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*syefwiG f ppfynmoifcJh?
2? 26-12-1941 wGif xdkif; befaumufwGif bD-tdkif-at Armhvw
G fvyfa&;wyfrawmf pwifzG@J pnf;+yD; jrefrmjynfwiG f;odk@
*syefppfwyfESifhtwl0if+yD; t*Fvdyfudkwu
dk fzk@d vkyfch?J 1941 Zlvdkif 27 &uft*Fvdyf jrefrmjynfrq
S kwcf Gm+yD;aemufwiG f bD-tdik fat wyf vlo;Hk aomif;ausmf jzpfvm&mu *syefu jyefvnfz@JG pnf;&ef ta=umif;jy+yD; ajcvsiw
f yf&if; 3 &if;xd 3 axmifausmfxd
6
_ynfolhtm%m
av#mhcs+yD; bD - 'D - at ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf wyfopfzJG@+yD;aemuf ajcvsifwyf&if; 7 &if;ESifh tjcm;axmufyHhwyfrsm;yg
wjznf;ljznf;xyfzJG@?
3? 27 - 3 - 1945 *syefzufqpfawmfvSeaf &; pwif+yD; *syefudkarmif;xkwf&mwGif r[mrdwft*Fvdyfwdk@ESihaf ygif;+yD; xda&mufpGm
yg0ifch?J *syef 2 aomif;avmuf okwo
f ifEdkifcJh+yD;?
4? 1945 pufwifbmavmufup+yD; t*Fvyd fw@dk u t"duajcvsiw
f yf&if; 3 &if;udrk w
l nf+yD; Burma Army opf pwifz@JG pnf;cJ?h
xdpk Ofu zqyv ESifh CPB wd@k u ArmhvGwv
f yfa&;udk +idrf;csr;f pGm &,lEikd rf nfxif+yD; +Adwdo#wyfwiG ;f odr;f oGi;f jcif;udk uENpD mcsKyf
jzifh vufcHvdkuo
f nf? t*Fvdyfwk@d onf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;. trmcHtoJEv
S Hk;udk t&ifzcJG&ef u;pm;wmjzpf?
5? txufygw@dk t& tpOftvmt& ArmjynfolESifhtwl e,fcs@J zufqpfqef@usifa&;/ vGwv
f yfa&;wdu
k fyrJG S aygufzGm;vmaom
ppfwyfjzpfonf? ,if;urS a=u;pm;wyftjzpf ajymif;vm=uonf?
6? a=u;pm;wyfjzpfvmyHk
(u) yxrqHk;u Armjynfqk&d S,fvpfygwDrS qdk&S,fvpfrsm;u ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwDudk awmwGif;armif;xkwfojzifh wyfwGif;&Sd
uGefjrLepfwcsdK@ awmcdk&jcif;ESifh tcsdK@zrf;qD;z,f&Sm;jcif; cH&jcif;wdk@ jzpfysucf Jh? wyfwiG f;rlvtoHjzpfwJ@ e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;ESifh
uGefjrLepfrsm; rJhomG ;jcif;jzpf?
(c) 'kw,
d rSm wwyfvHk;a=u;pm;tjzpfESihf vuf&Sdvlxkqef@usifa&;wyftjzpf a&mufvmapr,fh toGiaf jymif;&ef ArmhjynfwGif;
ppfyGJ}uD; t"due,fcs@J ESihf jynfwGif;qd&k S,fvpfwk@d zefwD;aom ppfwGif;oGif;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf? ,ckacwf k&Sm;wGif ,Jhvfqifu
wyfeDukd awmfveS w
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enf;enf;rS rtm;rvyftoGi;f cH&jcif;u omrefa=u;pm;wyftjzpfomru jynfou
l kd axmifcs+D yD; &uf&ufpufpufowfjzwfEikd w
f hJ
jynfol@qef@usifa&; vlowfppfyu
GJ kd vkyf&Jwht
J xd jzpfvmaponf? vlwef;pm; zdEdyS fa&;ud&d,m}uD;jzpfvmaponf? jynfwGif;ppf
wGif qdk&S,v
f pfa=u;pm;wyfrSL;}uD;i,fwdk@. OD;aqmifr_jzifh aus;vufrsm;wGif &Gmom;awG&GmawGukd &uf&ufpufpufzsuq
f D;
owfjzwfa&;awG vkyfapjcif;jzifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; rsdK;cspfwyftjzpfrS av#musapcJhonf? jynfolESifh uGefjrLepfqef@usif
owfjzwfa&; vufeufudkifwyf}uD; jzpfvmcJhonf?
7? xd@k a=umifh ppftyk pf u
k ppfwyfukd tjyifomeftm;jzifh ,cife,fcs@J qef@usiaf &; vGwv
f yfa&;wdu
k yf 0GJ if zufqpfawmfveS af &;ESihf
wkwfjzLusL;ausmrf _ wdkufyJGrsm;jzwfoef;vmonfh tpOftvmawGudk xdef;odrf;oGwfoGif;+yD; jynfolwGi;f vnf; 0g'jzef@ay;+yD;
wu,ft
h wGif;omefu jynfoq
l ef@usifzEd ydS fa&; ud&,
d mtjzpf toH;k awmfcaH pcJhonf? ppftyk fpu
k ol@ppfwyf. pdwf"mwfudk
e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;/ vGwv
f yfa&;wdu
k yf 0GJ if tpOftvmpdw"f mwfoiG ;f xm;onf? ,if;pdw"f mwf[m wyf&@J pnf;urf;aumif;a&;ESihf
wnf+idrfpnf;vHk;a&;udk t"dutajccH tusdK;ycsuf}uD;jzpfonf? rqv acwfESifh aemufqHk; &Spaf v;vHk;udpPa=umifh jynfolu
jywfom;pGm qef@usifjcif;cH&+yD; aemufwcsDtHkur_ xyfjzpf&if wyfygytufvmrSm pdk;&onf?
8? ppfwyfwGif; yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;udk t"duAdkvfae0if;wOD;wnf;om xifovdkcs,fvS,fudkifpGJEdkif+yD; xdyfwef;qdk&S,fvpf
t}uD;tuJwcsKd @om pm;aomufEdkifcJh+yD; Adkvfae0if;u wif;usypf GmudkifwG,fvk@d pD;yGm;a&;aomif;use;f r_ tvGeef nf;cJh? odk@aomf
,ck 1988 aemuf e0w acwfwGif wyfrSL;wcsdK@udk qJGaqmifEdki&f ef pm;aomufciG fhawG ay;cJhojzifh 1990 aemufykid f;acwfwGif
ppfwyfwGif; tawmfrsm;rsm; }uD;/ vwf/ i,f txl;ojzifh ppfwyfwiG f;t}uD;ydkif;awG&J@ pm;aomufr_}uD;awG tvGerf sm;jym;vm?
,if;onf ppfwyfwiG ;f ,d,
k iG f;r_ tawmfjzpfapwmawG@&? apmapmydik ;f u rdr&d mxl;wd;k wufa&;twGuo
f m t"dujzpf? pD;yGm;a&;
r&Sdoavmufjzpf?
7
_ynfolhtm%m
9? 1990 xd wyfwGif pm;aomufcGirhf ay;bJ &mxl;awGom a&pD;ovdw
k ;kd ay;+yD; cef@xm;&onf? aemufx;l jcm;csurf mS cGm&mwdki;f
rSm pd;k vd@k acgiaf qmifr_ pkpnf;vmrSmpd;k vd@k &mxl;awGomwd;k ay;+yD; wae&mrSm =um=umrxm;/ &mxl;jrifv
h m&if ab;z,f/ tjcm;
ae&mawGay;vdu
k ?f xdk@a=umifh ppfwyfrmS tawG@t}uHKt& wyfr;aumif;awGom&S+d yD; ppfacgif;aqmifaumif; ray:ayguaf tmif
vkyfxm;onf? xd@k a=umifh wyfpnf;vH;k a&;vnf; xdcu
kd +f yD; ppfwyfacwfrD}uH@ckid af &;/ pnf;urf;wd@k uydk g xdcu
kd af p+yD; a=u;pm;pdwu
f kd
ydkwdk;aponf?
10? aemufppfwyfxl;jcm;csufwGif jrefrmppfAdkvfrsm;rSm tjcm;tm&SEdkifiH t&if;&SifwyfawGESifhrwlwmu ajr&Sif/ t&if;&Sif
t&m&S}d uD; om;orD;rsm; tvGeef nf;yg;pGmom&Sd+yD; r&So
d avmufjzpf? ajr&Si}f uD;rsm; r&Sdoavmufjzpfc?Jh t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;vnf;
w&m;0if enf;yg;vSonf? xdk@a=umifh ppfAkv
d frsm;rSm omref"e&Sifaygufp tvwfESiht
f i,fpm;rsm;rS tajccHynm toifhtwifh
&SdolawG t"dujzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh omrefr&Edik fonfh &mxl;pnf;pdrfjzpfI tvGeaf useyfae+yD; ydk+yD;tqif;&JcEH kid f ydpk eG f@vw
$ fEidk rf _
vnf;&S/d &J&ifrh v
_ nf;&S/d atmufajcwyfom;rsm;ESiv
hf nf; ydek ;D pyfr&_ o
dS nf? xd@k a=umifh cJ&mcJqpf ajymufusm;rsm;udk vdu
k w
f u
kd &f mwGif
ydq
k if;&J'kuQcHEkid fI ydk+yD;xda&mufvSonf? vlwef;pm;rSm awmfveS fa&;u tvGeftay:pD;&aev#if ajymif;vJEdkifaomfvnf;
ajymif;vJ&ef tvm;tvm tm;enf;onfu
h mvwGif rsm;pGmtoHk;0ifayonf? xdk@a=umifh xdkppfwyf. t"duxl;jcm;csuw
f ckrmS
vlwef;pm;t& ppfAv
kd frsm;[m ajr&Sit
f &if;&Sit
f &m&S}d uD; om;orD;r&So
d avmuf tvGeef nf;+yD; "e&Siaf ygufp tvwfpm;rsm;.
om;orD;rsm;u v$r;f +cHKxm;ojzifh wdu
k cf u
kd af &;t&nftcsi;f aumif;rGeo
f nf? rdrv
d w
l ef;pm;xuf jrifw
h &hJ mxl; pnf;pdrrf ufv;kH rsm;
a=umifh u;pm;tm;xkw=f uonf? xdk@a=umifh wyfwnf+idrfpnf;vHk;r_udkvnf; jzpfaponf? ,if;uJhok@d vlwef;pm;t& jzpfae
jcif;onf t"duxl;jcm;csuf}uD;wck jzpfae+yD; ppfwyf.aumif;rGefaom tajccH}uD;w&yfvnf; jzpfaeonf? odk@aomfvnf;
,ck &Spaf v;vHk;umvvGe+f yD;aemufwGif ppfwyfwGif; ppft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;. om;rsm;ESihf tcsdK@ppftkypf kEiS fh tvGefeD;pyfolrsm;.
om;rsm; wyfwiG ;f t&m&Srd sm; jzpfvm+yD; wd@k ukd ta&;ygaom aemufrsKd ;qufopf trmcHtjzpf arG;jrL+yD; wyfwiG ;f ta&;ygaom
tcsuftcsmae&mtcsdK@udk ay;xm;vmonf? wdk@.orD;tcsdK@vnf; olwk@d .rsdK;qufopfjzpfEidk faom "e&SifaygufpwyfrSL;
wcsKd @ESifh ay;pm;vufxyfay;+yD; odr;f oGi;f r_vnf;awG@&onf? wdk@onf ppfwyft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;. om;orD;rsm;vnf;jzpfonf?
wcsdefwnf; tcsdK@rSm pD;yGm;a&;t& yGxm;aomrdbrsm;/ t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;. om;orD;rsm;vnf;jzpfaeonf? wd@k ppfwyfwiG f;
&Sv
d m+yDjzpfaomfvnf; t"duv$rf;rdk;r_rSm "e&Sifaygufp om;orD;rsm;jzpfonf?
11? ppfwyfonf pnf;urf;tawmfaumif;aomwyfjzpfonf? ,if;onf(u) e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;vGwv
f yfa&; tpOftvmpdw/f awmfvSefa&;tpOftvmpdwfudk oGi;f xm;Edkijf cif; t"duwckjzpfonf?
(c) Adv
k fae0if;acwfwav#mufvHk; wyfwGif;yk*~dKvft& pD;yGm;a&;aomif;usef;r_r&Sad tmif xde;f xm;Edki/f ,cktxd atmufajc
tv,ftvwftqifhw@dk wGif xdef;xm;Edkifjcif;?
(*) aemuft"duwckrSm t&m&Sdtrsm;pkrSm "e&Sifaygufpvlwef;pm; tvwfEiS fhtedrfh OD;pD;wJhwyfjzpfaejcif; eHygwf 10 wGif
azmfjy+yD;jzpf?
(C) aemufta&;}uD;ta=umif;wckrSm - +Adwdo#w@kd xrH &S onfh tarGaumif;[kq&dk rnfh ppfwyfwiG ;f pnf;urf; Oya'rsm; tjynfh
tpH&k &Sdxm;jcif;jzpfonf? +Adwdo#wdk@rSm udkvdkeD"eo[m&ppfwyfrsm;yg udkifwG,q
f ufqHvm&aom &Snfvsm;us,fjyef@onfh
tawG@t}uHKrsm;ay: tajccH+yD; wyftkyfcsKyfa&; pnf;urf;Oya'rsm; tES@H tjym;us,fjyef@pGm tao;tr$m;up+yD; wDxGiw
f nf
aqmufxm;&m jrefrmwyfvnf; xdktarGudk&cJhojzifh pnf;urf;rsm;udk ,cifawmfvSefa&;tpOftvm pdwf"mwfjzifh
8
_ynfolhtm%m
xde;f odrf;EdkifHkru +Adwdo#wdk@. us,fjyef@jynfhpHkaom a=u;pm;wyfpnf;urf;Oya'rsm;yg tajccH+yD;udkifwG,fEdkio
f jzifh ppfwyf
pnf;urf;aumif;a&; a'gufwkid f}uD;wck jzpfvmawmhonf?
(i) Adv
k af e0if;rSm olomv#if ,dk,iG ;f ysufp;D aomfvnf; ppfwyfuu
kd kid w
f G,&f mwGif wwfEidk o
f avmuf pnf;urf;twdik f; xde;f odr;f
cJo
h nf? wzufu olvlarG;+yD; rsuEf Smomay;r_awG&Sd+yD; rvdkolawGudk zwf - xkwf awG &Sdaomfvnf; wzufupnf;urf;udk
xdef;onf? pnf;urf;ao0yfa&;udk *ky.? aemufwcsdK@v}l uD;rsm; trSm;usL;vGefr_rsm;&S&d m xdkolawGxJrS wcsKd @ut
dk a&;r,ljcif;/
xkwfypfjcif;rybJ xdkt&mrsm;udjk y +cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; oluufovdkquf+yD; umvwcsdK@txd +idrf0yfpmG udkifwG,f oGm;onfvnf;
&Sdonf?
(p) wyfwGif;wGif atmufajct=uyfwyfom;rsm;u txuft&m&Sd}uD;rsm; jzpfEkid faom &mxl;wdk;wufa&;rufvk;H awG ay;xm;
zefwD;xm;jcif;jzifh rdrd}uD;yGm;vdak om pdwfrufv;Hk udk ay;xm;Edik fjcif;/ txufygta=umif;rsm;a=umifh ppfwyfonf pnf;urf;
tawmftoifh wnf+idrfaumif;rGefaomwyf jzpfaejcif;?
12? e0w ppfwyfonf E_di;f ,SOcf suft& wdu
k fyGJrsm;wGif tawmftweftxdtcdkuf tustqHk;cHEkid faom ppfwyfjzpfaeayonf?
'Dppfwyfonf apmapmydik f; 1949 - 60 cef@u wdu
k fyGrJ sm;wGif wdkufyJG0ifo.
l 10&mcdik fE_ef;rS 15 &mcdik fE_ef;avmuf xdcdkufusqHk;
oGm;v#if wdu
k fpw
d fcu
dk fpw
d fpdwf"mwf 'l;xdavmufatmif usqif;wwf+yD; xdkwyfjyefemvefxlatmif ESpftcsdK@ tjcm;oufom
aom wm0efawGay;+yD; u;pm;cJh&aomfvnf; 1960 ausmf txl;ojzifh 1970 ausmfESpfrsm;wGif 20&mcdik fE_ef;rS 30&mcdkiEf _e;f xd
usqHk;xdcdkufonfw
h dkif wyftawmfrsm;rsm;rSm wdkufpdwfcdkufpdwfruswwfao;bJ quf+yD;wm0ef,lEidk fonftxd tustqHk;
cHEkid v
f monf? ,if;rSm t"dutm;jzifh tawG@t}uHK&ifu
h suv
f mjcif;ESihf txuf eHygwf 10 wGiaf zmfjyxm;onft
h wdki;f pnf;urf;
ESifh rufv;Hk rsm;a=umifhvnf; jzpf[ef&Sdonf?
13? e0w ppfwyfonf wav#mufvHk; Edkiif Hjcm;e,fcsJ@&efumuG,fa&;twGuf r&nf&,
G fbJ jynfwGif;ppfom OD;wnfxm;ojzifh
EdkifiHjcm;ESifh,SOfEdkif&ef acwfrDvufeufypPnf;rsm; rwyfqif/ oHcsyfum tajrmufwyf/ 'Hk;ysHwyf/ tif*sifeD,mwyf/ avwyf/
a&wyfwk@d udk ususeerwyfqif/ ajcvsifwyfom t"duwyfqifxm;onf? wnfaqmufxm;onf? ta=umif;rSm(u) e,fcsJ@Edkiif Htrsm;ESifh aphpyfvdkufavsmxm;+yD;
(c) t"durSm rdrt
d m%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf jynfwGif;ppfrSmom uGefjrLepfwdk@ESihf vH;k yef;wdkufcdkufaeonf?
(*) jynfolvlxke,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; pdwf"mwfa=umifh e,fcsJ@tulr,lvdkjcif;/ aemuf=um;aea&; bufrvdkufa&; rsufESmzHk;
wyfxm;&jcif; aemufe,fcsJ@vnf;a=umuf& qd&k S,v
f pfEkid firH sm;&J@tulvnf; r,l&J?
(C) rdrad tmufvlrsm;u jyefIvkyf}uHv#if vG,fulrSmvnf; pd;k &ao;[ef&Sd?
(i) aemuf udk,fydkifaiGa=u;bwf*sufvnf; rwwfEdkifI rdrdtm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf vuf&SdjynfwGif;ppfudkom zd&rSmrdk@
,if;twGufy+dk yD; vdktyfonfh ajcvsifwyfom t"duxm;+yD; zJG@ch&J onf? xdkodk@wyfzG@J &mwGif apmapmydik f;u ajcvsifwyfrsm;yif
rsm;rsm;rzJG@Eidk f=u? aemufuGejf rLepfbuf ,dr;f ,dkipf w
d fudkqJGaqmifEkid &f ef wzufuzdEySd fHkru wzufuvnf; wdki;f jynfpD;yGm;a&;/
usef;rma&;/ ynma&;pwJ@ bufawGrmS wd;k wufwnfaqmufa&;twGufa&m 'gawGudk0g'jzef@a&;twGufa&m aiGtm;oH;k &I
ppfbwf*sufukd omrefxuf 30 &mckdifEe_ f;xufyI
dk tvGeftu|HroHk;&Jay? odk@aomf &Spfav;vH;k +yD;aemuf e,fcsJ@wdk@jzifh aphpyf
vdak omfvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd EiS hf tm%mcJaG 0a&;xd rpGe@f vI
kd e,fcs@J aESmuf,u
S rf u
_ kd &ifqikd Ef ikd &f ef ppfwyfukd rwwfom
bJ rvkyfcsiv
f Saom wkwfESifhqufqH+yD; vufeuf}uD;rsm;ESifh tawmfacwfrDatmif aps;aygaygjzifh 0,f,w
l yfqifvmonf?
9
_ynfolhtm%m
rdrdwOD;wnf; tm%m&SifjzpfvmI aiGa=u;t&vnf; jynfoludk axmufxm;p&m rvdk/ vufeuf}uD;wyfrsm; a&wyf/
avwyfrsm;yg jriw
hf ifvmonf? wzufuvnf; jynforl sm;. tHk ur_ukd tjrefcsKd ;ESrd Ef ikd af tmif ajcvsiw
f yfawGvnf; wd;k cs@J &onf?
xd@k a=umifh e0w wyf[m &Spaf v;vHk;umvu =unf;-a&-av t+rJwrf;wyf wodef;udk;aomif; ESpo
f def;eD;yg;&S&d mu
,ck 1995 - 96 wGif ESpfqavmuf av;odef;ausmfxd wd;k cs@J cJh? ig;odef;xdvnf; wdk;cs@J rnf[kvnf; qdx
k m;onf?
xd@k a=umifh 1988 avmuftxd vH;k 0acwfrrD/ ajcvsiw
f yft"durS ,ck 1995 - 96 wGif toift
h wifh acwfrv
D monf?
acwfrDppfynmudkvnf; wkwfrsm;xHu txufwef;ppf&mxl;}uD; oifwef;rsm;wufap+yD; tawmftwefacwfrDa&;udk
OD;wnfvmonf?
od@k &mwGif e0w wyf. pdw"f mwfrmS ,cif &Spaf v;vH;k rwdkirf Duavmuf pdw"f mwfraumif;awmhay? t"duta=umif;
u jynfolwdk@. ppfwyftay: rkef;wD;&GH&Smr_twGuf pdwfxcd dkurf _/ aemuf 1989 CPB y+_y;D aemuf tpdk;&u typftcwf&yfa&;/
+idrf;csrf;a&; a&S;_vmonf? aemufurBmESihcf sDaom +idr;f csr;f a&;pdwf"mwf dkufcwfr_vnf; &SdvmaeI +idr;f csr;f a&;pdwfvr$ ;f vm+yD;
wdu
k fpdwfcu
dk fpdwf avsmhenf;vm=u[efvnf;&Sdonf? od@k aomfvnf; ppfwyf[m acwfrDwyf}uD; rjzpfao;? acwfrDppfynmrsm;
rwwfajrmufao;? acwfrpD pfyGt
J awG@t}uHK r&Sdao;ay? aemuf Adv
k fae0if; aocgeD;vmav wyfwGi;f *d%
k f;*e tkypf ktm%m/
pD;yGm;a&;/ Edkiif aH &; uG+J yJa&;rsm; acgif;jyLvm? t"duwyfwiG f; pD;yGm;a&;orm;tcsdK@. taemufbuf,rd ;f r_EiS hf tm%mqufxed ;f
xm;vdkolwdk@u wkwfEiS fhwGv
J rdk _[m *dk%f;oabmtpyae+yD[k xif&onf?
14? e0w. xl;jcm;r_w&yfrSm ,ckxd ,if;wyfwGif e,fcsJ@EdkifiHrsm;. *dk%f;tzJG@rsm;r&Sdao;[k ,lq&jcif;jzpfonf? xdkudpP
Adv
k af e0if;u wOD;wnf;om e,fcs@J Eikd if rH sm;ESiq
hf ufqaH &;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyx
f m+yD; xdo
k @kd *%
kd ;f zJ@G vo
kd w
l @kd ukd Adv
k af e0if;u umuG,f
ESrd feif;Edik fco
Jh nf? Adkvfae0if;onf yxr 1970 ausmftxd +Adwdo#wdk@. vufudkifwkwf/ +Adwdo#bufom;jzpfcJh+yD; aemuftawG@
t}uHKt& *smr%D/ *syef/ wkwfw@dk ESifhyg qufqHvmcJhonf? tar&duefESiv
fh nf; ydyuQr}uD;atmif xdef;xm;cJh? wOD;wnf;.
wynft
h jzpfrcH? zdvpfyikd f rm;ud@k pf [m tar&duefwOD;wnf;. wynfjh zpfc+hJ yD; tar&duefu vlajymif;vdw
k t
hJ cg xGuaf y;&onf?
Adv
k af e0if;u wynfah jymif;rcH? q&momajymif;qufqo
H nf? ol.xl;c|erf j_ zpfonf? wkwEf iS q
hf ufqaH &;udv
k nf; tvGeo
f nf;cH
apmifhqdkif;+yD; a&&SnfqufqHa&; rysufatmif u;pm;cJhonf?
Adkvfr;csKyfarmifarmifwdk@*dk%f;udk wyfuxkwyf ,f&jcif;. t"duta=umif;rSm Adkvaf rmifarmifonf tar&duefESifh
aygif;+yD; Adkvfae0if;ESihw
f uG tpd;k &udyk g ppftm%modrf;zd@k u;pm;}uHpnfaer_ ayguf=um;od&dv
S m&I xkwfy,fjcif;jzpfonf?
Adkvfatmif}uD;udk wyfrSxw
k &f jcif;ta=umif;rSmvnf; wjcm;ta=umif;awG&Sd? 1960 a&G;aumufyw
JG iG f qdk&S,fvpfygwD ywfomG ;
+yD;aomfvnf; Adkvfatmif}uD;rSm wyfwGif Adkvfae0if;tay:vnf;aumif;/ wjcm;vlawGtay:wGifvnf;aumif; qufqHa&;
rajymif;bJ ,cifqk&d ,
S v
f pfygwt
D pdk;&. ud,
k pf m;vS,v
f kd qufvufAkv
d u
f squfqjH cif;/ OD;Eku Adv
k af e0if;udk ykeu
f efwu
kd fcu
kd f&ef
Edik if jH cm;xGufjcif;udk odvsufESifh owif;rydk@jcif; ponfw@dk ? aemufwa=umif;rSm *syefESi&fh if;ES;D vGef;jcif;wdk@a=umifh zwfxkwf&jcif;
jzpfonf? tcsKyftm;jzifh Adkvfae0if;[m ppfwyfwGi;f u tjcm;EdkifiHawGESifh *dk%f;zJG@jcif;udk oludk,w
f dkirf Swyg; tjcm;r&Sdatmif
xdef;odrf;cJhonf? tar&duefonf wyfwGif;*d%
k f;zJG@Ekid fa&;twGuf tvGefu;pm;rnfxif&onf? 1990 aemufykid f; ydku;pm;rnf
xif&onf? b,fr#c&D;ayguo
f nf rod&ay? odyaf ygurf nfawmh rxif? ta=umif;w&yfrmS wdik ;f jynf. e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;*,uf
pdwf"mwfrSm wyfudkdkufcwf/ e*dkrlvutpOftvmt& wyfrSmvnf; 'Dpdwf"mwfoGif;xm;? tar&duefuvnf; urBmuyg
qef@usicf Hae&I tar&dueftaeESifh *dk%f;zJG@a&; odyrf vG,fay? xdk@a=umifh e0w ppfwyfwiG f e,fcs@J *dk%f;zJG@xm;Edkirf _ r&Sdao;[k
,lq&onf? od@k aomf wyfwGif;wGif xdyo
f D;wcsdK@ aiGa=u;pm;cGifh&+yD; ,cifESifhrwl tawmf}uD;csrf;omvmolwcsKd @ &Sdvmonf?
10
_ynfolhtm%m
*d%
k f;tzJG@rsm; jzpfvmEdkio
f nf? xd*k dk%f;rsm; rdrdwdk@tajctae&yfwnfa&;twGuf tar&duefESihf *dk%f;zJG@ajcrsm; jzpfvmEdkifonf?
wkwfESifhaygif;+yD; rdrdtm%mqufudkifxm;vdkol Adkvfae0if;*dk%f;ESifh wyfwGif;*dk%;f wkdufyGJ &SdvmEdkifonfh tvm;tvmvnf;
&Sdonf?
15? Adv
k af e0if;onf wyfwiG ;f e,fcs@J *%
kd ;f rzJ@G Eikd af tmif tpOfxed ;f odr;f xm;ovdk wyfwiG ;f Y udq
k ef@usio
f nfh *d%
k ;f ray:atmif
t+rJowdeSifh xdef;odrf;cJo
h nf? xdktvm;tvm *dk%f;tptersm;udk wjznf;jznf;enf;aygi;f pHkjzifh ESdrfeif;ypfonf?
16? Adv
k fae0if;u ppfwyfukd ol@=oZmudkif olydkifppfwyfjzpfatmif u;pm;yHk?
(u) yxrtqifh? ArmjynfwGifvGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf qdk&S,fvpfygwDtjzpfcH,l+yD; qdk&S,fvpfrsm;jzifh e,fcsJ@zufqpf
awmfvSeaf &;tpOftvm&Sdaom ppfwyfudk twGif;omeftm;jzifh a=u;pm;wyfjzpfatmif yl;aygi;f vky}f uHcJh=uonf?
(c) wyfr;}uD;i,fxJrS uGejf rLepfpdwf&Sdol/ rsdK;cspfpw
d fjyif;xefolrsm;udk wjznf;jznf;ta=umif;&Sm+yD; xkwyf ,fypfjcif;?
(*) uGefjrLepfpdwfvnf; odyfr&S/d qdk&S,v
f pfygwD0iftjzpfvnf; rvkyfao;ol/ vkyfaomfvnf; odyfxifxif&Sm;&Sm; rvkyo
f l/
t"du rsKd ;cspfpdwf toifhtwifh&do
S lwk@d udk Adv
k fae0if;u &mxl;Xme EW&awGay;+yD; Edkiif Ha&;t&vnf; qdk&S,v
f pfygwD wnf+rJudk
qef@usif+yD; wdkif;jynfudk wu,fhq&dk S,fvpfEidk fit
H jzpf wnfaxmifrnhf[ef pnf;Hk;+yD; ol@bufom;rsm;tjzpf arG;jrLae&may;
xdef;odrf;vdkufjcif;?
(C) pwkwrSm t}uD;qH;k jzpfonf? rSm wyfwGif;Y vla[mif;trsm;pktxuf/ tvwfonf Adkvaf e0if;ta=umif; od=uwm
rsm;onf? olonf wu,frh sKd ;cspfjynfcspfpw
d &f o
dS l r[kw?f tcGit
hf a&;orm;}uD; jzpfonfqo
kd nfuv
kd nf;aumif;/ ppfEiS yhf wfouf
Ivnf; &mxl;}uD;rsm;om ,lxm;aomfvnf; bmr#wwfajrmufjcif;r&S/d xufxufjrufjrufr&Sd/ u;pm;tm;xkwfr_vnf;r&Sd
qdo
k nfukv
d nf;aumif;/ ppfwyftwGuv
f nf;aumif;/ Edkiif t
H wGuv
f nf;aumif; aumif;atmifvyk fvkpd w
d fvnf;r&Sd vkyef kid af om
t&nftcsif;vnf;r&Sd qdkonfudkvnf;aumif;/ tqd;k qH;k rSm taysmftyg;vdu
k fI tusihpf m&dwW ysufjym;olom jzpfa=umif;udk
vnf;aumif; odxm;=uygonf?
ppfwyfESifh wdkif;jynfaumif;a&;twGuf bmar#mv
f ifch sufrSr&So
d [
l k owfrSw=f u+yD; ol.tusipfh m&dwW rxde;f odrf;Edik rf _
tay:rSmvnf; txiftjrifao;=uygonf? wu,fawmh olw@kd onf Adv
k af e0if;tay: tqd;k jrifwckwnf;om =unfjh rif =uonf?
Adv
k af e0if;onf rdru
d ,
dk u
f sKd ;twGuq
f kv
d #if b,fudpPukrd qdk b,fo@l ukrd qdk raxmufrxm; &uf&ufpufpufvyk &f o
J /l vkyEf kid fol
jzpfa=umif;udk rjrif=u? trSefu Adkvfae0if;onf tajctaetcGihaf umif;awGudk =unfhjrifwwf+yD; &onft
h cGiht
f a&; awGudk
wvSrf;jcif;ajymif;vJ &,lcjJh cif;jzpfonf?
yxr - ocifApdef*k%
d f;rSaeI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk tvGefav;pm;[efjyI &Jabmfo;Hk usdyfwGi;f ae&m&atmif,cl Jhonf?
'kwd, - AdkvfcsKyfusqHk;+yD;aemuf zqyv qdk&,
S fvpfygwD tm%m&vmaomtcg qd&k S,fvpfacgif;aqmiftjzpf cH,cl Jhonf?
qd&k S,fvpfygwDuvnf; ppfwyfudkolv$rf;rdk;Edkifatmif u;yrf;ay;cJhonf?
wwd, - vlxku qdk&,
S fvpfygwD wnf+rJudk pGef@vw
$ fvdkuaf omtcg 1960 a&G;aumufyJ/G qdk&,
S fvpfr[kwfcJhovdk/ qdk&S,fvpf
rsm;ESihf cGmvdkuf+yD; wyfwGi;f u qd&k ,
S v
f pfwyfr;}uD;rsm; xkwyf pfjcif;/ wyfwiG ;f u =um;vlwcsKd @uku
d kid fum ppfwyfux
dk ed ;f cJo
h nf?
aemufq;Hk ppfwyftay: vHk;0tm%m=oZmv$rf;vmatmifvkyyf HkrSm ol@tay:taumif;rjrif/ txifr}uD;onfh wyfr;a[mif;
rsm;udk enf;omefaygi;f pHjk zifh z,f&Sm;+yD; t&yfbuf &mxl;}uD;rsm; txl;ojzifh oHwrefay;ajymif;? ol@ta=umif; odyfrodaom
wyfr;i,frsm; vli,frsdK;qufopfrsm;udk a&pD;ovdk&mxl;awGw;dk ay;+yD; arG;jrLcJo
h nf? xkdvli,frsdK;qufrmS awmfvSeaf &;rsm;
udv
k nf; rjzwfoef;zl;/ Adkvfae0if;ESifhvnf; tqifhtvGefuGmjcm;/ &mxl;}uD;rsm;uvnf; rwefwqawG&xm; pwJhtcsufrsm;
11
_ynfolhtm%m
a=umifh tvGefauseyfESpfodrfh=u+yD; Adkvaf e0if;taeESifh xdk'kwd,rsdK;quf wyfr;rsm;rSwqifh wyfuadk umif;aumif; udkifwG,f
Edik fcho
J nf? ol@twGuf tvGeftusdK;rsm;apcJhonf?
xd@k a=umifh ppfwyfwGif Adv
k fae0if; =oZmtm%mydkifjzpfvm&jcif;rSm tcsKyftm;jzifh(1) yxr wyfudk &JabmfoHk;usdyftpOftvmudkcH,l+yD; xdef;xm;Edkifjcif;?
(2) zqyv qdk&S,v
f pfygwDEiS fhaygif;+yD; jynfwGif;ppftwGif;ESpu
f m a=u;pm;wyftjzpfajymif;?
(3) uGefjrLepfEiS fh rsdK;cspfjynfcspfwyfr;rsm;udk xkwyf ,fypfjcif;?
(4) wyfr;a[mif;rsm;udk wyfjyifxkw+f yD; rsdK;qufopfvli,fwyfr;rsm;ESifh tpm;xdk;jcif;?
&mxl;}uD;rsm;zefwD;ay;+yD; udkifwG,ftkyfcsKyfEdkifcJhonf? Adkvfae0if;uG,fvGef+yD;wdkif qufoGm;Edkifzdk@ u;pm;jyifqifxm;
aomfvnf; Adv
k fae0if; r&Sad wmhv#if pnf;vHk;r_avsmh&JvmEdik f?
17? e0w ppfwyf. t&nftcsif;pGrf;&nfEiS fh ywfoufI aemufxl;jcm;r_rmS wyfonf jynfwGi;f ppf ESpfav;q,fausmfr#
wdu
k cf u
kd fvmcJ&h ojcifh wdu
k cf u
kd af &;tawG@t}uHK tawmfu,f0vmcJo
h nf? od@k &mwGif xdt
k awG@t}uHKrsm;xJrS tmenf;csuf}uD;
2 ck&Sdonf?
(u) yxrrSm tawG@t}uHK&ifhvmaom wyfr;rsm; eHrnfenf;enf;xGufvmonfESifh ajc&mwdkif;+yD; *dk%f;tkyfpkzJG@vmrSmpdk;I
=um=umrxm;bJ vla[mif;udk jriw
hf ifonfeh nf;jzifh ab;z,fxw
k u
f m vlopfrsm;ESihf qufcgqufcg vJay;oGm;ojzifh r[mAsL[m
tjrif &ifhoefaomwyfr;}uD; ppfacgif;aqmiftjzpfrsdK; odyfra&mufEkid fI wyfr; rsm;twGif; wdkufcku
d fa&;aumif;rGefaom wyfr;
rsm;pGm&Sad omfvnf; r[mAsL[mtjrifus,o
f l ppfacgi;f aqmifrsm; csKd @wahJ eayonf? xd@k a=umifh wcGiw
f jyifv;kH tjrifus,u
f s,Ef iS hf
=unfhjrif+yD; r[mAsL[m csrSwfEdkio
f nfhvlrsdK; r&Sdoavmufenf;yg;aeonf?
(c) 'kwd,tm;enf;csufrSm &Snfvsm;aom jynfwGif;ppf wdkuyf JGrsm;wGif ppfwyfrSm ajcvsifwyfudkom t"durdKifxm;+yD;
wdkufcdkufcJh&onf? tajrmufwyf/ oHcsyfum,EW,m;wyfrsm;/ avwyf/ a&wyfwdk@jzifh xda&mufyl;aygif;wdkufcdkufjcif;rsm;
r&Sdoavmufjzpfc&Jh m tm;enf;csuf 2 ckxyfawG@&jyefonf?
12
_ynfolhtm%m
yxr - wyfr; rsm;taeESifh axmufyu
Hh lnDa&; ppfvufHk;wyftoD;oD; trsm;tjym;udk yl;wJG+yD; [efcsun
f D udkifwG,ftyk fcsKyf+yD;
wdu
k cf u
kd jf cif;twwf rwwfajrmuf=ujcif;ESihf 'kw,
d - xdo
k @kd acwfrv
D ufeuf}uD;rsm;ESihf avwyf/ a&wyfw@kd ukd ,ckrS pwifz@GJ pnf;
vm&m acwfrw
D ku
d fy}JG uD;rsm; EdkifiHjcm;wyfrsm;ESihf &ifqidk f&ef rsm;pGmtm;enf;aeayonf? aemufwa=umif;rSmvnf; xdkvufeuf
}uD;rsm;ESihf cJ,rf;rsm;xkwfEidk faom bwf*sut
f & uef@owfr_vnf; &Sdrnfjzpf&m xdak cwfrDEidk fiHjcm;ESifhjzpfrnfh ppfyrGJ sdK; a&&Snf
wdu
k Ef ikd zf @kd vnf; rvG,af y? xd@k a=umifh Edik if jH cm;ppfyw
GJ u
kd cf u
kd af &;twGuf acwfrpD pfyu
GJ ,
kd w
f ,
G Ef ikd o
f nfh t&nftcsi;f t& tm;enf;
jcif;ESihf xdk yk yf pPn;f rsm; =um=umtoH;k yEdik zf kd rvHrk avmufjzpfjcif;wd@k a=umifh wdk@taeESihf acwfrpD pfyq
GJ ifE&J$ ef rsm;pGmtm;enf;
csdK@wJhaeonf? odk@&mwGif wdk@. ta&;omcsufrSm ppftawG@t}uHK tawmf&ifhusufxm;ojzifh tawmftwefacwfrD
aomfvnf; ppftawG@t}uHKtm;enf;wJh EdkifijH cm;wyfrsm;udrk l tawmftwef&ifqdkifEidk fvdrfhrnf[k ,lq&onf? cHppft"dujzifh
&ifqdkifEdkifrnfjzpfonf? aemufwcsurf Sm e0w wyfwGif e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;udk tpOftvmomeftjzpf xde;f odr;f vmcJhjcif;/
jynfolwdk@wiG f e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;pdwf &Sdaejcif;wdk@a=umifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifwku
d fcdkufa&;wGif tawmftwef pdwf"mwfcidk frmpGm
wH@k jyefEdkifp&mvnf; &Sdonf?
tydkif; (3)
xd@k a=umifh vuf&Sdppfwyf. r[mAsL[m tawG;tac:onf cHppfavm/ xdk;ppfavm qdk&mwGif txufygta=umif;wdk@
a=umifh a,bk,stm;jzifh jynfwGi;f ppfwGif tbufbufu tay:pD;&aeojzifh xd;k ppfr[mAsL[mjzpf+yD; jynfyESifhywfoufIrl
t"dutm;jzifh cHppfr[mAsL[musiho
f Hk;rnfjzpfonf? wwfEdkifv#if vH;k 0ppf}uD;rjzpfEdkifatmif EdkifiaH &;enf;pojzifh a&Smifwrd f;
Edik fatmif u;pm;rnf jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif(u) jynfwGi;f jynfoltkH ur_udk vrf;v$J&eftwGufvnf;aumif;
(c) rdrdwdk@ppfwyf}uD; wnf&Sdaer_onf vdktyfa=umif;ESifh rdrdwk@d ppfwyft&m&mv$rf;rdk;Edkifa&;wdk@twGuf ta=umif;jycsuf&a&;
twGufvnf;aumif;
(*) jynfow
l @kd . ppfwyfurkd ek f;wD;aer_rS xdwv
f ef@acsmufcsm;+yD; tm;ud;k tm;xm;rSw
D ,
G v
f pkd w
d f &Sv
d matmiftwGuv
f nf;aumif;
tawmftwefacwfrDaomfvnf; ppftawG@t}uHKenf;+yD; odyfodyfonf;onf;r&Sdaom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHwdk@jzifh ,m,De,fpyf
ppfyGJi,frsKd ;rsm; jzpfvm&ef zefwD;vkyfaqmifEdkifonf?
tydkif; (4)
,ckESpt
f enf;i,ftwGif; jrefrmhwyfpDpOfae&mcsxm;yHrk Sm - t"dutm;jzifh tpd;k &onf twdkuftcHtJet
f ,fvf'D
EdkifiHa&;ygwDudk zzsufa&;tay: tm;xkwfu;pm;aepOfESifh jynfolvlxktHkuvmrSmudk pdk;&drfae&aomumvjzpfonf?
xku
d mvwGif ppfwyfukd jynfov
l lxu
k kd +cdr;f ajcmufzEd ydS x
f m;Edik f&efESihf jynfwiG f;jynfov
l lxu
k o
kd m &ifqikd &f ef t"duxm;? jrefrm
jynfwGif; e,fy,frsm;wGif jynfwiG ;f ppf at;csrf;aeaomfvnf; wyf&if;tajccHpcef;rsm; wnfaxmifcsxm;onf? aemufbufu
t"duwyfrsm;udk qlyv
l y_ &f mS ;Edik af om vlrsKd ;pkvufeufuikd f tiftm;pkrsm;udk xde;f csKyfzEd ydS Ef ikd &f ef e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif csxm;onf?
t"dutm;jzifh vlrsKd ;pkrsm;aom &Srf;jynfe,fa'oESihf xdik f;e,fpyfbuf/ &cdkifa'obufw@dk wiG f tmHpk ku
d x
f m;+yD; tjcm;typf&yf
aphpyf+idrf;csrf;a&; ,lxm;aom vlrsdK;pktzJG@rsm; txl;ojzifh autif,l/ autdkiftdk/ u&ifeD/ 0/ udk;uef@/ &cdkifa'orsm;ESifh
13
_ynfolhtm%m
qufpyfaom a'orsm;wdk@wGif wyfrsm;tm;vHk; pl;pdkux
f m;onf? xdkif;e,fpyfESifh &cdkiaf 'owdk@wiG f aemife,fpyfppfyJrG sm; zefwD;
Edkifonfvnf;&Sdonf?
tydkif; (5)
wdkif;jynfumuG,fa&;ESifh ppfwyftay: jrefrmtpdk;&usifhoHk;aom rl0g'ESifhywfoufI pOf;pm;v#if Tae&mwGif
ppfwyfESifh tpd;k &cJrG & uGmjcm;jcif;r&Sd wom;wnf;jzpfaeaom ppftpdk;&jzpfonf? wdik f;jynfumuG,fa&;rSm yxrydki;f u odyf
rpOf;pm; jynfwiG ;f rdrt
d m%m xlaxmif+rJ+rHa&;twGuo
f m t"duuGejf rLepfygwu
D kd wdu
k cf u
kd af &;ESihf jynfwiG ;f ppfuo
kd m aZmif;ay;
xm;onf? ,ck &Spaf v;vH;k aemuf tar&duef ponfw@kd tEW&m,fa=umifh jynfy&efumuG,af &;twGuf ppfwyfukd omrefajcvsif
wyft"durS ppfvufHk;wyfrsm; wyfqif+yD; tawmftwefacwfraD tmif zJ@G pnf;vmonf? ,if;twGuf jyifqifvmonf?
jynfye,fcsJ@vkyfEdkifcsufrmS (u) yxrvlrsKd ;pkwcsKd @ukd owfowfuikd w
f ,
G f tm;ay;xde;f odr;f xm;jcif;ESihf 'kw,
d - jynfwiG ;f Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;wGi;f od@k xd;k azmuf
0ifa&muf pnf;H;k udkifwG,jf cif;rsm;vky+f yD; jynfol@e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;pdwf avsmhenf;atmifu;pm;rnf jzpfonf?
(c) jrefrmtdrfe;D csi;f EdkifiHrsm;rS e,fcsJ@=oZm}uD;rm;aom EdkifiHrsm;ESifh e,fpyfppfyJGjzpf&ef zefwD;Edkifonf? jrefrmtzd@k txl;ojzifh
xdik f;EdkifiHESifh ydyuQjzpf&ef zefwD;ay;Edkifonf?
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vDeif0g'&J@ taw;tac:
(3) vDeifu vkyfief;aw jyifqifw,f?
ar;zm;vmjcif; rSwfwdik f
vDeif0g'&J@ rdKifuawmh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;jzpf+yD; 1903 k&mS ; qk&d ,
S f 'Dru
dk a&pD tvkyo
f rm;ygw&D @J 'kw,
d t}udrf
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; 'Drkdua&pDt& a&;aumuf ay:xufvmwJh uef*&uf?
uk,
d fpm;vS,af wu "e&Sifvlwef;pm;tay: tm%m&Sifpepf teuft"dy`m,f
usifhoHk;w,f? t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm; 'Drkdua&pD[m OpPm"e vDeif0g'[m e,fcsJ@pepfacwfumv&J@ rmhufpf0g'jzpfw,f?
tajccHay:rSm twef;tpm; cjJ cm;wJh 'Dru
kd a&pDpepfudk xlaxmif vDeif&J@ tapmykdif;umv awmfvSefa&; v_yf&mS ;r_rsm;
xm;w,f? 'gayrJh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;[m vl@tzJ@tpnf;rSm tv,fwef;rSm pmoif,laepOfumvrSm vDeif[m k&Sm;
tzdEydS fc&H qH;k tedrq
hf ;kH twef;tpm;jzpfw,f? olw@kd 'Dru
kd a&pD awmfveS w
f hJ 'Dru
kd &ufaw&@J pmtkyfawudk pwifavhvmw,f?
cHpm;&w,fqkdrSom wu,fhppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pDjzpfw,f? 'gh ol[m 1887 rSm umZefwuUov
dk f (University of Kazan)
tjyif rsufarSmufacwf 'Drkdua&pD EkdifiHawrSm ypPnf;rJhvl wufa&muf ynmoif,lw,f? awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm yg0if
wef;pm;[m 'Dru
dk a&pDxu
J dk wu,fh ppfppfreS rf eS f yg0ifci hf r&Ekid f vkd@ tzrf;cH&w,f? 1889 rSm vDeif[m k&Sm;tvkyform;
28
_ynfolhtm%m
v_yf&mS ;r_&J@ tcsut
f csmjzpfwhJ yDwmpbwf+rdK@udk a&mufvm+yD;
tvkyform;xkxJukd eufeufi_d f;_dif; wkd;0ifcJhw,f? rmhufp0f g'
ukd 0g'jzef@w,f? 1895 rSm ol[m yDwmpbwfrSm&SdwJh rmhufpf
0g' tpk 20 ausmfeJ@ aygif;pnf;+yD; tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;
vwfajrmufa&; wkdufyJ tzJ@csKyfukd xlaxmifw,f? tzJ@
csKyf[m rmhufpf0g'ukd tvkyform; vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_eJ@
pwifaygif;pyfvkduw
f ,f? armfpukd/ uD;,ufpwJha'orSmvnf;
tvm;wl tzJ@rsdK;ukd xlaxmif=uw,f? tJ'DEpS f 'DZifbmrSm
vDeif[m Zmbk&iftpk;d &&J@ zrf;qD;jcif;cH&w,f? aemifrSmawmh
wuef;ykd@wht
J aeeJ@ qkdufab;&D;,m; tyd@k cH&w,f? 1900 rSm
vDeif qkdufab;&D;,m;rS tcsed fjynfhvd@k jyefvwfvm+yD; yvuf
caemhAf polw@dk e@J aygi;f +y;D rD;ym; owif;pmukd xlaxmifw,f?
ol[m 'Dowif; pmrsufEmS away:rSm rmhufpf0g' 0g'jzef@csad &;
aqmif;yg;aw woDwwef;}uD;ukd a&;cJw
h ,f? jyefjyifa&;0g'ukd
a0zef+yD; tvkyform;v_yf&mS ;r_eJ@ ygwDwnfaqmufa&;eJ@ ywf
oufwJh vrf;!eft"dy`m,faqmifwJh awmfvSefa&;oabm
w&m;awukd ody`Henf;us &Sif;jyw,f? k&Sm;&J@ wkd;wufwJh
tvkyform;aweJ@ qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufygwD0ifaw[m rD;ym;
owif;pmywfywfvnfvnfrSm pkpnf;vm=uw,f? rD;ym;
owif;pmukd vkyfief;trsm;tjym;&J@ tajccHtkwfjrpftjzpf
xm; aqmif&ufc+Jh yD; 1903 rSm k&mS ;qkd&S,'f Drdu
k a&pD tvkyf
orm; ygwD&J@ 'kwd,t}udrf ue*f &ufukd usif;ycJhw,f?
k&Sm;qkd&S,f'Drdu
k a&pD tvkyform;ygwD yxruef*&uf
1898/ rwfv 1 &ufae@rS 3 &ufae@ txd usif;ycJh?
yDwmpbwf/ armfpukd/ uD;,ufpwJha'oawrS wkduyf Jor*~
rsm;eJ@ k&Sm; taemufykdif; tvkyform; tpnf;tHk;rsm;rS
uk,
d fpm;vS,f 9 a,muf yg0ifw,f? rifhpf+rdK@rSm 'Due*f &ufukd
v#dK@0u
S fusi;f ycJw
h ,f? ue*f &ufu ygwD xlaxmifvdu
k af =umif;
a=unmvkduf+yD; a=unmcsuftjzpf k&Sm;qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pD
tvkyform;ygwD a=unmcsuf ukd xkwfjyefygw,f? k&Sm;
ypPn;f rJhvlwef;pm;[m tm%m&Sifpepf&J@ xdef;csKyfr_atmufu
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l ef;pm;wk@d e@J qk&d ,
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cJhyg+yD? tvkyform; owif;pmukd ygwD&J@ tmabmftjzpf
xkwaf 0zk@d cihjf yKvku
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rm;awmhAfukd axmufcHcJh=uw,f? ue*f &ufrSm acgif;aqmifr_
taqmufttHkudk a&;cs,=f u&mrSm tacsmiform; *k%
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t,f'DwmXmetjzpf a&;cs,+f yD; vDeifudk axmufco
H l ukd,pf m;
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pwif+yD; vDeifukd axmufcHol[m rJtrsm;pk &wma=umifh
(k&Sm;vkd trsm;pkv@kd t"dy`m,f&SdwJh) aAmf&DAS pfvkd@ac:=u+yD;/ rJ
tenf;pkom &&Sdolrsm;ukad wmh (tenf;pkvd@k t"dy`m,f&SdwJh)
rif&SDApfvkd@ ac:cJh=uw,f? aAmf&SDApftjrifqkdif&m pepfawukd
aAmf&ASD pf0g'vk@d ac:=uovkd rif&ASD pf&@J tjrifqdik &f m pepfrsm;ukd
vnf; rif&ADS pf0g'vk@d ac:vku
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D wif; Ekid if aH &;tjrif twkduftcH
jzpfwhJ *k%
d ;f tkypf k 2 ckay:vmw,f? aAmf&ADS pf0g' ay:vmjcif;[m
k&Sm;EkdifiHrSm trsKd ;tpm;opf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; EkdifiaH &;ygwD
xlaxmifvu
dk jf cif;&J@ trSwv
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vmjcif;&J@ trSwv
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aAmf& SDApf0g'ukd EkdifiHa&;taw;tac: a&pD;a=umif;wck
taejzifhvnf;aumif;/ ygwDwckwnf&rdS _ taejzifv
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t"dym` ,fzifhqdck suf
vDeif0g'[m e,fcsJ@pepfeJ@ ypPnf;rJhvlwef; pm;
awmfvSefa&; acwfumv&J@ rmhufpf0g'jzpfw,f? wdwdyy
ajym&&if vDeif0g'[m ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm; awmfvSefa&;&J@
oabmw&m;eJ@ enf;y&d,m,fjzpfw,f? txl;ojzifh ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm; tm%m&Sifpepf&J@ oabmw&m;eJ@ enf;y&d,m,f
rsm; jzpfw,f?
'Dt"dym` ,f ziq
fh kdcsuf[m rSeu
f efwu
d sr_ &Sdyghrvm;?
rSefuefwdusygw,fvkd@ ,lqygw,f? bma=umifhygv?J (1)
u vDeif0g'&J@ orkdif;a&aomufjrpfukd wdwdusus !ejf yw,f?
vDeif0g'[m e,fcsJ@pepfacwfumv&J@ rmhufpf0g'jzpfw,fvkd@
owfrw
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f ,f? 'g[m vDeifudk a0zefcw
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cJw
h m jzpfw,fqdkwJh rSm;,if;wJh xifjrif,lqcsufukd wnfrh wf
30
_ynfolhtm%m
tqufrjywfawmfvSeaf &; oabmw&m;
vDeif[m tqufrjywfawmfvSefa&; taw;tac:
ukd t&if;twkdif; vufcHc+Jh yD; 'gukd rdrd&J@ awmfvSefa&; oabm
w&m;&J@ tajccH tkwfjrpfwcktjzpf ajymif;vJypfvkdufw,f?
1905 ckESpfu vDeifwifjycJhwJh "e&Sifvlwef;pm; 'Drkdua&pD
awmfvSefa&;ukd qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSeaf &;tjzpf ajymif;vJa&;
taw;tac:[m rmhupf &f @J tqufrjywfawmfveS af &; oabm
w&m;&J@ tckdiftrm yHkpHw&yfjzpfw,f?
'Dtcsuef @J ywfoufv@dk 1905 ckEpS u
f vDeifwifjycJw
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f dk
=unfhyg?
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vpfawmfveS af &; ul;ajymif;a&;ukd csucf si;f pwif&r,f? 'gt
h jyif
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dS hJ pnf;H;k r_&w
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vlwef;pm; tiftm;t& ul;ajymif;a&;ukd pwif&r,f? ueaf wmf
wkd@[m tqufrjywf awmfvSefa&;ukd qkyfukdifxm;&r,f?
ueaf wmfw@kd [m w0ufwysufeJ@ b,fenf;eJ@rS &yfypfvkdufvkd@
rjzpfbl;? uefawmfwd@k [m t&Jpe f@0g'ukd b,fenf;eJ@rS
rvkyfbl;? uefawmfwkd@[m rdrdwkd@&J@ pdwfaumif; apwem
aumif;wk@d ukd b,fenf;eJ@rS ausmckdi;f rom;bl;? emrnfudk b,f
awmhrS tvJoHk;pm;rvkyfbl;? uefawmfwkd@ ajymEkdifwJh ajym
vnf; ajym&r,fh tcsufwcsufom &Sdygw,f? v,form;xk
w&yfv;Hk 'Drkdua&pDawmfveS fa&; taumiftxnfazmfaqmif
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16 ESpf=um+yD;wJhaemuf wenf;tm;jzifh ypPnf;rJh
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32
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33
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awmf&J txufrSmwifxm;+yD;/ Ekdiif Hawmfudk usa&mufvmwJh
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wyfrawmf&J orkdif;tpOftvmeJ@ 1948 vGwfvyfa&; &+yD;
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34
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35
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42
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f rm;rsm;ESifh blZmG tpd;k &rsm;
=um; ydyuQonf jyefvnfxif&Sm;vmonf? ta'ghzw
f D;,Jpf
(Adolphe Thiers) tpdk;&opfu tvkyo
f rm;rsm;vufxJu
vufeufudk jzKwfcs&ef }udK;pm;onf? rwfv 18 &ufae@wGif
NG ydkif tajrmufrsm;udk odr;f ,l&ef }udK;pm;onf? tajrmuf
rsm;udk rodr;f ,lEikd b
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vdkufonhfyrm jzpfoGm;onf? yJ&pfwGif aoewfudkifonhf
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ae@wGif urBmodk@ a=unmonf?
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ppfwyftjzpf owfrw
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ck {+yDxd tdrfvcrsm;udk av#mfypfonf? {+yD 1 &ufwGif
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rnfonhAf [dak umfrwD0ifr# z&ef@aiG 6000 xuf ryd&k ? Tonf
rSmum; ordkif;tqufqufwGif tpdk; &rSefor#u jynfol
txufuae+yD; vl!Ge@f cl;pm;aomufaom pepfukd d;k d;k &Si;f &Si;f
uef@owfwm;jrpfvku
d fjcif;yif jzpfonf? {+yD 8 &ufwGif EdkifiH
awmfrS bk&m;&Scd ;kd ausmif;rsm;udk cGx
J kwfonht
f rdef@udk jyXmef;+yD;
bmoma&; axmufyHha=u;rsm; zsufodrf;ypfonf? bk&m;
ausmif;rsm;. ydik q
f ikd rf r_ sm;udk trsdK;om;ydik ftjzpf odr;f ,lonf?
eydkvD,H wnfaqmufcJhaom Vendome Aef'krf;eef;awmf&Sd
ppfEdkijf cif;txdrf;trSwf rkcfwkid fukd vlrsdK;}uD;0g'trSwftom;/
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16 wGif ydwx
f m;aompufHkpm&if;rsm;aumuf+yD; xdkpufHkrsm;
wGif vkycf ahJ om tvkyo
f rm;rsm; OD;aqmifI jyefvnf vnfywf
&ef aqmif&u
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onhf jyXmef;csufrsm;csrSwfonf? tvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf;
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zGJ@pnf;um tm;vHk;udk wckwnf;aom or*~atmuf xm;&Sd
onf? {+yD 20 wGif ntvkyrf sm; txl;ojzihf rke@fzkwv
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taygifqkid frsm;udk ydwfodr;f cdik f;onf ?
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aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;jzpfonf? rnfonhftm%m&Sif/ rnfonhf
t&if;&Sifr# rvkyfonhf tvkyrf sm;udk &efolywfvnf0dkif;um
AH;k rd;k &GmaepOfumvrSm yJ&pftvkyo
f rm;rsm;u wl;qGazmfxw
k f
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f mvtwGi;f yJ&pfY jzpfysufcahJ om
tjzpftysufonf rmhufpf ajymcJah om TppfyGJonf pawmh
yGpJ m;. y&d,m,fr#om jzpfonf? jyifopf/ *smr%D tygt0if
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oufaojyaeonf? Amqdki;f tpd;k &onf olwdk@ta&;edrhfaepOf
uGefref;ESihf aphpyfndEd_if;r_rsm; vkyfvdka=umif; urf;vSrf;um
tcsed q
f aGJ eonf ? wjcm;wzufwiG f ta'gzh w
f D;,Jpf (Adolphe
Thiers) onf bpfprwfcf(Bismarck) xH jyifopfppfoHk@yef;
rsm;udk jyefay;&ef awmif;qdk!dEid_ f;aeonf? arvqef;wGif xdk
ppfom;rsm; a&mufvmaomtcg ta'ghzfwD;,Jpf. avoH
ajymif;oGm;onf? uGefref;ESihfcsKyfqdkxm;onhf aphpyf!dEd_if;
43
_ynfolhtm%m
csufawGudk csdK;azmufypfonf? ar 3 &ufae@wGif yJ&pf awmif
ydkif;udk odrf;onf? ar 14 &uf taemufydkif;? ta&Sydkif;ESihf
ajrmufydkif;wGifvnf; *smrefwyfrsm; yJ&pf+rdKxJ 0ifEdkifatmif
cGihfjyKxm;onf? ar 21 &ufrS 28 &ufxd Amqdkif;tpdk;&ESihf
*smreftpdk;&wdk@ yl;aygif;um yJ&pf+rdKudk aoG;acsmif;pD;aponf?
um;vfrmhufpfu ol.rdwfa qG a'gufwm uk*,fref;
(Kugelmann) qD a&;onhfpmxJwGif yJ&pfuGefref;. vkyf
aqmifcsurf sm;onf ppfjALdu
k a&pD,E&m;udk wvufrS wvuf
od@k ajymif;vJwmrsdK;r[kwb
f J dkufcsdK;onhf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
jzpfa=umif; a&;om;onf? yJ&pfol yJ&pfom;wdk@. pGef@v$wf
Edik rf u
_ v
kd nf; ordik ;f wifavmufonhf pGr;f aqmifcsuf jzpfa=umif;
*k%fjyKonf? ordkif;wGif Tr# }uD;us,jf rihfjrwfonhf ordik f;rsdK;
r&Sd[k qdkonf? tdef*s,fu yJ&pfuGefjrGef; tESpf 20 ajrmuf
txdrf;trSwf
aqmif;yg;wGif Look at the Paris
Tppfyo
JG nf pawmhypJG m;. y&d,m,fr#om jzpfonf?
jyifopf/ *smreD tygt0if Oa&myrS tkycf sKyfov
l w
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[efaqmifppfyrJG sm; zefw;D aeonfukd rarhoihaf =umif;
44
EdkifiHwumuAsm
zD',f umpfxdo
k kd h
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ajymovdkvkyw
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u|efawmfhwidk f;jynfu 0dkifwcGuf/
ajratmufu vlawG&J haoG;aygh
t&dyftarSmifawGuae cifAsm; vnfacsmif;xJudka&muf/
&mpkESprf sm;pGm &SifoefcJh owKwGif; vkyo
f m;awGyg
at;cJajrrS rD;udk wl;azmf,l=u&Sm?
ausmufr;D aoG;twGuf olwdk hyifv,fatmufudkxGuf
odk hayrJh jyeftvm o&Jwap>awGyrm/
tqHk;tprJhnudk usifhom;&cJh=uaygh/
tvkyf&uf&J htvif;a&mif vk,cl H&awmh/
bmjzpfjzpfayghav a[m'Dr,f cGuf
'kuQawGeJ htuGmta0;awG rsm;pGm&J h/
tarSmifxkeJ hxifa,mifxifrSm;r_awG ydkifp;dk cH
tusOf;pH a,musfm;wdk h&J haysmf&$ifr_
aEGOD;eJ hol h&eH hawG a&mufvmwmudkav
owKwGif;xJuae odaeolawGjzpf&J h
=unfvifawmufyqHk;udk &,lzkd h
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ajrjyefu txD;usef om;awGu/
ygwm*dk;eD;,m;u csrf;at;aewJh odk;ausmif;om;awGu/
oHjzLeJ haiG&J hzcifawGu/
csLuD;umrmwm; uae a=u;eDxkww
f Jh
awmifwef;oG,fawGudk vufqufxm;olawGu/
45
_ynfolhtm%m
46
_ynfolhtm%m
Song of Protest
47
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48
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- Pablo Neruda
49
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(1)
udkvHbD,m awmfvSefaomvufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ - jynfol@
wyfrawmf (FARC-PE) eJ@ udv
k HbD,mtpdk;&wdk@[m 4 ESpf=um
aqG;aEG;cJh+yD;aemuf 2016 ZGev
f 23 &ufae@rSm pmrsufEmS 297
rsufESm&SdwJh typftcwf&yfpJa&;eJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;oabmwl
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udv
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eJ@ ywfpfx&mem (Pastrana) wdk@uawmh 'DoabmwlnDcsuf
udk qef@usif=uw,f? (FARC-PE) udk tav#mhay;vGef;xm;
w,fvdk@ qdk=uw,f? (FARC-PE) tzGJ@0ifawGxJu &mZ0wfr_
usL;vGex
f m;olawGudk ouf!mcGifhay;xm;wmudk vufrcHEkid f
bl;vdk@ qdkw,f?
'DpmcsKyfudk twnfjyKzdk@twGuf vlxkqENcH,lyGJudk
2016 ckEpS f atmufwb
kd m 2 &ufae@rmS usi;f ycJw
h ,f? rJay;cGi&hf dS
olpkpkaygif;&J@ 37 om rJay;cJh=u+yD; 502 u uef@uGufcw
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Edkb,fqka&G;cs,fa&;tzGJ@u orRwum;vdk@pfudk +idrf;csrf;a&;
Edkb,fq kcsD; jr ifhcJh+yD ; +idrf; csrf; a&;twG uf vufrav#mhbJ
qufvufu;yrf;zdk@ wdkufwGe;f cJhw,f?
orRwum;vd@k pef @J (FARC-PE) tzG@J acgi;f aqmif wDrkd
csifudk (Timochenko) wdk@ 2 a,mufv;Hk uawmh +idrf;csrf;a&;
twGuf vufav#mhrSm r[kwfbl;/ qufu;yrf;oGm;rSm jzpf
w,fvdk@ ajym=uw,f? 'Daemuf orRwum;vdk@pf[m twdkuf
tcHacgif;aqmif orRwa[mif;tl&DbJeJ@awG@qHk+yD; oabmxm;
awG !dE d_if ; w,f? ( FARC-PE ) eJ@ qufv ufa qG; aEG; +yD;
50
_ynfolhtm%m
1930 ckESprf Smawmh udkvHbD,muGefjrLepfygwD (PCC) udk EdkifiH
wumuGefjrLepftzGJ@csKyf (Comintern) u w&m;0iftod
trSwfyvufccH Jhw,f? udkvb
H D,muGefjrLepfygwD (PCC) [m
aus;vufrmS v,form;tzGJ@csKyfawG xlaxmif+yD; r@jyrSmawmh
vlxw
k yfO;D awGukd xlaxmifw,f? tvkyo
f rm;awG&@J aexdik fr_
b0jrifrh m;a&;eJ@ vkyif ef;cGit
f ajctaeaumif;rGeaf &;/ ynma&;
eJ@ tvkyform;tcGifhta&;awGtwGuf awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0if
=uw,f? ajr&Sif}uD;awGu tpdk;&&J@ulnDtm;ay;r_eJ@ tvkyf
orm;awGtay: t=urf;zufwdkucf dkuaf er_awGukd umuG,fzdk@
(PCC) u vlxkudkpnf;Hk;+yD; ckcHa&;wyfOD;awG zGJ@pnf;=uw,f?
udkvHbD,mawmifydkif;rSm udk,fhudkudk,fumuG,fa&; tpk
t0ef; awGukd uGejf rLepfawGu pnf;H;k zG@J pnf;=uw,f? tJ't
D zG@J
awG[m tpdk;&ppfwyfudkawmif wdkufyGJqifEdkifvm=uw,f?
aemuf+yD; a'ocHvx
l &k @J tajccHvt
kd yfcsuaf wGuv
kd nf; yHyh ;kd ay;
=uw,f? uGejf rLepfawG&@J v,form;pnf;H;k r_awGukd udv
k b
H ,
D m
tpd;k &eJ@ ajrydik f&iS v
f lwef;pm;awGu t=urf;zufEydS u
f Gyyf gw,f?
tJ'Dvdk ESdyfuGyfaewJh=um;uyJ (PCC) [m tiftm;wdk;yGm;vm
w,f? tar&duefppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@&J@ cef@rSef;csuft&
1962 ckESprf Sm (PCC) tzGJ@0if[m 8 000 rS 10 000 &Sd+yD;
axmufco
H luawmh 28 000 &Sdw,fvdk@ qdkw,f?
(PCC) 0g&ifph nf;H;k a&;r;wOD;jzpfol rlvef'gAv
D ufpf
(Manuel Marulanda Velez) [m rmuGw
D mvD,m a'orSm
tajccs+yD; ajymufusm;wyfzGJ@pnf;w,f? 1964 ckESpf arvrSm
tpdk;&wyfu rmuGDwmvD,meJ@ ywf0ef;usifudk xdk;ppfqifcJh
w,f? tJ'Dppfqifa&;twGuf tar&duefu t}uH^m%ftjyif
kyf0wKtulawGyg ay;cJhw,f? rlvef'g&J@wyfzGJ@[m tiftm;
48 a,mufwnf;eJ@ jyefckcHwku
d fyGJqifcJhw,f?
1964 Zlvdkiv
f xJrmS rlvef'gw@dk ajymufusm;tzGJ@
[m teD;0ef;usi&f dS tjcm;ajymufusm;wyfz@JGawGe@J awG@qakH qG;aEG;
(3)
=uw,f? tJ'DrmS wyfzGJ@tm;vH;k aygif;pnf;+yD; awmifydkif;tkypf k
(Southern Bloc) vdk@ trnfcH,lw,f? ajr,myjyifa&;/
yxrurBmppf+yD;puwnf;u udv
k HbD,muGejf rLepf aus;vufjynfolawG&J@ vlaer_b0wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;eJ@
awG[m aus;vufa&m r@jyrSmyg v_y&f mS ;vmaecJw
h m jzpfw,f? aus;vufa'oawGudk tpdk;&&efrS umuG,fay;=ur,fvdk@
51
us&,l=uzdk@ oabmwlnDcsufjzpfw,f? a&G;aumufyGJwdkif;rSm
2 ygwD!dEd_if;+yD; (National Front) &J@udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
0ifta&G;cHzdk@ jzpfw,f? olwkd@ 2 ygwDrSty tjcm;EdkifiHa&;
v_yf&Sm;r_awGudkawmh uef@owfydwfyifxm;w,f? 'D 2 ygwD
oabmwlnDcsufudk zGJ@pnf;tkycf sKyfykjH yifqifcsut
f jzpf 1957
'DZifbmvrSm vlxkqENcH,lyeGJ J@ Oya'tjzpfjyXmef;cJhw,f?
1960 ckESpfawGrSm udkvHbD,mtpd;k &[m t&Sed fjrifh
pD;yGm;a&;zG@H z;r_ (Accelerated Economic DevelopmentAED) qdw
k Jh ay:vpDukd taumiftxnfazmfw,f? pDrHude;f u
jynfywifydk@a&mif;csEdkifzdk@twGuf pdkuyf sdK;a&;eJ@arG;jrLa&; xkwf
ukefawGudk t}uD;tus,fxkwfvkyfEdkifr,fh pufr_v,f,m
zG@H z;a&;udk tm;ay;zdk@ jzpfw,f? yk*~vdu t}uD;pm;v,f,m
pdkufysdK;a&;eJ@ arG;jrLa&;+cHawGudk tpdk;&u yHhydk;ay;wmawG
vkyw
f ,f? 'Day:vpDa=umifh tao;pm;/ tvwfpm;v,form;
awG xdcdkufepfem=u&w,f? v,fajrawG qHk;H_;ukef=uw,f?
1961 ckESpfrSm v,fajrqHk;H_;wJh rdom;pkaygi;f 40 000 &Sd+yD;
1969 rSmawmh 400 000 txd &Sdvmw,f?
1970 ckESpfa&mufawmh pdkufysdK;EdkifwJh pkpkaygif;ajr
{&d,m&J@ 77 [m tJ'Dt}uD;pm;pufr_v,f,m pdkufysdK;a&;
ajrawG jzpfuek w
f ,f? v,f,majrawG[m arG;jrLa&;vkyif ef;&Sif
}uD;awGeJ@ r@jypufrv
_ kyif ef;&SifawG&J@ vufxJrSm pkpnf;a&muf
ukefw,f? olw@dk [m ajrrJh,mrJhjzpfuek o
f al wGukd vkyftm;caps;
aygayge@J iSm;&rf;&&Sw
d ma=umifh a=umufcref;vdvd tjrwftpGe;f
awG &=uw,f? tJ'Daus;vuftvkyform;awG[m tajccH
usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_awGvnf; r&=ubl;? tm[m&csdK@wJh
wmvnf; tES@H tjym; jzpfaew,f? a&m*gb,ul;pufre_ @J arG;uif;p
uav;i,faoqH;k r_awGvnf; jrifhwufvmw,f?
_ynfolhtm%m
qH;k jzwf=uw,f? 1966 arvrSm (Southern Bloc) [m 'kw,
d
uGezf &ifv
h yk w
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k b
H ,
D mawmfveS af om
vufeufuikd w
f yfz@JG (FARC) vd@k ajymif;vJvu
kd w
f ,f?
1982 ckEpS rf mS usi;f ywJh owWrt}urd f ajymufusm;
uGezf &ifrh mS tzG@J trnfukd udv
k b
H ,
D mawmfveS af om vufeuf
udik w
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k w
f ,f?
1964 rSm (FARC-EP) [m tiftm; 48 yJ &Sw
d ,f? 1970 rSmawmh
tiftm; 1000 jzpfvmw,f? 1978 rSm 2000/ 1982 rSm 6000/
1983 - 86 rSm 3000 - 4000 jzpf+y;D 2007 rSm 18000 txd
jzpfvmw,f? 2014 aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh 7000 - 8000 &Sw
d ,fv@kd
cef@reS ;f =uw,f?
ajymufusm;wyfawG ESrd ef if;zd@k tar&duef&@J t}uaH y;csuf
eJ@ t&yfom;umuG,af &;wyfz@JG (civilian defense forces)
qdkwmawGudk udkvHbD,mtpdk;&u zGJ@pnf;w,f? 'Dvufeuf
udkiftzGJ@ (paramilitaries) awG[m ao'%fay;wm/ acsmif;
ajrmif;vky}f uHwm/ ESyd pf uf!O ;f yef;wmpwJh t=urf;zufvyk &f yf
awGukd tpd;k &ud,
k pf m; vkyaf qmif=uw,f? 'gt
h jyif olw@kd wawG
[m (FARC-EP) wyfz@JGta,mifaqmif+y;D t=urf;zuf&mZ0wfr_
awGudkvnf; usL;vGef=uw,f? (FARC-EP) wyfzGJ@awG *k%f
odumQ usqif;atmif vky=f uwm jzpfw,f?
1980 ckESpfawGtwGif;rSm ajr&Sif}uD;awGuvnf;
ajymufusm;wyfawGukd jyefwu
kd zf @kd ud,
k yf ikd v
f ufeufuidk w
f yfz@JG
(paramilitary groups) awG zG@J vm=uw,f? tJ'v
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vufeufuikd t
f zG@J awGtxJrmS tiftm;t}u;D qH;k u udv
k b
H ,
D m
nD!w
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ESpf 50 ausm=f um udv
k b
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aoqHk;olaygif; 220 000 &S+d yD; tdk;tdrfpeG f@cGm&olaygif; 57
oef;&Sw
d ,fv@kd ajym=uygw,f? t&yfom;aoqH;k ol pkpak ygi;f &J@ 12
[m (FARC-EP) eJ@ (ELN) ajymufusm;awGvufcsufjzpf+yD;
usew
f muawmh tpd;k &ppfwyfe@J cg;ydu
k af qmifvufeufuikd w
f yfz@JG
(paramilitaries) awG&@J vufcsujf zpfw,fv@kd ukvor*~u
cef@reS ;f ygw,f?
52
(4)
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