | gto ee 44 The AL cal (3)Moment ol Trey ta Loy Composite Areas: The Fo Wow ina) Procedure Provicle Qunethod For dlebemning the M.ol of acomposike are about arveference a's, 1. Dive the aveg nto rts Composite, pak and rndlicde the Perpenclicular distance from the Cen trol of Cath paré bo the ye fren axis, 0. Find the M.o.D of each Part a bout its centroal a's (use He bible of MoT), ITP te an hele) axis oloes no Clpcide uth the vebrence 47s, use He parallel a's Heoren I-T +Adle. J The M.o.- of the total Weg doout the rehence AXS 7's cof e mri —— eas Heol by. eee y the results ofExt: Fine MoD about x-'s: 4o0 mm Fann a fon ee ~ . VS] Lo TL : cretle, Tx. Ta +Ad? COSY gy (usd CFSE = MA AIO omit | 4 rectagle Tye +Adl? - leetl2eX? } (.oo)(i50) (48)° = (IQ +5 «408 mit => Mo. fer composite. Aves 2112 +5 +10 _ 11.4410 Mol = tot *10° mml2X2: Find Tx Kx. of: A de Ad? aoe Se 1 ob a — @) 242 bye = BG) 2576 Ae \ -4(3)* 9 @ mers | 7 ® os5(3~ lenge i: ore = (be 1 his7 36 | (44854 Z Hess | ine) | | [57862 2a ae | -162.°315 f-o- 4043) | \ ee | Azan ND 404.635 Tp = 404-685 ani! kuz [HE 34 on 14!es sol: a Te-[hoocwy pe 4 50( 250)(2°F-l wy] Fam +[ ia (300) (5084, 300(50) «(245-209 )J Tre 222 210° von y: 2204mm fo Deterrmne TK and Ty the centrord Bom - 4d AS- fe (250) 60)? + 5 (se)(300) mt 2S +10°EA: Freof the Polar M.o'L about the. poet 0. 5e4, Be 1x ) 21.333 AG? «21-338 REAM 50. 265 50.265 6. d) 1 AA}. 91.333 5) 21.333 a ~* 92-931 92 931 4 Feo Tet ty- a5 Be H-l: Find oe wth ‘espe to Corthoid Ans. Jeu 153-77 cm! @_Exs: Find Mot. of the Shaded anol with yespect to the AKI y Le By (3) = 2:28 Ty.) xdA = x Cyda) = tds Ly * 75 A Ley =(6. Lint 2 Vy = Ay— Ade -\6 2 4 G3) (2-25) Ay = |-o125 in Ad? =l0\t5 +5 (ay Dl 28) Va. We : | da =! Behe intS042) 1y- Wes La = ota Ad & 3 2 AG 43)ae- 5) oo Ig = “GE. 3 Ta =39 +Ad2 -3442o Gam) —p Jas 4tlet 2+ [ ta: 44° tint | ms (uy)EX6: For He beams cross Secktowu\ ave ; Determine. Lhe, Cente awd Aven compile mK. St 304, Tg Sok: ee + 3o*2e0+ Fo +30 Ke 61.57 mm U_ qo #3° #19 +30 4200 #100 +70 #308135 39, Bon _ 'fo x30 rl toe ne [Fou35 + 30 x 2e0t Fo 430 G = 806 Bmm Ix- [4 (170)(30)° + | Jou30(So- 6g- sy [4 [a (Ce ) ( two)? 4+ 30% 200 ((oo- 30-685 fe [i jz (Fo)(30)* 4 $043° (185— Zo. 63) y | x= 64-63 710° mntfed Determine Thyme oe of (Z m a 2 2 = Ryo atexw) 48 Paleo 972008 6 2 (1 Cont — 26eLie9) 3 Vom Ga ‘sols Sq. @ @ @ | 6 a“ ecyerss bo #0 42 [053400 1.0634 0 Tx- 3.643 18 met CPEx.8: Determine, the yaolias + 94, vation (Kx) For The ° Column Gress Sechronal avert: 9.02 oo © x \ oor VE of err 6 Sol. Wer I Ik = 72 (S00 Kio0 )* 42 [a Coe \( 200, loo «200% (sof ] Dre 1075 610? met (500)*-4 (200)* <@#— A= Ja000 eee mme Kx -109. ey 2Tn Some applicahtens of structural ole sir iis Mees to Know the ovientstron of ates that five the maAimum and yninjwum moments # (neha For the Weg. The methad Por debeymin ing. thes needs the Product of (nerf - “ne Product of (nevthy for an ated 15: 1 Ky = ( KY dA Whe Product of Tretia my. be © pe sitive , Ne patie yor Zero depending, on Aue Locatisn of the Coo rel indte anes: i x| 4 Wwe POY. wie Zero if SHB either(L) oy (4) axis is -ve | +N] an axis of SY ra Ary: ; ~x4d4 20 Tay: Sagas Sag re Povallel ans Theos in P.O. Tbx: Determine. the P:0-T about 254 Ves loo. en: ay xYyo+ wen | Ay ot tem TS ° =O: Txy= Ixy + Adlxl A TSC ren. a 36 4 Boo « [09 (-250)(208) = [5210 Pana d 8G.@: Try = ot0-0 Se. @): Ty =0 4 320 «100 (260)(—202) 2-1. 5410? mad “Tre P.0- 1: fev the total ave: 6 ta 2po— 50" = 310 mwEX: Dofermine the Prodice of inertia Por the age With spect to KFF axes Seckion e g 4 7 Cc an x of PZAR7) ie = > Ke BA _ G.0s¥3¥-0128) + (0-95 )0.08 1605) DA at 08 EFS ae Xe». 8424 in J+ Be 02:22 3IG8) + (2-45) (0-25) (o.125) J 20. 8424/4 a wae 225) . Gay oy a es. 5-08 5 =e. a 7 IFA o- 975) 4 oneam-tze + (0-25 )Qz . DC 0.7826 )(-,, s74) Ane =o Fo int _ es @Mament of Lnecha for ar Aeq About fInclineel Ares dn Stvuchwal desta , ibis Sometimes Nec essary bs Calculate the M-O-T. about clined anes. “The trans Porrneti'ors Stughons are used todo tirs. a “\hese Ste. ave: Qs Xcose ty cine Ve Dcos © — X she By Using. Nese e4ue become; = Ye belly) Lely on er) Txely ~fy ; ay, = tS at Ges 20-4 Iky Sin @@ 2 2 P98 , the M.o TZ. and Pol ces 26> -ly sn 2Q- ate a aS Sin 26 + Ty cos 2 Jeo = Tuy dy = Lely . @Prarcpal MoT The values of Jy Tp sand Tuy de Pend on the angle °F hohinehayn & of U EY AXES: The axes at wWhyth te values of Tug Ip are maximum £ mininun ave Called Princja| axes and the Covtepording meomerts f tnechea Lath Yespect to these axes, ave alled priacijag _—M.-O-]. “Whe angle G, de Fines the ovteritetion of Awe Prin cipal axes hoy Nhe a¥eq . Wes ovpe is dehevmined from: = Ixy _ (tx -1y)/2 Gin. 98 = Me Mak © Mn.M-O-T ob Tatreol trom: Tax. _ ial = Cyt 2 ©Ex, Detewmtnve the Principal M.o-]. forthe beam cress Sections) afeq wh'Hh respect toan axrs Passi Hyd the aan sel 9 4 rn LK 22-9 410? rans 7 LY 25:6 al Pond ) Ly oud 4 m2, XS Bete ae bye ~ (29012 — 5.6a18)/2 260 = 65.5" OP = 82.9 90-32-93 =57] ax, Extly — AP 2 as AZ 4 [ERD Ty sub st hte Roy AK 44 and BY 9 Nee = 425410 F 3-8 JTuax se 7. 54010 nat about u-axis SA eae wm Gh wi mt abach YroutssFRICTION When a body slides or tends to shde om another body , the force that targent to the contact rch resists the motion , or the tendency relative to the otle- surface wh Loward rot! , off ane body Is defined as friction. When ¢wWo bodies are in coutacé and assumed to tle reacti'o™M of one leody om tle other is a force eet to tha Contact surdace, Tn actual prackice, the cemtact surface is not Smooth ,and the reaction is resolvedt inte {We compoments 7 one perpendieula cand the othe tangent to the comtack surface. “The Conmp onan t tangent called ele brvctroval be smooth fo the surface is force or the friction. FE: Srickronal force Ne Norma forte A ctuslly:.. “htWhen chere 6s no two lolves, tle resistance Ae any Senbency toward relative motion i¢ called static relative motion between friction, Whan owe oly mous relative to another Loky , ale resigtance Lorce betwee tlhe Wohies is calkd kinetic friction. “Wee static ri ctionall Qrorce vs al Pei dercg required te maintain equilibrium on Prewent relative Mokyrm between the \oodies, “We levnetye Rerctyoy Varies Somerdhat orth te Wwelocity . The Variatiom of tlk eee tno Gk cence murcrsan tle appliek Jord or -te looky fs Shodk iq the ¥rg. belod. poral imp e 1 ymotion applied eee P = —_—— F Friction force ee We will Study only tLe static Ericeveon: Gs@Coefficient of Friction Ke caellictent of static Friction At is te ratio of he marvimun static Lricermmal fare Fs + the normal force N. - ME) 0 iad x ax ste coeff. of tle static ferehion is experimentally determined , and depends om te material Lrom whieh the contact bodies are wade - Ar, cable below chows tle values of coeff. of static Luction obtarned by experiments om dry surfaces 0 Contact Materials Coe. of State prrebion steel on Steel o4 — 0°3 Wood ™ wood 0.3 —- o-F wood ™ metal o.t - 0°6 Rubber on Concrete 0-6 ~9°8 Rubber on (ce ose od Metal on vce ee) cEAngle fb Friction + py Wwe angle Bo Lriction ad is dhe angle whieh R makes with oN > N= R cos F, = R sing — Fs 2 = tan d Sy Cel he crate has a mall ol 20 ly Determine if fe remains in equililrium Use Ms- 03. Bon o.gm 23 ) SS = r SA. Fivst dvad EBD. We 20*9.8/=196-2N te DFx=0 Bo cos Bo- F =o ——— = F= 69.3 N Lt nN Yate J ZFyse owes — go Sin Zo +N- 196.2 =0 —» N= 236 NGsmo =e 236 — Bo sin to (0-4) + Be ces 30(0.2)-N (X)zo => X = 008908 Mm —> N Located to te heli Q Point o, => [No Eipping) since |X| Ko-km. Max. Prictional force = Fay, = Ms N =0/3(236) = Fosen But F = 69-3 N F< Finan, ~> We shpping | Sine there is no eippingy or SNey ping , the crake remaing in Sauilorium - P _ Notes @ if xgk | a => no tippiyg . “OR be or yl N if x > => sipping - @ if FE < Fmaox. == no motio (no shppi @® tf Fe Fmax, => Impending 9Ex.z: A block has a weight of 20 EN. Determine dhe Largest angle © Lebore tea block moves. Use As = o SS. ae oe sol. We can use tle inclined axes KVY as a reference AXES. Praw F-B-D. * — ZFExco Fuze sinG=o —@D => F=to Sine K atuee N 26 cwseze —® page => N= 20 cose G69) ea SMe =o yn —~Ze sine lt) —Zo cos @ (K) = 0 ——@ Ae impending motion of block : Fe Ms 4 => F=- oss N ® Substitute F (29.4) into (€4.4)> slowe (e4..1) ¥Ce4-2) > Solve (eq. 3) => Sem HH = IF 2964 WW Os 288 ,XKa22m.~ > NolFS WF 29-64 2 eee IS Sine 22m 72m > the block will tip before slipping. Fe Pinal the max. angle before ear substitute | i ; = 26-56°] the Largest le 9¢ Fam fa C4 GQ) => (Sa SESE] the Rages Oye oeEms: We beam AB is supported at B by 4 post Bc. If Mpso-2 and Ue = 0-5. deerme the Loree P needed to pull de post out Srom under tle bean aoe N/m Sol. 200 ¥4= Boo rt —<——! Sire wt asl , ez Ne Fe BS i Fea —Ge Awe FB. Coeam): =Maco => Naz hoon F F-B-d. (Post): Etvco <> P-Fe-Fere —O Zeyco =e Nes Yoo N * ZDMcze => plo 25)-Fe(i=eo @ TS post slips wly at B! pest slips oly Fa -He Nes oe (hes) = BON ei => trom ey. @: P= B20N . from e4.@Q: Fee 240 N Tf post Slips why ar Cc: Fez a-SNes 200 N => solv e4Q4@ = >t= 2GAN, FR-C6OEN This case occurs firse Stace smalter vale of Pp. > [P= 2670]Ex.4. A BS—ky disk rests ou at inclined surface fer which Us=o-2- Dererming the MAK. eae orca. P ghee may Ue applied to Link AB without usiey le ue ore slip at C. 2eo mm So. Draw F BD. BS HIRI = BYTISN mae | eh al * ey oy {Se Se ¥-B-D. oem) | ZMes2 @ F (Gee) «Ay (4799) =9 => Ays 0-666 Pf Fwd. (disk) . \ - Bea 06664 PF — e -Sin Jo +Ne + C0530 x\ EFyre = BY3-35 es SMoce => ~Fe (te) 4 2 6664 P (200) =e —@ Fe =e Ne saz Ne solve OYE = [P= 182 5) Deen Friction: \6ZA wedge is * simple machine which is often used +o transform an applied force into much Larger forces , directed approximately at right angles to the applied force. Also vwedges can ve small displacements or be used ° gi te heavy hod s. adj ustments — We weight od wedge rs neglected. _ We &ocation f normal forces N_ ss not important SsInce nerther block or Wedge will tip : CG \GQBEx.|: The beam is adjusted to the heriamtal position Loy using a Wedge Located at its righ Support. TL pigs 0-25, determine cle Kori ante Sorce Pe required te push cle wedge forward » Neglect ae weight ank Site of ra wedge nek the xlickness of the \oean | Boo lL A g SL. TBD: Ax A Boo LL ra Ne * ere Fe Ay Np fF Fe Fe = 0-25 Np Ne Fe 20°25 Ne F-B-D. Cheam): GEMg =o e>-Ng (8) +300(2) =o =—>Ne= £5 RL Ff — Fe = 0-25 % 75 =19.95 Ib F.B-D. (wedge) » ff 2 Fyso =e Ne @520-0-25Nc Sinzo => Fe = 0-25% 87.8 = 21-9536 mE iia | P—-13-#5 -21 95 %COS 20— BF-B #SIN20 =0 => [P= 9-4 4b]2 Determine the horizontal ‘force P which’ muct be applied te the swedye in order to remove it Prom under tha Geam. Use Lae OLS » Up=oss - YQ \w/m SAL Drew FB dD. Lars 6 yd ele NA meek slo Fe Ne F-B-D. Cheam): pont ned Succes + -NA@ste (7) 9.25 NA+ Sth 10 (F)+6(2)+16(S)= 2 = Naz 12-78 . => Eye oes (I2-F8) = 3195 KN F-B-0- (Wedge): th Gh at yce «Np ~ 12 FER ose 25 484 =e . => Nez 13-14 <= Fez 0-35 (1314) = 4-6 ew P 412-48 # Sin 10 — B-19S F OSIO— 4.6=0 ss eon - = (69