Signals and Systems Using Matlab Chapter 1 - Continuous-Time Signals
Signals and Systems Using Matlab Chapter 1 - Continuous-Time Signals
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Analog to digital converter (ADC or A/D converter): converts analog signals into
digital signals
Digital to analog converter (DAC or D/A converter): converts digital to analog signals
level
x(t)
2Ts
/2
3Ts
4Ts
Ts
t
/2
x(nT )
Discretization in time and in amplitude of analog signals using sampling period Ts and
quantization level . In time, samples are taken at uniform times {nTs }, and in
amplitude the range of amplitudes is divided into a finite number of levels so that each
sample value is approximated by one of them
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1
0.8
0.6
0.4
v(t)
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
v(t), v(nTs)
6
t (sec)
v(nTs), vq(nTs)
1
0
10
0.5
0.5
0.1
1.45
1.5
1.55
1.5
nTs
1.55
0
0.1
0.5
e(nTs)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
1.45
1.5
t, nTs
1.55
1.45
Segment of voice signal on top is sampled and quantized. Bottom left: voice segment
(continuous line) and the sampled signal (vertical samples) using a sampling period
Ts = 103 sec. Bottom-right: sampled and quantized signal at the top, and quantization
error, difference between the sampled and the quantized signals, at the bottom.
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Continuoustime signals
x(.) : R R (C)
t x(t)
Example: complex signal y (t) = (1 + j)e jt/2, 0 t 10, 0 otherwise
j(t/2+/4)
y (t) = 2e
2 [cos(t/2 + /4) + j sin(t/2 + /4)] , 0 t 10,
=
0,
otherwise
If
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y (t) =
x( )d + y (t0)
t0
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x(t)
+
x(t)
x(t)
x(t)
Delay
x(t )
+
y(t)
(b)
(a)
(c)
y(0)
x(t)
x(t) w(t)
w(t)
x(t)
(d)
y(t) = y(0) +
x( )d
0
(e)
Basic signal operations: (a) adder, (b) constant multiplier, (c) delay, (d) time-windowing,
(e) integrator
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(a)
x(t)
(b)
(c)
x(t + )
x(t )
(d)
x(t)
Continuous-time signal (a), and its delayed (b), advanced (c), and reflected (d) versions.
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Example
x(t) =
t
0
1 t 1
otherwise
t 1 0t 2
0
otherwise
t + 1 2 t 0
advanced by 1: x(t + 1) =
0
otherwise
t 1 t 1
reflected: x(t) =
0 otherwise
t + 1 0 t 2
reflected and delayed by 1: x(t + 1) =
0 otherwise
t 1 2 t 0
reflected and advanced by 1: x(t 1) =
0 otherwise
2t 12 t 12
compressed by 2: x(2t) =
0 otherwise
t/2 2 t 2
expanded by 2: x(t/2) =
0 otherwise
delayed by 1:
x(t 1) =
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Example Given
x(t) =
2 cos(4t) t > 0
0
otherwise
x(t)
1
0
1
2
1
0.5
xo(t)
1
0.5
xe(t)
1
0.5
0
0.5
0.5
1
1
0.5
0.5
0.5
1
1
If signal is 2 at t = 0
x1(t) =
0.5
0.5
2 cos(4t) t 0
0
otherwise
the odd component is same as before, and the even component is 2 at t = 0 and same as
before otherwise
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x(t) is periodic if
(i) x(t) defined in < t < , and
(ii) there is T0 > 0, the fundamental period of x(t),
such that x(t + kT0) = x(t), integerk
Example x(t) = e j2t and y (t) = e jt
x(t) = cos(2t) + j sin(2t) periodic with T0 = 2/2 =
with T2 = 2/(2 + )
p(t) = (1 + x(t))(1 + y (t)) = 1 + x(t) + y (t) + x(t)y (t) not periodic
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|x(t)|2dt,
Z T
1
Power of x(t) : Px = lim
|x(t)|2dt
T 2T T
Energy of x(t) : Ex =
Example
x(t) = e at , a > 0, t 0 and 0 otherwise is finite energy and zero power
y (t) = (1 + j)e jt/2 , 0 t 10, and 0 otherwise is finite energy and zero power
Z 10
Z 10
dt = 20
Ey =
|(1 + j)e jt/2|2dt = 2
0
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t0 +T0
x 2(t)dt
t0
for any t0, i.e., the average energy in a period of the signal Let T = NT0, integer N > 0:
Z T
Z NT0
1
1
x 2(t)dt = lim
x 2(t)dt
Px = lim
N 2NT0 NT0
T 2T T
Z T0
Z T0
1
1
= lim
N
x 2(t)dt =
x 2(t)dt
N 2NT0
2T0 T0
T0
Z t0+T0
1
x 2(t)dt
=
T0 t0
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Basic signals
Complex exponential
e0.5 t
e0.5 t
2
1
0
t
0
t
4
e0.5 t cos(2 t)
4
e0.5 t cos(2 t)
2
1
2
0
2
4
<t <
0
t
2
0
2
4
0
t
Analog exponentials: decaying exponential (top left), growing exponential (top right),
modulated exponential decaying and growing (bottom left and right).
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Sinusoid
<t <
Modulation systems
A(t) cos((t)t + (t))
Amplitude modulation or AM:A(t) changes according to the message, frequency
and phase constant,
Frequency modulation or FM: (t) changes according to the message, amplitude
and phase constant,
Phase modulation or PM: (t) changes according to the message, amplitude and
frequency constant
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Unit-impulse signal
p (t)
u (t)
1/
1
0.5
/2
/2
(t)
/2
/2
u(t)
(1)
t
Unit-impulse (t) and unitstep u(t) as 0 in pulse p(t) and its integral u(t).
Unit-impulse
0
(t) =
undefined
Z t
1
( )d =
0
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t 6= 0
t=0
t>0
otherwise
Unitstep signal
u(t) =
1 t>0
0 t0
Ramp signal
r (t) = tu(t) =
Relations
t t0
0 t<0
dr (t)
d 2r (t)
= u(t),
= (t)
2
dt
dt
du(t)
= (t)
dt
Z t
Z
( )d = u(t),
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u( )d = r (t)
t
t + 2
(t) =
0t1
1<t2
otherwise
= r (t) 2r (t 1) + r (t 2)
Derivative
1
d (t)
1
=
dt
0
0t1
1<t2
otherwise
(t)
d(t)
dt
0
1
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X
k=0
Derivative
s(t 2k),
k=1
k=1
X
X
d (t)
= (t) + 2
(t 2k) 2
(t 2k + 1)
dt
(t)
d(t)
dt
(2)
(1)
2
(2)
t
(2)
The number in () is area of the corresponding delta signal and it indicates the jump at
the particular discontinuity, positive when increasing and negative when decreasing
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f (t)(t )dt =
f ( )(t )dt = f ( )
f (t)
(t t0 )
=
(f (t0 ))
x(t) =
f (t0 )(t t0 )
Generic representation
t0
t0
x( )(t )d
x(t)
x (t)
x()
x(0)
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+
2 t