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    Leveling-Theory and Methods - 2

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    Ahmad Khaled
    This document discusses leveling theory and methods. It defines leveling as determining elevations of points or differences in elevation. Leveling is used for highway, construction and mapping projects. There are three main leveling methods - direct vertical measurement, trigonometric leveling, and differential leveling. Differential leveling specifically measures elevation differences between points by taking backsight and foresight measurements from a level instrument positioned over benchmarks. Sources of error in leveling include instrumental errors from the level and staff, natural errors from earth curvature and refraction, and personal errors from improper rod readings or target setting.

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    Leveling-Theory and Methods - 2

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    Ahmad Khaled
    359 views22 pages
    This document discusses leveling theory and methods. It defines leveling as determining elevations of points or differences in elevation. Leveling is used for highway, construction and mapping projects. There are three main leveling methods - direct vertical measurement, trigonometric leveling, and differential leveling. Differential leveling specifically measures elevation differences between points by taking backsight and foresight measurements from a level instrument positioned over benchmarks. Sources of error in leveling include instrumental errors from the level and staff, natural errors from earth curvature and refraction, and personal errors from improper rod readings or target setting.

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    Leveling—Theory and Methods_2

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    This document discusses leveling theory and methods. It defines leveling as determining elevations of points or differences in elevation. Leveling is used for highway, construction and mapping projects. There are three main leveling methods - direct vertical measurement, trigonometric leveling, and differential leveling. Differential leveling specifically measures elevation differences between points by taking backsight and foresight measurements from a level instrument positioned over benchmarks. Sources of error in leveling include instrumental errors from the level and staff, natural errors from earth curvature and refraction, and personal errors from improper rod readings or target setting.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    359 views22 pages

    Leveling-Theory and Methods - 2

    Uploaded by

    Ahmad Khaled
    This document discusses leveling theory and methods. It defines leveling as determining elevations of points or differences in elevation. Leveling is used for highway, construction and mapping projects. There are three main leveling methods - direct vertical measurement, trigonometric leveling, and differential leveling. Differential leveling specifically measures elevation differences between points by taking backsight and foresight measurements from a level instrument positioned over benchmarks. Sources of error in leveling include instrumental errors from the level and staff, natural errors from earth curvature and refraction, and personal errors from improper rod readings or target setting.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 22

    Surveying 1

    LEVELINGTHEORY AND METHODS

    Eng. Anas Al-Hares


    Zarqa University
    Engineering and Technology
    Civil Engineering

    INTRODUCTION
    o Leveling is the general term applied to any of the various processes
    by which elevations of points or differences in elevation are
    determined.
    o Leveling results are used to:
    1. design highways, railroads, canals etc.
    2. lay out construction projects according to planned
    elevations.
    3. calculate volumes of earthwork and other materials.
    4. investigate
    5. drainage characteristics of an area.
    6. develop maps showing general ground configurations
    7. study earth subsidence and crustal motion.

    DEFINITIONS
    Vertical line A line that follows the local direction of gravity as
    indicated by a plumb line.
    Level surface A curved surface that at every point is perpendicular to
    the local plumb line.
    Level line A line in a level surfacetherefore, a curved line.
    Vertical datum Any level surface to which elevations are referenced.
    This is the surface that is arbitrarily assigned an elevation of zero.

    DEFINITIONS
    Elevation The distance measured along a vertical line from a vertical
    datum to a point or object.
    Mean sea level (MSL) The average height for the surface of the seas
    for all stages of tide over a 19-year period as defined by the National
    Geodetic.
    Benchmark (BM) A relatively permanent object, natural or artificial,
    having a marked point whose elevation above or below a reference
    datum is known or assumed.
    Leveling The process of finding elevations of points or their
    differences in elevation.

    DEFINITIONS

    Level instruments
    Basic kit

    level

    staff

    tripod

    METHODS FOR DETERMINING


    DIFFERENCES IN ELEVATION
    Three methods used to measure differences in elevation:
    1.
    2.
    3.

    Direct vertical measurement


    Trigonometric leveling
    Differential leveling

    It is important to understand the procedure, equipment and note keeping


    format used for each method.

    Definition
    Bench mark (BM) - relatively permanent point of known
    elevation.

    Definition
    Back sight (BS) - a sight taken to the level rod held at a point
    of known elevation(either a BM or TP).

    Definition
    Height of instrument (HI) - the elevation of the line of sight
    of the telescope.

    Definition
    Foresight (FS) - a sight taken on any point to determine its
    elevation.

    Direct leveling
    This surveying method is used
    to determine the difference in
    elevation between two or
    more points.
    It is commonly used to
    establish the elevation of a
    benchmark referenced to an
    existing benchmark.
    It is also useful for comparing
    the elevation of several points
    or objects.

    Differential Leveling ( Rise and Fall)

    Differential Leveling
    Example

    Differential Leveling (height of instrument)

    SOURCES OF ERROR IN LEVELING


    Instrumental Errors:
    Line of Sight

    Cross hair Not Exactly Horizontal


    Cross hair Not Exactly Horizontal
    Tripod Legs Loose

    SOURCES OF ERROR IN LEVELING


    Natural Errors
    Curvature of the Earth

    Refraction.
    Temperature Variations
    Wind.
    Settlement of the Instrument
    Settlement of a Turning Point

    SOURCES OF ERROR IN LEVELING


    Personal Errors
    Bubble Not Centered

    Parallax
    Faulty Rod Readings
    Rod Handling.
    Target Setting

    SOURCES OF ERROR IN LEVELING


    MISTAKES
    Improper Use of a Long Rod

    Holding the Rod in Different Places for the Plus and Minus Sights
    on a Turning Point
    Reading a Foot Too High
    Recording Notes
    Touching Tripod or Instrument during the Reading Process.

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