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    Ship Propulsion

    Uploaded by

    Putika Appha
    The document discusses solving a simple ordinary differential equation (ODE) that models the Navier-Stokes equations. It contains the following key points: 1) An ODE involving a small parameter ε is presented and its exact solution is obtained. 2) An "outer solution" is obtained by neglecting the ε term, which is a good approximation except near x=0. 3) Near x=0, the solution varies rapidly due to the large second derivative term, even for small ε. 4) A variable transformation is introduced to obtain a uniformly valid approximation for all ε.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Ship Propulsion

    Uploaded by

    Putika Appha
    49 views8 pages
    The document discusses solving a simple ordinary differential equation (ODE) that models the Navier-Stokes equations. It contains the following key points: 1) An ODE involving a small parameter ε is presented and its exact solution is obtained. 2) An "outer solution" is obtained by neglecting the ε term, which is a good approximation except near x=0. 3) Near x=0, the solution varies rapidly due to the large second derivative term, even for small ε. 4) A variable transformation is introduced to obtain a uniformly valid approximation for all ε.

    Original Description:

    assignment

    Original Title

    ship propulsion

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    The document discusses solving a simple ordinary differential equation (ODE) that models the Navier-Stokes equations. It contains the following key points: 1) An ODE involving a small parameter ε is presented and its exact solution is obtained. 2) An "outer solution" is obtained by neglecting the ε term, which is a good approximation except near x=0. 3) Near x=0, the solution varies rapidly due to the large second derivative term, even for small ε. 4) A variable transformation is introduced to obtain a uniformly valid approximation for all ε.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    49 views8 pages

    Ship Propulsion

    Uploaded by

    Putika Appha
    The document discusses solving a simple ordinary differential equation (ODE) that models the Navier-Stokes equations. It contains the following key points: 1) An ODE involving a small parameter ε is presented and its exact solution is obtained. 2) An "outer solution" is obtained by neglecting the ε term, which is a good approximation except near x=0. 3) Near x=0, the solution varies rapidly due to the large second derivative term, even for small ε. 4) A variable transformation is introduced to obtain a uniformly valid approximation for all ε.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 8

    To students

    As I explained in the class, the first assignment is very simple example of the
    parameter dependency. If you change the small parameter, you can predict the
    solution for new parameter. It is related to the scale effect on wake distribution
    or resistance.
    is appear in the highest derivative term in the following ODE. It is the very
    simple model for NS equations.

    d 2 y dy
    y 0
    dx 2 dx

    (1)

    (2)

    y (0) 0

    y (1)

    We can get the exact solution very easily for this problem.

    y C1e

    1 1 4
    x
    2

    C2 e

    1 1 4
    x
    2

    (3)

    From the boundary condition,

    C1 C2 0
    1
    C1e
    e

    1 1 4
    2

    (4)

    C2 e

    1 1 4
    2

    (5)

    So, we can get the following value. You can see the values and figures in the
    attached excel file.

    C1

    1
    e

    1
    e

    1 1 4
    2

    1 1 4
    2

    , C2 C1

    (6)

    Outer
    solution y=e-x

    1
    y
    0.8

    -x

    0.6

    1
    y
    0.8
    0.6

    0.4

    0.4

    =0.005
    =0.01
    =0.02

    0.2
    0
    0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.2

    0.6

    0.8

    x
    1

    0
    0

    =0.005
    =0.01
    =0.02
    x
    0.2

    0.1

    Fig.1 Exact solution and outer solution (the solution of the equation without 2 nd
    derivative
    If we neglect the 2nd derivative term due to small parameter and we use the
    boundary condition x=1

    dy
    y0
    dx

    y (1)

    1
    e

    y e x

    (7)

    (8)

    It shows very good solution except for in the region around x=0. At x=0, the
    solution cannot satisfy the boundary condition. The figure shows that the
    solution changes very rapidly near x=0. So, we can think that even is very
    small, we have large 2nd derivative term near x=0.
    We expand the coordinate as follows

    d 2 y 1 dy
    d 2 y dy

    y 0
    2 d 2 d
    d 2 d

    (9)

    (10)

    So, we can have 2nd order derivative term has similar order of magnitude near

    x=0.

    d 2 y dy

    0
    d 2 d

    (11)

    Approximate equation(11) does not have parameter, so we have just one


    approximate solution for any.
    Uniformly valid solution
    yinner solutionouter solutioncommon part
    common part = behavior of the outer solution near x=0 using inner valuable.
    Please use this idea to predict the solution for different parameter.
    Please predict the solution for =0.02 from the solution for =0.05.
    Use the exact solution of 0.05 and calculate the outer solution at each x.
    You can predict the inner solution
    yin=yexp-youtyout(0)
    Now, if is same, your inner solution for any is same.
    So, you can predict the solution
    ypred=yinyout-yout(0)
    Yout should be calculated at new x. New x is calculated by x=new*

    Dead line October 31st ,2016


    Send report through [email protected]

    Appendix

    1 4 1 2 2 2 4 3 10 4 O( 5 )

    1 1 4
    1 2 2 5 3 O( 4 )
    2
    1 1 4
    1
    1 2 2 5 3 O( 4 )
    2

    C1

    1
    e

    1
    e

    1 1 4
    2

    : e 1
    1

    1 1 4
    2

    e
    1

    e e e
    2
    1
    : e e : (1 2 )(1 2 )
    2
    5
    : 1 2 O( 3 )
    2
    e e e

    y C1e

    1 1 4
    x
    2

    C2 e

    x x 2 x

    : C1e e

    1 1 4
    x
    2

    C2 e

    1
    x
    x x 2x

    ee e

    5
    1
    : (1 2 )(1 x 2 x 2 )(1 2 2 x)e x
    2
    2
    1
    5
    : e x (1 x)e x 2 ( x 2 3 x )e x O( 3 )
    2
    2

    y C1e

    1 1 4

    2
    2

    C2 e
    3

    1 1 4

    2
    2

    : C1e e e C2 e e e e
    5
    1
    : (1 2 )(1 2 2 )(1 2 2 )
    2
    2
    5
    1
    (1 2 )(1 2 2 )(1 2 2 )e
    2
    2
    5
    1
    5
    1
    : 1 e (1 ) (1 )e 2 ( 2 2 ) ( 2 2 )e O( 3 )
    2
    2
    2
    2

    1
    5
    y : e x (1 x)e x 2 ( x 2 3x )e x O ( 3 )
    2
    2
    1
    5
    e (1 )e 2 ( 2 2 3 )e
    2
    2
    1
    5

    : (1 2 2 ) 1 2 ( )
    2
    2

    1
    5
    : 1 (1 ) 2 ( 2 2 ) O( 3 )
    2
    2

    y h0 ( x ) h1 ( x) 2 h2 ( x)
    x : fixed

    (h0 '' h1 '' 2 h2 '')+h0 ' h1 ' 2 h2 '+h0 h1 2 h2 =0


    0
    h0 ' h0 0
    h1 ' h1 h0 ''
    h2 ' h2 h1 ''

    x0

    0 y (0) h0 (0) h1 (0) 2 h0 (0) O( 3 )

    x 1

    e 1 y (1) h0 (1) h1 (1) 2 h0 (1) O( 3 )

    h0 (1) e 1

    h0 ' h0 0
    h0 A1e x

    A1 1

    h0 e x

    h1 ' h1 h0 '' e x
    x

    h1 A2 e x e

    h1 (1) 0
    A2 1

    h1 (1 x)e x

    h2 ' h2 h1 '' x e x 3 e x
    h2 A3e x 3x e x

    1 2 x
    x e
    2

    1
    5
    h2 ( x 2 3 x )e x
    2
    2

    h2 (1) 0
    A3

    5
    2

    x
    ( )

    d 2 y 1 dy

    y0
    2 d 2 d

    d 2 y dy

    y 0
    d 2 d

    : fixed

    y g 0 ( ) g1 ( ) 2 g 2 ( )

    : fixed

    df
    f&
    d

    d2 f
    &
    f&
    d 2

    2
    &0 g&
    &
    &
    &2 +g&0 g&1 2 g&2 +(g 0 g1 2 g 2 )=0
    g&
    1 g

    0
    &0 g&0 0
    g&
    &
    &
    g&
    1 g1 g 0
    &2 g&2 g1
    g&

    &0 g&0 0
    g&
    g 0 (0) 0
    g 0 B1 B2 e

    B1 B2 0

    g 0 B1 (1 e )

    &
    &1 g 0 B1 (e 1)
    g&
    1g
    g1 (0) 0
    g1 B3 B4 e B1 ( e e )
    B3 B4 B1 0

    B3 B1 B4

    g1 B1 B4 B4 e B1 ( e e )
    g 0 B1 (1 e )

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