Circuit Theory For ECE

UNIT I - BASIC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS
OHMS LAW
The current is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two
points.
V
R
I=
UNIVERSITY QUESTION
1. State Kirchoff s circuital laws.
(2 marks)
{may 2009}
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

The algebraic sum of the currents entering any node is zero.
i1
i2
i3
i4
=0
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

The algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed circuit path (loop) is zero.
V1
V2
+ (-
V2
)+
or
V1
V3
=0
V3
+ (- ) + (- ) = 0
KVL and KCL(PROBLEMS)

UNIVERSITY QUESTION
1.
Determine the load current in the circuit shown in the figure below(8)
{NOV 2010, NOV 2012}
Solution:
Apply KVL to loop1
-3(
3(
9
I1
I1
I1
I3
I3
I2
I1 I 2
I1
) 5( - ) 1( ) +8 = 0
) + 5(
3
I1
I3
I2
)+
I1
=8
Apply KVL to loop 2

I2 I3
-3(
I2
I 2 I1
-5( - )-6 =0
=8
I2 I3
I2
I 2 I1
3( - ) + +5( - ) = -6
5
I1
I3
I2
+9 -3 = -6
Apply KVL to loop3

I3
I3 I 2
I 3 I1
-3( ) -3( - ) 3( - ) +4 = 0
3
I3
I1
I3 I2
I 3 I1
+ 3( - ) +3( - ) = 4
I2
-3 -3 +9
I3
=4
Rewriting equation (1), (2) and (3) in matrix form, we get
9 5 3
5 9 3
3 3 9
8
6
I 3
9 5 3
5 9 3
3 3 9
I1
I
2
= 9[9 9-(-3 -3)] (-5)[(-5 9)-(-3 -3)] -3[(-5 -3] (9

-3)]
= 252
I1
8
6
5
9
3
3
3
9
=
8[9 9 (3 3)] (5)[( 6 9) (3 4)] 3[6 3) (4 9)]
= 1.67A
I2
9
8
5 6
3 4
3
3
9
=
9[( 6 9) (3 4)] 8[( 5 9) (3 3)] 3[5 4) (6 3)]
= 0.67A
Load current = 1.67 - 0.67
IL
= 1A
RESISTORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS

Series Equivalents and Voltage Division:
Consider the circuit,
V=
V1
V=i
R1
V = i(
V2
+i
R1
R2
R2
A series equivalent resistance Rs
Parallel Equivalents and Current Division:

consider the circuit
i=
i = v(
i1
G1
+
+
i2
G2
A parallel equivalent conductance Gp
UNIVERSITY QUESTION
1. Dene Mesh analysis of a circuit.(2marks) {may 2011} {nov 2012)
MESH ANALYSIS
Solution Steps:
1. Identify mesh (loops).
2. Assign a current to each mesh.
3. Apply KVL around each loop.
4. Solve the resulting system of linear equations.
UNIVERSITY QUESTION
1. Find the current in 4ohm resistor in the circuit shown in the figure ,
using mesh technique.(16) {may 2009}
(3+ 4 )
4
0
4 ( 4+5+ 6) 6
0
6
8
I 3
7 4 0
4 15 6
0 6 8
42 25
25 57 70
I1
I
2
70 4
I1
I
2
67
152
I 3
74
7 4 0
4 15 6
0 6 8
= 7 [15
8 (-6
- 6)] (-4) [-4
8 - 0]
= 460
4
15
6
I1
7
4
0
6
8
67[15 8 (6 6)] (4)[ 152 8 (6) 74]
=
= 5.522A
I2
7
4
67
152
74
0
6
8
7[152 8 (6) 74] 67[4 8 0]

460
=
= -7.087A
Current through 4 resistor;
I4
I1 I 2
= 5.522-(-7.087)
= 12.609A
UNIVERSITY QUESTION
1. Using the mesh current method, obtain the voltage
VX
2. For the network shown below, obtain the current ratio

analysis.(16) {MAY 2011}
Write the mesh loop equation for loops 1,2,3
(5+ 2 j )
5
0
5
(54 j +2 j ) 2 j
0
2 j
5+2 j
I1
I
2
V1
0

0
I 3
Calculate the determinant,
(5+ 2 j )
5
0
5
(52 j ) 2 j
0
2 j
5+2 j
I1
I3
using mesh
Convert rectangle to polar form,
5.3 21.8
5 180
0
5 180 5.38 21.8
2 180
0
2 180
5.38 21.80
= 269.2521.80
I1
Calculate ,
I1
5 180
0
180
0
5.3821.8
[ 2 180 5.38 21.80 ]
V1
[5.38 - 4360
= 25
I1
Therefore,
Calculate
I3
I 1
V1
25 V1
269.2521.80
I3
5.38 21.8
5 180
5 180 5.3821.8 0 0 2 180

0
V1
= 10
[10]
V1
I3
Therefore,
Ratio of
I1
I3
I 3
25
10
10 V1
269.2521.80
= 2.5A
NODAL ANALYSIS:
Solution Steps:
1 Identify each node with a number.
2 Choose one node as the reference node.
3 Associate a voltage with each of the remaining nodes.
4 Apply KCL at each of the nodes to form a system of equations.
5 Solve a system of linear equations to obtain all voltages.
UNIVERSITY QUESTION
1.
For the circuit shown below, find the current in each branch by nodal
method (16)
13 1
40 5
1
5
{MAY 2009}
1
5
1 1
5 5
V1
V
2
11.25
0.5
0.2
0.525
0.2
V1
V
2
0.4
11.25
0.5
=
0.525
V1
-0.2
- 0.2
V1
V2
- 0.4
= 11.25
V2
= 0.5
0.2
0.525
0.2
0.4
=
= [0.21-0.04]
= 0.17
V1
0.2
0.4
11.25
0.5
=
= [4.5 + 0.1]
= 4.6
V2
0.525
0. 2
11.25
0.5
=
= 2.5125
V1
V2
4.6
0.17
= 27.06V
2.5125
0.17
= 14.75V
Current in 5,
Current in 8,
Current in 10,
50 27.06
5
27.06 10
8
14.78
10
UNIVERSITY QUESTION
V1 and V2
1. Compute
(16) {NOV 2010}
Solution:
22.94
5
= 4.5A
= 2.13A
= 2.45A
in the circuit shown below, using nodal analysis.
V1 V2 1045
--------EQU
1
At node 1
3 I1 I 2 I 3 0
V1
(V V2 )
I2 1
0
j3
4
I 2 3 0.33 jV1 0.25V1 0.25V2

I 2 3 (0.25 0.33 j )V1 0.25V2
----------EQU 2
At node 2
I2 I3 I4 I5 0
I2
(V1 V2 ) V2 V2
0
4
j 6 12
I 2 0.25V1 0.25V2 0.167 jV2 0.083V3 0
----------EQU 3
Substitute equation (2) and (3).
V2
5.33 2.33 j
0.083 0.163 j
V2 58.6 86.61 volts
Therefore, we know
V1 V2 1045
V1 58.6 86.61 1045
V1 52.7 78.45
PHASOR DIAGRAM
Phasor is a sinusoidal function whose amplitude (A), frequency (),
and phase () are time-invariant.
POWER
The product of voltage and current.

The rate of work in one joule per second.
P=V*I
POWER FACTOR
The cosine angle between voltage and current.
Power factor = cos
ENERGY
The product of power and time.
The total amount of work done.
W=P*t

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UNIT I - BASIC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

KVL and KCL(PROBLEMS)

Apply KVL to loop 2

Apply KVL to loop3

Rewriting equation (1), (2) and (3) in matrix form, we get

= 9[9 9-(-3 -3)] (-5)[(-5 9)-(-3 -3)] -3[(-5 -3] (9

RESISTORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS

A series equivalent resistance Rs

Parallel Equivalents and Current Division:

A parallel equivalent conductance Gp

1. Dene Mesh analysis of a circuit.(2marks) {may 2011} {nov 2012)

- 6)] (-4) [-4

67[15 8 (6 6)] (4)[ 152 8 (6) 74]

7[152 8 (6) 74] 67[4 8 0]

2. For the network shown below, obtain the current ratio

Write the mesh loop equation for loops 1,2,3

Calculate the determinant,

Convert rectangle to polar form,

[ 2 180 5.38 21.80 ]

5 180 5.3821.8 0 0 2 180

in the circuit shown below, using nodal analysis.

I 2 3 0.33 jV1 0.25V1 0.25V2

I 2 0.25V1 0.25V2 0.167 jV2 0.083V3 0

V2 58.6 86.61 volts

The product of voltage and current.

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