Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas, and Systems

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

(1)
x 2 z = 1,
19.
y
+
z
=
3.
(2)

From Eq. (1), x = 1 + 2z; from Eq. (2), y = 3 z.

Setting z = r gives the parametric solution
x = 1 + 2r, y = 3 r, z = r, where r is any real
number.
2 y + 3z = 1,
20.
3 x 4 z = 0.
From Eq. (1), y =

x 2 y z = 0,

2 x 4 y 2 z = 0
0 = 0

We can ignore the third equation, so we have

x 2 y z = 0,

2 x 4 y 2 z = 0.
Multiplying the first equation by 2 gives
2 x + 4 y + 2 z = 0,

2 x 4 y 2 z = 0.
Adding the first equation to the second, we have
2 x + 4 y + 2 z = 0,

0 = 0.
From the first equation, x = 2y + z. Setting y = r
and z = s gives the parametric solution x = 2r + s,
y = r, z = s, where r and s are any real numbers.

(1)
(2)

1 3
z ; from Eq. (2),
2 2

4
z . Setting z = r gives the parametric
3
4
1 3
solution x = r , y = r , z = r, where r is
2 2
3
any real number.
x=

x 3y + z = 5
(1)

23.
2
x
6
y
2
z
10
(2)

Multiplying Eq. (1) by 2 and adding to Eq. (2)

gives 0 = 0.
Solving the first equation for x, we have
x = 3y z + 5. Letting y = r and z = s gives the
parametric solution.
x = 3r s + 5, y = r, z = s, where r and s are any
real numbers.

(1)
x y + 2 z = 0,

21. 2 x + y z = 0
(2)
x + 2 y 3z = 0
(3)

Adding Eq. (1) to Eq. (3) gives

x y + 2 z = 0,

2 x + y z = 0
2 x + y z = 0

We can ignore the third equation because the

second equation can be used to reduce it to
0 = 0. We have
x y + 2 z = 0,

2 x + y z = 0.
Adding the first equation to the second gives
3x + z = 0
1
x= z
3
Substituting in the first equation we have
1
z y + 2z = 0
3
5
y= z
3
Letting z = r gives the parametric solution
1
5
x = r , y = r , z = r, where r is any real
3
3
number.

5 x + y + z = 17
24.
4 x + y + z = 14
Subtracting the second equation from the first
gives x = 3.
From the first equation we have
y + z = 17 5x = 17 5(3) = 2
Letting z = r we have the parametric solution
x = 3, y = 2 r, z = r, where r is any real
number.
25. Let x = number of gallons of 20% solution and
y = number of gallons of 35% solution. Then
(1)
x + y = 800,

(2)
0.20 x + 0.35 y = 0.25(800).
From Eq. (1), y = 800 x. Substituting in Eq. (2)
gives
0.20x + 0.35(800 x) = 0.25(800)
0.15x + 280 = 200
0.15x = 80
1600
x=
533.3
3

(1)
x 2 y z = 0,

22. 2 x 4 y 2 z = 0
(2)
x + 2 y + z = 0
(3)

Adding Eq. (1) to Eq. (3) gives

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 3.4

Dividing both equations by 5 gives

(1)
20 F + 7 S = 5, 306, 000
3F + 20 S = 2, 274, 000
(2)

1600 800
=
266.7. Thus
3
3
533.3 gal of 20% solution and 266.7 gal of 35%
solution must be mixed.
y = 800 x = 800

Multiplying Eq. (1) by 3 and Eq. (2) by 20

gives
60 F 21S = 15, 918, 000 (3)
60 F + 400S = 45, 480, 000
(4)

Adding Eq. (3) to Eq. (4) gives

379S = 29,562,000 or S = 78,000.
Substituting S = 78,000 in Eq. (1) gives
F = 238,000.
Federal tax is $238,000 and state tax is $78,000.

26. Let x = the number of pounds of 3% nitrogen

fertilizer, and let y = the number of pounds of
11% nitrogen fertilizer. Then
0.03x + 0.11 y = 0.09(20),

x + y = 20.
0.03x + 0.11y = 1.8,

y = 20 x.
By substituting 20 x for y in the first equation,
and then simplifying, we obtain
x = 5,

y = 15.
Thus, the final mixture should contain 5 lb of 3%
nitrogen fertilizer, and 15 lb of 11% nitrogen
fertilizer.

29. Let p = speed of airplane in still air and w = wind

speed. Now convert the time into minutes and
solve the system
900

p + w = 175

p w = 900 ,

206
900 900 36 450
+
=
+
Thus 2 p =
175 206 7 103
3429
p=
miles per minute
721
279
w=
miles per minute
721
Multiplying by 60 to get miles per hour we have
p 285 and w 23.2
Plane speed in still air is about 285 mph and
wind speed is about 23.2 mph.

27. Let C = the number of pounds of cotton, let

P = the number of pounds of polyester, and let
N = the number of pounds of nylon. If the final
blend will cost $3.25 per pound to make, then
4C + 3P + 2N = 3.25. Furthermore, if we use the
same amount of nylon as polyester to prepare,
say, 1 pound of fabric, then N = P and
C + P + N = 1. Thus, the system of equations is
4C + 3P + 2 N = 3.25,

C + P + N = 1,
N = P.

30. Let r = speed of raft in still water and c = speed

of current. Then rate of raft downstream is r + c,
and rate upstream is r c. Since
(rate)(time) = distance, we have

1
(r + c) = 10,

(r c) 3 = 10,
4

or, more simply,
r + c = 20,

40

r c = 3 .

Adding the equations gives

100
2r =
3
50
r=
3

Simplifying gives
4C + 5 N = 3.25,

C + 2 N = 1,
N = P.

N = 0.25,

C = 0.5,
P = 0.25.

Thus, each pound of the final fabric will contain

0.25 lb each of nylon and polyester, and 0.5 lb of
cotton.
28. Let F = federal tax and S = state tax. Now solve
the system
F = 0.35(758, 000 S )
S = 0.15(758, 000 F )

which is equivalent to
100 F + 35S = 26,530, 000
15F + 100S = 11,370, 000

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Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas, and Systems

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

5.50 x + 5000 = 4.50(1000 x) + 6000
5.50 x + 5000 = 4500 4.50 x + 6000
10 x = 5500
x = 550
Thus y = 1000 x = 1000 550 = 450.
Therefore 550 calculators must be made at the
Exton plant and 450 calculators at the Whyton
plant.

10
. Thus the
3
2
speed of the raft in still water is 16 mi/h;
3
1
speed of the current is 3 mi/h.
3

Since r + c = 20, we have c =

31. Let x = number of early American units and

y = number of Contemporary units. The fact that
20% more of early American styles are sold than
Contemporary styles means that
x = y + 0.20y
x = 1.20y
An analysis of profit gives
250x + 350y = 130,000. Thus we have the
system
(1)
x = 1.20 y,

(2)
250 x + 350 y = 130, 000.
Substituting 1.20y for x in Eq. (2) gives
250(1.20y) + 350y = 130,000
300y + 350y = 130,000
650y = 130,000
y = 200
Thus x = 1.20y = 1.20(200) = 240. Therefore 240
units of early American and 200 units of
Contemporary must be sold.

34. Let x, y, and z be the amounts of 2.20, 2.30, and

2.60 dollars/lb coffee, respectively. Then
(1)
x + y + z = 100,

(2)
2.20 x + 2.30 y + 2.60 z = 2.40(100),
y = z.
(3)

From Eq. (3), y = z. Substituting for y in Eqs. (1)

and (2) gives
x + z + z = 100,

2.20 x + 2.30 z + 2.60 z = 240.

or, by simplifying,
x + 2 z = 100,

2.20 x + 4.90 z = 240.

From the first equation, x = 100 2z.
Substituting in the second equation gives
2.20(100 2z) + 4.90z = 240
0.50z = 20
z = 40
From x = 100 2z, x = 100 2(40) = 20. From
y = z, y = 40. Thus, 20, 40, and 40 lb of $2.20,
$2.30, and $2.60 per lb coffee must be used,
respectively.

32. Let x = number of favorable comments,

y = number of unfavorable comments, and
z = number of no comments. Then
(1)
x + y + z = 250,

(2)
x = 1.625 y,
z = 0.16(250).
(3)

From Eq. (3), z = 40. Substituting for x and z in

Eq. (1), we obtain
(1.625y) + y + (40) = 250
2.625y = 210
y = 80
Thus x = 1.625y = 1.625(80) = 130. Therefore
130 liked, 80 disliked, and 40 had no comment.

35. Let x = rate on first $100,000 and

y = rate on sales over $100,000. Then
(1)
100, 000 x + 75, 000 y = 8500,

+
=
100,
000
x
180,
000
y
14,800.
(2)

Subtracting Eq. (1) from Eq. (2) gives

105,000y = 6300
y = 0.06
Substituting in Eq. (1) gives
100,000x + 75,000(0.06) = 8500
100,000x + 4500 = 8500, 100,000x = 4000, or
x = 0.04. Thus the rate is 4% on the first
$100,000 and 6% on the remainder.

33. Let x = number of calculators produced in Exton,

and y = number of calculators produced in
Whyton. The total cost at Exton is 5.50x + 5000,
and the total cost at Whyton is 4.50y + 6000.
Thus 5.50x + 5000 = 4.50y + 6000. Also,
x + y = 1000. This gives the system
(1)
x + y = 1000,

(2)
5.50 x + 5000 = 4.50 y + 6000
From Eq. (1), y = 1000 x. Substituting in Eq.
(2) gives

36. A system that describes the situation is

T = L + 25, 000, 000
T = L + 0.30 L

We can rewrite this as

T = L + 25, 000, 000
T = 1.30 L

Thus T = 1.3L and we can substitute this in the

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 3.4

first equation:
1.3L = L + 25, 000, 000. Solving for L
0.3L = 25, 000, 000
L = 83,333,333
T = 1.3L = 1.3(83,333,333) = 108,333,333 thus
T = $108,333,333 and L = $83,333,333.

gives

6 1 4
p2 +
p2 = 1000
10 2 10

1
p2 = 1000
10
p2 = 10, 000
1
1
p2 = (10, 000) = 5000. The total
2
2
amount invested was
p1 + p2 = 5000 + 10, 000 = $15, 000 .
Thus p1 =

37. Let x = number of loose-filled boxes and

y = number of boxes of clam-shells that will be
filled. Then 8y clam-shells will be used. This
will take 20x + 2.2(8y) pounds of peaches.
(1)
x = y
20 x + 17.6 y = 3600 (2)

Substitute x = y in Eq. (2).

20 x + 17.6 x = 3600
37.6 x = 3600
x 95.74
y = x 95.74
Thus, 95 boxes will be loose-filled and
8(95) = 760 clam-shells will be used, for a total
of 190 boxes.

39. Let c = number of chairs company makes,

r = number of rockers, and l = number of chaise
lounges.
Wood used: (1)c + (1)r + (1)l = 400
Plastic used: (1)c + (1)r + (2)l = 600
Aluminum used: (2)c + (3)r + (5)l = 1500
Thus we have the system
(1)
c + r + l = 400,

+
+
=
c
r
l
2
600,
(2)

2c + 3r + 5l = 1500.
(3)

38. Let p1 and p2 be the amounts of the two

investments, respectively. Then the total amount
invested was p1 + p2 , and from the statement of
the problem we can write
4
( p1 + p2 ) 1000 = p1 . The return on the
10
second investment was 1200 400 = 800. Since
the percentage return on each was the same, and
interest
since rate =
, we can write
amt. invested
400 800
=
. This can also be written as
p1
p2

Subtracting Eq. (1) from Eq. (2) gives l = 200.

Adding 2 times Eq. (1) to Eq. (3) gives
r + 3l = 700, from which
r + 3(200) = 700,
r = 100
From Eq. (1) we have c + 100 + 200 = 400, or
c = 100. Thus 100 chairs, 100 rockers and
200 chaise lounges should be made.
40. Let x, y, and z, be the amounts originally
invested at 7%, 8%, and 9%, respectively. Then
(1)
x + y + z = 35, 000,

(2)
0.07 x + 0.08 y + 0.09 z = 2830,
0.07 x + 0.08 y + 0.10 z = 2960.
(3)

Subtracting Eq. (2) from Eq. (3) gives

0.01z = 130
z = 13,000
Subtracting 0.07 times Eq. (1) from Eq. (2)
gives
0.01y + 0.02z = 380. Letting z = 13,000, we have
0.01y + 0.02(13,000) = 380
0.01y = 120
y = 12,000
From Eq. (1),
x + 12,000 + 13,000 = 35,000
x = 10,000
The investments are $10,000 at 7%, $12,000 at
8%, $13,000 at 9% (later 10%).

p1
p
= 2 . Hence we have the system
400 800
4
10 ( p1 + p2 ) 1000 = p1 ,

p1 = p2 .
400 800
Simplifying, we have
4
6
10 p1 + 10 p2 = 1000,

p = 1 p .
1 2 2
1
Substituting p1 = p2 in the first equation
2

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Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas, and Systems

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

41. Let x = number of skilled workers employed,

y = number of semiskilled workers employed,
z = number of shipping clerks employed.
Then we have the system
(1)
number of workers: x + y + z = 70,

16 x + 9.5 y + 10 z = 725 (2)

wages:
semiskilled:
y = 2x
(3)

From the last equation, y = 2x so substitute into

the first two equations:
x + 2 x + z = 70

16 x + 9.5(2 x) + 10 z = 725

or
3x + z = 70
35 x + 10 z = 725

Adding 10 times the first equation to the

second gives:
5 x = 25
x=5
So y = 2x = 10
z = 70 3x = 70 15 = 55
The company should hire 5 skilled workers, 10
semiskilled workers, and 55 shipping clerks.

Eq. (1) gives

10, 000 b
b
+5 =
25
35
b
b
400 + 5 =
25
35
12b
405 =
175
5906.25 = b
Thus
a = 10,000 b = 10,000 5906.25 = 4093.75.
Problems 3.5

In the following solutions, any reference to Eq. (1) or

Eq. (2) refers to the first or second equation,
respectively, in the given system.
1. From Eq. (2), y = 3 2x. Substituting in Eq. (1)
gives

3 2 x = x2 9
0 = x 2 + 2 x 12
x=

b b 2 4ac
2a

2 22 4(1)(12)
2(1)
2 52
=
2
= 1 13
=

42. Method 1. Let a = number of minutes that pump

for tank A operates, and b = number of minutes
that pump for tank B operates. Then b = a + 5.
25a gallons are pumped from tank A and 35b
from tank B.
(1)
b = a + 5,

(2)
25a + 35b = 10, 000.
Since b = a + 5, substituting in Eq. (2) gives
25a + 35(a + 5) = 10,000
60a = 9825
a = 163.75
b = a + 5, b = 163.75 + 5 = 168.75. Thus
25(163.75) = 4093.75 gallons are pumped from
A, and 35(168.75) = 5906.25 gallons are pumped
from B.
Method 2. Let a = number of gallons from A,
and let b = number of gallons from B. Then
a + b = 10,000. The number of minutes the
a
. For the pump on B,
pump on A operates is
25
b
it is
. Thus
35
b
a
(1)
+5 =
35
25
a + b = 10, 000.
(2)

From y = 3 2x, if x = 1 + 13, then

y = 5 2 13; if x = 1 13, then

y = 5 + 2 13.
There are two solutions:
x = 1 + 13, y = 5 2 13;
x = 1 13, y = 5 + 2 13.
2. From Eq. (2), x = 2y. Substituting in Eq. (1)
gives
y = 8 y3

y 8 y3 = 0

)(

y (1 8 y 2 ) = 0

y 1 2 2 y 1+ 2 2 y = 0
So, y = 0,

. From x = 2y, x = 0,

2 2
2
There are three solutions: x = 0, y = 0;
1
1
1
1
x=
, y=
; x=
, y=
.
2
2 2
2
2 2

From Eq. (2), a = 10,000 b. Substituting in

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 3.5

3. From Eq. (2), q = p 1. Substituting in Eq. (1)

gives

7. Substituting y = x 2 + 1 in Eq. (1) gives

x2 + 1 = 4 + 2 x x2

p 2 = 5 ( p 1)

2x 2x 3 = 0
Use the quadratic formula.

p2 + p 6 = 0
(p + 3)(p 2) = 0
Thus p = 3, 2. From q = p 1, if p = 3, we
have q = 3 1 = 4; if p = 2, then q = 2 1 = 1.
There are two solutions: p = 3, q = 4;
p = 2, q = 1.

(2) (2)2 4(2)(3)

2(2)
2 28
=
4
22 7
=
4
1 7
=
2

x=

4. From Eq. (2), y = x 14. Substituting in Eq. (1)

gives

( x 14)2 x 2 = 28
28x + 196 = 28
28x = 168
x=6
If x = 6, then y = x 14 = 6 14 = 8. The only
solution is x = 6, y = 8.

For x =

5. Substituting y = x 2 into x = y 2 gives x = x 4 ,

x4 x = 0

x x3 1 = 0
Thus x = 0, 1. From y = x 2 , if x = 0, then
y = 02 = 0 ; x = 1, then y = 12 = 1 . There are two
solutions: x = 0, y = 0; x = 1, y = 1.

1 7
: y = x2 + 1
2
2
1 7
=
+ 1
2
1
= 1 2 7 + 7 +1
4
7
= 3
2
6 7
=
2
There are two solutions:
1+ 7
6+ 7
x=
, y=
;
2
2
1 7
6 7
x=
, y=
.
2
2

From the first equation q = p 2 + 1. Substituting

into the second equation gives
5( p 2 + 1) 3 p 2 = 0
5 p2 3 p + 3 = 0

For x =

2
6. p q + 1 = 0
5q 3 p 2 = 0

p=

1+ 7
: y = x2 + 1
2
2
1+ 7
=
+ 1
2
1
= 1+ 2 7 + 7 +1
4
7
= 3+
2
6+ 7
=
2

b b 2 4ac
2a
3 (3)2 4(5)(3)

2(5)
3 51
=
10
Since 51 is not a real number, there are no
real solutions.

8. From Eq. (1), y = x 2 + 4 x + 4. Substituting in

Eq. (2) gives

x2 + 4x + 4 x2 4 x + 3 = 0
7=0
Since this is never true, the system has no
solution.

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Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas, and Systems

9. Substituting p = q in Eq. (2) gives

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

q = q2 .

1
4
Thus x = , 1. From y = 2x 2, y = , 0.
3
3
1
4
Thus there are two solutions: x = , y = ;
3
3
x = 1, y = 0.

Squaring both sides gives

q = q4
q4 q = 0

q q3 1 = 0

13. From Eq. (1), y = x 1. Substituting in Eq. (2)

gives
x 1 = 2 x + 2

Thus q = 0, 1. From p = q , if q = 0, then

p = 0 = 0 ; if q = 1, then p = 1 = 1 . There are
two solutions: p = 0, q = 0; p = 1, q = 1.
10. Substituting z =

( x 1)2 = 4( x + 2)
x2 2 x + 1 = 4 x + 8
x2 6 x 7 = 0
( x + 1)( x 7) = 0

4
in Eq. (2) gives
w

4
3 = 2w + 2
w

Thus x = 1 or 7.
From y = x 1, if x = 1, then y = 2; if
x = 7, then y = 6. However, from Eq. (2), y 0.
The only solution is x = 7, y = 6.

12 = 2w2 + 2w
w2 + w 6 = 0
(w + 3)(w 2) = 0

14. Substituting y =

4
Thus w = 3, 2. From z = , if w = 3, then
w
4
4
z = ; if w = 2, then z = = 2 . There are two
2
3
4
solutions: w = 3, z = ; w = 2, z = 2.
3

x2
1
=
+1
x 1 x 1
1 = x 2 + ( x 1)
x2 + x 2 = 0
(x + 2)(x 1) = 0
Thus x = 2, 1. But x cannot equal 1 in either of
the original equations (division by zero). From
1
1
1
y=
, if x = 2, then y =
= . The
x 1
2 1
3
1
solution is x = 2, y = .
3

11. Replacing x 2 by y 2 + 13 in Eq. (2) gives

y = y 2 + 13 15
y2 y 2 = 0
(y 2)(y + 1) = 0
Thus y = 2, 1. If y = 2, then
x 2 = y 2 + 13 = 22 + 13 = 17 , so x = 17 .
2

1
in Eq. (1) gives
x 1

15. We can write the following system of equations.

y = 0.01x 2 + 0.01x + 7,

y = 0.01x + 8.0.
By substituting 0.01x + 8.0 for y in the first
equation and simplifying, we obtain

If y = 1, then x = y + 13 = (1) + 13 = 14 ,
so x = 14 . The system has four solutions:
x = 17 , y = 2; x = 17 , y = 2; x = 14 ,
y = 1; x = 14 , y = 1.

0.01x + 8.0 = 0.01x 2 + 0.01x + 7

0 = 0.01x 2 1
0 = (0.1x + 1)(0.1x 1)
x = 10 or x = 10
If x = 10 then y = 7.9, and if x = 10 then y = 8.1.
The rope touches the streamer twice,
10 feet away from center on each side at
(10, 7.9) and (10, 8.1).

12. From Eq. (2), y = 2x 2.

Substituting in Eq. (1) gives

x 2 + (2 x 2)2 + 2 x (2 x 2) = 1
2

x + 4 x2 8x + 4 + 4 x2 4 x 1 = 0
9 x 2 12 x + 3 = 0
3x 2 4 x + 1 = 0
(3 x 1)( x 1) = 0

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 3.6

16. We can write the following system of equations.

y = 0.06 x 2 + 0.012 x + 8,

y = 0.912 x + 5.
By substituting 0.912x + 5 for y in the first
equation and then simplifying, we obtain

23. x = 1.46
Problems 3.6
1. Equating p-values gives
2
3
q+3 =
q + 11
100
100
5
q =8
100
q = 160

0.912 x + 5 = 0.06 x 2 + 0.012 x + 8

0 = 0.06 x 2 0.9 x + 3

0 = 0.06 x 2 15 x + 50

2
(160) + 3 = 6.2
100
The equilibrium point is (160, 6.2).

0 = 0.06(x 10)(x 5)
x = 10 or x = 5
If x = 10 then y = 14.12, and if x = 5 then
y = 9.56. The two holes are located at (10, 14.12)
and (5, 9.56).

p=

20

y = 2
17.
x
y = 2 x2

10

(160, 6.2)

100

200

2. Equating p-values gives

1
1
q+4=
q+9
1500
2000
7
q=5
6000
30, 000
5
q=
= 4285 4285.71
7
7
5
When q = 4285 , then
7
1
1
5
6
p=
q+4=
4285 + 4 = 6 6.86
1500
1500
7
7
5 6

The equilibrium point is 4285 , 6 .

7
7

x
5

The system has two solutions.

18. x = 2, y = 4
19. x = 1.3, y = 5.1
20. x = 1.9, y = 3.6; x = 0.3, y = 1.2;
x = 2.1, y = 8.3
21. x = 1.76
22. Write the equation as a system.
y = x +3

y = 1 x

p
10
6 6

4285 , 6
7 7

y
10

5000

10

According to the graph x =

q
10,000

3 + 17
.
2
129

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Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas, and Systems

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

(1)
35q 2 p + 250 = 0,
3.
65
q
+
p

537.5
=
0.
(2)

Multiplying Eq. (2) by 2 and adding equations

gives
165q 825 = 0
q=5
From Eq. (2),
65(5) + p 537.5 = 0
p = 212.50
Thus the equilibrium point is (5, 212.50).

7. Equating p-values gives 20 q = q + 10 .

(1)
246 p 3.25q 2460 = 0,
4.
(2)
410 p + 3q 14, 452.5 = 0.
Multiplying Eq. (1) by 3 and Eq. (2) by 3.25
gives
738 p 9.75q 7380 = 0,

1332.5 p + 9.75q 46,970.625 = 0.

Adding gives
2070.5p 54,350.625 = 0
54,350.625
p=
= 26.25
2070.5
From Eq. (2) in original system,
14, 452.5 410 p 14, 452.5 410(26.25)
q=
=
3
3
14, 452.5 10, 762.5 3690
=
=
= 1230
3
3
The equilibrium point is (1230, 26.25).

8. Equating p-values gives

2240
q
+6 =
4
q+2
(q + 24)(q + 2) = 2240(4)

5. Equating p-values:

9. Letting yTR = yTC gives 4q = 2q + 5000, or

q = 2500 units.

Squaring both sides gives

400 40q + q 2 = q + 10
q 2 41q + 390 = 0
(q 26)(q 15) = 0
Thus q = 26, 15. If q = 26, then
p = 20 q = 20 26 = 6. But p cannot be
negative. If q = 15, then p = 20 q = 20 15 = 5.
The equilibrium point is (15, 5).

q 2 + 26q + 48 = 8960
2

q + 26q 8912 = 0

q=

b b 2 4ac
2a

26 (26)2 4(1)(8912)
2(1)
q 82.29 or 108.29
q 0 so choose q 82.29.
82.29
+ 6 26.57.
Then p
4
The equilibrium point is (82.29, 26.57).
=

2q + 20 = 200 2q 2

TR

2q 2 + 2q 180 = 0

15,000

TC

q + q 90 = 0
(q + 10)(q 9) = 0
Thus q = 10, 9. Since q 0, choose q = 9.
Then p = 2q + 20 = 2(9) + 20 = 38. The
equilibrium point is (9, 38).

(2500, 10,000)

6. Equating p-values gives

5000

(q + 12)2 = 644 6q q 2

10. Letting yTR = yTC gives

q 2 + 24q + 144 = 644 6q q 2

2

2q + 30q 500 = 0

14q =

q 2 + 15q 250 = 0
(q 10)(q + 25) = 0
Thus q = 10, 25. Since q 0, choose q = 10.

40
q + 1200
3

2
q = 1200
3
q = 1800 units

Then p = (10 + 12) 2 = 222 = 484.

The equilibrium point is (10, 484).

130

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 3.6

30,000

a.
(1800, 25,200)

Subtracting Eq. (2) from Eq. (1) gives

300p + 3600 = 0
p = $12
20

p
S

1800 units
TC
TR
0

10

q
1000

2000
D

11. Letting yTR = yTC gives

0.02q = 0.5q + 30
0.48q = 30
q = 62.5, which is negative. Thus one cannot
break even at any level of production.

b.

Before the tax, the supply equation is

3q 200p + 1800 = 0
200p = 3q 1800
3
p=
q+9
200
After the tax, the supply equation is
3
p=
q + 9 + 0.27
200
3
p=
q + 9.27
200
This equation can be written
3q + 200p 1854 = 0, and the new system
to solve is
3q + 200 p 1854 = 0,

3q + 100 p 1800 = 0.
Adding gives
3654
300 p 3654 = 0 p =
= $12.18 .
300

16. a.

Letting yTR = yTC gives 8q = 7q + 500, or

q = 500 units. Thus p = 8(500) = 4000.

12. Letting yTR = yTC gives

0.25q = 0.16q + 360
0.09q = 360
q = 4000 units

900
= 1.1q + 37.3
q+3
90(q + 3) 900 = (1.1q + 37.3)(q + 3)

13. Letting yTR = yTC gives 90

90q + 270 900 = 1.1q 2 + 40.6q + 111.9

2

1.1q 49.4q + 741.9 = 0

q=
=

b b 2 4ac
2a
49.4 (49.4) 2 4(1.1)(741.9)

2(1.1)
49.4 824
=
2.2
There are no real solutions, therefore one cannot
break even at any level of production.

5000

14. Letting yTR = yTC gives

(500, 4000)

0.1q 2 + 9q = 3q + 400

2500
TC

0.1q 2 + 6q 400 = 0

TR

q 2 + 60q 4000 = 0
(q + 100)(q 40) = 0
Thus q = 100, 40. Since q 0, choose
q = 40 units.
3q 200 p + 1800 = 0,
15.
3q + 100 p 1800 = 0.

q
1000

500

q
0

b.

(1)

400

800

The new total cost equation is

yTC = 1.04(7q + 500)
yTC = 7.28q + 520

(2)

Letting yTR = yTC gives

8q = 7.28q + 520
0.72q = 520
q = 722.2 or 723 units
131

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Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas, and Systems

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

At the break-even point,

Total Revenue = Total cost, or
2.63q = 0.85q + 0.96q + 0.32q + 70,500
Solving for q gives
2.63q = 2.13q + 70,500 or 0.5q = 70,500
q = 141,000

17. Since profit = total revenue total cost, then

4600 = 8.35q (2116 + 7.20q). Solving gives
4600 = 1.15q 2116
1.15q = 6716
6716
q=
= 5840 units
1.15
For a loss (negative profit) of $1150, we solve
1150 = 8.35q (2116 + 7.20q). Thus
1150 = 1.15q 2116
1.15q = 966
q = 840 units
To break even, we have yTR = yTC , or
8.35q = 2116 + 7.20q
1.15q = 2116
q = 1840 units

3q + 2 = 5 q

21. a.
2

9q + 12q + 4 = 25q
9q 2 13q + 4 = 0
(9q 4)(q 1) = 0
The break-even points for q are
b.

4
and 1.
9

p
8

18. For the supply equation we fit the points (0, 1)

and (13,500, 4.50) to a straight line. We have
7

4.50 1
3.5
7
=
= 2 =
,
13,500 0 13,500 13,500 27, 000
so the line is
7
p 1 =
(q 0)
27, 000
27,000(p 1) = 7q
7q 27,000p + 27,000 = 0
For the demand equation, we fit the points
(0, 20) and (13,500, 4.50) to a straight line. We
have

(1, 5)

m=

4 10
,
9 3

q
0

Maximum profit occurs in the interval

4
, 1 .
9
22. p =

31

4.50 20
15.5
=
= 2
13,500 0
13,500
13,500
31
=
, so the line is
27, 000
31
p 20 =
(q 0)
27, 000
27,000(p 20) = 31q
31q + 27,000p 540,000 = 0

1000
q

m=

19. Let q = break-even quantity. Since total revenue

is 5q, we have 5q = 200,000, which yields
q = 40,000. Let c be the variable cost per unit.
Then at the break even point,
Tot. Rev. = Tot. Cost
= Variable Cost + Fixed Cost.
Thus
200,000 = 40,000c + 40,000
160,000 = 40,000c
c = $4.

a.

4=

1000
1000
gives q =
= 250 units
q
4

b.

2=

1000
1000
gives q =
= 500 units
q
2

c.

0.50 =

1000
1000
gives q =
= 2000 units
q
0.50

1000
The revenue is qp = q
= 1000 , so
q
revenue of $1000 is received regardless of price.
23. After the subsidy the supply equation is
8

p=
q + 50 1.50
100

8
q + 48.50
100
The system to consider is
p=

20. Let q = number of pairs sold.

Total Revenue = 2.63q
Total Cost = 0.85q + 0.96q + 0.32q + 70,500
132

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Chapter 3 Review

p = 100 q + 48.50,

p = 7 q + 65.

100
Equating p-values gives
8
7
q + 48.50 =
q + 65
100
100
15
q = 16.5
100
q = 110
When q = 110, then
8
8
p=
q + 48.50 =
(110) + 48.50
100
100
= 8.8 + 48.50 = 57.30 .
Thus the original equilibrium price decreases by
$0.70.
24. a.

b.

26. p = q 2 10, p =

20
, q > 3.2
q2

p
10
(4.3, 8.6)

q
0

10

According to the graph, the equilibrium quantity

is 4.3 thousand units at 8.6 dollars per unit.
27. 2.4 and 11.3
Chapter 3 Review Problems

Profit = Total Revenue Total Cost

= 280,000(2.00) [110,000 + 280,000(1.75)]
= 560,000 600,000 = 40,000.
There is a net loss of $40,000.

1. Solving

k 5
= 4 gives k 5 = 4, k = 9.
3 2

2. The equation

Let q = unit sales volume. Then

40,000 = 2.00q [110,000 + 1.75q]
150,000 = 0.25q
q = 600,000 units

number k 5.

44
= 0 is true for any real
5k

3. (2, 3) and (0, 1) lie on the line, so

1 3
m=
= 2. Slope-intercept form:
0 (2)

25. Equating qA -values gives

7 pA + pB = 3 + 4 pA 2 pB
10 = 5 pA 3 pB
Equating qB -values gives
21 + pA pB = 5 2 pA + 4 pB
26 = 3 pA + 5 pB
Now we solve
10 = 5 pA 3 pB
26 = 3 p + 5 p
A
B

Adding 3 times the first equation to 5 times the

second equation gives
160 = 16 pB
pB = 10
From 5 pA 3 pB = 10, 5 pA 3(10) = 10 or

y = mx + b y = 2x 1. A general form:
2x + y + 1 = 0.
4. Slope of y = 3x 4 is m = 3, so slope of parallel
line is also m = 3. Thus
y (1) = 3[x (1)]
y + 1 = 3x + 3,
Slope-intercept form: y = 3x + 2. General form:
3x y + 2 = 0.
5. y 3 = 3( x 8)
y 3 = 3x 24
y = 3x 21,
which is slope-intercept form.
y = 3x 21
y = 3x + 21
3x y 21 = 0,
which is a general form.

pA = 8.
Thus pA = 8 and pB = 10.

6. Slope of a vertical line is undefined, so slopeintercept form does not exist. An equation of the
vertical line is x = 3. General form: x 3 = 0.

133

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Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas, and Systems

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

1
11

13. x 3 = 2(y + 4) or y = x has slope

2
2

1
m1 = , and y = 4x + 2 has slope m2 = 4 . Since
2
1
, the lines are neither
m1 m2 and m1
m2
parallel nor perpendicular to each other.
2
4

14. 2x + 7y 4 = 0 or y = x + has slope

7
7

2
m1 = , and 6x + 21y = 90
7
2
30
2

or y = x + has slope m2 = . Since

7
7
7

m1 = m2 , the lines are parallel.

7. Slope of a horizontal line is 0. Thus

y 4 = 0[x (2)]
y 4 = 0,
so slope-intercept form is y = 4. A general form
is y 4 = 0.

5
7
5

8. 3y + 5x = 7 or y = x has slope . Thus

3
3
3

3
the line perpendicular to it has slope and its
5
3
3
13
equation is y 2 = ( x 1) , or y = x + .
5
5
5
A general form is 3x + 5y 13 = 0.
5

9. The line 2y + 5x = 2 or y = x + 1 has slope

2

5
2
, so the line perpendicular to it has slope .
2
5
Since the y-intercept is 3, the equation is
2
y = x 3. A general form is 2x 5y 15 = 0.
5

15. y = 5x + 2 has slope 5, and 10x 2y = 3

3

or y = 5 x has slope 5. Since m1 = m2 , the

2

lines are parallel.

16. y = 7x has slope m1 = 7 , and y = 7 has slope

1
, the
m2
lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular.
17. 3x 2y = 4
2y = 3x + 4
3
y = x2
2
3
m=
2

13 7 6
= = 3, so an equation
42 2
of the line is y 7 = 3(x 2). If x = 3, then
y 7 = 3(3 2)
y7 = 3
y = 10
Thus (3, 11) does not lie on the line.

m2 = 0 . Since m1 m2 and m1

10. The line has slope

In Problems 1116, m1 = slope of first line, and

m2 = slope of second line.

1
1

11. x + 4y + 2 = 0 or y = x has slope

4
2

1
m1 = and 8x 2y 2 = 0 (or y = 4x 1) has
4
1
, the lines are
slope m2 = 4 . Since m1 =
m2
perpendicular to each other.
12. y 2 = 2(x 1) (or y = 2x) has slope m1 = 2 , and

x
2

4
3

18. x = 3y + 4
3y = x + 4
1
4
y = x+
3
3
1
m=
3

1
3

2x + 4y 3 = 0 or y = x + has slope
2
4

1
1
, the lines are
m2 = . Since m1 =
m2
2
perpendicular.

134

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Chapter 3 Review

22. s = g (t ) = 5 3t + t 2 has the quadratic form

g (t ) = at 2 + bt + c , where a = 1, b = 3, c = 5.

4
3

Vertex:

b
3 3
=
=
2a
2(1) 2
2

19. 4 3y = 0
3y = 4
4
y=
3
m=0
5

11
3
3 3
g = 5 3 + =
2
2
2
4


3 11
Vertex = ,
2 4
s-intercept: c = 5
t-intercepts: Because the parabola opens upward
(a > 0) and the vertex is above the t-axis, there is
no t-intercept.

4
3

x
5
t
6

20. 3x 5 y = 0
5 y = 3 x
3
y= x
5
3
m=
5

23. y = f ( x) = 9 x 2 has the quadratic form

f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c , where a = 1, b = 0 and
c = 9.
0
b
Vertex:
=
=0
2a
2(1)

y
5

f (0) = 9 02 = 9
Vertex = (0, 9)
y-intercept: c = 9
x-intercepts: 9 x 2 = (3 x)(3 + x) = 0 , so
x = 3, 3.

x
5

10

y
(0, 9)

21. y = f(x) = 17 5x has the linear form

f(x) = ax + b, where a = 5 and b = 17.
Slope = 5; y-intercept (0, 17).
y
25
3

3
5

x
5

135

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Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas, and Systems

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

27. p = g(t) = 7t has the linear form g(t) = at + b,

where a = 7 and b = 0.
Slope = 7; p-intercept (0, 0)

24. y = f(x) = 3x 7 has the linear form f(x) = ax + b,

where a = 3, b = 7.
Slope = 3; y-intercept (0, 7)
2

p
10

x
5

t
5

25. y = h(t ) = 3 + 2t + t 2 has the quadratic form

28. y = F ( x) = (2 x 1)2 = 4 x 2 4 x + 1 has the

h(t ) = at + bt + c, where a = 1, b = 2, and

c = 3.
2
b
Vertex:
=
= 1
2a
2(1)

quadratic form F ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c , where

a = 4, b = 4, c = 1.
b
4 1
Vertex:
=
=
2a
24 2

h(1) = 3 + 2(1) + (1)2 = 2

1 1
F = 2 1 = 0
2 2

Vertex = (1, 2)
y-intercept: c = 3

1
Vertex = , 0
2
y-intercept: c = 1

Since 3 + 2t + t 2 > 0 for all t, there are no

t-intercepts.
20

x-intercepts: (2 x 1)2 = 0 , so x =
y

t
10

26. y = k(t) = 3 3t has the linear form

k(t) = at + b, where a = 3, b = 3.
Slope = 3, y-intercept (0, 3)
5

1
2

1
2

29. y = F ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 3 = x 2 2 x 3 has

the quadratic form F ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c , where

a = 1, b = 2, and c = 3
b
2
=
= 1
Vertex:
2a
2(1)

t
5

F (1) = (1) 2 + 2(1) + 3 = 2

Vertex = (1, 2)
y-intercept: c = 3
x-intercepts: Because the parabola opens
downward (a < 0) and the vertex is below the
x-axis, there is no x-intercept.

136

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Chapter 3 Review

2 x + 4 y = 8 (1)
34.
3x + 6 y = 12 (2)
Multiplying Eq. (1) by 3 and Eq. (2) by 2 gives
6 x + 12 y = 24
6 x 12 y = 24.

Adding gives 0 = 0. Thus, the equations are

equivalent. From EQ. (1), x = 2y + 4. Letting
y = r gives the parametric solution x = 2r + 4,
y = r, where r is any real number.

2
x
1

5
2
3

30. y = f ( x) = 5 x + 2 has the linear form

f(x) = ax + b, where a = 5, b = 2.
Slope = 5; y-intercept (0, 2)

1
1
2 x 3 y = 2 (1)
35.
3 x + 1 y = 3 (2)
4
2
Multiplying Eq. 1 by 6 and Eq. 2 by 4 gives
3 x + 2 y = 12 (3)
3 x + 2 y = 12 (4)

Adding gives 4y = 0 or y = 0. From Eq. (3),

3x + 2(0) = 12 3x = 12 or x = 4.
Thus, x = 4, y = 0.

y
10

x
10

2 x y = 6,
31.
3 x + 2 y = 5.

(1)

1
1
1
3 x 4 y = 12 ,
36.
4 x + 3y = 5 .
3
3

(2)

From Eq. (1), y = 2x 6. Substituting in Eq. (2)

gives
3x + 2(2x 6) = 5
7x 12 = 5, 7x = 17
17
17
8
y = 2x 6 = 2 6 = .
x=
7
7
7
17
8
Thus x =
, y= .
7
7

8 x 4 y = 7,
32.
y = 2 x 4.

(1)
(2)

Multiplying Eq. (1) by 4 gives

1
4
3 x + y = 3 ,

4 x + 3y = 5 .
3
3
4
1
Adding gives 4 y = y = . From Eq. (2),
3
3
4
1 5
x + 3 =
3
3 3

(1)
(2)

Replacing y by 2x 4 in Eq. (1) gives

8x 4(2x 4) = 7
16 = 7, which is never true.
There is no solution.

4
2
x=
3
3
1
x=
2

7 x + 5 y = 5
33.
6 x + 5 y = 3
Subtracting the second equation from the first
equation gives x = 2. Then 7(2) + 5y = 5, or
9
9
5y = 9, so y = . Thus x = 2, y = .
5
5

Thus x =

1
1
, y= .
2
3

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Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas, and Systems

3 x 2 y + z = 2,

37. 2 x + y + z = 1,
x + 3 y z = 3.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

From Eq. (2), y = 3 x 2 . Substituting in Eq. (1)

gives

(1)
(2)
(3)

x 2 (3 x 2 ) + 5 x = 2
2 x2 + 5x 5 = 0

Subtracting Eq. (2) from Eq. (1) and adding Eq.

(2) to Eq. (3) gives
x 3 y = 3,

3 x + 4 y = 4.
Multiplying the first equation by 3 gives
3x + 9 y = 9,

3 x + 4 y = 4.
Adding the first equation to the second gives
13y = 13
y=1
From the equation x 3y = 3, we get
x 3(1) = 3
x=0
From 3x 2y + z = 2, we get
3(0) 2(1) + z = 2
z=0
Thus x = 0, y = 1, z = 0.

x=

5 52 4(2)(5)
2(2)
5 65
=
4
=

5 + 65
, then
4
5 65
21 + 5 65
, then
y=
; if x =
4
8

Since y = 3 x 2 , if x =

21 5 65
.
8
Thus, the two solutions are
5 + 65
21 + 5 65
x=
, y=
, and
4
8
y=

2 x + 3 y + x = 9

3
38.
5 x+2 y
y + 4 = 7
simplifies to
7 x + 3 y = 27 (1)
5 x + 6 y = 28 (2)

x=

5 65
21 5 65
, y=
.
4
8

y=
(1)
40.
x+2
x + y 2 = 0
(2)
From Eq. (2), y = x + 2. Substituting into Eq.
(1), we have
3
x + 2 =
x+2
( x + 2)( x + 2) = 3

Multiplying Eq. (1) by 2 gives

14 x 6 y = 54
5 x + 6 y = 28

Adding the equations gives

9 x = 26
26
x=
9
Multiplying Eq. (1) by 5 and Eq. (2) by 7 gives
35 x 15 y = 135
35 x + 42 y = 196

Adding the equations gives

27 y = 61
61
y=
27
26
61
Thus, x =
, y=
.
9
27
x 2 y + 5 x = 2,
39.
2
x + y = 3.

b b 2 4ac
2a

x2 + 4 3 = 0
x2 + 1 = 0
x2 = 1
x = 1
From y = x + 2, if x = 1, y = 1; if x = 1, y = 3.
The two solutions are x = 1, y = 1 and x = 1,
y = 3.
(1)
x + 2 z = 2,
41.
+
+
=
x
y
z
5.
(2)

From Eq. (1) we have x = 2 2z. Substituting

in Eq. (2) gives 2 2z + y + z = 5, so y = 7 + z.
Letting z = r gives the parametric solution
x = 2 2r, y = 7 + r, z = r, where r is any real
number.

(1)
(2)

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

x + y + z = 0,

42. x y + z = 0,
x + z = 0.

Chapter 3 Review

3
a 0 = (b + 3)
2
2a = 3b 9
2a + 3b + 9 = 0
3
3
When b = 3, a = (3 + 3) = (6) = 9.
2
2

(1)
(2)
(3)

Subtracting Eq. (3) from both Eqs. (1) and (2)

gives
y = 0,

y = 0,
x + z = 0.

46. a.

The first two equations state that y = 0, and the

third implies that x = z. Letting z = r gives the
parametric solution x = r, y = 0, z = r, where r is
any real number.

x y z = 0,
43.
2 x 2 y + 3z = 0.

b.

(1)
(2)

If T = 27, then
r = 14T 298 = 14(27) 298 = 80.

47. Slope is

Multiplying Eq. (1) by 2 gives

2 x + 2 y + 2 z = 0,

2 x 2 y + 3z = 0.
Adding the first equation to the second gives
2 x + 2 y + 2 z = 0,

5 z = 0.
From the second equation, z = 0. Substituting in
Eq. (1) gives x y 0 = 0, so x = y. Letting y = r
gives the parametric solution x = r, y = r, z = 0,
where r is any real number.

2 x 5 y + 6 z = 1,
44.
4 x 10 y + 12 z = 2.

r = 206 when T = 36; r = 122 when T = 30.

r r
122 206 84
=
= 14
Thus m = 2 1 =
T2 T1
30 36
6
r 206 = 14(T 36)
r = 14T 298

4
4
f ( x) = ax + b = x + b . Since
3
3

f(1) = 5,
4
5 = (1) + b
3
19
b=
3
Thus f ( x) =

4
19
x+
.
3
3

58
3
=
= 1 . Thus
2 (1)
3
f(x) = ax + b = x + b. Since f(2) = 5,
5 = 2 + b
b=7
Thus f(x) = x + 7.

48. The slope of f is

(1)
(2)

Multiplying Eq. (1) by 2 gives

4 x + 10 y 12 z = 2,

4 x 10 y + 12 z = 2.
Adding the first equation to the second gives
4 x + 10 y 12 z = 2,

0 = 0.
Solving the first equation for x, we have
1 5
x = + y 3z . Letting y = r and z = s gives
2 2
1 5
the parametric solution x = + r 3s , y = r,
2 2
z = s, where r and s are any real numbers.

49. r = pq = (200 2q)q = 200q 2q 2 , which is a

quadratic function with a = 2, b = 200, c = 0.
Since a < 0, r has a maximum value when
b
200
q=
=
= 50 units. If q = 50, then
2a
4
r = [200 2(50)](50) = $5000.
50. Let p1 and p2 be the prices (in dollars) of the
two items, respectively, before the tax. The
difference in prices is p1 p2 = 2.00. After the

tax, the prices are 1.07 p1 and 1.07 p2 , so their

difference is 1.07 p1 1.07 p2 , or 3.10.
This gives the system
p1 p2 = 2.00 (1)

1.07 p 1.07 p = 3.10 (2)

1
2

45. a = 0 when b = 3; a = 3 when b = 5

30
3
3
m=
=
=
5 (3) 2
2
Thus an equation relating a and b is

Multiplying Eq. (1) by 1.07 gives

139

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Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas, and Systems

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

1.07 p1 + 1.07 p2 = 2.14

1.07 p 1.07 p = 3.10
1
2

Adding gives 0 = 0.96, which indicates that the

system does not have a solution. Thus the
scenario is not possible.

55. Equating L-values gives

0.0042
0.0378
= 0.0005 +
0.0183
p
p
0.042
0.0178 =
p
0.0178 p = 0.042
p 2.36
The equilibrium pollution level is about 2.36
tons per square kilometer.

120 p q 240 = 0,
51.
100 p + q 1200 = 0.
Adding gives 220p 1440 = 0, or
1440
p=
6.55.
220
52. a.

56. x = 12, y = 4
57. x = 7.29, y = 0.78

R = aL + b. If L = 0, then R = 1310. Thus we

have 1310 = 0 L + b, or b = 1310. So
R = aL + 1310. Since R = 1460 when L = 2,
1460 = a(2) + 1310
150 = 2a
a = 75
Thus R = 75L + 1310.

b.

If L = 1, then
R = 75(1) + 1310 = 1385 milliseconds.

c.

Since R = 75L + 1310, the slope is 75. The

slope gives the change in R for each 1-unit
increase in L. Thus the time necessary to
travel from one level to the next level is 75
milliseconds.

58. x = 3.02, y = 0.14

59. x = 0.75, y = 1.43
60. x = 2.68
Explore and ExtendChapter 3
1. P1 (1351) = 39.99 + 0.45(1351 450)
= 445.44
P* (1351) = 99.99

He loses $445.44 $99.99 = $345.45 by using

P1.
2. The graph shows that P2 and P3 intersect when
the second branch of P2 crosses the first branch

53. yTR = 16q ; yTC = 8q + 10, 000 . Letting

of P3 . Thus
59.99 + 0.40(t 900) = 79.99
t = 950
P2 is best for usage between 494.44 and 950
minutes.

yTR = yTC gives

16q = 8q + 10,000
8q = 10,000
q = 1250
If q = 1250, then yTR = 16(1250) = 20,000 .
Thus the break-even point is (1250, 20,000) or
1250 units, $20,000.

3. The graph shows that P3 and P4 intersect when

the second branch of P3 crosses the first branch

of P4 . Thus
79.99 + 0.35(t 1350) = 99.99
t 1407.14
P3 is best for usage between 950 and
1407.14 minutes.

54. C = aF + b. The points (32, 0) and (212, 100) lie

on the graph of the function. Thus its slope is
100 0 100 5
5
=
= , so C = F + b . Since
212 32 180 9
9
5
C = 0 when F = 32, 0 = (32) + b , so
9
160
5
160
b=
. Thus C = F
or
9
9
9
5
C = ( F 32) . When
9
5
5
F = 50, then C = (50 32) = (18) = 10 .
9
9
140

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.