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Tiarnan Sweeney

Unit 16: Film and Video Editing

Techniques
Table of Contents
P1. Understanding the development and principles of editing.....4

In-Camera Editing............................................................................4
Following the action........................................................................6
Multiple points of view....................................................................6
Shot Variation.................................................................................6
Manipulation of diegetic time and space...........................................7
Film................................................................................................8
Video..............................................................................................9
Analogue........................................................................................9
Digital............................................................................................9
Equipment Used in Production.......................................................10
Storytelling...................................................................................12

Engaging the viewer..............................................................................12

Developing of Drama............................................................................. 12

Relationship to genre.............................................................................13

Creating Motivation................................................................................13

Combining shots into sequences...........................................................13

Creating pace......................................................................................... 13
Explanation of media terms............................................................14
Seamless...................................................................................................... 14
Continuity..................................................................................................... 14
Motivated...................................................................................................... 15
Montage........................................................................................................ 15
Jump-cutting................................................................................................. 15
Parallel editing/cross cutting.........................................................................16
180o rule...................................................................................................... 16
Splicing......................................................................................................... 16
Transitions..................................................................................................... 17
Explanation of media terms............................................................19
Checking materials for faults........................................................................19
Marking up a script....................................................................................... 19
Labelling tapes.............................................................................................. 20
Storing tapes or film..................................................................................... 20
Producing an edit decision list......................................................................20
Creating Bins................................................................................................ 20
Clarifying the purpose of the work with a client............................................21
Preparing to edit...........................................................................21
Importing clips.............................................................................................. 21
Bins............................................................................................................... 22
Timelines...................................................................................................... 22
Storage and folder management..................................................................22
Online and offline editing.............................................................................. 22
Formats......................................................................................................... 23
Resolution..................................................................................................... 23
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Editing technology..................................................................24

Software applications....................................................................24
Hardware......................................................................................25
Non-Linear....................................................................................25
Advantages................................................................................................... 25
Disadvantages.............................................................................................. 26
Linear...........................................................................................26
Advantages................................................................................................... 26
Disadvantages.............................................................................................. 26
High definition..............................................................................26
Standard definition........................................................................27
Tapes............................................................................................27
Hard disc......................................................................................27
Exporting......................................................................................27
Data Transfer Rates.......................................................................28
Exporting productions...................................................................28

File types...............................................................................28

MP3..............................................................................................28
MP4..............................................................................................28
MOV..............................................................................................28
AVI...............................................................................................28
FLV...............................................................................................29

Editing Process.......................................................................29

Continuity.....................................................................................29
Motivated.....................................................................................30
Montage.......................................................................................30
Jump-Cutting.................................................................................30
Parallel Editing..............................................................................31
Transitions....................................................................................31
Cut................................................................................................................ 31
Dissolve/Fade................................................................................................ 31
Wipe.............................................................................................................. 32

Editing Conventions................................................................32

Cutaways......................................................................................32
Cutting on Action...........................................................................33
Juxtapositions...............................................................................33
Pace.............................................................................................33
Rhythm.........................................................................................34
Use Sound to Create Impact...........................................................34
On Screen text..............................................................................34
Audio Editing.................................................................................35

Name: Tiarnan Sweeney

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Please provide a written comment that deals with all the

italicized tasks below. You dont need to write about all of
listed content but it essential that you write about a minimum
of two of the sub headings for the learning outcomes.
Unit content
P1. UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRINCIPLES OF
EDITING
P1.1 Development: in-camera editing; following the action; multiple
points of view; shot variation; manipulation of diegetic time and
space; film, video; analogue; digital.
Task 1. Provide a written report to explain your understanding
of the above media terms, also provide written details about
camera and audio equipment you use to record production
work. P1 M1 D1
P1. Understanding the development and principles of
editing
In-Camera Editing
In camera editing is when the project is planned out by shot lists and
storyboards and then sequencing them. This is done as it takes away the
editing stage in postproduction. This process takes a lot more planning
when compared to other methods but the benefits are that the edit is
already complete when the film is developed and this leads to the biggest
advantage of in-camera editing, it makes editing n postproduction none
vital although this can affect the overall look of the final cut. Overall this
means that you shoot the film in chronologically order meaning you shoot
it the way you want the final film to be editing together.

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Examples of In-camera Editing can be seen with older films and with film
makers such as Alfred Hitchcock in films such as the film rope.

Another film maker famous for using in-camera editing was Jean-Luc
Gordard who used in-camera editing in his film breathless.

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Following the action

Following the action is as the name suggests the camera follows the
action. Meaning that the camera will follow anything that is deemed
important to the plot. Instead of using fragmented shots to get the action
across one continuous shot. This is normally done with equipment such as
Steadicams and on a dolly. Other ways to get to get this shot can be with
a tripod and tilting or panning the camera. An affective example of follow
the action can be seen in the short film created by me and my group with
a panning shot done whilst the camera was held.

Multiple points of view

Multiple points of views will give different views of the characters on
screen. This is done if multiple characters are contributing to the story.
Editing will need to be done to cut between one character and another.
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This gives the film makers a lot more freedom to show many different
parts to a story.

Shot Variation
Shot variation is the different shots used in the film. There are many
different types of shots that can be used. This shots can be used to help
get points across, using theme to create a narrative piece. The different
types of shots include.

EWS (Extreme wide shot)

VES (Very Wide shot)
WS (Wide Shot)
MS (Mid Shot)
MCU (Medium Close Up)
CU (Close Up)
ECU (Extreme Close Up)
Cut-In
CA (Cut away)
Two-shot
OSS (Over-the-shoulder Shot)
Noddy Shot
POV (Point-of-view Shot)
HA (High Angle)
LA (Low Angle)
WTR (Weather Shot)

Using these variety of shots can set a tone and give a different feel for
each one. For example, if you wanted to get the point of feeling weak you
just look to the LA (Low angle shot).

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Manipulation of diegetic time and space

Manipulation of diegetic time and space is and editing technique that
allows film makers to effect the time and space of the movie. This is done
by adding or removing aspects of what was originally there. For example,
this can be done by changing the colour filter/colour palette and this can
be seen in the show arrow as when a flashback occurs the colour will
change

This is a small change but allows the viewer o tell when the show is in the
present or past. Another example that can also be found in arrow is
flashback and flash-forwards. A flash back can be used to reveal important
information and a flash-forward can be used to pass time quickly. They will
normally indicate a flash back or forward with a fade to white. But when
back in time many different affects can be used to keep the audience
knowing that they are back in time. Something simple like it being in black
and white or even slight changes. Manipulation of diegetic time and space
can include things such as adding sound effects, syncing an actors mouth
movements to different audio. One of the best examples of this can be
seen with Sherlock as the time is distorted and you can see the mouth
sync at work.

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Film
Film is the traditional process of capturing a movie. It is made of celluloid
material and it capturers it frame by frame. This meant that the original
way in which films were edited was by cutting and gluing pieces of the
film together. This was a long linear process and this was the process
before analogue editing and digital editing. When the film was edited it
would then be placed in a machine such as moviola or K.E.M.

Video
Before modern times films would be stored on tapes and the way the films
would be edited is by editing the segments of film in a machine that
mechanically puts these pieces together. This meant that any mistakes
were permanent. The film would also have to be edited in a linear order.

Analogue
Analogue editing is a method of editing that was used before editing on
computers became a thing. The way analogue was edited was by the film
being cut down and pasted into an order. The film went through a machine
such as moviola or K.E.M. The moviola was a machine that would
reproduce the picture and sound of the film on a smaller scale. It was a
linear process meaning that you cannot fix your mistakes and the edit
must be done in order. With computers and digital editing this has become
obsolete.

Digital
The modern method for editing will normally involve the film being
recorded onto a SD card or digital tape and this makes it much more
effective and faster. There are many different softwares used to edit such
as Final cut pro, Adobe premiere, iMovie and windows movie maker.

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Final Cut Pro

Adobe Premiere

Digital editing is non-linear which gives editors the freedom to go back

and correct mistakes and edit at any point throughout the footage.

Equipment Used in Production

The cameras that were used through our productions are the JVC cameras
and the Nikon D3100 DSLR
Cameras used:

JVC cameras

Nikon D3100 DSLR

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A tripod was also used to help stabiles the camera:

The microphone used was a boom mic (a stand for the boom mic was also
used) and a shotgun mic as both needed to be used for different
situations:

Boom Mic

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Shot gun mic

The equipment used for editing and recording the film were the apple mac
computers, my own personal computer and also used an SD card:

P1.2 Purposes: storytelling, e.g. engaging the viewer, development

of drama, relationship to genre, creating motivation; combining
shots into sequences; creating pace.
Task 2. Describe how the above media terms are important to
moving image productions. Give an account of you are
intending to employ editing techniques and processes to tell
your story? P1 M1 D1

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Storytelling
Storytelling is the way in which the film makers will convey the story
thorough events such as words, images and video. It uses various
methods in order to get the story across and tell an interesting narrative.
Examples of storytelling are:

Engaging the viewer: engaging the viewer means using different

filmmaking methods in order to gain the attention of the viewer. This is
done to get the viewer interested in the story. If the film is successful it will

be able to tell its story and have the user hooked.

Developing of Drama: The developing of drama is how the film will
develop its story and plots throughout the run time. The drama in a film
can be increased and decreased based on the plot points and if any twists
are put into the film. This is all executed through a variety of shots and

cuts.
Relationship to genre: Relationship to genre is what the genre of the
film is and how that genre affects the outcome of the film. For example
different techniques and styles are used with different genres abd a film
will try to fit that genres styles. This can be seen in every film as horror
and comedy are too very different film genres and you would find it very
difficult to get the style right for both of them. This is because a horror
movie is trying to scare you while a comedy is trying to make you laugh,
because of this the editing techniques will change when it comes to the

audience perceptions of the story.

Creating Motivation: Creating motivation is when the film makers want
to create a reason for the character doing something. Such as batman
becoming batman because of his parents death at the hands of a mugger.
This pushes him to fight against all crime. This can also be done in a
smaller scale such as in a horror movie one character hears a noise and to
check it out. This shows that motivation can be small or big but the

characters must have motivation.

Combining shots into sequences: Combining shots into sequences is
the main process of combining the clips together to create the movie. This
makes it the key part and one of the most important parts of editing. This
is done to make sure that there is flow through the film and this puts all
pressure on the editing as the quality of editing will determine how good
the final product is. It has to make sure that it fits the tone, pace and
general flow of the product.
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Creating pace: Creating pace is the process of using the pace of the film
to ensure that the film is not too rushed or too slow. Pace is created
through editing by deciding what cuts to make, adding music or sound
effects. What shot is shown and there are many other types of editing
techniques that all attribute to the pace of the film. Editors can create fast
or slow pace, fast pace will be used more in action movies especially
around the action scenes. Slow pace movies will generally used with
romance or dramas. But they can be changed in-between movies such as
having a conversation in an action movie this will not be fast pace. An
example of a good fast pace movie is equilibrium the movie as it has very
fast pace action.

P1.3 Conventions and techniques: seamless; continuity; motivated;

montage; jump-cutting; parallel editing; 180o rule; splicing;
transitions, e.g. cut, dissolve, fade, wipe; cutaways; point of view
shot; shot-reverse-shot; providing and withholding information;
editing rhythm; crosscutting; cutting to soundtrack.
Task 3. Provide a written report to explain what the above
editing conventions and techniques mean and give an account
of the editing techniques you plan to use in your production.
P1 M1 D1
Explanation of media terms
Seamless - Seamless editing is making the edit smooth. This is the main
goal of the editor and the main point of seamless editing is that it doesnt
draw attention to itself. Its a way of editing that goes unnoticed by the
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audience. This is done to ensure that the audiences immersion is not

broken because this could distract them from the film. Examples of
seamless editing is when you have one action being carried over to
another shot without your knowing that they are two different shots. An
example of this could be with a man taking a drink in one shot then
finishing it in another.
Continuity The continuity of a film is making sure that things stay in the
same scene to ensure a smooth transition to the next scene. If this is not
done it can break the immersion of the audience. Although there have
been times in which continuity was broken purposely in films such as the
shinning, this was done to give the audience a scared feeling. But overall
continuity needs to be kept. An example of bad continuity can be with
someone wearing one pair of jean in one shot but in the next they have a
different pair.
Motivated Motivated edit is an edit that cuts to a completely new scene
and a good motivated edit will not break continuity and is not out of place.
Normally there will be a cue for the cut such as a reaction or a piece of
dialogue or even a musically cue. This makes motivated edits necessary
for a narrative film.
Montage A montage is a fast effect way of getting information or a long
space of time done quickly. It is an editing technique that takes many
shots and puts them together, this is generally done to music. A montage
will lack structure purposefully to get all the information across in a short
space of time. Montages can also be a cheap form of character
development. But its main purpose is to get across a lot of information
fast. An example of a montage can be seen in rocky with the training
montage

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Jump-cutting Jump-cutting is a cut that is quick and jumps to the

next shot quickly. A jump-cut is not nearly as smooth or seamless as other
cuts but it can give the film a sense of urgency. The jump-cut will be
recorded with the exact same camera setup but it varies slightly. An
example of jump-cutting can be seen in the film my group created call
Familiar Roads.

Parallel editing/cross cutting Parallel editing/cross cutting is the

process of cutting together two pieces of footage that take place at the
same time or if the footage has a relation to each other but they take
place at different locations.

Example of
parallel editing

180o rule the 180o rule is a simple rule that states once a scene takes
place there is an imaginary 180o line that cannot be crossed or this will
lead to the audience being confused. Besides confusing the audience the
camera crew and equipment might be seen if you cross the line. In the

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diagram below you can see the lien that cannot be crossed.

As can be seen the

line cannot be
crossed because it
would be
extremely
confusing for
audiences

Splicing - Splicing is when two pieces of footage are joined together it

was the first way films were edited. At first this was done manually and
then it was done by a machine.
Transitions Transitions are the way shots are joined together. When one
shot ends a transition is put in then another shot will take place. Its the
way bridges one shot to another. There are different types of transitions
such as:

Cut an instant change between the shots. This is a very commonly used

transition because of this.

Dissolve A gradual fade between the two clips.
Fade Fade out and in are the common ones used although there can be
fade to black which will fade the clip to black before cutting to the next
shot. This can also be done with white. It will start fading to black and

every darker as the fade goes on gradually.

Wipe - A wipe is a transition were one scene replaces the other but having
it move across the screen to reveal the new scene. The wipe can be used
in many different ways and the transition can be in many different shapes,
such as star whip, heart wipe or iris wipe. We did not use any wipes during
or film as we found that they would be too out of place. An example of this
can be found with star wars.

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Cutaways A cutaway is a shot that will only last a few seconds and they
are used to break up lengthy solo clips giving the viewers something more
too look at instead of boring them with the same old. Cutaways are
generally something else that is taking place in the same scene. Cutaways
are very good at creating a mood for example if a FBI agent was
investigating a murder and they cut to the body this would build tension
and horror in the scene.

Point of view A point of view shot is a shot that give the audience the
perspective of a character this can be done for many reasons such as
creating tension in a horror movie or to make the audience sympathies
more with the character by seeing thing through their eyes.

Example of POV
in film hardcore
henry.

Shot-reverse shot This is a back and forth shot that is generally used
with conversations. This is generally used as an over the shoulder shot
that will jump back a forth between two charters. For example another

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type of shot-reverse shot can be seen with wolf of Wall Street.

Providing and withholding information providing information and

withholding information is a narrative tool that can be used for dramatic
stakes. This is done by withholding key information and maybe not
revealing it until the right time. This is normally used in mysteries or if the
film maker is looking to make a twist.

Editing Rhythm Editing rhythm is the relationship between shots. This is

set in place to help control the pace of the film. It will have things such as
equal length shots to maintain the flow and keep the overall pace the
same. Although if the rhythm is crazy this can come of in the film and add

to the movie if thats the theme youre going for.

Cutting to sound track Cutting to sound track is editing the film with
the music being the priority. The music will influence the pace and tone of
the scene is a bigger way than before and the tempo will be kept in mind
when editing.

Task 3. Provide a written report to explain what the above

editing conventions and techniques mean and give an account
P2. BE ABLE TO PREPARE MOVING IMAGE MATERIAL FOR
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EDITING
P2.1 Preparation techniques: checking material for faults; marking
up a script; labelling tapes; storing tapes or film; producing an edit
decision list; creating bins; clarifying the purpose of the work with a
client
Explanation of media terms
Checking materials for faults Checking materials for faults simply
means that you should always check the footage before using it in the
editing process. You do this by watching the full video before moving on to
the edit, and this is dont to make sure that there are no major issues
found in the video for example while creating the short movie familiar
roads we found dead pixels before we started editing, however we
managed to cover the dead pixels instead of having to re-do the footage.
Marking up a script Marking up a script is the process of leaving notes
and useful information in the script for the editors, this makes their jobs a
lot easier and helps them fully understand your vision for your movie. This
can also help with the flow of the story. An example can be seen below.

Labelling tapes is an

organisational tool for the

editing process, it makes the editing process easier because a label is put
on each tape in an order that allows the editor to see where it belongs in
each scene, this help prevent confusion. However, if the film has a lot of
footage it can be time consuming.

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Storing tapes or film If tapes or film are not stored correctly this can
lead to damage and because some directors today still like to use film it
must be stored properly to ensure that the footage is not lost. The way
they should be stored is by having them in a room away from sunlight in a
vertical position. The room must also be at room temperature.
Producing an edit decision list An edit decision list is a list that will
give the client the final says on the product by showing the shots in order
for the final film. This helps make the editing process a lot more
manageable and organised.
Creating Bins Bins can also be called folders and they are designed to
store the footage from a days work and giving it off to the editor. This way
the director can leave notes and it makes the overall process a lot easier
and more organised. For example, in adobe premiere a new Bin can be
created by going to file and clicking new then clicking on Bin.

Clarifying the purpose of the work with a client This is one of the
most important parts of the creation process as it is extremely important
that the client understands the project and gets a good understanding off
the directors vision. For example, if you are working for someone else you
must make sure to run everything through them to ensure that they get
their desired film, this means everything from the filming to the editing
process. But overall the editor will have the major job of ensuring the
clients satisfaction. This is because the editor can make changes towards
making the final product as close to the clients needs as possible.

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P2.2 Preparing to edit: importing clips; bins; timelines; storage and

folder management; online and offline editing; formats; resolution

Task 5. Provide screen shots of the editing techniques used.

Command Shift 4 and select the relevant material on
screen.
Screen shots of clips, bins, timeline, etc.

Preparing to edit
Importing clips the first thing that needs to be
done before editing is the importing of the clips. So
any clips you plan on using should be imported into
the editing software. This will normally be done by
clicking the File then Import buttons on the
software. For example, in adobe premiere you do just
that.

Bins these are how you store your footage and they are used to
organised the process.
Timelines A timeline is the area where the clips are cut together. A clip
will be dragged and dropped into the timeline this will show the visual and
audio elements of the process. An example for adobe premiere can be
seen below.

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Storage and folder management Managing storage is an important

part of the editing process if the editor wishes to stay organized. This is
done by storing the projects on document folders. It can also be important
to create extra copies of the stored projects to ensure that if one is
corrupted the other will be there. Below is an example of a stored project.

Online and offline editing Offline editing takes place before online
editing and it involves the raw footage being copied and edited leaving
the original footage unaffected. Online editing then happens at the final
stages of editing and involves the original media be assembled for the
online editing stage.
Formats Formats are the way in which the data is formed and there are
many different ways in which the data can be formed/arranged. Examples
of these formats can be found while exporting for example:

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Adobe Photoshop

Resolution The resolution of the film equals to the quality of the image
and resolutions can be adjusted to suit the needs. It can be changed from
240p all the way up to 1080p. 240p and 480p are both concerted standard
definition while 720p and 1080p are concerted high definition. The
resolution can be changed in the export settings:

P3. BE ABLE TO EDIT MOVING IMAGE MATERIAL

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P3.1 Editing technology: software applications; hardware, e.g. nonlinear, linear; high definition; standard definition; tapes; hard disc;
data transfer rates; exporting productions; file types, e.g. mov, avi,
flv; compression
Task 6. Describe what editing techniques you used to produce
the work and provide a list of all editing equipment employed
in production process.

Editing technology
Software applications
There are many different software's that can be used during the editing
process but before this project I only had experience with windows movie
maker. I had no other experience beside simple videos. When I started this
project I had used final cut pro but after seeing the limitations of final cut
pro I decided to move on to Adobe Premiere Pro as I found this software to
be much more versatile and it gave me more tools to advance my
knowledge of editing. I believe that overall Adobe Premiere Pro is one of if
not the best editing software I could use.

There are other types of software that can be used for editing for example
when it comes to editing audio audacity can be used. Other video
editing softwares include:

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Sony Vegas
iMovie
Windows Movie Maker

Hardware
During the start of the project I used the Apples Desktop Mac Computer in
the editing process of the film, but after a while I resorted to only using
my own personal computer as I felt it gave more time and freedom to edit
the way I wanted. My own personal computer is a custom made PC with
8gb of RAM and an Intel i7 processor so I was confident in my computers
ability to run any software needed. Overall my computer allowed me to
edit at a faster rate and allowed me to produce my finished project at a
higher standard than that if I used the computers provided to us. Other
hardware used was my personal Samsung 1tb portable hard drive and I
also used my Philips earphones.

Common editing terms

Non-Linear
Non-linear editing is an editing process that allows you to access any
frame no matter the sequence. This method of editing has its advantages
and disadvantages.
Advantages

It gives you the freedom to access any clip at any time.

You are able to return to the original take at anytime.
Its more flexible and allows you to change your mind.
Makes it possible to edit in both SD and HD.

Disadvantages

The cost of the set-up is the biggest down side.

The storage space needed.
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Linear
Linear editing is a process in which you edit the sequence in an predetermined order, having it ordered from start to finish. linear editing is
only ever used when I come to video tape as it is cannot be physically cut
into pieces to be spliced together to create a new order. This method of
editing has its advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages

It is simple and inexpensive.

Sometimes but rarely is it better.
It is said to help with knowledge base of editing.

Disadvantages

Not possible to insert or delete scenes.

Clips must be of the exact same length if you want to overdub them.

High definition
High definition or HD say it is commonly known had become the standard
viewing in recent years. It comes in multiple different resolutions such as:

720p (1280x720)
1080p/1080i (1920x1080)
4k (4,096x2,160)

720p and 1080p are the two standard HD resolutions although 4k is being
used more and more in recent years and is said to take over from 720p
and 1080p. When something is shot in HD it gives a much higher def and
clearer image when compared to that of SD (Standard definition) and
overall it gives the viewer a better and more immersive viewing
experience.

Standard definition
Standard definition is a lower form of HD and is not used for most viewing
experiences in recent years as the technology to create HD videos has
become so accessible that common people can do it now. Standard Def
can range anything from 144p to 480p.

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Tapes
Tapes are magnetic tapes that store video and audio but tapes are not
used as much because it has been replaced by digital.

Hard disc
A hard disc allows a user to store films and editing projects/software onto
a disc that saves all the data given to it. They are generally built into the
computer and will function as the main storage for the computer. But
portable ones can be bought and this allows users to transport what they
need.

Exporting
Exporting is the process of making the edited project into the film and this
process can take time to finish depending on the export settings. Each
software has a different way of exporting but Adobe Premiere Pro has the
export option in its file tab.

You will then be given the export settings which you can edit to find the
right fit for you.

Data Transfer Rates

This is the rate of which your data will be transferred or how much data
can be transferred in how short a time. The transfer speed is normally
measured in megabits or megabytes per a second.

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Exporting productions
When exporting any project most softwares will give you an option to
ether export the master file onto a location you choose or they will give
you the option to share the video directly to websites such as YouTube or
Facebook.

File types
There are many different file types that can be used to view films.

MP3
MP3 file type is one of the standard music film types as it is a format in
which audio can be stored and it is much smaller than other sound based
formats.

MP4
An MP4 while similar to an MP3 file can be used to show video as well as
only producing sound. It is one of the most common file types as it works
with almost every system.

MOV
MOV is another video file format that is used. It is often used to store
video formats and is commonly used with films. It was created by apple.

AVI
AVI is another video file format. It stands for Audio Video Interface and it
was created by Microsoft.

FLV
FLV or otherwise known as Flash video is file format used to deliver video
over the Internet using Adobe Flash Player version 6 and newer and it was
created by Adobe.

P3.2 Editing process: use appropriate techniques, e.g. seamless,

continuity, motivated, montage, jump-cutting, parallel editing; use
appropriate transitions, e.g. cut, dissolve, fade, wipe; use
appropriate conventions, e.g. cutaways, cutting on action, creating
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juxtapositions, intercutting; pace effectively; convey information

effectively; use sound to create impact; synchronise sound and
vision; mix soundtracks; overlap sound; offline edit; online edit
Task 7. Describe editing techniques used and provide screen
shots of editing techniques employed
Editing Process
During the creation of the project I employed many different techniques to
help get or narrative across. We had used a black and white filter to give a
noire feel throughout the film, but we left in bright red colours to
emphasize important moments in our man characters life, such as the red
flowers when the father meets his future wife and when he is giving an
opportunity from his relative. We also left the whiskey bottle colour in to
help draw attention to his decline into depression. We also employed the
use of a voice over to help deal with the limitations of the audio quality.
There were different techniques we had to consider when making the film
such as:

Continuity
Continuity is maintaining actions or objects through different scenes in a
film or over the course of multiple films. An example of this can be seen
during the desk scene, we had to make sure that even when we moved
the camera we kept the desk the same or it would look out of place.
Continuity is a big part of drawing in an audience and ensuring that they
are immersed in the film.

Gun in same
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Motivated
Motivated editing is a way to help suspend the audiences disbelief when it
comes to films. Overall it is picking the best shot for the best scene to
help the audience feel like they aren't just a camera in a room and we
tried to do this through the production of our project. We used angles that
didn't seem out of place to help draw in the audience.

Feels

Montage
A montage is a collection of clips that pushes the story forward in a short
space of time and allows the audience to view many different actions
taking place in a short period of time. We used a montage during the half
way point of our film to show the main characters fall into a life of crime
slowly building his way up.

Jump-Cutting
Jump-Cutting is a cinematic technique were the camera jumps from one
part of a scene to another. It can give a effect of jumping forward in time,
but it can also be used if the film makers wish to have a fast pace scene
with the camera jumping from one angle to another. We mainly used jump
cuts during our action scenes and during the montage scenes. This helped
give us the tone we wanted.

Parallel Editing
Parallel editing is a technique that shows two or more scenes happening
at once but in different locations. This can be a powerful tool to build
suspense and sometimes it can be used to trick the audience into thinking
that two scenes are happening at once. We did not use this technique
during the creation of our film as we felt it would not fit into any of the
scenes.
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Example of
parallel editing

Transitions
There are different transitions that can be employed to help immerse the
audience into the film these include:
Cut
A cut transition is abrupt. Good use of a cut transition should not break
the suspension of disbelief. Cuts are mainly used to transition between
camera angles. We used cut transitions throughout our film when
switching between different camera angles and when we wanted to draw
attention to certain objects such as the drinking of the whiskey during the
second desk scene.
Dissolve/Fade

A dissolve transition is the gradual transition from one image to another

and it is also known as fade with transitions such as fade to black. We
mainly used dissolve and fades to show the main characters life changing
or we used it to show the similarities between the different character's in
the film.
Before and
during fade

Wipe

A wipe is a transition were one scene replaces the other but having it
move across the screen to reveal the new scene. The wipe can be used in
many different ways and the transition can be in many different shapes,

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such as star whip, heart wipe or iris wipe. We did not use any wipes during
or film as we found that they would be too out of place.

A wipe found in star

wars

Editing Conventions
Cutaways
Cutaways are mainly used to cutaway from something to show a related
scene or object in the area of the main scene. This is generally done to
make things more interesting and adding to the urgency of the scene,
such as cutting away to a gun just out of reach of the good guy. We used
cutaways during the creation of our film to show the main character
drinking from a glass of whiskey.

Cutaway to
whiskey

Cutting on Action
Cutting on action is a process that shows one action being preformed then
cutting to another shot of it also being preformed. It can have one action
be started in one shot then be completed in another one. We used this
during the creation of our film when we started to show whiskey being
poured into a glass the cut to a close up of the whiskey being poured.

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Example of cutting on
action found in our film

Juxtapositions
Juxtaposition in film is having to opposites besides each other this can be
seen all the time in film with something as simple as having the main bad
guy sitting across the table from the main good guy. But it can stem much
further than that it can be used to show opposite ideas, ideologies,
showing civilization and the wild. We did not use any Juxtaposition in our
film as we had no real opposites in or film too show of the technique.

Found in Hannibal TV show.

two complete opposites
sitting across from each
other. One overly empathetic
while the other lacks
empathy.

Pace
Pacing is a major part of film as with bad pacing can ruin any good film. It
is important that you keep good pace through the film to ensure that the
audiences suspension of disbelief is not broken. I feel we kept a good pace
in our film as we only had five minutes and we had to get a man's film
across in that short a time. Pace can be split into two main types rapid
which give the idea of fast intensity and excitement and Slower pacing is
more relaxed and thoughtful.

Rhythm
Rhythm is where the film is to keep the pace up and match what's going
on around it. such as having slow cuts to keep the pace slow or having
fast cuts to keep the pace lively and aggressive.
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Use Sound to Create Impact

Sound is one of the most important parts of a film as it allows the
audience to get drawn into the film and the use of sound to create an
impact can be seen with a fight scene having the punches have weight to
them to make it more believable or have the background music sync up to
the fight having a drum beat every time a punch happens. Sounds are the
main way to get an emotive response to video. In our film we used sound
effects such as gun shots and we used a noire backing during the first half
of the movie to get a sense of having no way out and dread. But if you are
creating a film you must ensure that the sound and vision are in sync to
ensure that the user is not drawn out of the filming experience.

P3.3 Post-production tools: on screen text; image editing; audio

editing Assessment and grading criteria.
Task 8. What credit and title techniques, audio techniques and
music clips did you use?
On Screen text On screen text is a way to convey information to the
viewer. It is done in the editing process by putting text on footage. For
example in adobe premiere you click Title then you click New Title
then you will have a range of options for text or credits:

After you select one of the options a new window will appear and you can
input text onto the footage.
Image editing image editing is editing the footage or image to give a
different feel for example adding colour correction, filters or even
changing it to black and white. With adobe Premiere you can use the 3way color corrector to edit the colors in the film.
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Audio Editing When it comes to audio editing you can split the audio
from the clip to allow you to edit it further.

You can also increase and decrease the audio of different audio clips. For
example if you wanted music in the background of a talking scene you
would increase the talking clip and decrease the music clip. And from this
keying can be used to increase and decrease the audio automatically in
adobe premiere you can use the ultra-key to increase and decrease the
audio throughout the video.

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