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Signals and Systems Using Matlab Chapter 1 - Continuous-Time Signals

This document discusses continuous-time signals and their properties. It defines various signal classifications such as predictable vs random, continuous vs discrete, finite vs infinite energy/power, periodic vs aperiodic, even vs odd, and finite vs infinite support. It also describes basic signal operations including addition, multiplication, time shifting, scaling, windowing, and integration. Common signals are introduced such as complex exponentials, sinusoids, unit impulse, unit step, ramp, and triangular pulse functions. The power of periodic signals and representation of signals using sifting properties of the Dirac delta function are also covered.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
61 views21 pages

Signals and Systems Using Matlab Chapter 1 - Continuous-Time Signals

This document discusses continuous-time signals and their properties. It defines various signal classifications such as predictable vs random, continuous vs discrete, finite vs infinite energy/power, periodic vs aperiodic, even vs odd, and finite vs infinite support. It also describes basic signal operations including addition, multiplication, time shifting, scaling, windowing, and integration. Common signals are introduced such as complex exponentials, sinusoids, unit impulse, unit step, ramp, and triangular pulse functions. The power of periodic signals and representation of signals using sifting properties of the Dirac delta function are also covered.

Uploaded by

Dilu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS USING MATLAB

Chapter 1 Continuoustime Signals


Luis F. Chaparro

Classification of timedependent signals

Predictability: random or deterministic

Variation of time and amplitude: continuous-time, discretetime, or digital


Energy/power: finite or infinite energy/power
Repetitive behavior: periodic or aperiodic

Symmetry with respect to time origin: even or odd

Support: Finite or infinite support (outside support signal is always zero)

2 / 21

Analog to digital and digital to analog conversion

Analog to digital converter (ADC or A/D converter): converts analog signals into

digital signals
Digital to analog converter (DAC or D/A converter): converts digital to analog signals
level

x(t)

2Ts

/2

3Ts
4Ts

Ts

t
/2

x(nT )

Discretization in time and in amplitude of analog signals using sampling period Ts and
quantization level . In time, samples are taken at uniform times {nTs }, and in
amplitude the range of amplitudes is divided into a finite number of levels so that each
sample value is approximated by one of them

3 / 21

1
0.8
0.6
0.4

v(t)

0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
v(t), v(nTs)

6
t (sec)

v(nTs), vq(nTs)

1
0

10

0.5

0.5

0.1

1.45

1.5

1.55

1.5
nTs

1.55

0
0.1

0.5
e(nTs)

0.2
0.3
0.4

0.5
0.5
1.45

1.5
t, nTs

1.55

1.45

Segment of voice signal on top is sampled and quantized. Bottom left: voice segment
(continuous line) and the sampled signal (vertical samples) using a sampling period
Ts = 103 sec. Bottom-right: sampled and quantized signal at the top, and quantization
error, difference between the sampled and the quantized signals, at the bottom.

4 / 21

Continuoustime signals

x(.) : R R (C)
t x(t)
Example: complex signal y (t) = (1 + j)e jt/2, 0 t 10, 0 otherwise
j(t/2+/4)
y (t) = 2e

2 [cos(t/2 + /4) + j sin(t/2 + /4)] , 0 t 10,
=
0,
otherwise
If

x(t) = 2 cos(t/2 + /4), < t <


p(t) = 1, 0 t 10, 0 otherwise then
y (t) = [x(t) + jx(t 1)]p(t)

5 / 21

Basic signal operations


Given signals x(t), y (t), constants and , and function w(t):
Signal addition/subtraction: x(t) + y (t), x(t) y (t)
Constant multiplication: x(t)
Time shifting
x(t ) is x(t) delayed by
x(t + ) is x(t) advanced by
Time scaling x(t)
= 1, x(t) reversed in time or reflected
> 1, x(t) is x(t) compressed
< 1, x(t) is x(t) expanded
Time windowing x(t)w(t), w(t) window
Integration
Z
t

y (t) =

x( )d + y (t0)

t0

6 / 21

z(t) = x(t) + y(t)

x(t)
+

x(t)

x(t)

x(t)

Delay

x(t )

+
y(t)

(b)

(a)

(c)

y(0)

x(t)

x(t) w(t)

w(t)

x(t)

(d)

y(t) = y(0) +

x( )d
0

(e)

Basic signal operations: (a) adder, (b) constant multiplier, (c) delay, (d) time-windowing,
(e) integrator

7 / 21

Delayed, advanced and reflected signals

(a)

x(t)

(b)

(c)

x(t + )

x(t )

(d)

x(t)

Continuous-time signal (a), and its delayed (b), advanced (c), and reflected (d) versions.

8 / 21

Example
x(t) =

t
0

1 t 1
otherwise

t 1 0t 2
0
otherwise

t + 1 2 t 0
advanced by 1: x(t + 1) =
0
otherwise

t 1 t 1
reflected: x(t) =
0 otherwise

t + 1 0 t 2
reflected and delayed by 1: x(t + 1) =
0 otherwise

t 1 2 t 0
reflected and advanced by 1: x(t 1) =
0 otherwise

2t 12 t 12
compressed by 2: x(2t) =
0 otherwise

t/2 2 t 2
expanded by 2: x(t/2) =
0 otherwise
delayed by 1:

x(t 1) =

9 / 21

Even and odd signals


x(t) even : x(t) = x(t)
x(t) odd : x(t) = x(t)
Even and odd decomposition: For any signal y (t)

y (t) = ye (t) + yo (t)


ye (t) = 0.5 [y (t) + y (t)] even component
yo (t) = 0.5 [y (t) y (t)] odd component
Example x(t) = cos(2t + ), < t <
even x(t) = x(t) cos(2t + ) = cos(2t + ) = cos(2t )
= , or = 0,
odd x(t) = x(t) cos(2t + ) = cos(2t + ) = cos(2t + )
= cos(2t )
= , or = /2

10 / 21

Example Given
x(t) =

2 cos(4t) t > 0
0
otherwise

not even or odd, its even and odd components are


2

x(t)

1
0
1
2
1

0.5

xo(t)

1
0.5

xe(t)

1
0.5
0
0.5

0.5

1
1

0.5

0.5

0.5

1
1

If signal is 2 at t = 0
x1(t) =

0.5

0.5

2 cos(4t) t 0
0
otherwise

the odd component is same as before, and the even component is 2 at t = 0 and same as
before otherwise

11 / 21

Periodic and aperiodic signals

x(t) is periodic if
(i) x(t) defined in < t < , and
(ii) there is T0 > 0, the fundamental period of x(t),
such that x(t + kT0) = x(t), integerk
Example x(t) = e j2t and y (t) = e jt
x(t) = cos(2t) + j sin(2t) periodic with T0 = 2/2 =

y (t) = cos(t) + j sin(t) periodic with T1 = 2/ = 2


z(t) = x(t) + y (t) is not periodic as T0 /T1 6= M/N where M, N integers

w (t) = x(t)y (t) = e j(2+)t = cos(2 t) + j sin(2 t), 2 = 2 + w (t) periodic

with T2 = 2/(2 + )
p(t) = (1 + x(t))(1 + y (t)) = 1 + x(t) + y (t) + x(t)y (t) not periodic

12 / 21

Finiteenergy and finite-power signals


Z

|x(t)|2dt,

Z T
1
Power of x(t) : Px = lim
|x(t)|2dt
T 2T T
Energy of x(t) : Ex =

x(t) is finiteenergy, or square integrable, if Ex <

x(t) is finitepower if Px <

Example
x(t) = e at , a > 0, t 0 and 0 otherwise is finite energy and zero power
y (t) = (1 + j)e jt/2 , 0 t 10, and 0 otherwise is finite energy and zero power
Z 10
Z 10
dt = 20
Ey =
|(1 + j)e jt/2|2dt = 2
0

13 / 21

Power of periodic signal

x(t) period of fundamental period T0 is


1
Px =
T0

t0 +T0

x 2(t)dt

t0

for any t0, i.e., the average energy in a period of the signal Let T = NT0, integer N > 0:
Z T
Z NT0
1
1
x 2(t)dt = lim
x 2(t)dt
Px = lim
N 2NT0 NT0
T 2T T
 Z T0

Z T0
1
1
= lim
N
x 2(t)dt =
x 2(t)dt
N 2NT0
2T0 T0
T0
Z t0+T0
1
x 2(t)dt
=
T0 t0

14 / 21

Basic signals
Complex exponential

e0.5 t

e0.5 t

x(t) = Ae at = |A|e j e (r +j0)t


= |A|e rt [cos(0t + ) + j sin(0t + )]

2
1
0
t

0
t

4
e0.5 t cos(2 t)

4
e0.5 t cos(2 t)

2
1

2
0
2
4

<t <

0
t

2
0
2
4

0
t

Analog exponentials: decaying exponential (top left), growing exponential (top right),
modulated exponential decaying and growing (bottom left and right).

15 / 21

Sinusoid

A cos(0t + ) = A sin(0t + + /2)

<t <

Modulation systems
A(t) cos((t)t + (t))
Amplitude modulation or AM:A(t) changes according to the message, frequency
and phase constant,
Frequency modulation or FM: (t) changes according to the message, amplitude
and phase constant,
Phase modulation or PM: (t) changes according to the message, amplitude and
frequency constant

16 / 21

Unit-impulse signal

p (t)

u (t)

1/

1
0.5

/2

/2

(t)

/2

/2

u(t)

(1)
t

Unit-impulse (t) and unitstep u(t) as 0 in pulse p(t) and its integral u(t).
Unit-impulse

0
(t) =
undefined

Z t
1
( )d =
0

17 / 21

t 6= 0
t=0
t>0
otherwise

Unitstep signal

u(t) =

1 t>0
0 t0

Ramp signal

r (t) = tu(t) =
Relations

t t0
0 t<0

dr (t)
d 2r (t)
= u(t),
= (t)
2
dt
dt
du(t)
= (t)
dt
Z t
Z
( )d = u(t),

18 / 21

u( )d = r (t)

Example Triangular pulse

t
t + 2
(t) =

0t1
1<t2
otherwise

= r (t) 2r (t 1) + r (t 2)

Derivative

1
d (t)
1
=

dt
0

0t1
1<t2
otherwise

= u(t) 2u(t 1) + u(t 2)

(t)

d(t)
dt

0
1

19 / 21

Example Causal train of pulses


(t) =

X
k=0

Derivative

s(t 2k),

s(t) = u(t) 2u(t 1) + u(t 2)

k=1

k=1

X
X
d (t)
= (t) + 2
(t 2k) 2
(t 2k + 1)
dt
(t)

d(t)
dt

(2)

(1)

2
(2)

t
(2)

The number in () is area of the corresponding delta signal and it indicates the jump at
the particular discontinuity, positive when increasing and negative when decreasing

20 / 21

Generic representation of signals


Sifting property of (t)

f (t)(t )dt =

f ( )(t )dt = f ( )

f (t)

(t t0 )

(t )dt = f ( ), for any

=
(f (t0 ))

x(t) =

f (t0 )(t t0 )

Generic representation

t0

t0

x( )(t )d

x(t)
x (t)

x()

x(0)

21 / 21

+
2 t

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