Introduction to Java
Frameworks & Callbacks
Douglas C. Schmidt
[email protected]
www.dre.vanderbilt.edu/~schmidt
Institute for Software
Integrated Systems
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Learning Objectives in this Lesson
Understand the key object-oriented
& generic programming features in
Java pertaining to frameworks &
callbacks
We cover many examples from the Java
2 class libraries & collections framework
Java Frameworks
& Callbacks
3
Frameworks & Callbacks
A framework is an integrated set
of components that provide a
reusable architecture for a
family of related applications
See www.dre.vanderbilt.edu/~schmidt/frameworks.html
4
Frameworks & Callbacks
Frameworks use an event-driven
programming model to plug
application code into them
Application
Code
Framework
Code
Register
for event
Event
occurs
Event
occurs
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event-driven_programming
5
Frameworks & Callbacks
Application registers callbacks for
specific types of events that can
occur within the framework
Application
Code
Framework
Code
Register
for event
Event
occurs
Event
occurs
Frameworks & Callbacks
Application registers callbacks for
specific types of events that can
occur within the framework
e.g., arrival of network
messages, clicks on GUI
elements, etc.
Application
Code
Framework
Code
Register
for event
Event
occurs
Event
occurs
Frameworks & Callbacks
Framework calls back to application
code when an event occurs
Application
Code
Framework
Code
Register
for event
Event
occurs
Event
occurs
Frameworks & Callbacks
Framework calls back to application
code when an event occurs
The application performs its
processing in the context of
framework thread(s)
Application
Code
Framework
Code
Register
for event
Event
occurs
Event
occurs
Frameworks & Callbacks
When application callback is done
control returns to the framework
Application
Code
Framework
Code
Register
for event
Event
occurs
Event
occurs
10
Frameworks & Callbacks
When application callback is done
control returns to the framework
Lather, rinse, repeat until
application is done
Application
Code
Framework
Code
Register
for event
Event
occurs
Event
occurs
11
Frameworks & Callbacks
Frameworks have 3 characteristics
12
Frameworks & Callbacks
Frameworks have 3 characteristics
Exhibit inversion of control
via callbacks
See www.dre.vanderbilt.edu/~schmidt/Coursera/articles/hollywood-principle.txt
13
Frameworks & Callbacks
Frameworks have 3 characteristics
Exhibit inversion of control
via callbacks
i.e., it controls the main
thread of execution &
decides when application
code should run
14
Frameworks & Callbacks
Frameworks have 3 characteristics
Exhibit inversion of control
via callbacks
i.e., it controls the main
thread of execution &
decides when application
code should run
15
Frameworks & Callbacks
Frameworks have 3 characteristics
Exhibit inversion of control
via callbacks
i.e., it controls the main
execution thread & decides
when to run application code
16
Frameworks & Callbacks
Application-specific
functionality
Frameworks have 3 characteristics
Exhibit inversion of control
via callbacks
Integrated domain-specific
structure & functionality
Domain-specific functionality
for Android programs
17
Frameworks & Callbacks
Frameworks have 3 characteristics
Exhibit inversion of control
via callbacks
Integrated domain-specific
structure & functionality
Application-specific
functionality
e.g., provide default
capabilities useful to
some domain(s)
Domain-specific functionality
for Android programs
Androids frameworks focus on domains
18associated with mobile apps & services
Frameworks & Callbacks
Application-specific
functionality
Frameworks have 3 characteristics
Exhibit inversion of control
via callbacks
Integrated domain-specific
structure & functionality
Provide a semi-complete
application
Domain-specific functionality
for Android programs
19
Hook
method
Frameworks & Callbacks
Frameworks have 3 characteristics
Exhibit inversion of control
via callbacks
Integrated domain-specific
structure & functionality
Application-specific
functionality
Hook
method
Provide a semi-complete
application
Hook methods plug app
logic into the framework
Domain-specific functionality
for Android programs
Hook methods customize framework components
to run application-specific logic
20
Frameworks & Callbacks
Frameworks have 3 characteristics
Exhibit inversion of control
via callbacks
Integrated domain-specific
structure & functionality
Provide a semi-complete
application
Hook methods plug app
logic into the framework
Mediate interactions among
common abstract & variant
concrete classes/interfaces
Application-specific
functionality
Hook
method
Domain-specific functionality
for Android programs
Runnable is an abstract interface that21
provides the basis for concrete variants
Frameworks & Callbacks
Android & Java provide many
frameworks
22
Frameworks & Callbacks
Android & Java provide many
frameworks
Android
Android Activity framework
controls the main thread
See developer.android.com/training/multiple-threads/communicate-ui.html
23
Frameworks & Callbacks
Android & Java provide many
frameworks
Android
Android Activity framework
controls the main thread
An applications lifecycle
methods are called back by
Androids Activity framework
e.g., onCreate(), onStart(),
onStop(), onDestroy(), etc.
See developer.android.com/training/basics/activity-lifecycle
24
Frameworks & Callbacks
Android & Java provide many
frameworks
Android
Android Activity framework
controls the main thread
final Button button =
(Button) findViewById
(R.id.loadButton);
button.setOnClickListener
(new OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
... A GUI component sending an
}});
event to its registered listener
An applications lifecycle
methods are called back by
Androids Activity framework
A listener for button clicks is
called back by Androids GUI
framework
GUI Component
(a button)
25
public void
onClick(View v){
...
}
ClickListener
Object
Frameworks & Callbacks
Android & Java provide many
frameworks
Android
Java
A Thread calls back on the
run() hook method of a
Runnable
See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/concurrency/runthread.html
26
Frameworks & Callbacks
Android & Java provide many
frameworks
Android
Java
A Thread calls back on the
run() hook method of a
Runnable
The ExecutorService calls back
to the call() hook method of a
Callable
Thread
1.submit(callable)
submit()
run()
2.offer()
WorkerThreads
callable
WorkQueue
3.take()
4.call()
callable
ExecutorService
See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/concurrency/executors.html
27
Frameworks & Callbacks
Most code you write in this class
will use one or more frameworks
Some of your solutions will
implement your own framework
All Android apps run inside28
of one or more frameworks
Frameworks & Callbacks
Frameworks use Javas inheritance
& polymorphism features
Abstraction
OOP
Polymorphism
29
Inheritance
Frameworks & Callbacks
Frameworks use Javas inheritance
& polymorphism features, e.g.
Abstract classes & interfaces
provide extension mechanisms
public interface Runnable {
public void run();
}
30
Frameworks & Callbacks
Frameworks use Javas inheritance
& polymorphism features, e.g.
Abstract classes & interfaces
provide extension mechanisms
Concrete implementations of
abstract classes & interfaces
are passed to framework
public interface Runnable {
public void run();
}
new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
System.out.println
("hello world");
}
}.start();
Anonymous instance of an
anonymous inner class
31
Frameworks & Callbacks
Frameworks use Javas inheritance
& polymorphism features, e.g.
Abstract classes & interfaces
provide extension mechanisms
Concrete implementations of
abstract classes & interfaces
are passed to framework
public interface Runnable {
public void run();
}
new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
System.out.println
("hello world");
}
}.start();
Anonymous instance of
a lambda expression
new Thread(() ->
System.out.println
("hello world")).start();
32
Overview of
Java Inheritance
33
Overview of Java Inheritance
A Java class can derive from another
class using the extends keyword
package java.util;
/ This class would reside in
public class Stack<E> {
extends Vector<E> {
...
See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html
34
Overview of Java Inheritance
A Java class can derive from another
class using the extends keyword
A subclass inherits methods &
data members from its (one &
only) super class
package java.util;
/ This class would reside in
public class Stack<E> {
extends Vector<E> {
...
This subclass is said to
derive from the superclass
See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html
35
Overview of Java Inheritance
Methods inherited from super class
can be used for three main purposes
package java.util;
/ This class would reside in
public class Stack<E> {
extends Vector<E> {
36
Overview of Java Inheritance
Methods inherited from super class
can be used for three main purposes
To augment the subclass API
A subclass inherits methods
& data members of its
superclass
package java.util;
/ This class would reside in
public class Stack<E> {
extends Vector<E> {
37
Overview of Java Inheritance
Methods inherited from super class
can be used for three main purposes
To augment the subclass API
A subclass inherits methods
& data members of its
superclass
package java.util;
/ This class would reside in
public class Stack<E> {
extends Vector<E> {
e.g.,
e.g., Stack inherits
isEmpty() from Vector
Stack<Integer> s =
new Stack<>();
if(!s.isEmpty())
s.pop();
This Stack class uses so-called
38implementation inheritance
Overview of Java Inheritance
package java.util;
Methods inherited from super class
can be used for three main purposes / This class would reside in
public class Stack<E> {
To augment the subclass API
extends Vector<E> {
A subclass inherits methods
& data members of its superclass
A method can be invoked
on an object instance
e.g.,
Stack<Integer> s =
new Stack<>();
if(!s.isEmpty())
s.pop();
39
Overview of Java Inheritance
Methods inherited from super class
can be used for three main purposes
To augment the subclass API
To implement subclass methods
A subclass may add new
methods & data members
package java.util;
/ This class would reside in
public class Stack<E> {
extends Vector<E> {
public Object push(E e){
addElement(e);
return e;
}
40
Overview of Java Inheritance
Methods inherited from super class
can be used for three main purposes
To augment the subclass API
To implement subclass methods
A subclass may add new
methods & data members
package java.util;
/ This class would reside in
public class Stack<E> {
extends Vector<E> {
public Object push(E e){
addElement(e);
return e;
}
The Stacks push() method is
implemented via Vectors
addElement() method
41
Overview of Java Inheritance
package java.util;
Methods inherited from super class
can be used for three main purposes / This class would reside in
public abstract class
To augment the subclass API
AbstractMap<K,V> ... {
public abstract
To implement subclass methods
Set<Entry<K,V>> entrySet();
To override super class methods in
...
the subclass
A subclass may define methods
with the same signatures as
super class methods
public HashMap<K,V> extends
AbstractMap<K,V> {
public Set<Entry<K,V>>
entrySet() {
...
}
...
42
Overview of Java Inheritance
package java.util;
Methods inherited from super class
can be used for three main purposes / This class would reside in
public abstract class
To augment the subclass API
AbstractMap<K,V> ... {
public abstract
To implement subclass methods
Set<Entry<K,V>> entrySet();
To override super class methods in
...
the subclass
A subclass may define methods
with the same signatures as
super class methods
These methods override the
original methods
public HashMap<K,V> extends
AbstractMap<K,V> {
public Set<Entry<K,V>>
entrySet() {
...
}
...
43
Overview of Java Inheritance
package java.util;
Methods inherited from super class
can be used for three main purposes / This class would reside in
public abstract class
To augment the subclass API
AbstractMap<K,V> ... {
public abstract
To implement subclass methods
Set<Entry<K,V>> entrySet();
To override super class methods in
...
the subclass
A subclass may define methods
with the same signatures as
super class methods
These methods override the
original methods
HashMaps entrySet() method overrides
HashMaps
AbstractMaps entrySet() abstract method
public HashMap<K,V> extends
AbstractMap<K,V> {
public Set<Entry<K,V>>
entrySet() { ... }
...
Method overriding
44is covered shortly
Overview of Java Inheritance
All classes inherit from the
java.lang.Object super class
package java.lang;
in
public class Object {
...
public final void wait();
public final void notify();
public final void notifyAll();
public final boolean equals
(Object o);
...
See docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html
45
Overview of Java Inheritance
All classes inherit from the
java.lang.Object super class
If you do not explicitly specify a
super class, your class will inherit
from java.lang.Object implicitly
package java.lang;
in
public abstract class Process {
...
public abstract int waitFor()
...;
...
46
Overview of Java Inheritance
All classes inherit from the
java.lang.Object super class
If you do not explicitly specify a
super class, your class will inherit
from java.lang.Object
Object
The root of every classs inheritance
hierarchy is thus java.lang.Object
All objects, including arrays,
implement the methods of this
class
wait()
notify();
notifyAll();
equals();
Process
waitFor()
47
Overview of Java Inheritance
java.lang.Object defines.equals()
If operator== is used to compare
the equality of two objects it
returns true if the two objects have
the same memory address
Object
wait()
notify();
notifyAll();
equals();
Process
waitFor()
48
Overview of Java Inheritance
java.lang.Object defines.equals()
If operator== is used to compare
the equality of two objects it
returns true if the two objects have
the same memory address
Conversely, if you use .equals() to
compare for equality, a subclass
can override this method to do
other things
e.g., check for equal values in
a collection or string
Object
wait()
notify();
notifyAll();
equals();
Process
waitFor()
49
Overview of Java
Polymorphism
We examine a concrete &50
complete example in detail
Overview of Java Polymorphism
A subclass can override certain
methods from a super class
AbstractMap<K,V>
entrySet()
put()
Any non-final & non-static51
methods can be overridden
Overview of Java Polymorphism
A subclass can override certain
methods from a super class
e.g., the map class hierarchy in
the Java Collection framework
AbstractMap<K,V>
entrySet()
put()
Returns a set view of
all the mappings
contained in a map
Associates the specified value
with the specified key in a map
See docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/AbstractMap.html
52
Overview of Java Polymorphism
A subclass can override certain
methods from a super class
e.g., the map class hierarchy in
the Java Collection framework
TreeMap<K,V>
entrySet()
put()
AbstractMap<K,V>
entrySet()
put()
HashMap<K,V>
entrySet()
put()
Concurrent
HashMap<K,V>
entrySet()
put()
Subclasses of AbstractMap override53put() & entrySet() in different ways
Overview of Java Polymorphism
The implementation of these
methods is selected at run-time
based on the objects type
Could be HashMap, TreeMap,
ConcurrentHashMap, etc.
public static void main
(String[] args) {
SimpleAbstractMap
<String, Integer> map =
makeMap(args[0]);
map.put("I", 1);
map.put("am", 2);
map.put("Ironman", 7);
for(Map.Entry<String, Integer> s
: map.entrySet())
System.out.println
("key = " + s.getKey() +
" value = " + s.getValue());
}
See github.com/douglascraigschmidt/CS251/tree/master/ex/DynamicBinding
54
Overview of Java Polymorphism
Every Java object keeps track of
its virtual table (vtable), which
dispatches methods dynamically
Java implements virtual
methods like C++
AbstractMap
0
Pointer to vtable
Pointer to method1
4
8
keySet field1
Pointer to method2
values field2
Pointer to methodn
HashMap
0
Pointer to vtable
Pointer to method1
4
8
keySet field1
Pointer to method2
values field2
Pointer to methodn
12
16
20
table field1
other fields
entrySet field2
size field3
Method1 bytecode
Method2 bytecode
Methodn bytecode
Method1 bytecode
Method2 bytecode
Methodn bytecode
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_dispatch
55
Java Collections
Framework
56
Overview of the Java Collections Framework
The JCF is a unified architecture
for representing & manipulating
collections
See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/collections
57
Overview of the Java Collections Framework
The JCF is a unified architecture
for representing & manipulating
collections
A collection is an object that
represents a group of objects
e.g., an ArrayList<Point>
Each element in the collection is
actually a reference to another object
58
Overview of the Java Collections Framework
The JCF is a unified architecture
for representing & manipulating
collections
A collection is an object that
represents a group of objects
Collections can be accessed
& manipulated independently
of their representation
e.g., the List interface can be
implemented as either a
LinkedList or as an ArrayList
59
Overview of the Java Collections Framework
JCF is based on more than a
dozen collection interfaces
The collection interfaces contain two groups
java.util.Collection
java.util.Set
java.util.SortedSet
java.util.NavigableSet
java.util.Queue
java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue
java.util.concurrent.TransferQueue
java.util.Deque
java.util.concurrent.BlockingDeque
60
Overview of the Java Collections Framework
JCF is based on more than a
dozen collection interfaces
The collection interfaces contain two groups
java.util.Map
java.util.SortedMap
java.util.NavigableMap
java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap
java.util.concurrent.
ConcurrentNavigableMap
61
Overview of the Java Collections Framework
JCF is based on more than a
dozen collection interfaces
Includes implementations of
these interfaces & algorithms
to manipulate them
Inter
face
Hash
Table
Set
HashSet
Resize
Array
Balanced
Tree
Linked List
Linked
Hash
Set
Tree
Set
List
Array
List
LinkedList
Deque
Array
Deque
LinkedList
Map
HashMap
TreeMap
Hash Table+
Linked List
Linked
Hash
Map
JCF implementations use inheritance,62polymorphism, & generics extensively
Overview of the Java Collections Framework
JCF has several key benefits
Reduces programming effort
By providing data structures
& algorithms so developers
dont need to write them
63
Overview of the Java Collections Framework
JCF has several key benefits
Reduces programming effort
Increases performance
By providing highly optimized
implementations of data
structures & algorithms
64
Overview of the Java Collections Framework
JCF has several key benefits
Reduces programming effort
Increases performance
Enables interoperability among
unrelated APIs
By establishing a common
means to pass collections
back & forth
65
Overview of the Java Collections Framework
JCF has several key benefits
Reduces programming effort
Increases performance
Enables interoperability among
unrelated APIs
Reduces effort in designing &
learning new APIs
By not requiring learning
multiple ad hoc collection APIs
66
Overview of the Java Collections Framework
JCF has several key benefits
Reduces programming effort
Increases performance
Enables interoperability among
unrelated APIs
Reduces effort in designing &
learning new APIs
Fosters software reuse
By providing standard interfaces
for collections & algorithms that
manipulate them
67
Overview of the Java Collections Framework
Common JCF classes
An ArrayList is a variable-sized
list of items similar to a built-in
Java array
import java.util.ArrayList;
...
List<String> myList =
new ArrayList<>();
myList.add("foo");
myList.add("bar");
myList.add("foobar");
// List stores object of type
// java.lang.String, so no need
// to cast item back to String
String itemOne = myList.get(0);
myList.remove(0);
See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/collections
68...
Overview of the Java Collections Framework
Common JCF classes
An ArrayList is a variable-sized
list of items similar to a built-in
Java array
A HashMap stores key/value pairs
import java.util.HashMap;
...
HashMap<String, Foo> myMap =
new HashMap<>();
Foo f1 = new Foo();
Foo f2 = new Foo();
myMap.put("one", f1);
myMap.put("two", f2);
if (f2 == myMap.get("two"))
...
else if (f1 ==
myMap.get("one"))
...
69
Overview of the Java Collections Framework
These are the concurrent-aware interfaces:
Concurrent collections provide
features that are frequently needed
BlockingQueue
in concurrent programming
TransferQueue
BlockingDeque
ConcurrentMap
ConcurrentNavigableMap
70
Overview of the Java Collections Framework
Concurrent-aware classes include
Concurrent collections provide
features that are frequently needed
LinkedBlockingQueue
in concurrent programming
ArrayBlockingQueue
PriorityBlockingQueue
DelayQueue
SynchronousQueue
LinkedBlockingDeque
LinkedTransferQueue
CopyOnWriteArrayList
CopyOnWriteArraySet
ConcurrentHashMap
Java concurrency covered in CS 282 (www.dre.vanderbilt.edu/~schmidt/cs282)
71
Iterating Through
Collections in Java
72
Iterating Through Collections in Java
Java has several ways to loop
through collections
The conventional for loop
used in C/C++
ArrayList<String> myStrings =
new ArrayList<>();
myStrings.add("a");
myStrings.add("b");
myStrings.add("c");
for(int i = 0;
i < myStrings.size();
i++) {
System.out.println
(myStrings.get(i));
}
Venerable,73
but crufty
Iterating Through Collections in Java
Java has several ways to loop
through collections
The conventional for loop
used in C/C++
An enhanced for-each loop for
iterating over collections
ArrayList<String> myStrings =
new ArrayList<>();
myStrings.add("a");
myStrings.add("b");
myStrings.add("c");
for (String aString :
myStrings) {
System.out.println(aString);
}
Very clean
74& concise
Iterating Through Collections in Java
Java has several ways to loop
through collections
The conventional for loop
used in C/C++
An enhanced for-each loop for
iterating over collections
An Iterable interface
ArrayList<String> myStrings =
new ArrayList<>();
myStrings.add("a");
myStrings.add("b");
myStrings.add("c");
for (Iterator<String> it =
myStrings.iterator();
it.hasNext();
) {
System.out.println
(it.next());
}
Pattern-oriented, but overly verbose
compared to for-each loop
75
Iterating Through Collections in Java
Java has several ways to loop
through collections
The conventional for loop
used in C/C++
An enhanced for-each loop for
iterating over collections
An Iterable interface
The forEach() method
ArrayList<String> myStrings =
new ArrayList<>();
myStrings.add("a");
myStrings.add("b");
myStrings.add("c");
myStrings
.stream()
.forEach
(aString ->
System.out.println
(aString));
Very powerful, but requires knowledge
76of Java lambda expressions & streams
