This document provides details on using a triac and microcontroller to control an AC motor. It describes the basic operation of triacs for phase control of AC power. It then gives specifications for the Renesas microcontroller, triac, and diode used in the application. A block diagram shows the motor control circuit, which uses the microcontroller to detect zero crossings and control the triac firing angle to regulate motor speed. Software is used to initialize settings and monitor button presses to determine the conduction angle and control the triac accordingly.
This document provides details on using a triac and microcontroller to control an AC motor. It describes the basic operation of triacs for phase control of AC power. It then gives specifications for the Renesas microcontroller, triac, and diode used in the application. A block diagram shows the motor control circuit, which uses the microcontroller to detect zero crossings and control the triac firing angle to regulate motor speed. Software is used to initialize settings and monitor button presses to determine the conduction angle and control the triac accordingly.
This document provides details on using a triac and microcontroller to control an AC motor. It describes the basic operation of triacs for phase control of AC power. It then gives specifications for the Renesas microcontroller, triac, and diode used in the application. A block diagram shows the motor control circuit, which uses the microcontroller to detect zero crossings and control the triac firing angle to regulate motor speed. Software is used to initialize settings and monitor button presses to determine the conduction angle and control the triac accordingly.
This document provides details on using a triac and microcontroller to control an AC motor. It describes the basic operation of triacs for phase control of AC power. It then gives specifications for the Renesas microcontroller, triac, and diode used in the application. A block diagram shows the motor control circuit, which uses the microcontroller to detect zero crossings and control the triac firing angle to regulate motor speed. Software is used to initialize settings and monitor button presses to determine the conduction angle and control the triac accordingly.
PRELIMINARY Motor Control Using Triac Application Note
Warning
This manual was created solely for training proposes. Information in this document is subjected to change without notice. Renesas Technology Corporation and Renesas Solutions Corporation assume no responsibility for its use, nor any infringements of patents or other rights belonging to third parties, which may result from its use. No part of this manual may be produced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the express written permission of RENESAS TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION AND RENESAS SOLUTIONS CORPORATION.
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PRELIMINARY Motor Control Using Triac Application Note
Motor Control Using Triac
Introduction This application note describes a simple method for controlling a motor using a triac and a means of detecting the zero crossing on 50 Hz power systems with voltages up to 230 Vac. R8C/1A is a flash MCU that provide a low cost and high performance solution for traic control. The minimum execution time for high speed instruction processing is 125ns using the on-chip oscillator. There are many other useful peripheral functions on MCU that can be used for future improvements. Other Renesas products that used in this application example are BCR08AM-12 (Triac) and 1N4148 (Diode). In additional to this application note, the manuals listed below are available for reference for developing applications. Related manuals: 1. R8C/1A group hardware manual. 2. R8C/Tiny series software manual. 3. 4. 5. 6.
High performance Embedded Workshop user manual.
E8 emulator user manual. E8 user manual additional document. BCR08AM-12 specification manual
7. 1N4148 specification manual
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PRELIMINARY Motor Control Using Triac Application Note
PRELIMINARY Motor Control Using Triac Application Note
1.
Application
Low power triacs are used in many applications such as light dimmers, speed controls for electric fans, electric motors and control circuits of many household appliances such as washing machines, vacuum cleaners and drilling machines.
2.
Basic Triac Operation
A triac is basically a bidirectional electronic switch, which can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered. The triggering can be either a positive or negative voltage applied to its gate electrode. By applying a steady state gate signal, the triac may be triggered into a low impedance state where conduction across the main terminals will occur. The gate signal polarity need not follow the main terminal polarity. Gate requirement vary depending on the direction of the main terminal current and the gate current. Traic controlled AC switching is referenced to the AC 50 Hz line frequency, which enables precise control over the conduction angle at which the triac is fired. This enables the R8C device to control the power output by increasing or decreasing the conduction angle in each half cycle. 2.1 Phase Control The application example uses a phase control method for controlling the amount of power delivered to the load. Phase control works by turning on a fraction of each half wave. The power delivered will be proportional to the area under the curve. The benefit of the phase control is that the frequency of the waveform providing power to the load is unchanged at 50 Hz.
This application board is using this control technique.
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PRELIMINARY Motor Control Using Triac Application Note 3.
Renesas Components Specification
3.1 MCU Part Number: R8C/1A <R5F211A1SP; Flash ROM/RAM: 4KB/384B > CPU: R8C 16-bit CPU Core Minimum instruction execution time: 50ns (When f(XIN)=20MHz) Power-supply voltage: 3.0 to 5.5V/ Max.20MHz Clock generation circuit: three circuits incorporated - XIN-XOUT main clock (on-chip oscillation stop detection circuit) - High-speed on-chip oscillator(40MHz) - Low-speed on-chip oscillator Voltage detection circuit(LVD): Power-On Reset(POR)
two circuits
Multifunctional timers - 2 ch of 8-bit timers (timer X, timer Z) - 1 ch of 16-bit timer (timer C) Serial I/O: - 1 ch of Clock synchronous/UART - 1 ch of UART - 1 ch of I2C bus/SSU A/D converter - 10bits x 4ch Ports : Input/Output : 13, Input : 3 - No. of LED drive ports: 4 - Pull-up resistor: All ports can be set (excluding for the input specific port) Watchdog timer: 1ch (supporting hardware reset) Packages: 20-pin SDIP (19mm x 6.3mm , 1.778mm pitch) 3.2 Triac Part Number: BCR08AM-12 IT (RMS) : 0.8 A VDRM : 600 V IRGTI, IRGT : 5 mA 3.3 Diode Part Number: 1N4148 Low capacitance. (C = 4.0 pF max) Short reverse recovery time. (trr = 4.0 ns max) High reliability with glass seal. August 2007
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PRELIMINARY Motor Control Using Triac Application Note 4.
Block Diagram and Board Features
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Utilize R8C unique features <Power-ON Reset, High Speed On-chip oscillator> to further reduce cost on clock crystal and Reset IC. AC inductor motor control with technique on phase angle and zero crossing. Standard platform to add in future development <R8C/2J, Close loop control>
PRELIMINARY Motor Control Using Triac Application Note 5.
Application Example
The application example uses a low cost R8C/1A to control an AC motor using BCR08AM. A program is written to detect the zero crossing of the AC signal and in turn control the triac to provide power to the AC motor. This application note provides a convenient and simple solution for testing or further development for motor control using a triac. 5.1 Power Supply The power supply circuitry is a resistive transformerless power supply. A 5V zener diode (D1) and some circuit components are used to provide 5V to the rest of the motor control board. This design is smaller and cheaper than a transformer based power supply. The fuse (F1) and varistor (V1) are used to provide additional safety protection to the power supply circuit. 5.2 Detection Circuits For this application example, the zero crossing waveform can be detected from the power supply circuit. On the power supply circuit which provides a 5V pulse at the zero crossing point of a ac waveform, this 5V pulse will be sent to a R8C/1A hardware interrupt port <P4_5/INT>. This signal will inform the program that a zero crossing has been detected and it should start processing the conduction angle. The conduction angle is counted by means of a timer counter. After R8C/1A has reached the conduction angle or after the timer counter has stopped, the program will send a pulse to activate the triac control circuit. The triac will be fired during the conduction angle chosen by the program. The motor will be turned on at the speed determined by the time it is turned on and is proportional to the power supplied to it. Schematic Diagram
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PRELIMINARY Motor Control Using Triac Application Note 6.
Software Program
The application program will run the motor at the selected speed depending on which push button is pressed. The motor will stop when the push button is released. When the application is being turned on, the program will initialize the settings required for the interrupt and timer. After initialization, the push button will be consistently monitored for button push action. If no button is being pressed, the motor will be kept in no movement status. The interrupt will always detect zero crossing of the ac waveform whenever it occurs but no action will be taken unless a push button is pressed. When the button is pressed and zero crossing is detected, the timer will start to count towards a predefined conduction angle at a certain time. When the conduction angle is reached, the triac will be switch on and remain on until its half cycle ends.
7.
Conclusion
This application example shows a basic and simple approach using triac control on an AC motor. It involves some simple and available designs, which can be implemented easily. Further development can be improved on the present power control circuits such as improving the current consumption of the board. Other more accurate zero-crossing detection circuits can be discussed and improved on the present detection circuit.
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PRELIMINARY Motor Control Using Triac Application Note Keep safety first in your circuit designs! 1. Renesas Technology Corporation puts the maximum effort into making semiconductor products better and more reliable, but there is always the possibility that trouble may occur with them. Trouble with semiconductors may lead to personal injury, fire or property damage. Remember to give due consideration to safety when making your circuit designs, with appropriate measures such as (i) placement of substitutive, auxiliary circuits, (ii) use of nonflammable material or (iii) prevention against any malfunction or mishap.
Notes regarding these materials
1. These materials are intended as a reference to assist our customers in the selection of the Renesas Technology Corporation product best suited to the customer's application; they do not convey any license under any intellectual property rights, or any other rights, belonging to Renesas Technology Corporation or a third party. 2. Renesas Technology Corporation assumes no responsibility for any damage, or infringement of any third-party's rights, originating in the use of any product data, diagrams, charts, programs, algorithms, or circuit application examples contained in these materials. 3. All information contained in these materials, including product data, diagrams, charts, programs and algorithms represents information on products at the time of publication of these materials, and are subject to change by Renesas Technology Corporation without notice due to product improvements or other reasons. It is therefore recommended that customers contact Renesas Technology Corporation or an authorized Renesas Technology Corporation product distributor for the latest product information before purchasing a product listed herein. The information described here may contain technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Renesas Technology Corporation assumes no responsibility for any damage, liability, or other loss rising from these inaccuracies or errors. Please also pay attention to information published by Renesas Technology Corporation by various means, including the Renesas Technology Corporation Semiconductor home page (http://www.renesas.com). 4. When using any or all of the information contained in these materials, including product data, diagrams, charts, programs, and algorithms, please be sure to evaluate all information as a total system before making a final decision on the applicability of the information and products. Renesas Technology Corporation assumes no responsibility for any damage, liability or other loss resulting from the information contained herein. 5. Renesas Technology Corporation semiconductors are not designed or manufactured for use in a device or system that is used under circumstances in which human life is potentially at stake. Please contact Renesas Technology Corporation or an authorized Renesas Technology Corporation product distributor when considering the use of a product contained herein for any specific purposes, such as apparatus or systems for transportation, vehicular, medical, aerospace, nuclear, or undersea repeater use. 6. The prior written approval of Renesas Technology Corporation is necessary to reprint or reproduce in whole or in part these materials. 7. If these products or technologies are subject to the Japanese export control restrictions, they must be exported under a license from the Japanese government and cannot be imported into a country other than the approved destination. Any diversion or reexport contrary to the export control laws and regulations of Japan and/or the country of destination is prohibited. 8. Please contact Renesas Technology Corporation for further details on these materials or the products contained therein.
