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04 Algorithm PDF

This document provides information about algorithms, flowcharts, and variables. It begins with common flowchart symbols used to represent processes, decisions, and inputs/outputs. It then gives an example of an algorithm to calculate the sum and mean of a set of numbers. The corresponding flowchart and pseudocode are presented. Next, the document discusses variable types including numeric, string, and logical variables. It provides another example problem to calculate atmospheric temperature at different altitudes using tables of data. The algorithm, flowchart, and pseudocode for this problem are also presented. Finally, it briefly lists some types of algorithms.

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priya
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82 views

04 Algorithm PDF

This document provides information about algorithms, flowcharts, and variables. It begins with common flowchart symbols used to represent processes, decisions, and inputs/outputs. It then gives an example of an algorithm to calculate the sum and mean of a set of numbers. The corresponding flowchart and pseudocode are presented. Next, the document discusses variable types including numeric, string, and logical variables. It provides another example problem to calculate atmospheric temperature at different altitudes using tables of data. The algorithm, flowchart, and pseudocode for this problem are also presented. Finally, it briefly lists some types of algorithms.

Uploaded by

priya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Algorithm & Flowchart

Credit: Mr Ainullotfi

Common Flowchart Symbols

Start/Stop

Decision
Connector

Process
Input/Output
Refers to a
separate
flowchart

Off-page
Connector
Comments
Preparation
(for loops etc)

Example Problem #1
Given a set of numbers, calculate their
sum and the average value (mean).
Formula:
1
x = x
n
n

i =1

n is the number of numbers in the set

Algorithm

1. Start
2. Get one number in the set
3.
Count the numbers as it is obtained
4.
If there are still numbers to be
obtained,
go back to step 2.
5. Sum the numbers in the set
6. Divide the sum by the number of numbers
in the set to get the average
7. Show the sum and the average
8. Stop

Flowchart
Start
Calculate mean

Get number

Count number

Yes

Any more
number?

Calculate sum

No

Show sum
and mean

Stop

Detailed Flowchart
Start
sum 0
i0

Mean = sum/n

j0
ii+1

Show sum
and mean

jj+1
Get xi

sum sum + xj
Stop

Yes

Any more
number?

Yes
Is j < n?

No
ni

No

Pseudocode
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3.
6.
7.
8.

Start
i0
ii+1
Get xi
If there more numbers repeat from
ni
sum  0
j0

Pseudocode
9. j  j + 1
10. sum  sum + xi
11. If j < n repeat from step 9
12. mean  sum / n
13. Show sum and mean
14. Stop

Variables
A variable is a location in the computer
memory which is given a specific name
and can hold a single value at a time
A variable can be compared to a box or
a container that is given a label and
the box can hold one content at a time
In the last example, i, j, n, sum, mean
and x1, x2, x3 etc are all variables

Variable Assignments
Variables are given values either directly by
the user through the input statements (e.g.
Get xii) or by assignments statements
i  0 is an assignment expression meaning
assign the value 0 to variable i
n  i means assign the value equivalent to
that in variable i to variable n (the value in
variable i is not changed)
j  j + 1 means add 1 to the value in j

Variable Types
Variables can be of several types
depending of the kind of data it stores
In general variables can be classified into:
(a) Numeric type
(b) String type
(c) Logical type
Assignment expressions would involve
similar type of variables only

Numeric Variables
Numeric variables store numerical data
which can be used in mathematical
calculations
Examples of numeric expressions are:
i0
jj+1
mean  sum / n
y  x*x
z  sin(x) + 3

String Variables
String variables store alphanumeric
data, symbols and control characters
Although strings may store numbers,
they are of the type not used for
calculations e.g. phone numbers,
addresses etc
String variables are useful for labels,
names and comments
name  lotfi is a string expression

Logical Variables
Logical variables store only either a
True or a False value
k  (3 > 4) is an example of a logical
expression in this case k has the value
False since it is not true that 3 is
greater than 4
Logical expressions are useful for tests
and decision making algorithms

Example Problem #2
Atmospheric temperature vary with altitude
according to the following tables
Alt h (m)

Temp T (K)

288.15

Alt h (m)

dT/dh (K/m)

11000

216.65

0-11000

-6.5 x 10-3

20000

216.65

11000-20000

228.65

20000-32000

1 x 10-3

47000

270.65

32000-47000

2.8 x 10-3

51000

270.65

47000-51000

71000

214.65

51000-71000

-2.8 x 10-3

85000

186.946

71000-85000

-2.0 x 10-3

32000

Standard Atmosphere
(Air Temperatures)
300
290

288.15

280
270.65

270.65

270
260

Troposphere

Tem perature (K)

250
240

Stratosphere

230

Mesosphere

228.65
220
216.65

214.65

216.65

210
200
190
186.946

180
170
160
150

10000

20000

30000

40000
Altitude (m)

50000

60000

70000

80000

Example Problem #2
The Troposphere is the layer from sea
level up to 11000 m
The Stratosphere is between 11000 to
51000m
The Mesosphere is between 51000 to
71000m
Given an altitude, the temperature of
the atmosphere need to be calculated

Algorithm

1.
2.
3.
4.

Start
Get altitude
Determine which altitude band it is in
Calculate the temperature using the
equation associated with that band
5. Show the altitude and the temperature
6. Stop

Flowchart
Start

Get altitude

Determine
altitude band

Calculate
temperature

Show sum
and mean

Stop

Flowchart

Start

Yes
Get
altitude h

h < 11000?

Yes

T 288.15 6.5*h*10-3

No
h < 20000?

Yes

T 216.65

No
h < 32000?
No
A

Yes

T 216.65 + h*10-3
B

Flowchart

h < 47000?

T 228.65 + 2.8*h*10-3

h < 51000?

T 270.65

Show h
and T

h < 71000?

T 270.65 - 2.8*h*10-3

Stop

T 214.65 - 2*h*10-3

Pseudocode
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Start
Get h
If h < 11000 then
-3
T 288.15 6.5*h*10-3
Else if h < 20000 then
T 216.15
Else if h < 32000 then
-3
T 216.15 + *h*10-3

Pseudocode

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

Else if h < 47000 then


-3
T 228.65 + 2.8*h*10-3
Else if h < 51000 then
T 270.65
Else if h < 71000 then
-3
T 270.65 2.8*h*10-3
-3
Else T 214.65 + 2*h*10-3
Show h and T
Stop

Types of Algorithms
Sequential algorithm
Looping algorithm
Decision algorithm
Link algorithm

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