Introduction To FPS

FLUID POWER SYSTEM
T.MOHANRAJ
AP/MTS/KEC
Introduction
Fluid power is the technology that deals with the
generation, control and transmission of forces and
movement of mechanical element or system with the use of
pressurized fluids in a confined system
Fluid power system includes a hydraulic system (hydra
meaning water in Greek) and a pneumatic system (pneuma
meaning air in Greek)
-contd..
Fluid
system
Fluid power
system
hydraulics
Fluid transport
system
pneumatics
-contd..
Fluid transport systems
The delivery of a fluid from one location to another to
accomplish some useful purpose
Examples include pumping stations for pumping water to
homes, cross-country gas lines, etc
Fluid power systems
designed to perform work
work is obtained by pressurized fluid acting directly on a
fluid cylinder or a fluid motor.
A cylinder produces a force resulting in linear motion,
whereas a fluid motor produces a torque resulting in rotary
motion
Advantages of a Fluid Power System

Fluid power systems are simple, easy to operate and can be
controlled accurately
Multiplication and variation of forces
Multifunction control
Low-speed torque
Constant force or torque
Economical
Low weight to power ratio
Fluid power systems can be used where safety is of vital
importance
Disadvantages of a Fluid Power System

Hydraulic oils are messy and leakage is impossible to
eliminate
Hydraulic lines may burst, resulting in injuries to people
due to high speed oil jets
Noise (emanating from pumps)
Fire accident due to leakage of hydraulic oil in the hot area
of the equipment
Applications of Fluid Power System

Agriculture
Automation
Automobiles
Fabrication industry
Machine tools
Materials handling etc
Basic Components of a Hydraulic System
-contd..
Tank
Pump
Valves
DCV
PCV
FCV
Actuator
Cylinder
Motor
Piping
Filter
External power supply
Basic Components of a Pneumatic System
-contd..
Compressor
storage reservoir
FRL
Valves
DCV
PCV
FCV
External power supply

piping system
Actuator
Comparison between Hydraulic and Pneumatic

Systems
Hydraulic System
Pneumatic System
It employs a pressurized liquid

as a fluid
It employs a compressed gas, usually

air, as a fluid
An oil hydraulic system operates at

pressures up to 700 bar
A pneumatic system usually operates

at 510 bar
Generally designed as closed system
Usually designed as open system
The system slows down when leakage

occurs
Leakage does not affect the system

much
Heavier in weight
Lighter in weight
Pumps are used to provide

pressurized liquids
Compressors are used to provide

compressed gases
The system is unsafe to fire hazards
The system is free from fire hazards
Automatic lubrication is provided
Special arrangements (FRL) for lubrication

are needed
Practical Applications of Pascals Law

Hand-Operated Hydraulic Jack
Air-to-Hydraulic Pressure Booster
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

Positive displacement pumps physically entrap a quantity of liquid at the suction of the
pump and push that quantity out the discharge of the pump.
A definite volume of liquid is delivered for each cycle of pump operation.
The positive displacement pump delivers liquid in separate volumes with no delivery in
between,
Positive displacement pumps can be grouped into three basic categories based on their
design and operation. The three groups are reciprocating pumps, rotary pumps, and
diaphragm pumps.
HYDRAULIC PUMPS
The function of a pump is to convert mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy. It is the heart of any hydraulic system because it generates the force
necessary to move the load.
Classification based on displacement:
Non-positive displacement pumps (hydrodynamic pumps).
Positive displacement pumps (hydrostatic pumps).
Classification based on delivery:

Constant delivery pumps.
Variable delivery pumps.
Classification based on motion:
Rotary pump.
Reciprocating pump.
Pumping Theory
Pumping Theory
A positive displacement hydraulic pump is a device used for
converting mechanical energy into hydraulic energy

It creates a partial vacuum at the pump inlet port. This vacuum
enables atmospheric pressure to force the fluid from the reservoir into
the pump.
The mechanical action of the pump traps this fluid within the
pumping cavities, transports it through the pump and forces it into
the hydraulic system
Suction stroke: As the piston moves to the left, a partial vacuum is
created in the pump chamber that holds the outlet valve in place
against its seat and induces flow from the reservoir that is at a higher
(atmospheric) pressure.
Delivery stroke: When the piston moves to the right, the resistance at
the valves causes an immediate increase in the pressure that forces the
inlet valve against its seat and opens the outlet valve thereby
permitting the fluid to flow into the system.
Gear Pumps
Gear pumps are invariably of fixed displacement type,
which means that the amount of fluid displaced for each
revolution of the drive shaft is theoretically constant.
External Gear Pumps
Internal Gear Pumps
Gerotor Pumps
Lobe Pumps
Screw Pumps
External Gear Pumps

It consist of a pump housing in which a pair of precisely machined
meshing gears runs with minimal radial and axial clearance
One of the gear, called a driver, is driven by a prime mover. The
driver drives another gear called a follower
As the teeth of the two gears separate, the fluid from the pump
inlet gets trapped between the rotating gear cavities and pump
housing
The trapped fluid is then carried around the periphery of the
pump casing and delivered to outlet port.
When the outlet flow is resisted, pressure in the pump outlet
chamber builds up rapidly & forces the gear diagonally outward
against the pump inlet.
When the system pressure increases, imbalance occurs. imbalance
increases mechanical friction & the bearing load of the two gears.
External Gear Pumps
Advantages
1.They are self-priming.
2.They give constant delivery for a given speed.
3. They are compact and light in weight.
4. Volumetric efficiency is high.
Disadvantages
1. The liquid to be pumped must be clean, otherwise it will
damage pump.
2. Variable speed drives are required to change the delivery.
3. If they run dry, parts can be damaged because the fluid to
be pumped is used as lubricant
Internal Gear Pumps

They consist of two gears: An external gear and an internal gear.
The crescent placed in between these acts as a seal between the
suction and discharge
When a pump operates, the external gear drives the internal gear
and both gears rotate in the same direction.
The fluid fills the cavities formed by the rotating teeth and the
stationary crescent.
Both the gears transport the fluid through the pump. The
crescent seals the low-pressure pump inlet from the highpressure pump outlet.
Internal Gear Pumps
Internal Gear Pumps

Delivery
Drive Gear
Driven Gear
Inlet
Cam
Gerotor Pumps
Similar to internal gear pump & inner gear rotor Gerotor
element
- Gerotor element is driven by a prime mover & during the
operation drives outer gear rotor around as they mesh together
Gerotor has one tooth less than
the outer internal idler gear
The teeth of the two elements
engage at just one place to seal
the pumping chambers from
each other
Lobe Pumps
similar to that of external gear pump
higher volumetric capacity per revolution
Lobe pumps, unlike external gear pumps, have both elements
externally driven and neither element has any contact with the
other
For this reason, they are quieter when compared to other types
of gear pumps
Advantages
1. Lobe pumps can handle solids, slurries, pastes and many liquid.
2. No metal-to-metal contact.
3. Superior CIP(Cleaning in Place) /SIP(Sterilization in Place)
capabilities.
4. Long-term dry run (with lubrication to seals).
5. Non-pulsating discharge.
Lobe Pump
Screw Pumps
Two or more gear-driven helical meshing screws in a close fitting case

to develop the desired pressure

A two-screw pump consists of two parallel rotors with inter-meshing
threads rotating in a closely machined casing.
The driving screw and driven screw are connected by means of
timing gears
As the screws rotate, the inlet side of the pump is flooded with
hydraulic fluid because of partial vacuum.
When the screws turn in normal rotation, the fluid contained in
these compartments is pushed uniformly along the axis toward the
center of the pump, where the compartments discharge the fluid.
Here the fluid does not rotate but moves linearly as a nut on threads.
Thus, there are no pulsations at a higher speed; it is a very quiet
operating pump
Advantages
1. self-priming and more reliable.
2. quiet due to rolling action of screw spindles.
3. can handle liquids containing gases and vapor.
4. long service life.
Disadvantages
1.bulky and heavy.
2. sensitive to viscosity changes of the fluid.
3. low volumetric and mechanical efficiencies.
4. Manufacturing cost of precision screw is high.

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FLUID POWER SYSTEM

Advantages of a Fluid Power System

Disadvantages of a Fluid Power System

Applications of Fluid Power System

Basic Components of a Hydraulic System

Basic Components of a Pneumatic System

External power supply

Comparison between Hydraulic and Pneumatic

It employs a pressurized liquid

It employs a compressed gas, usually

An oil hydraulic system operates at

A pneumatic system usually operates

Generally designed as closed system

Usually designed as open system

The system slows down when leakage

Leakage does not affect the system

Pumps are used to provide

Compressors are used to provide

The system is unsafe to fire hazards

The system is free from fire hazards

Automatic lubrication is provided

Special arrangements (FRL) for lubrication

Practical Applications of Pascals Law

Air-to-Hydraulic Pressure Booster

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

A definite volume of liquid is delivered for each cycle of pump operation.

Classification based on delivery:

converting mechanical energy into hydraulic energy

External Gear Pumps

External Gear Pumps

Internal Gear Pumps

Internal Gear Pumps

Internal Gear Pumps

to develop the desired pressure

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