International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online)
Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp: (61-66), Month: April - June 2014, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
Voltage Stability Improvement by using SVC with
Fuzzy Logic Controller in Multi-Machine Power
System
Roopesh Kumar1, Ashish Choubey2
1
Student of J.E.C. , Jabalpur
Assistant professor of J.E.C., Jabalpur
Abstract: Voltage stability is one of the important issues in power system. Voltage sage, voltage swell and
generation of harmonics that may cause system instability. To compensate all these problems in transmission
system svc is used. Static VAR Compensator (SVC) has been used as a supplementary controller to improve
transient stability and power oscillation damping of the system. The aim of svc with fuzzy logic controller is to
make it more compatible with prevailing load demand so as to maintain the system stability under heavy load
condition or light loading conditions. A static VAR compensator is chosen as a low cost solution to replace a
conventional capacitor bank, thus allowing a continuous and flexible nodal voltage adjustment. Fuzzy logic is new
control approach with great potential with real time applications. Due to simplest structure, easy designing and
low cost, PI controller is used in SVC as voltage regulator in most industries. But its drawback is that due to highly
nonlinearity, or uncertainty it is not able to control. Hence we need to design svc with fuzzy controller
Keywords: FACTS, fuzzy logic, reactive power, SVC, voltage stability
I. INTRODUCTION
SVCs can be very effective in controlling voltage fluctuations at rapidly varying loads. Unfortunately, the price for such
flexibility is high. Nevertheless, they are often the only cost-effective solution for many loads located in remote areas
where the power system is weak. Much of the cost is in the power electronics on the TCR. Sometimes this can be reduced
by using a number of capacitor steps. The TCR then need only be large enough to cover the reactive power gap between
the capacitor stages. Most of a.c. appliance have induction motor as their main drive which works at lagging power factor
and the mostly contribute for lagging power factor of system. SVC provides capacitive var which helps to improve the
power factor and compensate reactive power demand. [1]
The main objective of using static var compensator with supplementary controller is to improve the power factor in
distribution system during normal as well as abnormal condition and also to improve the voltage stability of system
during fault condition so that to meet continuity of supply. The ultimate objective of compensation is to increase
transmittable power. This may required to improve the KW capacity of transformer and alternators, to improve the
regulation of line and to decrease overall cost per units.
II. STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR
The SVC is a shunt type of FACTS devices family using power electronics to regulate voltage, control power flow and
improve transient stability in power system. The SVC regulates voltage at its terminals by controlling the amount of
reactive power injected into or absorbed from the power system. The SVC will generates reactive power (capacitive
mode) when the system voltage is low and will absorbs reactive power (inductive mode) when the system voltage is high.
The variation of the reactive power can be controlled by switching three-phase capacitor banks and inductor banks which
are connected on the secondary side of a coupling transformer. Each capacitor bank is switched on and off by three
Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC). Reactors are either switched on-off by Thyristor Switched Reactor (TSR) or phasecontrolled Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR). [4]
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Research Publish Journals
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online)
Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp: (61-66), Month: April - June 2014, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
Fig.1.Schematic diagram of SVC [1]
Fig.1 shows Schematic Diagram of SVC. Svc is simulated in MATLAB by using phasor simulation, it consists of three
phase power system together with generators, turbine models, motors and dynamics load to perform dynamic stability. It
also consists of stepdown transformer, TCR (Thyristor switched capacitor), TSC (thyristor switched reactor), voltage
regulators and phase locked loop (PLL). The control system consists of followings:
[1].
[2].
[3].
[4].
A measurement system for measuring the positive-sequence voltage to be controlled.
A voltage regulator that uses the voltage error (difference between the measured voltage Vm and the reference
voltage Vref) to determine the SVC susceptance B needed to keep the system voltage constant.
A distribution unit that determines the TSCs (and eventually TSRs) that must be switched in and out, and computes
the firing angle of TCRs
A synchronizing system using a phase-locked loop (PLL) synchronized on the secondary voltages and a pulse
generator that send appropriate pulses to the thyristors.[2]
III. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
Mamdani type membership rule is adopted for fuzzy logic interfacing. Load voltage and load current taken as input to
fuzzy system. To get the linearity triangular membership function is taken with 50% overlap. The output of fuzzy
controller is taken as the control signal. The Fuzzy Logic is a rule based controller, where a set of rules represents a
control decision mechanism to correct the effect of certain causes coming from power system.[7] In fuzzy logic, the five
linguistic variables expressed by fuzzy sets defined on their respective universes of discourse. The output of fuzzy
controllers works as a control signals for pulse generator and according to this firing angle is changed. [3]
Fuzzy logic is new control approach with great potential with real time applications .Due to simplest structure, easy
designing and low cost, PI controller is used in SVC as voltage regulator in most industries. But its drawback is that due
to highly nonlinearity, or uncertainty it is not able to control. Hence we need to design svc with fuzzy controller. There
are two types of fuzzy controller which are Mamdani and Takagi-Sugeno. The difference between them is that the output
membership function (MF) of Takagi-Sugeno is either linear or constant value [4].
Error in voltage and change in error is taken as two input of fuzzy logic controller. The output of fuzzy controller decides
the control signal which supplied to firing angle control units .According to control signals the TSC and TCR is triggered.
A fuzzy logic is rule base control mechanism which decides the control mechanism to correct the effect of certain causes
coming from power system. In fuzzy logic seven linguist variable expressed by fuzzy sets. The structure of fuzzy logic
controller is shown in figure 2.
Fig. 2 The structure of fuzzy logic controller
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Research Publish Journals
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online)
Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp: (61-66), Month: April - June 2014, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
TABLE 1. Membership rules for controller
Where,
PS = Positive Small
PM = Positive Medium
PB = Positive Big
NS = Negative Small
NM = Negative Medium
NB = Negative Big
ZE = Zero
RULES:
Rule 1: If voltage error, E is NB and change of error E
is NB, then the output (susceptance) is NB.
Rule 2: If voltage error, E is NM and change of error E
is NM, then the output (susceptance) is NM.
IV. TEST SYSTEM
A test system consists of 2 machines with 3 buses is considered. Plant 1 (M1) is a 1000 MW hydraulic generation plant is
connected to a load centre through a long 500 kV, 700 km transmission line. The load centre is represented as a 5000 MW
resistive load and supplied by the remote plant 2 (M2) consists of a 1000 MVA plant and a local generation of 5000
MVA.
A load flow has been performed on this system with M1 generating 950 MW and M2 generates 4046MW. The line carries
944 MW which is close to its surge impedance loading (SIL = 977 MW). A 200 MVAR SVC is implemented at the centre
of the transmission line to maintain the system stability after faults occurrence. The two machines are equipped with a
hydraulic turbine and governor (HTG), excitation system, and PSS. [2]
Fig:3 Test system line diagramme
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Research Publish Journals
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online)
Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp: (61-66), Month: April - June 2014, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
The performance of SVC with Fuzzy logic controller in power system oscillation damping after fault in two machine
system is examined. Fig. shows simulink model of two machine power system. L-G fault occurred at bus at Bus 1 for 0.1
second from t1=5s to t2=5.1s. The effectiveness of the SVC with fuzzy logic controller is been observed. Fig. 5 shows the
Fuzzy-SVC modelled in Simulink/MATLAB. After the fault occurred, the SVC will try to support the voltage by
injecting reactive power on the line when the voltage is lower than the reference voltage (1.009 pu).
Fig: 4.Two-Machine 3-Bus Test System modeled in Simulink/MATLAB
Fig: 5 Subsystem of test model
It is observed that as fault occurred between Bus 1 and Bus 2, terminal voltage Vt1 is also affected. Observation from Fig.
6, Vt1 is less oscillated and stabilized faster with the FUZZY-SVC controller used in the system.
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Research Publish Journals
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online)
Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp: (61-66), Month: April - June 2014, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
Fig: 6 Terminal voltage of system with svc during LG fault
Fig:7 Positive sequence voltage and active power
Fig: 8 show the difference of rotor angle of Generator (G1) of the test system. After the occurrence of the three phase fault
at t1=5s, the two generators quickly fall out of synchronization. Observation from Fig.9 show that system implemented
with FUZZY-SVC controller. The difference of rotor angle is stabilized faster with the controller at t=10s which is 4.9
second after fault clearance.
Fig: 8 Rotor angle oscillation of system with controller
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Research Publish Journals
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online)
Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp: (61-66), Month: April - June 2014, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The SVC with fuzzy logic controller has been tested in a 2-machines 3-bus power system where several parameters
including the difference of rotor angle between the machines, speed of the machines, terminal voltage and the
transmission line active power have been observed. The performance of the system implemented with the FUZZY-SVC
controller .The system implemented with the Fuzzy-SVC controller show better performance in damping oscillations,
maintain terminal voltage and control the power after the system is subjected to disturbance.
REFERENCES
[1] N. G. Hingorani, L. Gyugyi, "Understanding FACTS; Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission
Systems," IEEE Press book, 2000.
[2] D.Jovcic, G.N.Pillai "Analytical Modeling of TCSC Dynamics" IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 20,
Issue 2, April 2005, pp. 1097-1104
[3] Puranik Sahu, Arun Pachori voltage stability improvement using static var compensator with fuzzy controller in
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5 May 2013
[4] N. A. Arzeha, M. W. Mustafa and R. Mohamad Idris, Fuzzy- based Static VAR Compensator Controller for
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[5] A. Kazemi and M.V. Sohrforouzani, "Power system damping using fuzzy controlled facts devices," Electrical
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[7] Timothy J Ross, Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications, McGraw-Hill, Inc, New York, 1997.
[8] A.E. Hammad, Comparing the voltage control Capabilities of present and future VAR compensating techniques in
transmission systems, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol.11, no.1, pp. 475484, Jan.1996
[9] K. L. Lo and Khan Laiq, Fuzzy logic based SVC for power system transient stability enhancement, International
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