Sme, F: Arm - Ynfugef - Rlepfygwd A (DKPNF @HK A& Aumfrwd - Tmabmf

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 57

Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD A[dkpnf;@Hk;a&;aumfrwD.

tmabmf

*sme,f

pmwnf;tzGJ@trSm 1
e0w ppftkyfpEk Sifh ppfwyfta=umif;tusO;f tajccH 4
yjyifa&;vrf;a=umif; 15
ESpfcGJwwif; 18
uGefjrLepfeJ@+idrf;csrf;a&; 22
atmufwb
dk mawmfvSefa&;atmifyJG 27
ppftkyfpt
k qdyf&nfudk wHqdyfopfuyf 34
ibwdk@vlarG;vlawmif rajymifEkid af o;yg 36
yJ&pfuGefref;rSonf 41
zD',fumpxdkodk@ (Edkifiw
H umuAsm) 45
udv
k b
H D,m+idr;f csrf;a&;c&D; 50

trSwf (40)
Zefe0g&D/ 2017 ckESpf?

pmwnf;tzGJhtrSm
jynfol htm%m*sme,f trSwf (40)

Zefe0g&D/ 2017

2016 ckEpS u
f kd jyefveS =f unfjh cif;
(1)
2017 ckESpf rul;cifuyif wdkif;jynftajctaeu tawmfqdk;aeyg+yD? bufpHku
qd;k aewmyg? EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;/ 'Drku
d a&pDa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ EdkifiH
wumqufqHa&; bufaygif;pHku v_yv
f _yf v_yfv_yfeJ@ ,dkife@J aeygw,f? 'DcsKyf a&G;aumufyGJ
Edik fwm wESpfausmfc+Jh yD? tpd;k &zGJ@+yD; tcdkiftrm tkyfcsKyfaewmawmif 9 vcef@ &Sdyg+yD?
u|efawmfwdk@taeeJ@ ppftkyfpktuufawG@r,fh tcsufawG a&Smifae&vdk@ ajymoifh
oavmufrajym/ vkyo
f ifo
h avmuf rvkyjf zpfcw
hJ mawG &Syd gw,f? 'DcsKyf&@J tusyt
f wnf;udk
em;vnf+yD; az;az;rrajymwm/ av#mhav#mhayghaygah xmufjycJhwm wcsdK@qdk vHk;0rajymbJ
aewmawGawmif &Scd Jhygw,f? 'gayrJh jynfolawG xdcdkufvSyg+yD?
(2)
2016 ckESpftwGi;f wdik f;jynfrmS ta&;}uD;wJh tjzpftysufawG jzpfcJhw,f? tJ'g
awGuawmh - 'DcsKyf w&m;0iftpdk;& jzpfvmw,f? v$wfawmf ESpf&yfvHk;rSm trsm;pktiftm;
jzpfvmcJhw,f? ukefaps;E_ef;awG jrifhwufvm+yD; tvkyt
f udkiftcGifhtvrf;rsm;
&Sm;yg;vmcJw
h ,f? &mZ0wfr_ xlajymvmum AHk;cGJr_awG cyfpdyfpdyf jzpfcJhw,f?
vlr_a&;rwnfr+idrf jzpfvmcJhw,f?
- vlxv
k w
l ef;pm; vl@tv$mtoD;oD;&J@ 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;/ vl@tcGit
hf a&;rsm; wd;k wuf
r_ r&Sdc?hJ tvkyo
f rm;rsm;&J@ vkycf vpmeJ@vrl p_ &dwf rr#rw jzpfvmvd@k tcGit
hf a&;
awmif;qdrk /_ qENjyr_rsm; jzpfvmw,f? 'gt
h wGuf tvkyf zwfc=H u&/ axmifcsc=H u&
jzpfuek w
f ,f? tvm;wl wdik ;f jynfrmS vlO;D a&trsm;qH;k jzpfwhJ awmifov
l ,form;
awG =um;rSmvnf; rauseyfra_ wG rsm;vmum epfemcsuaf wG azmfxw
k f vdt
k yfcsuf
awG awmif;qdkvm=uw,f? ppfwyfeJ@cdek DawG odrf;xm;wJh todr;f ydkufcH rdrdwdk@
v,f,mawG jyefvnfodrf;ydkufum xGefw;Hk wdu
k fyGJ qifch=J uw,f? 'ga=umifh tpk
1

vdu
k ftyHvdkuf axmifcscH=u&w,f?
- &cdkijf ynfe,frmS vlrsKd ;a&;jy\em ay:cJjh yefw,f? tpd;k &eJ@ppfwyfu ajcjrefvufjref t=urf;
zufr_ tjzpf wHqyd fwyfcJhw,f? acwfrDvufeufawG wyfqifxm;wJh &Jwyfz@GJ udk wkw"f m;
vufeufavmufom udik Ef ikd w
f hJ t&yfom;awGu 0ifwu
kd w
f hJ udprP mS olw@dk taeeJ@ b,ftxd
rcHr&yfEdkif jzpfaew,fqdkwm jyygw,f? tpdk;&u 'gudk uvJhpm;acszdk@ ppftiftm;tvHk;
t&if;yd@k cw
hJ ,f? rD',
D morm;awG vdu
k yf gciG rhf yqdw
k o
hJ wif; =um;uwnf;u ppfwyfuawmh
=urf;awmhrmS yJ vdk@ oabmaygu=f uygw,f? xifwht
J wdik f; ajAmif;qefomG ;ygw,f? du
k Ef Suf
owfjzwfrD;_d@t"rRusifhpwJh t=urf;zufro
_ wif;awG xGufvm+yD; 'DudpPawG [kwfr[kwf
jyifyurBmeJ@ jiif;ckyH }GJ uD; vkyyf gw,f? AGD',
D o
kd wif;zdkiw
f ck tifwmeufrmS wufvmrS wcsKd @upd P
&Sif;oGm;ygw,f? rjiif;omrS 0efcHcw
Jh myg? ukvor*~/ rGwfqvifurBm/ EdAk ,fqk&Sif 13 OD;
(xif&mS ;yk*~dKvfwcsKd @) u wzuf - tpdk;& (ppfwyf) u wzuf axmufjyacszsuf vkyf=u
wm[m 2017 cktxd r+yD;jywfao;ygbl;? &v'frSmawmh ppfwyftzd@k xl;+yD;emrnfysupf &m
r&Sdayr,fh 'DcsKyftpdk;&&J@ yHk&dyu
f awmh usqif;oGm;cJhygw,f?
tvm;wl ta&;}uD;jzpfpOfwckuawmh ajrmufykid f;r[mrdwfwyfzGJ@ (ucsif/ yavmif/
udk;uef@/ &cdik fwyfrawmf) eJ@ tpd;k &ppfwyfawG rlq,f/ rH*k el @J wkwAf rm ta0;ajy;vrf;r}uD;
ajrmufbufjcrf;rSm wdu
k fyaGJ wG jzpfygw,f? 2 zuf txdtcdu
k ftustqH;k rsm;vSw,f?
tpd;k &bufu ava=umif;tultnD/ vufeuf}uD;ypfuel @J vufk;H wyfawGo;Hk +yD; wdu
k fcku
d f
wm jzpfw,f? ppfwyfu a'ocHwdki;f &if;om;awGzrf;/ vlom;'dki;f tjzpfum&Hum rdrdwdk@
tpm; taocHcidk f;cJhwm awG@&w,f?
(3)
'DcsKyf&J@ a&G;aumufyJt
G u ar#mfrSe;f csuf 3 ckxJu +idr;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmuf&efudpP ratmif
jrifyg? NCA vufrSwfx;dk a&;udpP xdk;ole@J rxdk;ol 2 tkypf k uGo
J mG ;ygw,f? UNFC u ppfwyfbufu
awmif;qdkwJh ud;k uef@/ yavmif/ &cdik f 3 zGJ@ z,fxm;a&;udpP vufrcHyg? 2 zuf ta=umif;jycsuaf wG
em;v#Hatmif =um;cJh=u+yD; =oZm}uD;vSygw,fqdkwJh EdkifiHawmftwdik fyifcHtaeeJ@ awmf/ wef/ wdwf
vkyfray;Edik fcJhbl;? aemufykid ;f rSmawmh ppfwyf&J@ &yfwnfcsuf[m tpd;k &&J@oabmxm; jzpfoGm;cJhw,f?
wdik f;&if;om;awGbufu a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m ppfwyfuakd usm+f yD; bmrSrvkyfay;Edik b
f l;vd@k jrifomG ;
um olvnf; rxl;ygbl;vdk@ ,lqoGm;cJhw,f?
vuf&ASd rmjynf&J@Eidk fiHa&;rSm tm%mqdw
k m ppftyk fpk&J@ 2008 tajccHOya'xJu xGuv
f m
wm jzpfw,f qdkwmuawmh &Sif;oGm;cJhw,f? wcg 'DcsKyfajyma&;qdck Gifh&Sdol wOD;u tm%m&Sif
0g'usiho
f ;Hk oif&h if usiho
f ;Hk &rSmyJ ajymavawmh Edkiif aH wmftwdkiyf ifcH yk*~dKvf&J@ arwWmeJ@tkyfcsKyfwEJh idk if H
jzpfapcsifw,fqdkwJhpum; b,fa&mufoGm;+yDvJ ar;&rvdk jzpfaew,f?
'kw,
d ar#mrf eS ;f csujf zpfwhJ zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya' jyifqifz@kd qw
kd mudak wmh jznf;jznf;csi;f
vkyfoGm;r,f jzpfoGm;cJh+yD?

aemufq;Hk ar#mfrSef;csufjzpfwJh Edkiif Hawmfwnf+idraf &;twGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;vrf;pOf jyifr,fqkw


d m
uvnf; c&D;aygufyg&J@vm;?
0ef}uD;/ 'k0ef}uD;/ twGi;f 0efrpS +yD; !efr; tqifhqifhe@J r@e,faxGtkyaf wGtxd ppfxu
G fAsLdu
k &uf
awG jzpfaerSawmh olwk@d rv_yf&if urBmrvnfEdkiaf wmhygbl;? cktxd bmrSx;l jcm;rvmbl;?
v$wfawmf 2 &yfrSm ud,
k fpm;vS,f awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u u;pm;+yD; Oya'awG yygw,f? 'gayrJh
v$wfawmfOuUXudk,fwdkifu tpdk;&tusyftwnf; jzpfapr,fhar;cGef;awG rar;=uygeJ@ vdk@ twm;cH
=u&w,f?
(4)
2016 ck ukeq
f Hk;cgeD;rSmawmh 'DcsKyfacgif;aqmifykid f;awGajymwJh rde@f cGe;f awGrSm olwdk@tajctae
olwk@d ow
d hJ oabmxm;rsKd ; azmfjyvm=uygw,f? orRwjzpfou
l ukeaf ps;E_e;f }uD;jrifrh /_ jrefrmaiGusqif;r_/
a':vmaps; }uD;jrifhra_ wGa=umifh wdik f;jynf&@J pD;yGm;a&;[m owdxm;&r,fhtajctaewckudk a&muf&Sd
vm+yD vkd@ xkwfjyefa=unmvmcJhw,f?
EdkifiHawmftwdkifyifcyH k*~dKvfuawmh &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf rajym? a&G;aumufyGJa=unmpmwrf;yg
&nfreS ;f csurf sm;udk taumiftxnfazmfEikd af &; tvd@k imS tpGr;f ukef u;yrf;aeqJ jzpfygonf? aoG;tpGe;f
qH;k / t&Snf=umqH;k ppfyGJ}uD;udk *k%foduQm&S&d Sd ed*;Hk csKyfEdkifzdk@ wpdkufrwfrwf u;yrf;aeqJyg vd@k om ajym
ygw,f?
'DcsKyftwGif;a&;r; tzGJ@0ifwOD;uawmh ydk+yD;&Sif;&Si;f vif;vif; ajymygw,f? NLD OD;aqmifwJh
tpdk;&eJ@ wyfrawmf=um;rSm wdkif;&if;om;vufeufuidk fawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; uGmjcm;wJh tjrifawG &Sdayr,fh
atmifjrifatmif aqmif&Guo
f Gm;r,f wyfrawmf&J@ 25 &mcdkifE_e;f yg0ifaer_ tygt0if 'Drdkua&pDpHEe_ f;eJ@
rudkufnDwJh tcsufawGudk jyifqifzdk@ u;pm;aeayr,fh atmifjrifr_ r&xm;a=umif; 2008 zGJ@pnf;yHu
k dk
rjyifEkid fb;l qd&k if +idr;f csr;f a&;&zdk@ rjzpfEidk fbl; vkd@ qdkygw,f?
'gayrJh umcsKyfvkyfoluawmh 2016 ckESpf wESpfvHk; +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;pOfawGrSm yGJzsufa&;
tvkyfawGcsn;f vkyfvmcJhw,f? ck 2017 ck ESpfpydki;f rSmvnf; wdki;f &if;om;awG pdwfcpH m;&r,fh &ifh&ifh
onf;onf; pum;vH;k a&G;+yD; ajymvdkuw
f m awG@&w,f? +idr;f csrf;a&;udpP ratmifjrifwm[m tjrifusOf;
ajrmif;aeqJjzpfwhJ wdik f;&if;om; acgif;aqmifwcsdK@a=umifhvk@d ajymvdkufwmyg?
'DtajctaeawGtjyif IS +cdrf;ajcmufr_uvnf; olwdk@xJrSm }uD;xGm;vmcJh+yD?
'gah =umifh 2017 ckESpfudk r*FvmESpo
f pftjzpf jynfolawGeJ@twl qD;ucsifayr,fh tvm;tvm
t&awmh raumif;vSyga=umif; wifjyvdkufygw,f?
pmwnf;tzGJ@
(10/ 1/ 2017)

1996 ckEpS u
f ygwAD [do
k @kd ay;yd@k co
hJ nfph mwrf;
(Adv
k rf c sKyfa[mif;ausmaf Zm)
e0w ppftyk pf Ek iS hf ppfwyfta=umif;tusO;f
tajccH
(rl=urf;)? 17 - 8 - 1996
tydkif; (1)
1? 1990 ausmu
f mv jrefrmwyf[m jynfwGi;f olykefeJ@ wdkufcu
dk af &;rsm; avsmeh nf;vm+yD; t"du autif,lwOD;omuseo
f nf?
tm;vHk;vdkvkad phpyf typftcwf&yfa&;vrf;ay: a&mufvmonf?
2? wyfta=umif;rprD rl&if;tpdk;&. a,bk,sajymif;vJvmyHk oabmxm;udpk Of;pm;v#if 1988 CPB yuGJomG ;jcif;twGuf
e0w ppftkyfpk oabmxm;ajymif;vJoGm;yHkrSm wd@k twGuf EdkifiaH &;t&vnf;aumif;/ ppfa&;t&vnf;aumif; ESpf 45 50 cef@uwnf;u pdk;&drft a=umifh=u&qHk; aom &efbuf}uD; yuGJoGm;ojzifh wdk@pdwftaetxm; t}uD;tus,f
ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonf?
3? EdkifiHa&;t& tjcm;b,fygwDrS rr_awmhay? ajcmuf/ acsmh/ zdESdyf/ acsmh/ zcJG wd@k jzifh tcsdefwdktwGif; b,fygwDurdk qdk zEdkif
onf[kwu
G fonf? xdk@a=umifh rme0ifvm/ wif;rmvmonf? b,folrSr_p&mrvdk[k wGufvmonf?
4? aemuf ppfa&;t& cdkifrmawmifw
h if;+yD; ppfvufeufypPnf; tawmfjynfhp+Hk yD; ppfy&d,m,ftwwfynm tawmfxufjruf/
aemufcrH [mydwftiftm;&Sdaom CPB . jynfol@wyfrawmf yuGJ+yDjzpfI wdk@wyfrsm; vGwfajrmufoGm;+yD; wjcm;b,f
olykefwyfrqdk odyfrr_awmhay?
5? 1989 CPB zuG&J jcif;tay: wd@k oifcef;pm ESpcf &k ,lonf? yxru olyek t
f zJ@G rsm;tay: ppfa&;oufoufwenf;wnf;jzifh
zcJaG &;xuf olyek fwyftwGif; yuGaJ &;twGuf zcJGa&;vkyif ef;[m tvGet
f xl; tusKd ;&SEd ikd o
f nf[k odem;vnf+yD; CPB twGi;f
zcJGovdk tjcm;tzJG@tpnf;rsm;twGif;zcJG&m wcsdK@tawmfatmifjrifaeonf? Oyrm KNU xJwGif Ak'<bmomu&ifwyf
(DKBA) qdk+yD; cJGaxmif&ef tm;xkwfcJh=u&m tawmfatmifjrifco
Jh nf? tvm;wl aphpyf&,lxm;aom tzJG@awGtwGif;vnf;
zcJaG eI tm;vH;k owdxm; aevm&onf? ajray:Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGtwGi;f vnf; xdo
k abmxm;aqmif&u
G o
f nf? 'kw,
d oifcef;pm
- olyek af cgi;f aqmif ppfa&;/ Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifawGukd pD;yGm;a&;vkycf iG ahf y;jcif;ESihf vufurf;ay;+yD; olw@kd .vufeufuikd w
f yfrsm;u
acGxm;EdkifcJhonf? ,if;udpPrSm tqH;k txdatmifjrifa&;twGuf tcsdK@wyfzJG@rsm; cufcJaeao;onf? Oyrm 0 wyfzJG@? Edik fiaH &;
- ppfa&;t& CPB yuGJ&jcif;a=umifh wdk@tajccHpdwf"mwfudk t}uD;tus,fajymif;vJaponf? rme}uD;oGm;+yD; tawG@
t}uHKvnf; u,f0vmonf? ppfwyftaeESihf jynfwGif;ppfrS ppftawG@t}uHKrsm;&Scd Jhonf?
4

_ynfolhtm%m
6? CPB yuGJ&jcif;a=umifh rme}uD;r_ukd xyfwdk;aponfrSm txufygEdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;ta=umif;rsm;tjyif pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;
tcsufrsm; wdk;wufvmojzifh rme}uD;r_xyfwk;d aponf?
(u) t"duwcsuf
jynfwiG ;f pyg;ydx
k u
G +f yD; Edik if jH cm;od@k qefrsm;wify@kd Eikd af tmif v,f,mpdu
k yf sKd ;a&;wGif qnfajrmif;wmwrHt}uD;/ tvwf/
tao;tcdik t
f rmESihf ,m,Dw@dk yg rsKd ;pHv
k yk +f yD; wESpv
f #if 2oD;rS 3oD;xdyif pdu
k yf sKd ;Edik o
f jzifh pyg;rsm;pGmxGuf+yD; Edik if jH cm; qefwify@dk
Edik f+yD; wefcsdef woef;xdwifyk@d Eidk f+yD; Edkiif jH cm;aiGtawmfwk;d wuf &&Sv
d monf? v,form;tcsdK@ tawmftwefacsmifcsv
d monf?
od@k aomf vlO;D a&trsm;pkrSm vGefpGmqif;&Jusyfwnf;vSonf?
(c) pD;yGm;a&;t& tjcm;t"duta=umif;wckrmS rkwWrauG@rS obm0"mwfaiG@rsm;udk xdkif;od@k yu
dk fvidk f;oG,f+yD; a&mif;csa&; ESpf (30) pmcsKyf xdki;f ESihf 1995 u csKyfxm;
+yD; jzpfonf? ,if;rS wESpfa':vmoef; (400) r# 0ifrnfjzpf&m e0wppftpd;k & ppfbwf*sut
f wGuf rsm;pGmzlvpkH w
d cf s&+yD;jzpfonf?
,if;onfpD;yGm;a&;t& pyg;udpPESifhyg rme}uD;p&mjzpfcJhonf?
7? oHwrefa&;t&vnf; tar&duefESihf taemufEikd fit
H rsm;pkEiS hf tquftoG,rf aumif;vSaomfvnf; tdrfe;D csi;f wkwjf ynf.
axmufcrH &_ ojzifh oHwrefa&;omru pD;yGm;a&;ESihf Edik if aH &;yg tusKd ;tjrwf&cJo
h nf? t"duvlo;kH ukeyf pPn;f tjyif pufrv
_ yk if ef;/
v,f,mvkyif ef; ypPn;f rsm;&&So
d nf? aiGa=u;tulrsm;vnf; &&Sdonf? xd@k tjyif taemufwikd ;f rS Edkiif aH &;/ ppfa&;+cdr;f ajcmufru
_ kd
vnf; tumtuG,&f Edkifayonf? wkwftulwGif wd@k twGuf t"dutusq;Hk tulwckrSm ppfvufeufypPn;f 0,f,l&&Sjd cif;
jzpfonf? ydI
k pdwcf s&atmif ol@wyfwcsdK@ukd wkwfvufeufrsm;ESifh wyfqifIyifaeonf? wkwrf Svufe,fi,fpufrHk sm;/ cJ,rf;
pufHkrsm;vnf; wnfaqmufaeonf?
wkwftaejzifh e0w ESihf qufqH&jcif;onf(u) jrefrmhaps;uGufwck&&Sdjcif;
(c) xd@k xuf taemufe,fcsJ@. wkwftay:xdk;ppf Edkiif Ha&;wdkufyGJwGif rdrdr[mrdwfwOD; wd;k jcif;jzifh ukvor*~ESifh oHwref
a&;&mrsm;wGif rJwrJ&Edik f?
(*) xdk@jyif jrefrm e0w tay: taemufuv$r;f ygu wkwf0kid ;f a&;/ xdef;csKyfa&; r[mAsL[m tm;wtm;jzpfvm+yD; tenf;qHk;
taejzifh e,fedrw
d fqufaeaom vlenf;pkrsm;udk ajrmufay;+yD; e,fpyfrwnfr+idrfjzpfatmif vkyfjcif;jzifh wkwfqef@usiaf &;
xdef;csKyfa&;udk tawmfvkyfEdkifonfh tuGufwuGufukd wm;qD;&ef?
8? aemufoHwreftulwckrSm e0wonf atpD,HEidk firH sm;ESifh qufoG,fxm;Edik fjcif;jzpfonf? t"durdrdo,HZmwawGay;+yD;
vloHk;ukefrsm; enf;ynmrsm;&ap+yD; taemufEdkiif HawGeJ@ wzufvn
S fh tquftoG,fwrsdK;qufEdkifonf?
atpD,EH Sifh e0w qufqH&jcif;rSm(u) aps;uGufEiS fh
(c) o,HZmwrsm;&jcif;
(*) olwdk@vnf;tvm;wl vl@tcGit
fh a&;jy\emrsm; &Sdae=uI oufomjcif;?
(C) aemifwkwfESifh e0w odyfaygif;rdoGm;rSm pdk;&drfjcif;/ taemufEidk fiaH wGu olwk@d uom e0w tay: wif;rmaeaomfvnf;
wzufuvnf; e0wtaeESifh wkwfbufodyyf gomG ;rSm pdk;&I atpD,H-e0w ESihf qufqHaewmudk odyfjywfjywfrwm;jrpfacs?
9? ,ckEpS frsm;wGi;f jrefrmwyf r[mAsL[m 5

_ynfolhtm%m
(u) ,ck useo
f lykefrsm;ESihf aphpyf&mwGif typftcwf&yfa&;omru vufeufcsa&;yg tjywfawmif;qdv
k m? wdk@wGif wyf
tiftm;vnf;rsm;pGm ydv
k #Hae+yD; vufeuf}uD;rsm;tm;vnf; rsm;pGm0,f,lxm;EdkiI
f 'gudkjy+yD;+cdr;f ajcmuf?
(c) olw@kd [m taemufEikd if rH sm; tar&duef +cdrf;ajcmufrE_ iS hf e,fpyfppfy+GJ cdr;f ajcmufrw
_ @kd twGuf jyifqifEikd f&ef 1949 tawG@t}uHK
t& vufeufypPnf;0,fr&jzpf&jcif;/ wkwrf S cJ,rf;vufeufrsm; trsm;tjym;0,f,o
l nf? ,cifu taemufEiS o
hf ifjh rwfpOfu
e,fcsJ@usL;ausmf&eftwGuf vufeuf}uD;rsm; rsm;pGm0,fzdk@rvdk&mrS ,ckjyifqif&+yDjzpfI cJ,rf;vufeuf}uD;awG 0,f,l&onf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;awGtwGuf zdtm;awGudk wGef;vSefckcH&ef jyifqif&jcif; jzpfyHk&onf?
e,fcsJ@&efu wdkuf dkufodk@r[kwf e,fpyfo@l bufawmfom;rsm;u aESmuf,Suf+cdr;f ajcmufrr_ sm;udkyg &ifqdkif&ef jzpfyk&H ?
(*) jrefrmwyfudk,fwidk fu vlxktHkur_udk a&Smif&Sm;&ef e,fpyfppfyGJjzpfa&;ESifh jrefrmvlxkaxmufcHr_&atmif vkyfa&;wdk@vnf;
jzpfEdkif? xdk@a=umifv
h ufeuf}uD;rsm;0,f?
(C) aemufwa=umif;rSm ppfwyfv$r;f rdk;aezd@k / ppfvkyfief;&Sdaezdk@ e,fpyfr+idrfa&;vnf; ta=umif;jy&ef e,fpyfwku
d fyJGi,fawG
xdk;qGEdkif?
10? aemuf e0w r[mAsL[mwckwGif ppfwyfrsm; wzufu wdik f;jynf+idrf;csrf;a&;buf OD;wnfaepOf ppftiftm; 1988 - 8
av;vHk;umvu 2odef;cef@/ 1993 - 3odef;ausmf ,ck 5 ode;f ausmfxd &nf&G,f+yD; wdk;csJ@aeonf? bma=umifv
h J?
(u) txufyg eHygwf 9 ygta=umif;rsm;a=umifh &ifqdkif&eftwGufvnf; jzpfonf?
(c) ae&mwum xuvmEdkifonfh vlxktHkur_udk tjrefEdkifEdkifeif;eif; zdESdyfvdkufEdkif&efvnf;jzpfonf? r@wdkif;avmufwGif
wyfpGJEdkifatmif wyfawGudk wd;k csJ@wmjzpfEidk f?
(*) wdik f;jynfwGif tvkyfvufrJhOD;a&odyfrsm;ae&m 'gudk wpdww
f ydik f;ajz&Si;f wJt
h aeESifh odrf;oGif;&ef xkwfvkyfa&;vkyif ef;awG
r&Sdwt
Jh cg t&G,af umif;vli,fwcsdK@udk odrf;oGif;,ljcif;jzpfEidk f?
(C) tcsKyftjzpf1? e,fcsJ@tEW&m,f/ e,fpyftEW&m,f - ppfrsm;umuG,fa&;?
2? vlxt
k Hkur_tEW&m,f umuG,fa&;?
3? tvkyv
f ufrhjJ y\emajz&Sif;a&;?
4? olykefrsm; vufeufcsa&;wdk@twGuf wyfwk;d cs@J jcif;ESifh acwfrDvufeufwyfqifjcif;rsm; vkyfvmjcif;jzpfonf?
tydkif; (2)
jrefrmhwyfrawmf. xl;jcm;csuf
1? ordkif;t& omrefa=u;pm;wyfoufouf r[kwfcJh? wdki;f jynf. e,fcsJ@ESifh zufqpfqef@usifa&;/ vGwfvyfa&;wdu
k fyG@J w@dk rS
ayguzf mG ;vmwJh rsKd ;cspjf ynfcsppf pfwyfjzpfonf? 'kw,
d urBmppf}uD;twGi;f t*Fvyd u
f kd vufeufuikd w
f u
kd &f ef 1941 &Jabmf oH;k usyd f
*syefwiG f ppfynmoifcJh?
2? 26-12-1941 wGif xdkif; befaumufwGif bD-tdkif-at Armhvw
G fvyfa&;wyfrawmf pwifzG@J pnf;+yD; jrefrmjynfwiG f;odk@
*syefppfwyfESifhtwl0if+yD; t*Fvdyfudkwu
dk fzk@d vkyfch?J 1941 Zlvdkif 27 &uft*Fvdyf jrefrmjynfrq
S kwcf Gm+yD;aemufwiG f bD-tdik fat wyf vlo;Hk aomif;ausmf jzpfvm&mu *syefu jyefvnfz@JG pnf;&ef ta=umif;jy+yD; ajcvsiw
f yf&if; 3 &if;xd 3 axmifausmfxd
6

_ynfolhtm%m
av#mhcs+yD; bD - 'D - at ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf wyfopfzJG@+yD;aemuf ajcvsifwyf&if; 7 &if;ESifh tjcm;axmufyHhwyfrsm;yg
wjznf;ljznf;xyfzJG@?
3? 27 - 3 - 1945 *syefzufqpfawmfvSeaf &; pwif+yD; *syefudkarmif;xkwf&mwGif r[mrdwft*Fvdyfwdk@ESihaf ygif;+yD; xda&mufpGm
yg0ifch?J *syef 2 aomif;avmuf okwo
f ifEdkifcJh+yD;?
4? 1945 pufwifbmavmufup+yD; t*Fvyd fw@dk u t"duajcvsiw
f yf&if; 3 &if;udrk w
l nf+yD; Burma Army opf pwifz@JG pnf;cJ?h
xdpk Ofu zqyv ESifh CPB wd@k u ArmhvGwv
f yfa&;udk +idrf;csr;f pGm &,lEikd rf nfxif+yD; +Adwdo#wyfwiG ;f odr;f oGi;f jcif;udk uENpD mcsKyf
jzifh vufcHvdkuo
f nf? t*Fvdyfwk@d onf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;. trmcHtoJEv
S Hk;udk t&ifzcJG&ef u;pm;wmjzpf?
5? txufygw@dk t& tpOftvmt& ArmjynfolESifhtwl e,fcs@J zufqpfqef@usifa&;/ vGwv
f yfa&;wdu
k fyrJG S aygufzGm;vmaom
ppfwyfjzpfonf? ,if;urS a=u;pm;wyftjzpf ajymif;vm=uonf?
6? a=u;pm;wyfjzpfvmyHk
(u) yxrqHk;u Armjynfqk&d S,fvpfygwDrS qdk&S,fvpfrsm;u ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwDudk awmwGif;armif;xkwfojzifh wyfwGif;&Sd
uGefjrLepfwcsdK@ awmcdk&jcif;ESifh tcsdK@zrf;qD;z,f&Sm;jcif; cH&jcif;wdk@ jzpfysucf Jh? wyfwiG f;rlvtoHjzpfwJ@ e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;ESifh
uGefjrLepfrsm; rJhomG ;jcif;jzpf?
(c) 'kw,
d rSm wwyfvHk;a=u;pm;tjzpfESihf vuf&Sdvlxkqef@usifa&;wyftjzpf a&mufvmapr,fh toGiaf jymif;&ef ArmhjynfwGif;
ppfyGJ}uD; t"due,fcs@J ESihf jynfwGif;qd&k S,fvpfwk@d zefwD;aom ppfwGif;oGif;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf? ,ckacwf k&Sm;wGif ,Jhvfqifu
wyfeDukd awmfveS w
f yfpdwfavsmhenf;oGm;atmif csufnmjynfwGi;f ppfjzifh qdik af y;ouJhodk@ ESpf 45 ESpaf usm=f um jynfwiG f;ppfwiG f
enf;enf;rS rtm;rvyftoGi;f cH&jcif;u omrefa=u;pm;wyftjzpfomru jynfou
l kd axmifcs+D yD; &uf&ufpufpufowfjzwfEikd w
f hJ
jynfol@qef@usifa&; vlowfppfyu
GJ kd vkyf&Jwht
J xd jzpfvmaponf? vlwef;pm; zdEdyS fa&;ud&d,m}uD;jzpfvmaponf? jynfwGif;ppf
wGif qdk&S,v
f pfa=u;pm;wyfrSL;}uD;i,fwdk@. OD;aqmifr_jzifh aus;vufrsm;wGif &Gmom;awG&GmawGukd &uf&ufpufpufzsuq
f D;
owfjzwfa&;awG vkyfapjcif;jzifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; rsdK;cspfwyftjzpfrS av#musapcJhonf? jynfolESifh uGefjrLepfqef@usif
owfjzwfa&; vufeufudkifwyf}uD; jzpfvmcJhonf?
7? xd@k a=umifh ppftyk pf u
k ppfwyfukd tjyifomeftm;jzifh ,cife,fcs@J qef@usiaf &; vGwv
f yfa&;wdu
k yf 0GJ if zufqpfawmfveS af &;ESihf
wkwfjzLusL;ausmrf _ wdkufyJGrsm;jzwfoef;vmonfh tpOftvmawGudk xdef;odrf;oGwfoGif;+yD; jynfolwGi;f vnf; 0g'jzef@ay;+yD;
wu,ft
h wGif;omefu jynfoq
l ef@usifzEd ydS fa&; ud&,
d mtjzpf toH;k awmfcaH pcJhonf? ppftyk fpu
k ol@ppfwyf. pdwf"mwfudk
e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;/ vGwv
f yfa&;wdu
k yf 0GJ if tpOftvmpdw"f mwfoiG ;f xm;onf? ,if;pdw"f mwf[m wyf&@J pnf;urf;aumif;a&;ESihf
wnf+idrfpnf;vHk;a&;udk t"dutajccH tusdK;ycsuf}uD;jzpfonf? rqv acwfESifh aemufqHk; &Spaf v;vHk;udpPa=umifh jynfolu
jywfom;pGm qef@usifjcif;cH&+yD; aemufwcsDtHkur_ xyfjzpf&if wyfygytufvmrSm pdk;&onf?
8? ppfwyfwGif; yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;udk t"duAdkvfae0if;wOD;wnf;om xifovdkcs,fvS,fudkifpGJEdkif+yD; xdyfwef;qdk&S,fvpf
t}uD;tuJwcsKd @om pm;aomufEdkifcJh+yD; Adkvfae0if;u wif;usypf GmudkifwG,fvk@d pD;yGm;a&;aomif;use;f r_ tvGeef nf;cJh? odk@aomf
,ck 1988 aemuf e0w acwfwGif wyfrSL;wcsdK@udk qJGaqmifEdki&f ef pm;aomufciG fhawG ay;cJhojzifh 1990 aemufykid f;acwfwGif
ppfwyfwGif; tawmfrsm;rsm; }uD;/ vwf/ i,f txl;ojzifh ppfwyfwiG f;t}uD;ydkif;awG&J@ pm;aomufr_}uD;awG tvGerf sm;jym;vm?
,if;onf ppfwyfwiG ;f ,d,
k iG f;r_ tawmfjzpfapwmawG@&? apmapmydik ;f u rdr&d mxl;wd;k wufa&;twGuo
f m t"dujzpf? pD;yGm;a&;
r&Sdoavmufjzpf?
7

_ynfolhtm%m
9? 1990 xd wyfwGif pm;aomufcGirhf ay;bJ &mxl;awGom a&pD;ovdw
k ;kd ay;+yD; cef@xm;&onf? aemufx;l jcm;csurf mS cGm&mwdki;f
rSm pd;k vd@k acgiaf qmifr_ pkpnf;vmrSmpd;k vd@k &mxl;awGomwd;k ay;+yD; wae&mrSm =um=umrxm;/ &mxl;jrifv
h m&if ab;z,f/ tjcm;
ae&mawGay;vdu
k ?f xdk@a=umifh ppfwyfrmS tawG@t}uHKt& wyfr;aumif;awGom&S+d yD; ppfacgif;aqmifaumif; ray:ayguaf tmif
vkyfxm;onf? xd@k a=umifh wyfpnf;vH;k a&;vnf; xdcu
kd +f yD; ppfwyfacwfrD}uH@ckid af &;/ pnf;urf;wd@k uydk g xdcu
kd af p+yD; a=u;pm;pdwu
f kd
ydkwdk;aponf?
10? aemufppfwyfxl;jcm;csufwGif jrefrmppfAdkvfrsm;rSm tjcm;tm&SEdkifiH t&if;&SifwyfawGESifhrwlwmu ajr&Sif/ t&if;&Sif
t&m&S}d uD; om;orD;rsm; tvGeef nf;yg;pGmom&Sd+yD; r&So
d avmufjzpf? ajr&Si}f uD;rsm; r&Sdoavmufjzpfc?Jh t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;vnf;
w&m;0if enf;yg;vSonf? xdk@a=umifh ppfAkv
d frsm;rSm omref"e&Sifaygufp tvwfESiht
f i,fpm;rsm;rS tajccHynm toifhtwifh
&SdolawG t"dujzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh omrefr&Edik fonfh &mxl;pnf;pdrfjzpfI tvGeaf useyfae+yD; ydk+yD;tqif;&JcEH kid f ydpk eG f@vw
$ fEidk rf _
vnf;&S/d &J&ifrh v
_ nf;&S/d atmufajcwyfom;rsm;ESiv
hf nf; ydek ;D pyfr&_ o
dS nf? xd@k a=umifh cJ&mcJqpf ajymufusm;rsm;udk vdu
k w
f u
kd &f mwGif
ydq
k if;&J'kuQcHEkid fI ydk+yD;xda&mufvSonf? vlwef;pm;rSm awmfveS fa&;u tvGeftay:pD;&aev#if ajymif;vJEdkifaomfvnf;
ajymif;vJ&ef tvm;tvm tm;enf;onfu
h mvwGif rsm;pGmtoHk;0ifayonf? xdk@a=umifh xdkppfwyf. t"duxl;jcm;csuw
f ckrmS
vlwef;pm;t& ppfAv
kd frsm;[m ajr&Sit
f &if;&Sit
f &m&S}d uD; om;orD;r&So
d avmuf tvGeef nf;+yD; "e&Siaf ygufp tvwfpm;rsm;.
om;orD;rsm;u v$r;f +cHKxm;ojzifh wdu
k cf u
kd af &;t&nftcsi;f aumif;rGeo
f nf? rdrv
d w
l ef;pm;xuf jrifw
h &hJ mxl; pnf;pdrrf ufv;kH rsm;
a=umifh u;pm;tm;xkw=f uonf? xdk@a=umifh wyfwnf+idrfpnf;vHk;r_udkvnf; jzpfaponf? ,if;uJhok@d vlwef;pm;t& jzpfae
jcif;onf t"duxl;jcm;csuf}uD;wck jzpfae+yD; ppfwyf.aumif;rGefaom tajccH}uD;w&yfvnf; jzpfaeonf? odk@aomfvnf;
,ck &Spaf v;vHk;umvvGe+f yD;aemufwGif ppfwyfwGif; ppft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;. om;rsm;ESihf tcsdK@ppftkypf kEiS fh tvGefeD;pyfolrsm;.
om;rsm; wyfwiG ;f t&m&Srd sm; jzpfvm+yD; wd@k ukd ta&;ygaom aemufrsKd ;qufopf trmcHtjzpf arG;jrL+yD; wyfwiG ;f ta&;ygaom
tcsuftcsmae&mtcsdK@udk ay;xm;vmonf? wdk@.orD;tcsdK@vnf; olwk@d .rsdK;qufopfjzpfEidk faom "e&SifaygufpwyfrSL;
wcsKd @ESifh ay;pm;vufxyfay;+yD; odr;f oGi;f r_vnf;awG@&onf? wdk@onf ppfwyft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;. om;orD;rsm;vnf;jzpfonf?
wcsdefwnf; tcsdK@rSm pD;yGm;a&;t& yGxm;aomrdbrsm;/ t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;. om;orD;rsm;vnf;jzpfaeonf? wd@k ppfwyfwiG f;
&Sv
d m+yDjzpfaomfvnf; t"duv$rf;rdk;r_rSm "e&Sifaygufp om;orD;rsm;jzpfonf?
11? ppfwyfonf pnf;urf;tawmfaumif;aomwyfjzpfonf? ,if;onf(u) e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;vGwv
f yfa&; tpOftvmpdw/f awmfvSefa&;tpOftvmpdwfudk oGi;f xm;Edkijf cif; t"duwckjzpfonf?
(c) Adv
k fae0if;acwfwav#mufvHk; wyfwGif;yk*~dKvft& pD;yGm;a&;aomif;usef;r_r&Sad tmif xde;f xm;Edki/f ,cktxd atmufajc
tv,ftvwftqifhw@dk wGif xdef;xm;Edkifjcif;?
(*) aemuft"duwckrSm t&m&Sdtrsm;pkrSm "e&Sifaygufpvlwef;pm; tvwfEiS fhtedrfh OD;pD;wJhwyfjzpfaejcif; eHygwf 10 wGif
azmfjy+yD;jzpf?
(C) aemufta&;}uD;ta=umif;wckrSm - +Adwdo#w@kd xrH &S onfh tarGaumif;[kq&dk rnfh ppfwyfwiG ;f pnf;urf; Oya'rsm; tjynfh
tpH&k &Sdxm;jcif;jzpfonf? +Adwdo#wdk@rSm udkvdkeD"eo[m&ppfwyfrsm;yg udkifwG,q
f ufqHvm&aom &Snfvsm;us,fjyef@onfh
tawG@t}uHKrsm;ay: tajccH+yD; wyftkyfcsKyfa&; pnf;urf;Oya'rsm; tES@H tjym;us,fjyef@pGm tao;tr$m;up+yD; wDxGiw
f nf
aqmufxm;&m jrefrmwyfvnf; xdktarGudk&cJhojzifh pnf;urf;rsm;udk ,cifawmfvSefa&;tpOftvm pdwf"mwfjzifh
8

_ynfolhtm%m
xde;f odrf;EdkifHkru +Adwdo#wdk@. us,fjyef@jynfhpHkaom a=u;pm;wyfpnf;urf;Oya'rsm;yg tajccH+yD;udkifwG,fEdkio
f jzifh ppfwyf
pnf;urf;aumif;a&; a'gufwkid f}uD;wck jzpfvmawmhonf?
(i) Adv
k af e0if;rSm olomv#if ,dk,iG ;f ysufp;D aomfvnf; ppfwyfuu
kd kid w
f G,&f mwGif wwfEidk o
f avmuf pnf;urf;twdik f; xde;f odr;f
cJo
h nf? wzufu olvlarG;+yD; rsuEf Smomay;r_awG&Sd+yD; rvdkolawGudk zwf - xkwf awG &Sdaomfvnf; wzufupnf;urf;udk
xdef;onf? pnf;urf;ao0yfa&;udk *ky.? aemufwcsdK@v}l uD;rsm; trSm;usL;vGefr_rsm;&S&d m xdkolawGxJrS wcsKd @ut
dk a&;r,ljcif;/
xkwfypfjcif;rybJ xdkt&mrsm;udjk y +cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; oluufovdkquf+yD; umvwcsdK@txd +idrf0yfpmG udkifwG,f oGm;onfvnf;
&Sdonf?
(p) wyfwGif;wGif atmufajct=uyfwyfom;rsm;u txuft&m&Sd}uD;rsm; jzpfEkid faom &mxl;wdk;wufa&;rufvk;H awG ay;xm;
zefwD;xm;jcif;jzifh rdrd}uD;yGm;vdak om pdwfrufv;Hk udk ay;xm;Edik fjcif;/ txufygta=umif;rsm;a=umifh ppfwyfonf pnf;urf;
tawmftoifh wnf+idrfaumif;rGefaomwyf jzpfaejcif;?
12? e0w ppfwyfonf E_di;f ,SOcf suft& wdu
k fyGJrsm;wGif tawmftweftxdtcdkuf tustqHk;cHEkid faom ppfwyfjzpfaeayonf?
'Dppfwyfonf apmapmydik f; 1949 - 60 cef@u wdu
k fyGrJ sm;wGif wdkufyJG0ifo.
l 10&mcdik fE_ef;rS 15 &mcdik fE_ef;avmuf xdcdkufusqHk;
oGm;v#if wdu
k fpw
d fcu
dk fpw
d fpdwf"mwf 'l;xdavmufatmif usqif;wwf+yD; xdkwyfjyefemvefxlatmif ESpftcsdK@ tjcm;oufom
aom wm0efawGay;+yD; u;pm;cJh&aomfvnf; 1960 ausmf txl;ojzifh 1970 ausmfESpfrsm;wGif 20&mcdik fE_ef;rS 30&mcdkiEf _e;f xd
usqHk;xdcdkufonfw
h dkif wyftawmfrsm;rsm;rSm wdkufpdwfcdkufpdwfruswwfao;bJ quf+yD;wm0ef,lEidk fonftxd tustqHk;
cHEkid v
f monf? ,if;rSm t"dutm;jzifh tawG@t}uHK&ifu
h suv
f mjcif;ESihf txuf eHygwf 10 wGiaf zmfjyxm;onft
h wdki;f pnf;urf;
ESifh rufv;Hk rsm;a=umifhvnf; jzpf[ef&Sdonf?
13? e0w ppfwyfonf wav#mufvHk; Edkiif Hjcm;e,fcsJ@&efumuG,fa&;twGuf r&nf&,
G fbJ jynfwGif;ppfom OD;wnfxm;ojzifh
EdkifiHjcm;ESifh,SOfEdkif&ef acwfrDvufeufypPnf;rsm; rwyfqif/ oHcsyfum tajrmufwyf/ 'Hk;ysHwyf/ tif*sifeD,mwyf/ avwyf/
a&wyfwk@d udk ususeerwyfqif/ ajcvsifwyfom t"duwyfqifxm;onf? wnfaqmufxm;onf? ta=umif;rSm(u) e,fcsJ@Edkiif Htrsm;ESifh aphpyfvdkufavsmxm;+yD;
(c) t"durSm rdrt
d m%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf jynfwGif;ppfrSmom uGefjrLepfwdk@ESihf vH;k yef;wdkufcdkufaeonf?
(*) jynfolvlxke,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; pdwf"mwfa=umifh e,fcsJ@tulr,lvdkjcif;/ aemuf=um;aea&; bufrvdkufa&; rsufESmzHk;
wyfxm;&jcif; aemufe,fcsJ@vnf;a=umuf& qd&k S,v
f pfEkid firH sm;&J@tulvnf; r,l&J?
(C) rdrad tmufvlrsm;u jyefIvkyf}uHv#if vG,fulrSmvnf; pd;k &ao;[ef&Sd?
(i) aemuf udk,fydkifaiGa=u;bwf*sufvnf; rwwfEdkifI rdrdtm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf vuf&SdjynfwGif;ppfudkom zd&rSmrdk@
,if;twGufy+dk yD; vdktyfonfh ajcvsifwyfom t"duxm;+yD; zJG@ch&J onf? xdkodk@wyfzG@J &mwGif apmapmydik f;u ajcvsifwyfrsm;yif
rsm;rsm;rzJG@Eidk f=u? aemufuGejf rLepfbuf ,dr;f ,dkipf w
d fudkqJGaqmifEkid &f ef wzufuzdEySd fHkru wzufuvnf; wdki;f jynfpD;yGm;a&;/
usef;rma&;/ ynma&;pwJ@ bufawGrmS wd;k wufwnfaqmufa&;twGufa&m 'gawGudk0g'jzef@a&;twGufa&m aiGtm;oH;k &I
ppfbwf*sufukd omrefxuf 30 &mckdifEe_ f;xufyI
dk tvGeftu|HroHk;&Jay? odk@aomf &Spfav;vH;k +yD;aemuf e,fcsJ@wdk@jzifh aphpyf
vdak omfvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd EiS hf tm%mcJaG 0a&;xd rpGe@f vI
kd e,fcs@J aESmuf,u
S rf u
_ kd &ifqikd Ef ikd &f ef ppfwyfukd rwwfom
bJ rvkyfcsiv
f Saom wkwfESifhqufqH+yD; vufeuf}uD;rsm;ESifh tawmfacwfrDatmif aps;aygaygjzifh 0,f,w
l yfqifvmonf?
9

_ynfolhtm%m
rdrdwOD;wnf; tm%m&SifjzpfvmI aiGa=u;t&vnf; jynfoludk axmufxm;p&m rvdk/ vufeuf}uD;wyfrsm; a&wyf/
avwyfrsm;yg jriw
hf ifvmonf? wzufuvnf; jynforl sm;. tHk ur_ukd tjrefcsKd ;ESrd Ef ikd af tmif ajcvsiw
f yfawGvnf; wd;k cs@J &onf?
xd@k a=umifh e0w wyf[m &Spaf v;vHk;umvu =unf;-a&-av t+rJwrf;wyf wodef;udk;aomif; ESpo
f def;eD;yg;&S&d mu
,ck 1995 - 96 wGif ESpfqavmuf av;odef;ausmfxd wd;k cs@J cJh? ig;odef;xdvnf; wdk;cs@J rnf[kvnf; qdx
k m;onf?
xd@k a=umifh 1988 avmuftxd vH;k 0acwfrrD/ ajcvsiw
f yft"durS ,ck 1995 - 96 wGif toift
h wifh acwfrv
D monf?
acwfrDppfynmudkvnf; wkwfrsm;xHu txufwef;ppf&mxl;}uD; oifwef;rsm;wufap+yD; tawmftwefacwfrDa&;udk
OD;wnfvmonf?
od@k &mwGif e0w wyf. pdw"f mwfrmS ,cif &Spaf v;vH;k rwdkirf Duavmuf pdw"f mwfraumif;awmhay? t"duta=umif;
u jynfolwdk@. ppfwyftay: rkef;wD;&GH&Smr_twGuf pdwfxcd dkurf _/ aemuf 1989 CPB y+_y;D aemuf tpdk;&u typftcwf&yfa&;/
+idrf;csrf;a&; a&S;_vmonf? aemufurBmESihcf sDaom +idr;f csr;f a&;pdwf"mwf dkufcwfr_vnf; &SdvmaeI +idr;f csr;f a&;pdwfvr$ ;f vm+yD;
wdu
k fpdwfcu
dk fpdwf avsmhenf;vm=u[efvnf;&Sdonf? od@k aomfvnf; ppfwyf[m acwfrDwyf}uD; rjzpfao;? acwfrDppfynmrsm;
rwwfajrmufao;? acwfrpD pfyGt
J awG@t}uHK r&Sdao;ay? aemuf Adv
k fae0if; aocgeD;vmav wyfwGi;f *d%
k f;*e tkypf ktm%m/
pD;yGm;a&;/ Edkiif aH &; uG+J yJa&;rsm; acgif;jyLvm? t"duwyfwiG f; pD;yGm;a&;orm;tcsdK@. taemufbuf,rd ;f r_EiS hf tm%mqufxed ;f
xm;vdkolwdk@u wkwfEiS fhwGv
J rdk _[m *dk%f;oabmtpyae+yD[k xif&onf?
14? e0w. xl;jcm;r_w&yfrSm ,ckxd ,if;wyfwGif e,fcsJ@EdkifiHrsm;. *dk%f;tzJG@rsm;r&Sdao;[k ,lq&jcif;jzpfonf? xdkudpP
Adv
k af e0if;u wOD;wnf;om e,fcs@J Eikd if rH sm;ESiq
hf ufqaH &;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyx
f m+yD; xdo
k @kd *%
kd ;f zJ@G vo
kd w
l @kd ukd Adv
k af e0if;u umuG,f
ESrd feif;Edik fco
Jh nf? Adkvfae0if;onf yxr 1970 ausmftxd +Adwdo#wdk@. vufudkifwkwf/ +Adwdo#bufom;jzpfcJh+yD; aemuftawG@
t}uHKt& *smr%D/ *syef/ wkwfw@dk ESifhyg qufqHvmcJhonf? tar&duefESiv
fh nf; ydyuQr}uD;atmif xdef;xm;cJh? wOD;wnf;.
wynft
h jzpfrcH? zdvpfyikd f rm;ud@k pf [m tar&duefwOD;wnf;. wynfjh zpfc+hJ yD; tar&duefu vlajymif;vdw
k t
hJ cg xGuaf y;&onf?
Adv
k af e0if;u wynfah jymif;rcH? q&momajymif;qufqo
H nf? ol.xl;c|erf j_ zpfonf? wkwEf iS q
hf ufqaH &;udv
k nf; tvGeo
f nf;cH
apmifhqdkif;+yD; a&&SnfqufqHa&; rysufatmif u;pm;cJhonf?
Adkvfr;csKyfarmifarmifwdk@*dk%f;udk wyfuxkwyf ,f&jcif;. t"duta=umif;rSm Adkvaf rmifarmifonf tar&duefESifh
aygif;+yD; Adkvfae0if;ESihw
f uG tpd;k &udyk g ppftm%modrf;zd@k u;pm;}uHpnfaer_ ayguf=um;od&dv
S m&I xkwfy,fjcif;jzpfonf?
Adkvfatmif}uD;udk wyfrSxw
k &f jcif;ta=umif;rSmvnf; wjcm;ta=umif;awG&Sd? 1960 a&G;aumufyw
JG iG f qdk&S,fvpfygwD ywfomG ;
+yD;aomfvnf; Adkvfatmif}uD;rSm wyfwGif Adkvfae0if;tay:vnf;aumif;/ wjcm;vlawGtay:wGifvnf;aumif; qufqHa&;
rajymif;bJ ,cifqk&d ,
S v
f pfygwt
D pdk;&. ud,
k pf m;vS,v
f kd qufvufAkv
d u
f squfqjH cif;/ OD;Eku Adv
k af e0if;udk ykeu
f efwu
kd fcu
kd f&ef
Edik if jH cm;xGufjcif;udk odvsufESifh owif;rydk@jcif; ponfw@dk ? aemufwa=umif;rSm *syefESi&fh if;ES;D vGef;jcif;wdk@a=umifh zwfxkwf&jcif;
jzpfonf? tcsKyftm;jzifh Adkvfae0if;[m ppfwyfwGi;f u tjcm;EdkifiHawGESifh *dk%f;zJG@jcif;udk oludk,w
f dkirf Swyg; tjcm;r&Sdatmif
xdef;odrf;cJhonf? tar&duefonf wyfwGif;*d%
k f;zJG@Ekid fa&;twGuf tvGefu;pm;rnfxif&onf? 1990 aemufykid f; ydku;pm;rnf
xif&onf? b,fr#c&D;ayguo
f nf rod&ay? odyaf ygurf nfawmh rxif? ta=umif;w&yfrmS wdik ;f jynf. e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;*,uf
pdwf"mwfrSm wyfudkdkufcwf/ e*dkrlvutpOftvmt& wyfrSmvnf; 'Dpdwf"mwfoGif;xm;? tar&duefuvnf; urBmuyg
qef@usicf Hae&I tar&dueftaeESifh *dk%f;zJG@a&; odyrf vG,fay? xdk@a=umifh e0w ppfwyfwiG f e,fcs@J *dk%f;zJG@xm;Edkirf _ r&Sdao;[k
,lq&onf? od@k aomf wyfwGif;wGif xdyo
f D;wcsdK@ aiGa=u;pm;cGifh&+yD; ,cifESifhrwl tawmf}uD;csrf;omvmolwcsKd @ &Sdvmonf?
10

_ynfolhtm%m
*d%
k f;tzJG@rsm; jzpfvmEdkio
f nf? xd*k dk%f;rsm; rdrdwdk@tajctae&yfwnfa&;twGuf tar&duefESihf *dk%f;zJG@ajcrsm; jzpfvmEdkifonf?
wkwfESifhaygif;+yD; rdrdtm%mqufudkifxm;vdkol Adkvfae0if;*dk%f;ESifh wyfwGif;*dk%;f wkdufyGJ &SdvmEdkifonfh tvm;tvmvnf;
&Sdonf?
15? Adv
k af e0if;onf wyfwiG ;f e,fcs@J *%
kd ;f rzJ@G Eikd af tmif tpOfxed ;f odr;f xm;ovdk wyfwiG ;f Y udq
k ef@usio
f nfh *d%
k ;f ray:atmif
t+rJowdeSifh xdef;odrf;cJo
h nf? xdktvm;tvm *dk%f;tptersm;udk wjznf;jznf;enf;aygi;f pHkjzifh ESdrfeif;ypfonf?
16? Adv
k fae0if;u ppfwyfukd ol@=oZmudkif olydkifppfwyfjzpfatmif u;pm;yHk?
(u) yxrtqifh? ArmjynfwGifvGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf qdk&S,fvpfygwDtjzpfcH,l+yD; qdk&S,fvpfrsm;jzifh e,fcsJ@zufqpf
awmfvSeaf &;tpOftvm&Sdaom ppfwyfudk twGif;omeftm;jzifh a=u;pm;wyfjzpfatmif yl;aygi;f vky}f uHcJh=uonf?
(c) wyfr;}uD;i,fxJrS uGejf rLepfpdwf&Sdol/ rsdK;cspfpw
d fjyif;xefolrsm;udk wjznf;jznf;ta=umif;&Sm+yD; xkwyf ,fypfjcif;?
(*) uGefjrLepfpdwfvnf; odyfr&S/d qdk&S,v
f pfygwD0iftjzpfvnf; rvkyfao;ol/ vkyfaomfvnf; odyfxifxif&Sm;&Sm; rvkyo
f l/
t"du rsKd ;cspfpdwf toifhtwifh&do
S lwk@d udk Adv
k fae0if;u &mxl;Xme EW&awGay;+yD; Edkiif Ha&;t&vnf; qdk&S,v
f pfygwD wnf+rJudk
qef@usif+yD; wdkif;jynfudk wu,fhq&dk S,fvpfEidk fit
H jzpf wnfaxmifrnhf[ef pnf;Hk;+yD; ol@bufom;rsm;tjzpf arG;jrLae&may;
xdef;odrf;vdkufjcif;?
(C) pwkwrSm t}uD;qH;k jzpfonf? rSm wyfwGif;Y vla[mif;trsm;pktxuf/ tvwfonf Adkvaf e0if;ta=umif; od=uwm
rsm;onf? olonf wu,frh sKd ;cspfjynfcspfpw
d &f o
dS l r[kw?f tcGit
hf a&;orm;}uD; jzpfonfqo
kd nfuv
kd nf;aumif;/ ppfEiS yhf wfouf
Ivnf; &mxl;}uD;rsm;om ,lxm;aomfvnf; bmr#wwfajrmufjcif;r&S/d xufxufjrufjrufr&Sd/ u;pm;tm;xkwfr_vnf;r&Sd
qdo
k nfukv
d nf;aumif;/ ppfwyftwGuv
f nf;aumif;/ Edkiif t
H wGuv
f nf;aumif; aumif;atmifvyk fvkpd w
d fvnf;r&Sd vkyef kid af om
t&nftcsif;vnf;r&Sd qdkonfudkvnf;aumif;/ tqd;k qH;k rSm taysmftyg;vdu
k fI tusihpf m&dwW ysufjym;olom jzpfa=umif;udk
vnf;aumif; odxm;=uygonf?
ppfwyfESifh wdkif;jynfaumif;a&;twGuf bmar#mv
f ifch sufrSr&So
d [
l k owfrSw=f u+yD; ol.tusipfh m&dwW rxde;f odrf;Edik rf _
tay:rSmvnf; txiftjrifao;=uygonf? wu,fawmh olw@kd onf Adv
k af e0if;tay: tqd;k jrifwckwnf;om =unfjh rif =uonf?
Adv
k af e0if;onf rdru
d ,
dk u
f sKd ;twGuq
f kv
d #if b,fudpPukrd qdk b,fo@l ukrd qdk raxmufrxm; &uf&ufpufpufvyk &f o
J /l vkyEf kid fol
jzpfa=umif;udk rjrif=u? trSefu Adkvfae0if;onf tajctaetcGihaf umif;awGudk =unfhjrifwwf+yD; &onft
h cGiht
f a&; awGudk
wvSrf;jcif;ajymif;vJ &,lcjJh cif;jzpfonf?
yxr - ocifApdef*k%
d f;rSaeI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk tvGefav;pm;[efjyI &Jabmfo;Hk usdyfwGi;f ae&m&atmif,cl Jhonf?
'kwd, - AdkvfcsKyfusqHk;+yD;aemuf zqyv qdk&,
S fvpfygwD tm%m&vmaomtcg qd&k S,fvpfacgif;aqmiftjzpf cH,cl Jhonf?
qd&k S,fvpfygwDuvnf; ppfwyfudkolv$rf;rdk;Edkifatmif u;yrf;ay;cJhonf?
wwd, - vlxku qdk&,
S fvpfygwD wnf+rJudk pGef@vw
$ fvdkuaf omtcg 1960 a&G;aumufyJ/G qdk&,
S fvpfr[kwfcJhovdk/ qdk&S,fvpf
rsm;ESihf cGmvdkuf+yD; wyfwGi;f u qd&k ,
S v
f pfwyfr;}uD;rsm; xkwyf pfjcif;/ wyfwiG ;f u =um;vlwcsKd @uku
d kid fum ppfwyfux
dk ed ;f cJo
h nf?
aemufq;Hk ppfwyftay: vHk;0tm%m=oZmv$rf;vmatmifvkyyf HkrSm ol@tay:taumif;rjrif/ txifr}uD;onfh wyfr;a[mif;
rsm;udk enf;omefaygi;f pHjk zifh z,f&Sm;+yD; t&yfbuf &mxl;}uD;rsm; txl;ojzifh oHwrefay;ajymif;? ol@ta=umif; odyfrodaom
wyfr;i,frsm; vli,frsdK;qufopfrsm;udk a&pD;ovdk&mxl;awGw;dk ay;+yD; arG;jrLcJo
h nf? xkdvli,frsdK;qufrmS awmfvSeaf &;rsm;
udv
k nf; rjzwfoef;zl;/ Adkvfae0if;ESifhvnf; tqifhtvGefuGmjcm;/ &mxl;}uD;rsm;uvnf; rwefwqawG&xm; pwJhtcsufrsm;
11

_ynfolhtm%m
a=umifh tvGefauseyfESpfodrfh=u+yD; Adkvaf e0if;taeESifh xdk'kwd,rsdK;quf wyfr;rsm;rSwqifh wyfuadk umif;aumif; udkifwG,f
Edik fcho
J nf? ol@twGuf tvGeftusdK;rsm;apcJhonf?
xd@k a=umifh ppfwyfwGif Adv
k fae0if; =oZmtm%mydkifjzpfvm&jcif;rSm tcsKyftm;jzifh(1) yxr wyfudk &JabmfoHk;usdyftpOftvmudkcH,l+yD; xdef;xm;Edkifjcif;?
(2) zqyv qdk&S,v
f pfygwDEiS fhaygif;+yD; jynfwGif;ppftwGif;ESpu
f m a=u;pm;wyftjzpfajymif;?
(3) uGefjrLepfEiS fh rsdK;cspfjynfcspfwyfr;rsm;udk xkwyf ,fypfjcif;?
(4) wyfr;a[mif;rsm;udk wyfjyifxkw+f yD; rsdK;qufopfvli,fwyfr;rsm;ESifh tpm;xdk;jcif;?
&mxl;}uD;rsm;zefwD;ay;+yD; udkifwG,ftkyfcsKyfEdkifcJhonf? Adkvfae0if;uG,fvGef+yD;wdkif qufoGm;Edkifzdk@ u;pm;jyifqifxm;
aomfvnf; Adv
k fae0if; r&Sad wmhv#if pnf;vHk;r_avsmh&JvmEdik f?
17? e0w ppfwyf. t&nftcsif;pGrf;&nfEiS fh ywfoufI aemufxl;jcm;r_rmS wyfonf jynfwGi;f ppf ESpfav;q,fausmfr#
wdu
k cf u
kd fvmcJ&h ojcifh wdu
k cf u
kd af &;tawG@t}uHK tawmfu,f0vmcJo
h nf? od@k &mwGif xdt
k awG@t}uHKrsm;xJrS tmenf;csuf}uD;
2 ck&Sdonf?
(u) yxrrSm tawG@t}uHK&ifhvmaom wyfr;rsm; eHrnfenf;enf;xGufvmonfESifh ajc&mwdkif;+yD; *dk%f;tkyfpkzJG@vmrSmpdk;I
=um=umrxm;bJ vla[mif;udk jriw
hf ifonfeh nf;jzifh ab;z,fxw
k u
f m vlopfrsm;ESihf qufcgqufcg vJay;oGm;ojzifh r[mAsL[m
tjrif &ifhoefaomwyfr;}uD; ppfacgif;aqmiftjzpfrsdK; odyfra&mufEkid fI wyfr; rsm;twGif; wdkufcku
d fa&;aumif;rGefaom wyfr;
rsm;pGm&Sad omfvnf; r[mAsL[mtjrifus,o
f l ppfacgi;f aqmifrsm; csKd @wahJ eayonf? xd@k a=umifh wcGiw
f jyifv;kH tjrifus,u
f s,Ef iS hf
=unfhjrif+yD; r[mAsL[m csrSwfEdkio
f nfhvlrsdK; r&Sdoavmufenf;yg;aeonf?
(c) 'kwd,tm;enf;csufrSm &Snfvsm;aom jynfwGif;ppf wdkuyf JGrsm;wGif ppfwyfrSm ajcvsifwyfudkom t"durdKifxm;+yD;
wdkufcdkufcJh&onf? tajrmufwyf/ oHcsyfum,EW,m;wyfrsm;/ avwyf/ a&wyfwdk@jzifh xda&mufyl;aygif;wdkufcdkufjcif;rsm;
r&Sdoavmufjzpfc&Jh m tm;enf;csuf 2 ckxyfawG@&jyefonf?

wyfr; rsm;twGif; wdkucf u


dk fa&;aumif;rGefaom wyfr;
rsm;pGm&Sad omfvnf; r[mAsL[mtjrifus,fol ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;
csdK@waJh eayonf? xdk@a=umifh wcGiw
f jyifvHk; tjrifus,fus,fESifh
=unfjh rif+yD; r[mAsL[m csrSwfEkid o
f nfhvrl sdK;
r&So
d avmufenf;yg;aeonf

12

_ynfolhtm%m
yxr - wyfr; rsm;taeESifh axmufyu
Hh lnDa&; ppfvufHk;wyftoD;oD; trsm;tjym;udk yl;wJG+yD; [efcsun
f D udkifwG,ftyk fcsKyf+yD;
wdu
k cf u
kd jf cif;twwf rwwfajrmuf=ujcif;ESihf 'kw,
d - xdo
k @kd acwfrv
D ufeuf}uD;rsm;ESihf avwyf/ a&wyfw@kd ukd ,ckrS pwifz@GJ pnf;
vm&m acwfrw
D ku
d fy}JG uD;rsm; EdkifiHjcm;wyfrsm;ESihf &ifqidk f&ef rsm;pGmtm;enf;aeayonf? aemufwa=umif;rSmvnf; xdkvufeuf
}uD;rsm;ESihf cJ,rf;rsm;xkwfEidk faom bwf*sut
f & uef@owfr_vnf; &Sdrnfjzpf&m xdak cwfrDEidk fiHjcm;ESifhjzpfrnfh ppfyrGJ sdK; a&&Snf
wdu
k Ef ikd zf @kd vnf; rvG,af y? xd@k a=umifh Edik if jH cm;ppfyw
GJ u
kd cf u
kd af &;twGuf acwfrpD pfyu
GJ ,
kd w
f ,
G Ef ikd o
f nfh t&nftcsi;f t& tm;enf;
jcif;ESihf xdk yk yf pPn;f rsm; =um=umtoH;k yEdik zf kd rvHrk avmufjzpfjcif;wd@k a=umifh wdk@taeESihf acwfrpD pfyq
GJ ifE&J$ ef rsm;pGmtm;enf;
csdK@wJhaeonf? odk@&mwGif wdk@. ta&;omcsufrSm ppftawG@t}uHK tawmf&ifhusufxm;ojzifh tawmftwefacwfrD
aomfvnf; ppftawG@t}uHKtm;enf;wJh EdkifijH cm;wyfrsm;udrk l tawmftwef&ifqdkifEidk fvdrfhrnf[k ,lq&onf? cHppft"dujzifh
&ifqdkifEdkifrnfjzpfonf? aemufwcsurf Sm e0w wyfwGif e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;udk tpOftvmomeftjzpf xde;f odr;f vmcJhjcif;/
jynfolwdk@wiG f e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;pdwf &Sdaejcif;wdk@a=umifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifwku
d fcdkufa&;wGif tawmftwef pdwf"mwfcidk frmpGm
wH@k jyefEdkifp&mvnf; &Sdonf?
tydkif; (3)
xd@k a=umifh vuf&Sdppfwyf. r[mAsL[m tawG;tac:onf cHppfavm/ xdk;ppfavm qdk&mwGif txufygta=umif;wdk@
a=umifh a,bk,stm;jzifh jynfwGi;f ppfwGif tbufbufu tay:pD;&aeojzifh xd;k ppfr[mAsL[mjzpf+yD; jynfyESifhywfoufIrl
t"dutm;jzifh cHppfr[mAsL[musiho
f Hk;rnfjzpfonf? wwfEdkifv#if vH;k 0ppf}uD;rjzpfEdkifatmif EdkifiaH &;enf;pojzifh a&Smifwrd f;
Edik fatmif u;pm;rnf jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif(u) jynfwGi;f jynfoltkH ur_udk vrf;v$J&eftwGufvnf;aumif;
(c) rdrdwdk@ppfwyf}uD; wnf&Sdaer_onf vdktyfa=umif;ESifh rdrdwk@d ppfwyft&m&mv$rf;rdk;Edkifa&;wdk@twGuf ta=umif;jycsuf&a&;
twGufvnf;aumif;
(*) jynfow
l @kd . ppfwyfurkd ek f;wD;aer_rS xdwv
f ef@acsmufcsm;+yD; tm;ud;k tm;xm;rSw
D ,
G v
f pkd w
d f &Sv
d matmiftwGuv
f nf;aumif;
tawmftwefacwfrDaomfvnf; ppftawG@t}uHKenf;+yD; odyfodyfonf;onf;r&Sdaom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHwdk@jzifh ,m,De,fpyf
ppfyGJi,frsKd ;rsm; jzpfvm&ef zefwD;vkyfaqmifEdkifonf?
tydkif; (4)
,ckESpt
f enf;i,ftwGif; jrefrmhwyfpDpOfae&mcsxm;yHrk Sm - t"dutm;jzifh tpd;k &onf twdkuftcHtJet
f ,fvf'D
EdkifiHa&;ygwDudk zzsufa&;tay: tm;xkwfu;pm;aepOfESifh jynfolvlxktHkuvmrSmudk pdk;&drfae&aomumvjzpfonf?
xku
d mvwGif ppfwyfukd jynfov
l lxu
k kd +cdr;f ajcmufzEd ydS x
f m;Edik f&efESihf jynfwiG f;jynfov
l lxu
k o
kd m &ifqikd &f ef t"duxm;? jrefrm
jynfwGif; e,fy,frsm;wGif jynfwiG ;f ppf at;csrf;aeaomfvnf; wyf&if;tajccHpcef;rsm; wnfaxmifcsxm;onf? aemufbufu
t"duwyfrsm;udk qlyv
l y_ &f mS ;Edik af om vlrsKd ;pkvufeufuikd f tiftm;pkrsm;udk xde;f csKyfzEd ydS Ef ikd &f ef e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif csxm;onf?
t"dutm;jzifh vlrsKd ;pkrsm;aom &Srf;jynfe,fa'oESihf xdik f;e,fpyfbuf/ &cdkifa'obufw@dk wiG f tmHpk ku
d x
f m;+yD; tjcm;typf&yf
aphpyf+idrf;csrf;a&; ,lxm;aom vlrsdK;pktzJG@rsm; txl;ojzifh autif,l/ autdkiftdk/ u&ifeD/ 0/ udk;uef@/ &cdkifa'orsm;ESifh
13

_ynfolhtm%m
qufpyfaom a'orsm;wdk@wGif wyfrsm;tm;vHk; pl;pdkux
f m;onf? xdkif;e,fpyfESifh &cdkiaf 'owdk@wiG f aemife,fpyfppfyJrG sm; zefwD;
Edkifonfvnf;&Sdonf?
tydkif; (5)
wdkif;jynfumuG,fa&;ESifh ppfwyftay: jrefrmtpdk;&usifhoHk;aom rl0g'ESifhywfoufI pOf;pm;v#if Tae&mwGif
ppfwyfESifh tpd;k &cJrG & uGmjcm;jcif;r&Sd wom;wnf;jzpfaeaom ppftpdk;&jzpfonf? wdik f;jynfumuG,fa&;rSm yxrydki;f u odyf
rpOf;pm; jynfwiG ;f rdrt
d m%m xlaxmif+rJ+rHa&;twGuo
f m t"duuGejf rLepfygwu
D kd wdu
k cf u
kd af &;ESihf jynfwiG ;f ppfuo
kd m aZmif;ay;
xm;onf? ,ck &Spaf v;vH;k aemuf tar&duef ponfw@kd tEW&m,fa=umifh jynfy&efumuG,af &;twGuf ppfwyfukd omrefajcvsif
wyft"durS ppfvufHk;wyfrsm; wyfqif+yD; tawmftwefacwfraD tmif zJ@G pnf;vmonf? ,if;twGuf jyifqifvmonf?
jynfye,fcsJ@vkyfEdkifcsufrmS (u) yxrvlrsKd ;pkwcsKd @ukd owfowfuikd w
f ,
G f tm;ay;xde;f odr;f xm;jcif;ESihf 'kw,
d - jynfwiG ;f Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;wGi;f od@k xd;k azmuf
0ifa&muf pnf;H;k udkifwG,jf cif;rsm;vky+f yD; jynfol@e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;pdwf avsmhenf;atmifu;pm;rnf jzpfonf?
(c) jrefrmtdrfe;D csi;f EdkifiHrsm;rS e,fcsJ@=oZm}uD;rm;aom EdkifiHrsm;ESifh e,fpyfppfyJGjzpf&ef zefwD;Edkifonf? jrefrmtzd@k txl;ojzifh
xdik f;EdkifiHESifh ydyuQjzpf&ef zefwD;ay;Edkifonf?
(*) aemufq;Hk e,fcsJ@udk,w
f dkif yg0ifpGufzufvkyf}uHr_awG vkyfaumif;vkyfEkid fonf?
xd@k a=umifh xdke,fpyfppfyGrJ sm;ESihf e,fcsJ@usL;ausmfr_udk umuG,f&ef tawG;tac:t& odjrifjyifqifrnf[k ,lq&onf?
Tonfwdk@rSm vuf&djS refrmppfwyftay: tjriftcsdK@jzpfonf?
(+yD;)

ppfwyftay: vHk;0tm%m=oZmv$rf;vmatmifvyk yf krH Sm


ol@tay:taumif;rjrif/ txifr}uD;onfh wyfr;a[mif;rsm;udk
enf;omefaygif;pHkjzifh z,f&Sm;+yD; t&yfbuf &mxl;}uD;rsm;
txl;ojzifh oHwrefay;ajymif;? ol@ta=umif; odyfrodaom
wyfr;i,frsm; vli,frsdK;qufopfrsm;udk a&pD;ovdk&mxl;awGwdk;ay;+yD;
arG;jrLcJhonf

14

yjyifa&;vrf;a-umif;

EdkifiHwumtvkyform;v_yfSm;r_eJ@
jynfol@awmfvSefa &;awG& J@ ordkif; rSm
wnfSdaewJh taetxm;awGudk awmf
vSef ajymif; vJrvm;/ yjyifajymif;vJ
rvm; qdkwJht,ltqESpf&yf&J@ twdkuf
tcHjzpfr_[m r=umc% aS@wef;a&muf
cJyh gw,f? wdkufyGJ}uD;/ wdkufyGJi,f/ tpcsD
wJhwdkufyGJ/ tqHk;tjzwfwdkufyGJ/ ae&m
wumrSm &ifqdkif&wwfygw,f? rqef;
awmhbl;vdk@awmif ajym&rvdjk zpfaeyg+yD?
ordkif;oabmajym&&if "eSif vl
wef;pm;u ya'o&mZfvlwef;pm;qDu
tm%mudk odr;f ,lwhJ "eSifawmfveS af &;
awGqw
dk m "eSifvlwef;pm;wckwnf;u
qifE$JcJhwm r[kwfygbl; ? tJ'Dwkef; u
pwifay:aygufae+yDjzpfwJh tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;eJ@ v,form;awGvnf; yg0if
ygw,f? 1789 ckESp/f Zlvidk fv 14 &ufae@
wkef;u jyifopf awmfvSefa&;}uD;rSm
bmpwD;vfaxmif}uD;udk 0ifp;D =uwm[m
tvkyform;/ v,form;eJ@ r@aeqif;&J
om;awG jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh bmrSr=um
vdkufbl;/ t&if;Sifpepf&J@ vlwef;pm;
bufvdkufr_'%fudk cH=u&wJh olawGu
t&if;Sifpepfudk wGef;vSefzdk@/ tJ'Dxuf
aumif; rGefwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfudk
xlaxmifzdk@ pOf;pm;=uwJht cgusawmh
rwluGJjym;wJh pOf;pm;r_awG ay:vm yg

w,f? 'g[m rmhufpf0g'-uGefjrLepf0g'vdk@


yDyDjyifjyif ray:aygufao;cifumvyg? 'D
awmh vlxktkH ur_}uD;awG/ awmfvSeaf &;
awGjzpfay:vm&if vlwef;pm;cH,lcsuf
toD;oD;udk a&mifjyef[yfwhJ t,ltq
uGv
J rGJ a_ wG ay:wwfw,fqw
kd m "rRwmyJ
vd@k ajym&awmhrSmyg?

qd;k 0g;r_uakd wG@jrifEikd f=uayr,fh qdk ,


S v
f pf
pepftwGuf awmfveS fa&;rajymeJ@ yjyif
r_awmifrvdkbJ ud,
k fhbmom oD;jcm;vl@
tzGJ@tpnf;av;awG wnfaxmif+yD; ae
xdik o
f mG ;&if &w,fv@kd qdck w
hJ ma=umifyh gy?J
tdk0ifqdk&if olajymwJhqdkS,fvpf0g'[m
txufwef;pm;/ atmufwef;pm;/ olu,f/
olqif;&JawGtwGuf tusKd ;SdaprSmygvdk@
'Dawmh 19 &mpkESpfu qdkS,f a&;cJhygw,f? olu ol@&@J t"du a&;om;
vpfpepf - qdkS,fvpfavmu xlaxmif csufawGudk 0DvsHtSifrif;jrwfxHodk@
a&;udk trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk pOf;pm;=uolawG OD;wdkuf a&;avhdyS gw,f?
xJ rS m txd tcdk uf t emtusif rJ hp Gm
xlaxmifa&;/ b,foleJ@rS uaumZ
vDeifeJ@ xdyfwdkufawG@olawGxJu
rjzpfa&;/ vl@abmifopfwckudk a&Sma&Sm bef;pwdef;(Bernstein) &J@ aemufvku
d f
x
al xmifa&;pwJh t,ltqawG trsKd ;rsKd ; rsm;usawmh olwdk@udk,o
f lw@dk yjyifa&;
ay:vmcJh=uygw,f? wnfSdaewJhpepfudk orm; (Reformists) vd@k awmif rajym
yjyifajymif;vJ,lvdk@&r,fqdkwJh t,l &J v d k @ jyef v nf j yif q if a &;orm;
tqawGvnf; toGiftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ ay:cJh (Revisionists) vd@k ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f kd emrnf
ygw,f?
ay;cJh=uygw,f? olwdk@u SdaewJht,l
tqawGudk awmfvSefzdk@ aeaeomom
qdkS,fvpf0g'ordkif;rSm tOD;qHk; yjyifw,fv@kd awmif rjzpf0v
hH @kd jyifqifwm
ay:cJo
h lawGxrJ mS yg0ifwhJ zl;&D;,m;eJ@t0kd if ygvdk@ ordik f; a&;olawGu a&;=uygw,f?
(Charles Fourier and Robert vDeif&@J vufxuf 1920 ckESpfrSm wwd,
Owen) wdk@&J@ t,ltqudk rmhufpef J@ tifwmaeSife,fukad c:qdkawmh vDeifu
tdef*,fwdk@u pdwful;,OfqdkS,fvpf0g' uGejf rLepftifwmaeSief ,fxJ yg0ifa&;
jzpfw,fvk@d axmufjycJh=uygw,f? 'Dvdk twGufowfrSwfcsurf sm; (Terms of
ajym&wJht"du ta=umif;&if;uawmh Admission into Communist
olw@kd EpS Of ;D [m olw@kd rsupf ad tmufrmS wif International) qdkwmudk a&;cJhygw,f?
tSdef& vmaewJh t&if; Sifpepf}uD; &J@ tJ'DtxJrSm ygwmwcsufu- wwd,
15

_ynfolhtm%m
tifwmaeSife,fudk axmufcH olrsm;
[m olwk@d vufvSrf;rD&m pifjrifh rSefor#owif;pm*sme,f/ vlxpk nf;a0;yG/J tvkyf
orm;or*~/ or0g,r tzGJ@ tpnf;awG
- rSm "eSifvlwef;pm;udk omru ol@&J@
taygif;ygjzpfwJh yjyifa&;orm; toGif
rsdK;pHkudkvnf; pepfwuseJ@ rjywfzGifhcs
&r,fvdk@ a&;cJhygw,f?
ajym&&if rmhufpfeJ@tdef*,fwdk@
Edik if aH &;vrf;a=umif;ay:wufcw
hJ t
hJ csed rf mS
acwfopftvkyo
f rm;v_yf mS ;r_awG pay:
aeyg+yD? olw@kd ESpOf ;D [m olw@kd t&if ay:ESihf
aewJ h pd w fu l ; ,Of qd k S , fv pfp epf eJ @
a*sub
kd if (Jacobin) vrf;a=umif; awGukd
rvdkufbJ awmfvSefwJhvrf; a=umif;udk
vdu
k cf =hJ uygw,f? wnfadS ewJh taqmuf
ttHak [mif;eJ@ a&vdu
k if g;vdu
k f aeoGm;zd@k
t,lt qudk olwdk@u jiif; y,fcJh=uyg
w,f? olwdk@acgif;xJrSm yjyifa&;vrf;
a=umif;udkawmifrS rxnhfchyJ gb;l ? 1848
ckEpS rf mS xGuv
f mwJh olw@kd &@J ueG jf rLepfygwD
a=unmpmwrf;&J@ ig;yHkESpfyHk[m vHk;0
topfjzpfwhJ qdkS,fvpfpepfudk rdwfquf
Sif;jyxm;wmjzpfygw,f? olwdk@acwf
taetxm;eJ@ tnD csD wuf& mvrf ;
a=umif; oHk;a=umif;tjzpf olwdk@wifjycJh
wmu tvkyform;v_yfSm;r_- awmfvSef
a&; todEdk;=um;r_-awmfvSefa&;&,fvdk@
jzpfygw,f? wdik ;f jynftES@H rSm usu
J aJG ewJ/h
t,ltqawGvnf; rwlnD=uwJh olawG
[m tvkyo
f rm;or*~awGz@GJ &if; pkpnf;
rdv m=u/ 'Duae awmf vSefa &;qif E$J
=ur,fvk@d axmufjyygw,f?
wu,fawmh vDeif-pwmvifw@dk &@J
kSm;awmfvSefa&;[m ygwDwnfaxmif
umptcsed fupvdk@ 1905 ckEpS f awmfvSef
a&;/ yxrurBmppfumvvdk ygwDtSdef
16

&vmcsdef/ atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;
atmify&JG umeD;/ &ump/ &+y;D aemuf tqifh
wdkif;rSm yjyifa&;orm;/ yjyifa&;t,l
tqawGeJ@ &ifqdkifcJh&ygw,f? orkdif;u
jyocJw
h muawmh 'D[mawGukd atmifjrif
ausmfv$m;EdkifrS rdrdwdk@&J@ ta&;awmfyHk
atmifyJcG Hw,f qdw
k mygyJ?
ordik ;f wav#mufrmS Edik if w
H um
tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; v_yf mS ;r_[m tESpf
om&tm;jzifh ya'o&mZf/ vuf0g;}uD;
tkyf - cdek t
D &if;Sipf epf/ tm%mSipf epf
qef@usiaf &;jzpfwJh 'Drkd ua&pDa&;twGuf
wdu
k yf 0JG ifae=uwJh v,form;/ tr_xrf;/
ausmif;om;/ r@ae qif;&Jom;/ "eSif
aygupf vlwef;pm;/ pmay tEkynmSirf sm;
pwJh tjcm;aom tzdESdyf cHjynfolawG&J@
v_yfSm;r_awGeJ@ oabmobm0t&udkyJ
wqufpyfwnf; jzpfaecJyh gw,f? atmifyJG
&cJhwhJ awmfvSeaf &;wdik f;rSm tvkyform;
vlwef; pm;[m tJ'D wjcm;r[mrdwf
tiftm;pkawGeJ@vufwGJ wdkufy0GJ ifEkid fvdk@
om atmifyGJ&cJhwmjzpfw,f qdkwmudk
awG@&rSmyg?

awmfvSefa&;qdkwmu tcsdef
t=um}uD;,l jyifqif+yD; tcsuftvuf
awGtrsm;}uD;jynhpf rkH S qifEEJ$ ikd w
f myg? 'Dvkd
awmfveS af &;}uD;w&yf rjzpfay:rD atmifyJG
rcHrD umvwcktwGif; jynfolvlxk&J@
aexdkifpm;aomufr/_ usef;rma&;/ ynm
a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_a&; pwJh bufrsKd ;pHrk mS olw@kd
tcuf t cJa wGu d ka jzSi f ; zd k@ / wdk ; wuf
aumif;rGeaf pzdk@ yjyifr_awGvkyf&ygw,f?
'Dvdk yjyifa &;rsdK;udk uGefjrLepfa wGu
rqef@usifygbl; ? 'Dvdkt cGifht a&;awG
wd;k wufapa&;twGuf awmif;qdk wdkuyf JG
0ifw mawG udk vnf; uGe fjrLepf a wGu
rqef @usifygbl; ? axmufcHygw,f?
uGe fj rLepf a wG t"d uqef @ usif wmu
awmfvSefa &;awGudk vSD; v$Jzdk@twGuf/
jynfolawGudk rsufpdvnfatmifvkyfwJh/
0g'jzef@wJh tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;awGeJ@ ol
wd@k ukd tumtuG,af y;ol/ aS@aevdu
k af y;
olawG&J@ vky&f yfawGudk jzpfygw,f? wcsdK@
u pepfwckv;Hk udk awmfvSefypf&r,fvdk@
rjrifEdkifao;bJ/ yjyifajymif;vJ,l&r,f
vd@k ,lqaewmawG Sdygw,f? 'Dvv
dk lrsdK;
awGudk uGefjrLepfawGu vufcH-vufwGJ
Edik fygw,f? wu,fu wcsdK@taetxm;
rSm zdESdyfolawGeJ@tzdESdyfcHawG uGJjym;ae
wJ h p epf w ck u d k ruuf w m/ rauseyf
wmudku rqdk;awmhbl;vdk@ ajym&rSmyg?
awmfvSefa&;orm;awG&J@ t"du&efol
[m pepfqk;d }uD;udk rScD k+d yD; }uD;yGm;csrf;om/
aemuf+yD; tJ'pD epfuekd nf;rsKd ;pHek @J umuG,f
aeolawGom jzpfygw,f?

'Dvq
kd kw
d t
hJ wGuf uGejf rLepfawG[m
jyKjyifa&;udk vH;k 0vufrcHwmr[kwyf gb;l /
udk,fu tm%m&&if yjyifajymif;vJoifh
wmudk yjyifajymif;vJrSm jzpfovdk udk,f
tm%m&rxm;wJh umvrSmvnf; rSef
uef/ oifhawmfwJh yjyifajymif;vJr_awGudk
tm;ay;axmufcHoGm;rSmomjzpfygw,f?
'gayrJh tkyfpdk;olawGu olwdk@tm%m
wnf+rJa&;udk &nfG,f+yD; jynfov
l lxu
k dk
yjyifa&;0g'&J@tEW&m,f[m jynfol
rsufaphvnfatmifvSnfhpm;wJh/ olwdk@
rykefuefa tmif raA'ga&cyfcdkif; ovdk vlxk&J@tHkuGr_awG tSdef,lcsdef/ tSdef
vkyfwJh yjyifajymif;vJa&;awGudkawmh aumif;aecsdef/ atmifyGJ&cgeD;csdefwdk@rSm
jynfolawGudk a00g;r_trsdK;rsdK; jzpfapwm
rlt&udyk J qef@usif&rSm jzpfygw,f?

_ynfolhtm%m
vnf; ygygw,f? OD;wnfwdkufaeoludk
wdu
k o
f ifh&J@vm;vdk@ a00g;vmapwm/ 'Dvkd
tepfemcHpeG f@vw
$ fwu
kfd yf 0GJ ifaer,fhtpm;
at;at;aq;aq; awmif;,lajzSif;vdk@
r&Edkib
f l;vm;vd@k pOf;pm;vmapwm pwJh
toGifomeftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ azmfjywwf
ygw,f? wcsdK@u 'Dyjyifa&;t,ltqudk
d;k d;k om;om; xifjrifazmfxw
k =f uwmyg?
'gayrJh wcsdK@uawmh vlxkwdkufyGJawGudk
zsufqD;zdk@/ vlx&k J@ OD;wnf&efoludk u,f
wifzdk@ t}uHtpnfqdk;eJ@ wifvm=uwm
jzpfygw,f?
vlxkv_yfSm;r_awGxJudk yjyifa&;
0g'[m enf;rsdK;pHke@J 0ifvmwwfygw,f?
v_yfSm;r_u OD;wnfwdkufcdkufwmcH&ol/
tJ ' D OD ; wnf w d k u f c d k u f c H & ol a wG u d k
tumuG,fay;aewJh tkyfpdk;oltpdk;&/
'grSr[kwf udk,v
fh dkb ta=umif;trsKd ;rsdK;
a=umifh jynfolvlxkawGudk wdkufyGJvrf;
a=umif;rvdu
k af pvdo
k l (jynfwiG ;f -jynfy)
&J@ qENt wdkif; vlxkv_yfSm ;r_a wGudk
tnGef@wk;H atmif vkyfwm[m tqdk;qHk;

jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdkvl awmfawmfrsm;rsm; vdk - pkef;jyL;awGudk arG;wmawGvkyfyg


umvwck=umawmh &efol@buf ygoGm; w,f? aiG-tcGifhta&;pwmawGay;+yD;
wmrsdK;awG r=umc%awG@&ygw,f?
0,f,l wm/ zsuq
f ;D wmawG vkyyf gw,f?
yjyifa&;orm;awGe@J awmfvSef
a&;orm;awGt=um;rSm vkyfenf; udkif
enf; - oGm;wJhvrf;a=umif;om uGJjym;
wm/ &nfrSef;csufOD;wnfcsufrSmawmh
twlwlyJvdk@ wcsdK@u ajymwwf=uyg
w,f? 'g rSm;ygw,f? yjyifa&;orm;eJ@
awmfvSefa&;orm;[m OD;wnfcsufukyd J
uG J j ym;jcm;em;ygw,f ? wu,f a wmh
wcku ta&;awmfyakH tmifycJG aH &;twGuf
vkyfwmjzpf+yD; aemufwckuawmh ta&;
awmfyHk ray:aygufa&;/ atmifyGJr&a&;
twGuf vkyw
f mjzpfygw,f? olw@kd twGuf
tpycsuf awGxrJ Sm trsm;qH;k awG@&wm
uawmh wnfaSd ewJh/ tm;aumif;aewJh
vlxv
k _yf Sm;r_/ tiftm;pkawGukd *dk%;f cGzJ @dk
vkyfwmygyJ? tvkyform;xJrSmqdk&if
tvkyo
f rm; rif;nDrif;om;awGarG;ovd/k
ausmif;om;xJrSmqdk&ifvnf;- wacwf
u zqyv tpdk;&&J@ 'Dtufpftdk (DSO)

awmf v S e f a &;orm;awG u
awmh tajctae/ tcsdeftcgudkvdkufvdk@
'Dtiftm;pkukd jyefvnfodr;f oGif;zd@k }udK;
pm;&wm/ tenf;qHk; wyfaygif;pktjzpf
vufwGJvkyfEdkifatmif vHk;yef;&wmawG
Sdygw,f?
rSefygw,f? uGefjrLepfawG[m
aphpyfajzSi;f enf;udk rypfy,fygbl;? rvdk
vm;tyfwJh pGef@v$wfqHk;H_;r_awGudk rvdk
vm;ygbl;? 'gayrJh jy\emu tm%m&
xm;olawGu olw@kd ;_H edrahf =umif; tvG,f
wul vufcHtav#mhay;avh rSdHkru
vufeufeJ@ wkH@jyefwm/ ESdrfeif;wmawG
vkyfavhSdvk@d jzpfygw,f? tm%mSiaf wG
udk w&m;jy/ w&m;cswmavmufe@J ajymif;
vJypfEdkif&if urBmppf}uD;awG jzpfcJhrSm
r[kwfygbl;?

atmify&JG cJw
h hJ awmfveS af &;wdik ;f rSm
tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;[m
tJ'D wjcm;r[mrdwt
f iftm;pkawGe@J
vufww
JG u
kd yf 0JG ifEikd v
f @kd om
atmify&JG cJw
h m jzpfw,f

17

ESpcf w
JG wif;

1962 ckEpS f rwfv 2 &ufae@rmS


Adkvfae0if;acgif;aqmifwJh ppftkyfpku
tm%modrf;+yD;wJah emuf ppftm%m&Sif
pepfukd xlaxmifw,f? ppfAsLkdua&pD
,EW&m;eJ@ tkyfcsKyfcJhw,f? rqv wygwD
tm%m&Sifpepfvkd@ ajymayr,fh tESpf
om&uawmh ppftm%m&SpfpepfygyJ?
rqv wygwDumvawGwkef;u pyful;
rwful;umvwkd@/ toGiu
f l;ajymif;a&;
umvwdk@qdk+yD; ajymwm[m ppftm%m
&S i f p epf y k d t ajccd k if + yD ; ppf A sLd k u a&pD
,EW&m;t&Sed t
f [keef @J vnfywfz@kd vk;H yef;
cJw
h mom jzpfw,f?
1988 ckESpf 8 av;vkH;ta&;
awmfykHrSm tay:,Ht cGHjzpfwJh rqv
wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf/ 74 tajccHOya'
ukd wkdufzsufEdkifayr,fh tESpfjzpfwJh ppf
tm%m&Sipf epfeJ@ ppfAsLdkua&pD,EW&m;
ukd rwkdufzsufvdkufEdkifyg? 'ga=umifh ppf
tkyfpku yef;yef+rJjzpfcJhygw,f?
18

1988 ckESpfaemufydkif; e0w/


etz umvup+yD; ppftkyfpkrSm eHygwf
wpfae&mutp vlawGtajymif;tvJ
jzpfayr,fh ppftkyfpk[m ppftkyfpkygyJ?
Adkvfoef;a&$acgif;aqmifwJh ppftkyfpk[m
ppftm%m&Sipf epf ckdif+rJatmifeJ@ ppfAsLdk
ua&pD ,EW&m;t&Sed ft[kefeJ@ vnfywf
Edik af tmifyJ pdu
k v
f u
dk rf wfwwfvyk cf w
hJ ,f?
ppftm%m&SifpepfyDjyif t*FgpkHvifoGm;
atmif 90 ckESpf &v'fukd eif;acszsuq
f D;
ypfvu
dk jf yD; 2008 tajccHOya'ukd r&t&
csrSwftwnfjyKvkdufw,f? au;a=umf
oHu pnf;urf;&SdwJh 'Drkdua&pDpepfazmf
aqmifa&; jzpfw,f? 'Denf;eJ@ Edik if aH &;tif
tm;pkawGukd 2008 tajccH Oya'abmif
twGif; rSm +cHcwfusKH; oGif;vkdufw,f?
2008 tajccHOya't& 2010 a&G;aumuf
yGu
J si;f y+y;D v$waf wmftqifq
h ifh azmfaqmif
vku
d fw,f? abmif;bDc|wf/ t&yf0wfvJ
vdu
k fwho
J rRw OD; (Adkvf) ode;f pdef tpkd;&
wodkuf ay:aygufvmw,f? 'Denf;eJ@

'Drdkua&pDtoGifaqmifwJh t*FgpkHvifwJh
ppft m%m&Sifpepfukd yDjyifapcJhw,f?
vlrsKd ;pkjH ynfov
l x
l }k u;D w&yfv;Hk jynfwiG ;f
jynfy/ Oya'wGi;f / Oya'y Edik if aH &; tiftm;
pk tm;vkH;ukd em;vSnfhyg;dkufvkycf Jhw,f?
Ed kif iHw umukdv nf; vSnf hpm;cJ hw,f/
toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvrkd@yg/ t&if ppf
tpdk;&vkyfcJhwJh jy\emawGa=umifhyg?
tcka&wGif;wl; tcka&}unfaomufcsif
vk@d r&bl; qdkwJhpum;awGeJ@ ac|;odyw
f m/
acsmhwcg ajcmufwvSnfhvkyf+yD; tcsdef
qGu
J m ppftm%m&Sipf epf cdik +f rJonfxuf
ckid +f raJ tmif/
ppfAsLdkua&pD ,EW
&m;cdkif+rJonfxufcdkif+rJatmif vkyfcJh
w,f?
'D c sKyf [ m ol @ &J @ a&$ * k H w d k i f
a=unmcsufukd ab;csdwfvkduf+yD; 2008
tajccHOya't&vkyfwJh =um;jzwfa&G;
aumufyu
JG kd 0ifcw
hJ ,f? &mckid Ef e_ ;f jynfeh ;D yg;
atmifycJG w
H ,f? wu,fawmh 2008 tajc
cHO ya'abmif x J u k d acgif ; vd # K0if v m

_ynfolhtm%m
atmif ppftkyfpku [ay;vkdufwm jzpf
w,f? a':atmifqef;pk}unfukdvnf;
ae&mwckay;+yD; pum;us,u
f s,af jymcGihf
ay;vkdufygw,f? 'gayrJh bmrS qkH;jzwf
ykid fciG fh ray;xm;cJyh g?
2015 a&G;aumufyrGJ mS 'DcsKyfu
tjywftowftEdik &f ygw,f? ta=umif;
u jynf olv lx kw&yf vk H; u 'DcsKyfu dk
axmufcv
H @kd jzpfygw,f? ppftkypf u
k vnf;
todtrSwjf yKvu
d k af vsmygw,f? ta=umif;
u 2008 tajccHOya't& usif;ywJh a&G;
aumufyjGJ zpfwm&,f/ vlxkukd vSnpfh m;
Edkifatmif&,feJ@ ol@twGif;udpPawGukd
tcsdef,ljyifqifae&mcsxm; Edkifatmif
&,fwkd@ jzpfygw,f?
2015 a&G;aumufyrGJ mS 'DcsKyfu
ajymif;vJcsdefwef+yDqdkwJhau;a=umfoHeJ@
a&G;aumufyGJ0ifcJhw,f? tEkdif&w,f?
2008 tajccHOya't& tpdk;&zGJ@w,f?
vlxkuk,
d pf m;vS,t
f &yfom;eJ@ ppftkypf k
ukd,fpm;vS,f ppfAdkvfwodkufeJ@ zGJ@&wJh
zufpyft pdk; & jzpfygw,f? urBmhEdkifiH
wcsdK@rS m nGe f@aygif; tpd k; & zGJ@wmawG
&Sad yr,fh ArmjynfrSmawmh zufpyftpkd;&
zGJ@ygw,f? jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[ef pnf;
urf;jynfh0wJh ygwDpkH'Drdkua&pD pepfvkd@
qd&k rvkdvkdygyJ?
ppf t m%m&Si fp epf & J @ 2008
tajccHOya' oHvrf;ay:rSm ppfAsLku
d a&pD
,EW&m;pufacgif;eJ@ &xm;}uD;u ckwf
armif;ae&mu 2015 a&G;aumufyGJu
pufacgi;f armif;oludk tajymif;tvJ vkyf
vkdufw,f? vlvJvkdufygw,f? rD;eD/ 0g/

pdr;f jyzk@d e@J &xm;oHvrf;&Sew


f ed v
f yk zf @dk (vrf;
a}umif;ajymif;zkd@) ukd ukdifxm;wmu
umcsKyfjzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh 'DcsKyf[m 2008
tajccHOya'ajymif;vJjyifqifa&;/ jidrf;
csrf;a&; azmfaqmifa&;/ w&m;Oya'
pk;d rk;d a&;ukd vkyaf qmif+yD; 'Dru
dk a&pDpepfudk
azmfaqmifr,fv@dkajymayr,fh bmtajymif;
tvJrS rvkyEf ikd b
f J jzpfaeygw,f? tajymif;
tvJ vkyfvkdufEidk fwmuawmh rD;&xm;
pufacgif;armif;olae&mrSm 0if+yD; ae&m
,lwmwckawmh &Sdygw,f?
'DcsKyftpkd;& wufr,fhqJqJrSm
ppfAsL&ku
d a&pD,EW&m;rSm 0uftal wG wif;
usyfvu
kd fygw,f? tJh'guawmh t+rJwrf;
twGif;0efae&mawGrSm ppfAsLdku&uf
awGukd cef@xm;vkdufwmygy?J 'Dvkd tajc
taerSm umcsKyu
f oHvrf;rajymif;/ rD;pdr;f
rjyrcsif; 'DcsKyfu bmrSrvkyfEidk fb;l jzpfyg
w,f? tck umcsKyfu oHvrf;rajymif;bJ
rD;pdrf;jyxm;w,f? 'DcsKyfu &xm;udk
qufarmif;rvm;? umcsKyfukd &Sefwdef
vkyfzkd@ 'DcsKyfu ajymrvm;/ 'g[m 'DcsKyf
zufpyftpkd;&&J@ tusyt
f wnf;yJ?
'DcsKyftpkd;& vufxufrSm ppf
AsLdu
k a&pD,EW&m;ukd yko
H iG f;xkvyk w
f Jh ppf
wuUodkvfrSm pDeD,m&J@ vufoHajymifr_
a=umifh *sLeD,mwa,muf toufaysmuf
oGm;&jyD? 'g[m ppfAsL&kdu&uftavmif;
tvsmyJ &Sdao;w,f? tawmfvufoH
ajymifw,f? ppfAsL&ku
d &ufawGq&dk ifawmh
ajymraeeJ@awmh? 'k0ef}uD;wa,mufukd
wcsufv$wftrdef@e@J xkwyf ,fjyef+yD? 'Dppf

AsLdku&uf,EW&m;}uD;rSm t&yfom; AsLkd


u&ufawG[mvnf; ppfAsL&kdu&ufawG
vkyd J jzpf&wm[m bmrSrqef;wJh udpyP g?
wu,fa wmh ppf AsLk du&ufyJjzpfjzpf/
t&yfom;AsLdku&ufyJjzpfjzpf 'Drkdua&pD
pepfjzpfwJh pkaygif;acgif;aqmifr_eJ@ wOD;
csif;wm0efcHr_pepfukd jiif;y,favh &Sdyg
w,f? 2015 a&G;aumufyGJrSm vlrsdK;pkH
jynfolvlxku 'Drkdua&pDpepfudk azmf
aqmifzkd@ 'Drkdu&ufawGukd a&G;aumuf
wifajrSmufvkdufwmyg? 'gayrJh ppfAsLkd
ua&pD,EW&m;xJ a&mufomG ;wJh 'Dru
dk &uf
wpfawGvnf; AsLkdu&ufawG jzpfoGm;
wmygyJ?
e0w tpdk;&[m vufeufuidk f
tzGJ@tpnf;awGudk wzGJ@csif;cGJ+yD; typf
tcwf&yfpJa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;vky+f yD; a'o
zG@H +zdK;a&;qkdwhJ pD;yGm;a&;rufvkH;eJ@ ajccsKyf
csvkdufygw,f? EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;r_awGudk
aemufwufvmwJh tpkd;&eJ@rSvkyfygqdk+yD;
vkycf w
hJ ,f? &nf&,
G cf suu
f awmh vufeuf
udkiftzG@J tpnf;awGudk pkpnf;r_r&Sdatmif
wzGJ@csif;cGJ+yD; rufvkH;ay;/ tusyfudkif/
trSnfhacacpwJh enf;trsdK;rsdK;okH; +yD;
vufeufjzKwf/ Ekid if aH &;t& taoowfz@dk
vkyfwmyg? 'Day:vpDukd etz ppftpdk;&
a&m/ 2008 tajccHOya't&wufvmwJh
OD ; (Ad k v f ) od e f ; pd e f t pd k ; &yg quf v uf
usiho
f kH;ygw,f? orRwOD;(Adkvf) odef;pdef
tpk;d &u vufeufuidk t
f zG@J tpnf;awGukd
2008 tajccHOya'usKH;xJ xnfhoGif;
+y;D NCAeJ@ajccsKyfcszd@k }udK;pm;ygw,f?
jynfe,ftqifhaqG;aEG;yGJ/ jynfaxmifpk
19

_ynfolhtm%m
tqifhaqG;aEG;yGaJ wGe@J wzGJ@csif;udk tqifh
qifhaqG;aEG;+yD; typftcwf&yfpJw,f
qkdwmawGeJ@ _yfaxG;atmifvkyfygw,f?
wzufrSm umcsKyfu e,fa jrpkd; rkd;a&;
ta=umif;jycsufe@J ol@wyfawGeJ@ xdawG@
r_jzpfatmif vkyfapygw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ aqG;
aEG;yGJwef;vef;eJ@ typf&yfolu&yf/ ypf
cwfr_jzpfolujzpfeJ@ jzpfygw,f?
'DcsKyftpkd;& wufvm+yD; +idrf;
csrf;a&; t&ifazmfaqmifr,f? tajccH
Oya'ukdjyifwm aemufrS vkyrf ,fqkw
d m
jzpfvmw,f? 21 &mpk yifvkHnDvmcH
qdkwm jzpfvmw,f? nDvmcHudk tm;vkH;
twlwuG wufa&mufcGifh r&SdwmawG
jzpfvmw,f? Ed kifiHa &;ygwDa wGv nf;
tuef@towfe@J wufvm&wmjzpf+y;D (+y;D )
vufeufukdif tzGJ@tpnf; tcsdK@vnf;
wufa&mufciG hf ydwyf ifwmcH&w,f? umcsKyf
ydwfyifcH&wJh vufeufukdiftzGJ@tpnf;
awG[m aomif;usef;olawG jzpfw,f?
vufeufcs&r,fv@dk qdv
k mw,f? nDvmcH
usawmhvnf; tqifhtwef;cGJjcm; quf
qHwmawG
jzpfvm
w,f?NCA vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD;rS +idrf;
csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG/ +ird ;f csr;f a&; vkyif ef;
pOfawG qufvuf taumiftxnf azmf
r,fvkd@ qdkaejyefygw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ +idrf;csrf;
a&;aqG;aEG;yGJawG/ typftcwf&yfpJa&;
awG[m Zmwfarsm jzpfaew,f?
'DtawmtwGif;rSm umcsKyfu
vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;tcsKd @udk ppfqif
wkdufcdu
k faejyefw,f? Armjynf jynfwGif;
ppfwav#mufrSm ppftpdk;& tqufquf
20

[m jzwfav;jzwfpepfeJ@ ppfqifwmcsn;f
yJ? 'ga=umifh ppfqifwJhwyfawGrSm bm
w&m;Oya'rS / bmvl @ tcG i f h t a&;rS
av;pm; vkdufemp&m rvdkawmhbl;? 'g
a=umifh ppfqif+yDq&kd if &uf&ufpufpuf
zrf;qD;/ kdufEu
S f/ owfjzwf/ rD;_d@/ rk'rd f;
usifhwmawG[m t+rJwrf;jzpfygw,f?
'g[m Armjynf wjynfv;kH rSm tESH@tjym;
jzpfcJhw,f? jzpfa eqJ jzpfw,f? 'gudk
ppftpkd;&tqufqufu t+rJjiif;uG,f
wmyJ? uae@ umcsKyf&J@ wyfawGu 'Dvkd
&uf&ufpufpuf vkyfaewmukd 'DcsKyf
tpdk;&u bmrsm; 0ifajymEdkifovJ?
vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf; 4 ckaygif;+yD;
w&kwf-Armvrf;r}uD;w0dkuf ppfa&;v_yf
&Sm;r_vkyfwmudk aomif;usef;olawG&J@
&ufpufr_vkd@ qkcd sifae=uw,f? ppfwdu
k f
w,fqdkwm twGif;pnf;rSm t+rJwrf;
cHppfq ifa e&wJhwyf[m tacsr_ef; cH&
wwfw,f? tacsr_e;f rcH&atmif tjyif
pnf;,l+yD; wkduf&w,fqdkwm ppfa&;udk
enf;enf;yg;yg;yJ avhvmrdolwdkif;awmif
em;vnfxm;wJh ppfw&m;yJ? 'Dawmh tzG@J
tpnf;av;cku tuef@towfeJ@ wkduf
w,f? tjyifpnf;,l+y;D wku
d w
f ,fv@d k &Si;f &Si;f
vif;vif; a=unmygw,f? umuG,af &;
OD;pD;csKyfa[mif; 'DcsKyfem,u}uD;u 'gudk
vkH; 0vufrcHbl;qkd+yD; ajymaeygvm;?
tJh'Dt zGJ@tpnf;awG acsr_ef;cH&wmukd
em,u}uD;uawG@jrifvkdaeovm;yJ?
uae@ vufeufudkiw
f kdufyq
GJ if
aewJh tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vkH;[m (typf
tcwf &yfpJxm;wma&m/ r&yfpJxm;wm

a&m) awmfveS fa&;wyfzGJ@awG jzpfw,f?


Edik fiHa&;&nf&G,cf suf/ EdkifiHa&;cH,lcsuef J@
ppfwkdufaewm jzpfw,f? olcdk;"m;jy
aomif;use;f aewJt
h zG@J tpnf;awGr[kwyf g?
'ga=umifh EdkifiHa&;jy\emudk EdkifiHa&;
enf;vrf;eJ@ajz&Sif;r,fqd+k yD; awmif;qkdae
=uwm jzpfw,f? wjynfvkH;twkdif;
twmeJ@ typftcwf&yfpJ+yD; wyfawGudk
rxdrawG@rdatmif oufqdkif&mawGu
xde;f csKyfxm;+yD; jidr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGJawG
pdwfat;vufat;eJ@ aqG;aEG;EdkifwJh
tajctaeudk zefwD;oifhygw,f? tck
umcsKyf&J@rl 6 csufeJ@ umcsKyf&J@wyfawG
v_yf&Sm;r_ypkH HeJ@a&m/ typftcwf&yfpJa&;/
+idr;f csr;f a&;jzpfpOfajcvSr;f awGt&yg }unfh
&if ArmjynfrmS wu,fwrf;vnf; typf
&yfroGm;Ekid af o;ovk/d +ird ;f csr;f a&;vnf;
r&SdwJh tajctaeyJjzpfaerSmygyJ?
tvkyo
f rm;/v,form;ta&;
ausmif;om;ta&;awGvnf; ppftpdk;&
tqufqufuidk w
f ,
G cf w
hJ meJ@ uae@ 'DcsKyf
tpdk;&ukdifwG,fykHawG[m bmrsm;uGm
jcm;r_ &SdygovJ? b,fudpPawGukd b,f
avmufa jz&Sif; wm jrif& +yDvJ? ,cif
tpdk;&vkyfcJhwJh udpP}uD;awGukd wm0efcH
ajz&Sif;ae&ygw,f? csufcsif;}uD;awmh
vSnfhajymif;zkd@ rvG,af o;bl;? 'Drkdua&pD
vrf;a}umif;ay:a&mufz@dk ajymif;vJatmif
}udK;yrf;aew,fqkdwJh ysm;&nfeJ@0rf;cswJh
pum;awGyJ }um;ae&ygw,f?
tvkyf orm;b0 jrifhwif zkd@/
v,form;b0 jrifhwifzkd@/ qif;&Jom;
jynfolawGb0 jrifhwifzkd@twGuf tvkyf

_ynfolhtm%m
orm; v,form;/ qif;&Jom;jynfolawGeJ@ aqG;aEG;wmawG t"duxm;rvkyb
f J ckdeDawGe@J t"duxm;!dEid_ f;aewmawG[m
,ciftpdk;&tqufqufvky&f yfe@J bmrsm;jcm;em;ygovJ?
wu,fawmh ArmjynfrmS 'Drdu
k a&pDpepfazmfaqmifz@dk ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk b,fvkzd suo
f rd ;f rvJ/ 2008 tajccH
Oya'ukd b,fvzkd suo
f rd ;f rvJ/ ppfAsLku
d a&pD,EW&m;ukd b,fvzdk suo
f rd ;f rvJ/ ppftyk pf u
k dk b,fvzdk suo
f rd ;f rvJqw
kd mukd OD;pm;ay;
pOf;pm;&rSm jzpfw,f? tJ'gawGukd zsuo
f rd ;f zk@d tjrife@J enf;vrf;awG&vmrS +idr;f csr;f a&;eJ@z@HG +zK;d wk;d wufa&;awG/ z,f'&,fupd aP wGukd
azmfaqmifz@dk enf;vrf;awG &vmrSmyJjzpfw,f? tJh'grS ppfwyf[mvnf; ae&mrSefudk jyefa&mufomG ;rSmjzpfygw,f? 'DcsKyftpd;k &[m
tJ'Dvdk rpOf;pm;r=unfjh rif&ifawmh zufpyftpdk;&b0u kef;xGuEf dkirf Sm r[kwfyg? 'gqkd&if 'Drkdua&pDukd azmfaqmifr,fajym&if
,cifppftpdk;&tqufqufvkdyJ ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd xdef;odrf;umuG,frv
d sufom;yJ jzpfrSmyg? tJ'gqk&d if ,ciftpdk;&
tqufqufeJ@ 'DcsKyftpdk;&[m ESpfcGJwwif;yJ jzpfaeOD;rSmygy?J 'gqkd&if 2015 a&G;aumufyJu
G jynfov
l lxk}uD;&J@qENukd 'DcsKyfu
b,fvkdtaumiftxnfazmfrvJ/ jynfov
l lxk}uD;u ay;vkdufwJh wm0efukd b,fvkd ausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifrvJ?

wjynfv;Hk twkid ;f twmeJ@ typftcwf&yfp+J yD;


wyfawGukd rxdrawG@rad tmif
oufqikd &f mawGu xde;f csKyfxm;+yD;
+idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG
pdwaf t;vufat;eJ@ aqG;aEG;Edik w
f hJ tajctaeudk
zefw;D oifyh gw,f

21

uGejf rLepfeJ _idr;f csrf;a&; v+y&


f mS ;r+

urBmay:rSm +idrf;csrf;a&; v_yf


&Sm;r_qkdwm 1814 eJ 1816 ckESpfwkd
uwnf ; u tar&d u ef e J t*F v ef
Ekid fiHwkdrSm pwifay:aygucf Jhwmyg? 1821
ckESpfeJ 1830 ckESpfwkdrSm jyifopfeJ qGpf
ZmvefEkdifiHwkdrSm +idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;
r_a y:cJh + yD ; Oa&my wkd if ; jynft rsm;pk
rSmawmh 1850 ckESpfaemufydik f;rSmrS ay:cJh
ygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u ay:cJhwhJ +idrf;csrf;a&;
v_yf&Sm;r_awG[m toGiftrsKd;rsKd;eJ &yf
wnfcsufoabmxm; trsKd;rsKd; &SdcJh=u
ygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGukd OD;
aqmifwJhtzGJtpnf;awG trsKd;rsKd; ay:
xG u f c J h o vk d oabmxm;tjrif a wG
uvnf; trsKd;rsK;d jzpfygw,f?
urB m ay:u +id r f ; csrf ; a&;
v_yf&Sm;r_awGukd OD;aqmifOD;&Guf jyKaewJh
tzG Jtpnf; rsm;teuf War Peace
Council urB m h + id r f ; csrf ; a&;aumif p D
tzGJtpnf;[m xif&Sm;ovkd oltcef;
u[mvnf; }uD;rm;cJh+yD; ,aewkdif
wnf&aSd eqJ tzGJ tpnf;}uD; w&yfvnf;
jzpfygw,f? 1948 ckESpf =o*kwfvrSm
uG e f r if a zmif
(Communist
22

Information Bureau (Cominform) tpnf ; rsm;/ tm;upm;/ ,Of a us;r_ /

u OD;pD;+yD; +idr;f csrf;a&;uGef*&ufw&yfukd


ac:qkdcJhygw,f? tJ'Du tpjyK+yD; urBmh
+idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;rlukd azmfaqmifwJh
tzGJtpnf;w&yfukd zGJpnf;cJhygw,f?
'gayrJh urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;aumifpDqkdwJh
trnfukdawmh 1950 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmv
0gaqm+rKdrSm usif;ywJh uGef*&ufusrS
ac:a0:owfrSwfvkdufwm jzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dwke;f u 'D urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD
tzGJtpnf;}uD;[m uGefrifazmif&J 0g'
oabmxm;tay: tajcjyKxm;ygw,f?
'D0g'oabmxm;t& tJ'Dwke;f u urBmh
tajctaetwGif;rSm qkdAD,uf,leD,H
OD;aqmifwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;ukd cspfjrwfEkd;
ol wk;d wufwh J tiftm;pkrsm;eJ tar&duef
OD;aqmifwJh ppfzefwD;ol - ppfvkdvm;ol
t&if;&SiEf idk if t
H iftm;pkrsm;qk+d yD; 2 ykid ;f uGJ
aew,fvkd =unfhjrifygw,f? urBmay:u
uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;eJ tvkyform;ygwD
rsm; taeeJ +idr;f csrf;a&;twGuf pGr;f tm;
&Sdor# xrf;aqmif=uzkd/ wkdufyGJenf;em
rSefor# tokH;jyK=uzkdeJ tvkyform;
or*~/ trsK;d orD;/ vli,f/ or0g,r tzGJ

ynma&;/ bmoma&;eJ tjcm;tzGJ


tpnf ; rsm; aemuf +yD ; ody ` Hy nm&S if /
pma&;q&m/ pme,fZif;orm;rsm;/ ,Of
aus;r_q kd if& m vky fom;rsm;/ ygvDr ef
acgif;aqmif/ Ekdiif Ha&;acgif;aqmif/ vlxk
acgi;f aqmifpwJh +idr;f csr;f a&;ukd vkv
d m;+yD;
ppfqefusifol vlyk*~Kdvfrsm;ukd 'Dv_yf&Sm;
r_twGif; yg0ifvmatmif us,fjyefpGm
pnf;k;H odr;f oGif;=uzkd v_HaqmfchyJ gw,f?
'Dt zGJtpnf; }uD; u urBmvkH ; qkdif& m
vuf e uf z suf o d r f ; a&;/ tcsKyf t jcm
tm%meJ vGwfvyfa&;ukd umuG,f
xdef;odrf;a&;/+idrf; csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJ
aexkdiaf &;wkdukd &yfcH+yD; e,fcsJqefusif
a&;/ tpkvu
kd ft+yKHvdu
k f aoauszsuq
f ;D
Ekid w
f hJ vufeufrsm;ukd ydwyf ifwm;qD;a&;/
toGit
f rsK;d rsK;d aom cGjJ cm;qufqrH r_ sm;ukd
qefusiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ukd aqmif&u
G cf hJ
ovkd xl;c|efpGm urBmh+idrf;csr;f a&;twGuf
tusKd;aqmif&Gufolrsm;ukd qkrsm; ay;
tyfc sD ; jrS if h c Jh y gw,f ? (qk dA D , uf k & S m ;
uGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; urBmwv$m;u
+idrf;csrf; a&; v_yf& Sm;r_rsm; twGif; u

_ynfolhtm%m
+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf pGr;f pGrf;wref }uKd;yrf;
cJo
h l vly*k Kd~vef J tzGJ tpnf;rsm;ukd pwmvif
+idrf;csr;f a&;qkrsm; ay;tyfcs;D jrSihcf yhJ gw,f?
aemufydik f;rSm 'Dqu
k kd vDeif+idrf;csrf;a&;qk
vkd trnfajymif;vJ ac:a0:cJhygw,f?)
'DtzGJtpnf;}uD;xJrSm urBm
ay:u uGejf rLepfygwDeJ tvkyform;ygwD
rsm; t"duyg0ifcJhovkd 'DtzGJtpnf;}uD;
&J yxrqkH;OuUXjzpfol (Professor
Frdric JoliotCuri) ya&mfzufqm
usL&D[m EkAd ,fq&k iS f &lyaA' ynm&Siw
f OD;
jzpfkHr#ru uGefjrLepfwOD;vnf; jzpfyg
w,f? 'DtzGJtpnf;}uD;&J A[kdtvkyf
tr_ a qmif a umf r wD 0 if trsm;pk [ m
vnf; uGefjrLepfawG jzpf=uygw,f?
'DtzGJtpnf;}uD;rSm 1965
ckESpfrS 1969 ckESpft xd OuUwm0ef
,lcJhol xif&Sm;wJh b,fvf*sD,ef trsKd;
orD; Isabelle Blume tpPb,fvm
[mvnf; b,fvf*sD,H uGejf rLepfygw0D if
jzpfygw,f?
'Dtcsuftvufrsm;ukd =unfh
&ifukdyJ urBmay:u uGejf rLepfygwDrsm;eJ
uGefjrLepfrsm;[m +idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_
rsm;ukd wufwufuuyg0ifxrf;aqmif
cJ=h uw,fqkdwm xif&Sm;ygw,f? urBm
w0ef;rS uGejf rLepfrsm;[m urBmh+idrf;csrf;
a&;aumifpD tzGJ tpnf; rsm;omru
wjcm; +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJtpnf;rsm;rSm
yg0ifv_yf&Sm;wm/ jynfolvlxkeJtwl
+idrf;csr;f a&;v_yf&mS ;r_awGudk twlvufwJG
aqmif&GufcJh=uwmawGuvnf; acwf
umv tqufquf trsm;tjym;yg?

(ppfat;acwfumv/ qkdAD,uf,leD,H
+yKduo
GJ Gm;r_ pwJh acwfumvtajctae
rsm; ajymif;vJomG ;r_t& urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;
aumifpD&J oabmxm;/ &yfwnfcsuf/
tjrif tajymif;tvJawG &Scd o
hJ vkd v_y&f mS ;
r_awG tm;enf;vmwm/ twuftus
&Sv
d mawG jzpfay:rSm aocsmygw,f? 'gay
rJh uGefjrLepfawGtaeeJ +idrf;csrf;a&; v_yf
&Sm;r_awGrSm wufwufuu wm0ef,l
xrf;&GufcJh=uw,fqkdwJh tcsufuawmh
jiif;y,fvkd r&ygb;l ?)
uGefjrLepfawG&J ppfqefusif
a&;/ zufqpfpepfqefusiaf &;/ e,fcsJ pepf
qefusifa&;/ tusOf;axmifwGif; !Of;
yef;ESdyfpufr_rsm; qefusifa&;/ vltcGifh
ta&;csKd;zmufr_rsm;ukd qefusifa&;wkd
ukv
d nf; +idr;f csr;f a&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;eJ twl
aqmif&u
G fch=J uygw,f? 'geJ ywfoufvkd
tpPb,fvm&J ajymqkcd suw
f csKd ukd avhvm
=unfh&ifyJ xif&Sm;pGm odjrifem;vnfEdik f
vdrfhr,fvkd ,lqygw,f? tpPb,fvm
[m uGefjrLepfwOD;taeeJa&m/ urBmh
+idrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD OuUwOD;taeeJyg
rw&m;wJh ppfyGJukd jywfjywfom;om;
qefusif+yD; AD,uferfjynfoal wGbufu
b,favmufckdifckdifrmrm &yfwnfay;cJh
w,fqkdwm ay:vGifygw,f?
ol urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;aumifprD mS
OuU wm0ef , l a epOf u tar&d u ef
e,fcsJorm;[m AD,uferfppfyGJrmS yg0if
wkdufckdufae+yD; tar&duefjynfolawG
tygt0if urBmjh ynfolw&yfvkH;&J qef

usifuefuGufr_ukd cHae&wJhtcsdefvnf;
jzpfygw,f?
(tm&Swdkif;jynfawGrSm olwdk@
ud,
k w
f idk u
f ,
kd u
f s usL;vGecf w
hJ hJ &mZ0wfr_
awGt wGuf olwdk@ (tar&duef) [m
yxrOD;qkH; taeeJ@ 0efcHajym=um;wm
vky&f vdrrhf ,f? 'Dwikd ;f jynfu tusO;f om;
awGudk olw@dk '%fcwfp&D ifch=J uwJh !Of;
yef;ESdyfpufr_awGxJrSm tawmfrsm;rsm;
!Of;yef;enf;awG[m tar&duefwHqdyf
cwfESdyfxm;wmawGjzpfa=umif; tar&d
uef jynfov
l x
l k trsm;pkuom od&o
dS mG ;
cJ&h if 'gtwGuf olwdk@ qefu
h sifuef@uGuf
=uvdrfhr,fqdkwm u|efrtaeeJ@ ,kHrSm;
oHo, r&Sdygbl;?
taumif;qk;H tvSq;Hk
aq;rifa=umif xd;k xm;wJh towfccH &hJ wJh
tusOf;om;awG&J vlta&jym;awGudk
tusOf;pcef;t&m&SdawGu olwk@d twGuf
pm=unfrh D;tdrf tkyfaqmif;vkyf &mrSmeJ@
pmtkyftzkH;awG csKyfvkyf&mrSm tok;H jyKcJh
=uw,f? rD;o+*K[fwJh ae&mteD;tem;
rSm rD;o+*K[t
f vSnu
hf sz@kd tavmif;ykaH wG
txyfxyfpD+yD; tcsdefapmifhqdkif;ae=u&
w,f? tavmif;ykHqkad yr,fh 'Dtavmif;
awGqdkwmxJrSm wcsdKu touf&Sif
aeqJjzpfa=umif; pme,f Zif;rdwfaqGu
u|efrukd ajymjyw,f? ppfyJEG pS f umvawG
twGif;rSm t&Sifvwfvwf rD;xJ ypfcscH
cJ&h olawG b,favmufawmif rsm;vdkuf
avrvJ? tar&duef !SOf;yef; ESdyfpuf
enf;/ 'guw
kd m !O;f yef;ESyd pf ufenf;/ csu
D m*dk
!Si;f yef; ESdypf ufenf; pwJh !SOf;yef;ESyd fpuf
23

_ynfolhtm%m
enf;awG &SdcJh=uygw,f? 'DudpPawG[m
ordk if; rsufESmpmrSm tar&duefq d kwJh
trnfudk trnf;uGuf pGef;xif;oGm;ap
avmuf ygw,f ? tar&d ueft pdk ; &&J
vufudkifwkwjf zpfwJh idk'ifZif[m ac:qdk
avh&SdwJh awmifAD,uferfvGwfvyfa&;
ae@qdkwmrSm jynfolawG&J ta=umif;jy
csuft& vkyfwmygqdkwJh r[kwfr[wf
ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ acgif; jywf wck aemuf+yD; tlawG tonf;awG xkwfjy
xm;wJh vlaotavmif;wavmif; 'gawGudk jyyGJtjzpf cif;usif;jyocJhwm
tar&duef jynfola wG owdjyKrdyg&J
vm;? jynfolawGe@J pyfvsOf;wJh tJ'DvdkrsdK;
&ufpuf=urf;=uKwfra_ wGudk xyfqifhusL;
vGerf ,fo
h abm jyovdkufwmvm;? tJ'D
vdk jyyGJrsKd ; cif;usif;jyoaewJh tcsdefrmS yJ
tar&duef wdu
k o
f abFm Toledo wdv
k 'D kd
[m a&mhuuf';Hk ysaH wGwif+y;D awmifA,
D uf
erf qdyfurf;udk 0ifvmcJhw,f? tdkifqif
a[mif0ge@J ck;a&Smw
h k@d &J awGqkaH qG;aEG;yGJ
t+yD;rSm vkyfvmwJh olwdk@&J 'D - url;;
xd;k ppfvufeuf jyifqifr_ukd olwdk@ b,f
vdk &Sif;jyrvJ?
tar&dueftm%m
ydik fawG taeeJ@ b,fvkyd J pOf;pm;}uHqr_
awGvkyfvkyf b,fvkyd J ^m%feD^m%feuf
awG xkwfxkwf 'Dupd Ptm;vkH;udk ajz&Sif;
jyEdkifwJh ta=umif;jycsufawG &SdrmS r[kwf
ovdk uGefjrLepf rkef; wD; a&;pdwf"mwf
a=umifh qd+k yD; qifaoudk qdwaf &eJ@ zk;H um
vS;D v$Jta=umif;jyvdk@vnf; r&Edik fygbl;?
24

1930 ckESpfwkef;u qdk dk;pum;


wck &Scd Jhygw,f? zufqpf0g'qdkwm ppf
yGyJ J wJ?h 'Dt"dym` ,fziG q
hf ckd su[
f m +idr;f csr;f
a&; ppfonfawmfawGtwGuf urBm+h ird ;f csr;f
a&;qdki&f m jynfoltzGJtpnf;}uD;w&yf
zGJpnf;zdk@ tusdK;ta=umif; vkHavmuf
apcJhygw,f?)
tpPb,fvm;&J ajymqkdcsuf
t& uGejf rLepfawG[m +idrf;csrf;a&; v_yf
&Sm;r_rsm;vkyfaqmif&mrSm ppfyGJawGukd
b,folu zefwD;aew,f/ jynfolawG
tay: !O;f yef;ESyd fpufra_ wGudk b,fou
l
t"du vkyfaew,f/ vltcGifhta&; csKd;
azmufr_awG/ t=urf;zufowfjzwfr_awG
&J t"du w&m;cH b,fol jzpfw,fqdw
k Jh
tcsufawGtay: tjrif&Sif;&Sif;eJ =unfh
jrifo;kH oyfEikd pf rG ;f &Sda=umif;vnf; xif&Sm;
ygw,f? AD,uferfuGefjrLepfygw/D wkwf
jynfuGefjrLepfygwDwkd[mvnf; xkdpOf
umvu tar&duefe,fcsJ orm;&J usL;
ausmfppfukd qefusif+yD; AD,uferf jynf
olawG&J +idrf;csrf; a&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGukd
tav;teuf axmufcH+yD;/ tm;ay;ul
nDwJh wm0efukd xrf;&Gufc=Jh uygw,f?
urBmw0ef;u uGejf rLepfawGeJ
uGefjrLepfygwDawG +idrf;csrf;a&; v_yf&Sm;
r_a wGrSm pGrf; tm;&Sdor# wm0efxrf;
aqmifch=J uovkd ArmjynfrSmvnf; Arm
jynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ uGefjrLepfawG[m
jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;
a&;twGuf rdrdwkdtajctaetvkduf
tpGr;f ukef }uKd;yrf;tm;xkwcf =hJ uwmygy?J

Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD [ m


1945 ckE Spf w0k duf a vmufu wnf ; u
e,fcsJqefusifa&;/ urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;
twGuf tckdiftrm &yfwnfaqmf=ovm
cJw
h mjzpfa=umif; orkid ;f taxmuftxm;
tckid t
f rmazmfjyvkd &ygw,f? 1945 ckEpS f
'DZifbmvtwGif;uwnf;u Armjynf
uGefjrLepfygwDu w&m;0ifxkwfjyefcJhwJh
A[kad umfrwD&J qk;H jzwfcsuftrSwf (2)
rSm - (urBmhxm0pOf +idrf; csrf; a&;
onf wu,f rvGwfwrf; &&Sd
avatmif (0g) e,fcsJorm;
wkd .vkyf}uHr_ukd tuif;rJyh ,f
&Sif; Ekdifa vatmif qkdAD,uf
&k&Sm; trSL;jyKaom urBmol
urBmom;rsm; vufatmuf
cHEkdifiHol EkdifiHom;rsm;/ vGwf
vyfa&;tiftm;pk/ 'Drkdua&pD
tiftm;pkESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;tif
tm;pk tm;vkH;wkd onf xx
uu nDnDnGwfnGwfESifh
tqifoifh jzpfaezkd vkday
a=umif;) qk+d yD; Armjynf jynf
ol vlxu
k dk v_HaqmfchyJ gw,f?
uGejf rLepfawG[m awmfveS af &;
qifEGJaepOfumvrSmyifv#if +idrf;csrf;a&;
tvHukd jrifhjrifhrm;rm; ukdifpGJv$ifhxl=u
ygw,f? vDeifu k&mS ;jynfrmS atmufwdk
bm awmfveS af &;atmifjrifwhJ ta=umif;
tcsuf (4) csut
f euf eHygwf (1) tcsuf
[m +idrf;csrf;a&;tvHukd awmfvSefa&;u
ukdifpGJEkdifcJhjcif; jzpfw,fvkd ajymcJhzl;yg

_ynfolhtm%m
w,f? k&Sm;tpkd;&[m 10 oef;cef&SdwJh ppfwyf}uD;eJ *smreDukd
oGm;wkdufwm ppf&H;_ vmcJhygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSmyJ kk&mS ;uGefjrLepf
awGu +idrf;csrf;a&;tvHukd ukdifpGJv$ix
fh lvu
kd fwmyg?
ArmjynfueG fjrLepfygwD[mvnf; Armjynf jynfwGif;
ppf pwifjzpfymG ;vm+yD; jynfwiG f;ppfoufwrf;&Snf=umvmr,fh
t&dyfta,mifukd awGjrifvmwmeJ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;
twGuf pwif}uKd;yrf;vmcJhygw,f? 1950 ck atmufwb
kd mv
24 &ufae aepGeJ J (jynfwiG ;f ppfu&kd yfpI
J jynfwGi;f +idr;f csr;f a&;
ukd csufcsif;wnfaqmuf&ef q&m}uD; ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;
}uD;rSL;aom jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJrSwqifh Armjynf
uGefjrLepfygwD. wifjycsuf) ukd xkwfjyefchyJ gw,f? tJ'Daemuf
1953 ckESpfuaep+yD; 1967 ckESpftxd ArmjynfuGefjrLepf
ygwD[m +idrf;csrf;a&;a=uG;a=umfou
H dk pwiftokH;jyKwmeJtwl
+idrf;csrf;a&;tvHukd ukdifpGJv$ifhxlcJhwmyg? &efol&J zdESdyfr_eJ
ppfa&;xk;d ppf jyif;xefaewJh tajctae/ ygwDwiG ;f tcuftcJeJ
ygww
D iG ;f wku
d yf JG jyif;xefaewJh tcsed t
f cg tajctaet& Arm
jynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m +idrf;csrf;a&; ukdifpGJv$ifhxlr_ukd &yfem;
xm;&wJh ESpfumvawGvnf; &SdcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygw[
D m 1977 ckESpfup+yD; 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;tvH/ trsKd;
om;aoG;pnf;nD!w
G af &;tvHwdk eJtwl +idr;f csr;f a&;tvHqw
d k hJ
tvHokH;vufukd pGJpGJ+rJ+rJ ukdifpGJv$ifhxlvmcJhwm ,aetcsdef
txdygyJ? uGefjrLepfygwD0ifwOD;jzpfol Akv
d frSL;csKyfausmfaZmeJ
uGefjrLepftawG;tac:eJ &yfwnfcsu&f o
Sd l Aef;armfwifatmif
wkd Armjynf&J +idr;f csr;f a&;v_y&f mS ;r_awGrmS acgi;f aqmifr_ tykid ;f
uae OD;pD;a&Saqmif xrf;&Gufr_jyKcJhwmawGuvnf; orkdif;rSm
txift&Sm;yg?
urB m h+ idr f ; csrf ; a&;v_ y f& S m ;r_ rsm;xJ rS m yg0if cJ h wJ h
EkdifiHwumrS uGefjrLepfa cgif; aqmifrsm;enf; wl Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygwrD S uGefjrLepfawGuvnf; +idr;f csr;f a&;&yfwnfcsuf
eJtwl rw&m;ppf zefwD;ol t"du w&m;cH b,folvJqdw
k m
&Si;f vif;atmif =unfhjrifygw,f? vufeufukdift=urf;zufr_/
vl t cG i f h a &;csKd ; azmuf r_ e J rw&m;zdE S d y f ! O f ; yef ; r_ a wG & J

vufonfw&m;cHukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; =unfhjrifygw,f? 'g


a=umifh (rmhupf 0f g'Dwkd onf ppfukd rvkv
d m;? okd aomf rvkv
d m;
aom ppfrSm rw&m;aom ppfom jzpfw,f? tzdESdyfcHwkd&J
awmfvSew
f Jh w&m;wJh ppfyGJrsm;qkd&ifawmh rmhufpf0g'Dwkd[m
tm;ay;kHwifru a&Swef;u toufpeG fv$wf+yD;awmif yg0if
xrf;aqmif=uw,f) qkd+yD; ukdvkdeDacwfuwnf;u ArmjynfrS
uGefjrLepfawGu twdtvif; xkwfazmfajym=um;cJhwmyg?
rsufarSmufumvrSmvnf; ArmjynfueG fjrLepfygwDu +idrf;csrf;
a&;tvHukd wzufu v$ihx
f lxm;ovkd tjcm;wzufuvnf;
tkyfpkd;olu vufeufeJ rw&m; t=urf;zufzdESdyfvmygu
tzdESdycf HawGbufu vufeufeJ ckcaH wmfvSefwm[m w&m;
w,f qkw
d Jh oabmxm;ukd twdtvif; wifjyajymqkdchw
J m
jzpfygw,f?
vwfwavm jrefrmjynfta&Sajrmufykdif;rSm jzpfymG ;
aewJh ppfyGJawGtay: =unfhjrif&mrSm jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;
r&&Sdatmif jynfwGif;ppfudk b,folu t"du zefwD;aeovJ
qkw
d m tay:u =unfjh rifoH;k oyfygw,f? tpk;d &ppfwyfbufu
21 &mpkyifvHk aqG;aEG;yGJ rwkid fru
D mvua&m/ 21 yifvu
kH mv
twGif;rSma&m/ 21 &mpk yifvkHaemufydik f;rSmyg wkdufyGJtao;
t}uD;om uGmaumif;uGmr,f/ ppfqifa&;awGeJ wkdufyJaG wG
tqufrjywfvyk af ewmukd &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; jywfjywfom;om;
odjrifem;vnfxm;ygw,f? (wdusckdirf mpGm avhvmok;H oyfzkd
vkt
d yfwJh cif;csufupd PwckwavuvGJvkd) a,bk,stm;jzifh
b,folawGukd t=urf;zuform;vkd emrnfwyfwyf/ b,fol
awGukd aomif;usef;olvkd ykwfcwfykwfcwf/ 48 ckESpfupvkd
tkyfpkd;oltqufquf[m vufeufukdif t=urf;zufr_awG
pwifjyKvkyf+yD; awmufa v#mufzdESdyfvmcJhwmjzpfw,fvkd
,lqygw,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m +idrf;csrf;tvHukd pGJp+GJ rJ+rJ
qkyfuikd fxm;wma=umifh Armjynf jynfolvlxkukdvnf; tcg
tm;avsmpf Gm +idr;f csr;f a&;yef=um;csufawG / xkwfjyefcsuaf wG
xkwf+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf wifjyv_Haqmfjcif; jyKygw,f?
25

_ynfolhtm%m
2014 ckESpf/ atmufwb
kd mv 11 &uf aepGJeJ ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwDu +idr;f csr;f a&;vkdcsifaom jynfolrsm;twGuf
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw.
D xkwjf yefa=unmcsuf qkw
d mukd wifjycJyh gw,f? tJ'Dxw
k fjyefcsux
f rJ mS yg0ifwhJ tcsut
f vufawG[m
rsufarSmufumv +idr;f csrf;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_twGuv
f nf; qDavsmu
f du
k fnaD eqJyg? tJ'aD qmif;yg;xJrSm wifjycJw
h hJ tcsut
f vufudk
azmfjy+yD; 'Daqmif;yg;ukd ed*H;k csKyfay;vku
d fcsifygw,f?
(wkdif;&if;om;awGbufu awGqkHaqG;aEG;yGJ atmifjrifatmif usm;ukwfusm;cJ }uKd;pm;wm awG&w,f? wef;wla&;/
w&m;r#wr_&adS &;/ pdw&f if;apwemrSeaf &;/ yGiv
hf if;jrifomr_ &Sad &; pwJt
h csuaf wGudk wifjycJw
h ,f? 'gayrJh tkypf ;dk olawGbufrmS
a&Su tcsuf 3 csuf r&Sdbl;/ yGifhvif;jrifomr_qkdwmukdawmh ay:ay:xifxif}uD; jycJh+yD? wyfaygi;f pkawGxJ/ tzGJ tpnf;awGxJ/
oyfv#Kd wJt
h vkyu
f dv
k nf; atmifatmifjrifjrif vkyfc+hJ yD? Ekid if aH &;ygwDawGvnf; v$waf wmfxJ ajccsKyfrad e=u+yD? 'Dawmh pm;yG0J idk f;rSm
r&Ekdiw
f Jh awmif;qkdcsufawGawmif;+yD; wcsdew
f nf;vkdvkd Ekid fiHtESH aoewfoHawG ay;vmcJhw,f? wku
d fyaGJ wGazmf+yD; wuGuf+yD;
wuGuf/ wzGJ+yD;wzGJ pm;zkd vkyv
f mw,f?)
(wkid ;f jynftESH / urBmtESH jynfoal wG&J +idr;f csr;f a&;toHawG jyefvGiv
hf mcJ+h yD? 'gayrJh ppftyk pf &k J &rRuu
f wpufuav;
rS avsmyh g;roGm;/ wkdi;f &if;om;a'oawGrmS wku
d yf aJG zmfxw
k v
f mcJo
h vkd jynfrrSm npfenf;aygi;f pko
H ;Hk +yD; tm%mukd qufxed ;f Ekid zf dk
vkyfaew,f? ukd,fusLd;twGuf jynfyEkid fiHwcsKd eJ csdwfqufvkyfwmawG rsm;vmw,f?olwdk ukd owday;csifw,f?)
(- jynfyukd rSDckd+yD; rdrdvlwef;pm;tusKd;twGuf upm;uGufxGifwhJ Ekid fiaH &;[m tE&m,f&Sdw,f/ - jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;
a&;udk &atmif rvkyfEdik foal wG[m jynfy&ef umuG,fzdk qkdwm rjzpfEkdib
f l; qkdwmyJ?)
(+idr;f csr;f a&;vkcd siw
f hJ jynforl sm;taeeJuawmh &&if&/ r&&ifuyk af y:u raumif;qk;d 0g;ukd pnf;pnf;vk;H vk;H eJ wGe;f cszdk yJ
usefygawmhw,f?
?)

ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD[m 1977 ckEpS u


f p+yD;
'Dru
dk a&pDa&;tvH/
trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w
G af &;tvHwdk eJtwl
+idr;f csr;f a&;tvHqw
dk hJ tvHo;Hk vufudk pGJp+JG rJ+rJ
ukid pf v
GJ i$ x
hf v
l mcJw
h m ,aetcsed f txdygyJ

26

atmufwbdk m awmfveS af &;atmify&J J h tvif;a&mif xe;f ajymifygap


(atmufwbdk m awmfveS af &; ESpf 100 jynfh tcsdetf cgor,ukd txdr;f trSwjf yKjcif;)
usa&mufvmawmhr,fh 2017 ckESpf[m urBmhtzdESdyfcH vlrsdK;aygif;pHk ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;&J@ acgif;aqmif
vnf;jzpf/ a&S@aqmifq&m}uD;vnf;jzpfwJh &JabmfvDeif acgif;aqmifchw
J Jh r[matmufwdb
k m awmfvSefa&;
atmifyJ tESpf 100 jynfhumvjzpfw,f? 'Dvdk xl;jcm;vSwJh tcsed f tcgor,rSm ArmjynfuefjrLepfygwD/
A[kdpnf;Hk;a&;aumfrwD&J@ tmabmf/ jynfo@l tm%m*sme,fuae r[matmufwkdbm awmfvSef a&;ukd
atmifycJ HapcJhwhJ vDeif0g'eJ@ ywfoufv@kd pl;prf;avhvm &&Scd suf rsm;ukd wifjy&if; r[matmufwdb
k m
awmfvSefa&; ESpf 100 jynfh *k%fa&mif xef;ajymifwJh tcgor,ukd txdrf;trSwfjyKvkdufygw,f?

vDeif0g' (Leninsim)

'ga=umifh vDeif0g'ukd e,fcsJ@pepfacwfumveJ@ ypPnf;rJh


vlwef;pm; awmfveS af &; acwfumv&J@ rmhupf 0f g'vd@k ac:cJ=h u
vDeif0g'qdw
k m[m e,fcs@J pepfacwfumveJ@ ypPn;f rJh wm jzpfw,f? 'gukd tapmqHk; trnfwyfchw
J m[m pwmvif
vlwef;pm; awmfvSefa&; acwfumv&J@ rmhufpf0g'jzpfw,f? jzpfw,f?
}uD;jrwfwhJ a&S@aqmif q&m}uD; &JabmfveD if[m k&mS ;awmfveS f
a&; acgif;aqmifr_ vufaw@twif; rmhufpf0g'ukd orkdif;acwf tp rlv
opf&@J ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm; awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_e@J tjyeftvSef
vDeif0g'qkdwJh a0g[m&ukd 1903 ckEpS f k&Sm;qkd&S,f
aygif;pyfa&;ukd pJpJ+rJ+rJqkyfukdifum t&if;&Sifpepf zH@+zdK;wkd; 'Drkdu&ufwpf tvkyform;ygwD&J@ 'kwd,uef*&uft+yD;rSm
wufr_&@J e,fcsJ@pepf tqifo
h kd@ a&muf&Sdom;wJh w&m;awukd pwifaw@&dS cJh&wmjzpfw,f? 1924 rSm pwmvifu vDeif0g'
eufeufeJeJ pl;prf;avhvm+yD; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;eJ@ t&if;&Sif tajccHrsm;qdkwJh pmtkyfrSm vDeif0g'ukd pepfwus oHk;oyf
vlwef;pm;t=um;u vlwef;pm;wkdufyJ&J@ taw@t}uHKopf a0zefaq;aE;wifjy+yD; vDeif0g'ukd e,fcs@J pepfumveJ@ ypPn;f rJh
rsm;ukd ed*;kH csKyfcw
Jh ,f? 20 &mpk tapmykid ;f vlra_ &;ody/H` obm0 awmfvSeaf &;umv&J@ rmhufpf0g'vkd@ t"dy`m,f owfrSwaf y;
ody`Hwkd@ zH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_&J@ topfvifqHk; toD;tyifhawukd cJhw,f? vDeif[m orkdif; tajctae ta=umif;tcsufopf
pkpnf;aygif;csKyfum rmhufpf0g'ukd wDxirf _&d&S Sd toH;k cs+yD; zH@+zdK; atmufrmS rmhufp0f g' zH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;ukd bufpHku aumif;r_
wk;d wufapcJw
h ,f? 'Dvdek J@ rmhupf f0g'oabmw&m;[m tqifh jyKcJhw,f? ol@wifjycsufaw[m taw;tac:opf/ tjrifopf
opfw&yf wenf; vDeif0g'ok@d a&muf&o
dS m ;awmhw,f? vDeif0g' aw tvefu,f0w,f? vDeif0g'ukd zJ@wnfxm;wJh tjrKaw
[m rmhupf 0f g'eJ@ twlwjl zpf+yD;/ &J@ a,bk,sral w[m urBmh twif;oabmawukd atmufygtwkdi;f t"du buf 6 buf
ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm;eJ@ wd@k &@J Ekid if aH &;ygwq
D idk &f m taw;tac: jzifh azmfjyEkdifw,f? (1) e,fcsJ@pepf oabmw&m; (2) ypPnf;rJh
oabmw&m; tajccHtw
k jf rpfjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh rmhupf 0f g'eJ@ vlwef;pm; awmfvSefa&; oabmw&m; (3) trsdK;om; ukdvdek D
twlwJ+yD;awmh rmhufpf/ vDeif0g'vk@d ac:qdk=uwm jzpfw,f? a'o oabmw&m; (4) ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sipf epf oabmw&m;
27

_ynfolhtm%m
(5) qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepf wnfaqmufa&; oabmw&m; (6) yHpk o
H pf
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; EkdifiHa&;ygwD oabmw&m;wkd@ jzpfw,f?
vDeif0g'[m vlom;orkdif;&J@ acwfopfukd pwif xlaxmif
vkdufjcif; jzpfw,f? u k&Sm;jynfolawukd urBmay:rSm
yxrqH;k qkd&S,fvpfEdik fiH xlaxmifa&;ukd a&S@aqmif vrf;jyay;
+yD; qdk&S,v
f pf wnfaqmufa&;&J@ {&mr atmifjrifcsurf sm;ukd
&&SdapcJhw,f? vDeif0g'u urBmhtzdESdyfcHvw
l ef;pm;tm;vHk;eJ@
tzdEdyS fcH trsKd ;om;vwfajrmufa&;wkdufyJ tm;vHk;ukd tm;ay;
w,f? wef;aqmfay;w,f? vDeif0g'[m 'Dae@txd ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm; awmfvSefa&;eJ@ qdk&S,fvpf wnfaqmufa&;&J@
vrf;!eftaw;ac: jzpfaeqJjzpfw,f?

ygbl;? rdrv
d lwef;pm;tvmtwuf uk,
d fpm;vS,f r&SEd kdifygbl;?
ta=umif;uawmh t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;[m a&;aumufyJ&J@
aemufu,frSm *k%fj'Afawe@J OpPm"eukd aygif;xnfx
h m;vk@d ygyJ?
'gayrJh vDeif0g'aD wu ypPnf;rJv
h lwef;pm;[m t=urf;zufre_ J@
tm%m&Sipf epfudk rausmjf zwf&if ykrd cdk ufcv
J rd rhf ,fv@dk ,lqw,f?
orkdif;rSm yJ&pfbHktzJ@ _H;edrfhom;+yD;aemuf t&if;&Sifvw
l ef;pm;
tpk;d &[m bHt
k zJ@0if 3 aomif;ausmfudk ypfowfchw
J ,f? 1917
atmufwkdbm awmfvSefa&;+yD;aemuf +Adwdef/ jyifopf/ *syef/
tar&duefpwJh Ekid if H 10 Ekid fiaH usmu
f z@J pnf;vkduw
f hJ r[mrdwf
wyfzJ@aweJ@ k&Sm;Zmbk&ifumv&J@ ya'o&mZf ajr&Sifaw
z@J pnf;xm;wJh wyfjzLaw[m ydkrdkrsm;jym;vSwJh omreft&yfol
t&yfom;awukd owfjzwfcJhw,f? 'ga=umifh rmhupf f0g'Dawu
tajccHrlrsm;
awmfvSeaf &; uif;qufumvawrSm rif;u owfayr,fh igu
usqHk;om;wm r[kwfbl;vkd@ ,lq=uw,f? tJ'Duwnf;u
vDeif0g'&J@ tajccHrlawuawmh atmufygtwkdif;jzpfw,f? t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;eJ@ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;wkd@ vl@tzJ@tpnf;
(1) vlrt
_ yk fpkaw&@J ta&;}uD;qHk; rwluJj ym;r_[m pD;ym;a&;ukd tay: acgi;f aqmifci hf tcit
hf m%mukd vk,uf=uwmjzpfw,f?
tajccH +yD ; vlw ef; pm;tjzpf jymef; vk du fwmjzpf w,f?
vlwef;pm; (t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;eJ@ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;) vDeif0g' ar;zm;vmjcif;
t=um;rSm twkduftcHjzpfw,f? twkduftcH ydyuQ[m orkid f;ta=umif;tcsuf
xdef;ndvkd@ r&Ekdifbl;?
(2) tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;[m t&if;&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;&J@ Ekid if aH &; (1) vlwef;pm; tajccHtw
k jf rpf? 19 &mpk 70 ckEpS rf sm;umvrSm
tm%mukd t=urf;zuf we;f vSe+f yD; ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm; Ekid if aH &; k&Sm;ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;[m vwfvyfwJh EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pk
tm%mukd xlaxmif&r,f? ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm; Ekid if aH &;tm%m w&yfjzpfvmw,f?
&J@ EkdifiHawmf[m tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m A[kdOD;pD;csKyfukdifwJh (2) taw;tac: z@J pnf;r_ tajccHtw
k fjrpf? 80 ckESprf sm; umv
trsm;ykdif pepfukd usifhok;H &r,f?
rSm yvufcaemhAf/ vDeifpolwdk@u k&Sm;rSm rmhufpf0g'ukd pwif
0g'jzef@=uw,f? k&Sm;rSm rmhufpf0g' tpkaw ay:vmw,f?
vDeif0g'&J@ taw;tac:
(3) vDeifu vkyfief;aw jyifqifw,f?
ar;zm;vmjcif; rSwfwdik f
vDeif0g'&J@ rdKifuawmh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;jzpf+yD; 1903 k&mS ; qk&d ,
S f 'Dru
dk a&pD tvkyo
f rm;ygw&D @J 'kw,
d t}udrf
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; 'Drkdua&pDt& a&;aumuf ay:xufvmwJh uef*&uf?
uk,
d fpm;vS,af wu "e&Sifvlwef;pm;tay: tm%m&Sifpepf teuft"dy`m,f
usifhoHk;w,f? t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm; 'Drkdua&pD[m OpPm"e vDeif0g'[m e,fcsJ@pepfacwfumv&J@ rmhufpf0g'jzpfw,f?
tajccHay:rSm twef;tpm; cjJ cm;wJh 'Dru
kd a&pDpepfudk xlaxmif vDeif&J@ tapmykdif;umv awmfvSefa&; v_yf&mS ;r_rsm;
xm;w,f? 'gayrJh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;[m vl@tzJ@tpnf;rSm tv,fwef;rSm pmoif,laepOfumvrSm vDeif[m k&Sm;
tzdEydS fc&H qH;k tedrq
hf ;kH twef;tpm;jzpfw,f? olw@kd 'Dru
kd a&pD awmfveS w
f hJ 'Dru
kd &ufaw&@J pmtkyfawudk pwifavhvmw,f?
cHpm;&w,fqkdrSom wu,fhppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pDjzpfw,f? 'gh ol[m 1887 rSm umZefwuUov
dk f (University of Kazan)
tjyif rsufarSmufacwf 'Drkdua&pD EkdifiHawrSm ypPnf;rJhvl wufa&muf ynmoif,lw,f? awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm yg0if
wef;pm;[m 'Dru
dk a&pDxu
J dk wu,fh ppfppfreS rf eS f yg0ifci hf r&Ekid f vkd@ tzrf;cH&w,f? 1889 rSm vDeif[m k&Sm;tvkyform;
28

_ynfolhtm%m
v_yf&mS ;r_&J@ tcsut
f csmjzpfwhJ yDwmpbwf+rdK@udk a&mufvm+yD;
tvkyform;xkxJukd eufeufi_d f;_dif; wkd;0ifcJhw,f? rmhufp0f g'
ukd 0g'jzef@w,f? 1895 rSm ol[m yDwmpbwfrSm&SdwJh rmhufpf
0g' tpk 20 ausmfeJ@ aygif;pnf;+yD; tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;
vwfajrmufa&; wkdufyJ tzJ@csKyfukd xlaxmifw,f? tzJ@
csKyf[m rmhufpf0g'ukd tvkyform; vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_eJ@
pwifaygif;pyfvkduw
f ,f? armfpukd/ uD;,ufpwJha'orSmvnf;
tvm;wl tzJ@rsdK;ukd xlaxmif=uw,f? tJ'DEpS f 'DZifbmrSm
vDeif[m Zmbk&iftpk;d &&J@ zrf;qD;jcif;cH&w,f? aemifrSmawmh
wuef;ykd@wht
J aeeJ@ qkdufab;&D;,m; tyd@k cH&w,f? 1900 rSm
vDeif qkdufab;&D;,m;rS tcsed fjynfhvd@k jyefvwfvm+yD; yvuf
caemhAf polw@dk e@J aygi;f +y;D rD;ym; owif;pmukd xlaxmifw,f?
ol[m 'Dowif; pmrsufEmS away:rSm rmhufpf0g' 0g'jzef@csad &;
aqmif;yg;aw woDwwef;}uD;ukd a&;cJw
h ,f? jyefjyifa&;0g'ukd
a0zef+yD; tvkyform;v_yf&mS ;r_eJ@ ygwDwnfaqmufa&;eJ@ ywf
oufwJh vrf;!eft"dy`m,faqmifwJh awmfvSefa&;oabm
w&m;awukd ody`Henf;us &Sif;jyw,f? k&Sm;&J@ wkd;wufwJh
tvkyform;aweJ@ qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufygwD0ifaw[m rD;ym;
owif;pmywfywfvnfvnfrSm pkpnf;vm=uw,f? rD;ym;
owif;pmukd vkyfief;trsm;tjym;&J@ tajccHtkwfjrpftjzpf
xm; aqmif&ufc+Jh yD; 1903 rSm k&mS ;qkd&S,'f Drdu
k a&pD tvkyf
orm; ygwD&J@ 'kwd,t}udrf ue*f &ufukd usif;ycJhw,f?
k&Sm;qkd&S,f'Drdu
k a&pD tvkyform;ygwD yxruef*&uf
1898/ rwfv 1 &ufae@rS 3 &ufae@ txd usif;ycJh?
yDwmpbwf/ armfpukd/ uD;,ufpwJha'oawrS wkduyf Jor*~
rsm;eJ@ k&Sm; taemufykdif; tvkyform; tpnf;tHk;rsm;rS
uk,
d fpm;vS,f 9 a,muf yg0ifw,f? rifhpf+rdK@rSm 'Due*f &ufukd
v#dK@0u
S fusi;f ycJw
h ,f? ue*f &ufu ygwD xlaxmifvdu
k af =umif;
a=unmvkduf+yD; a=unmcsuftjzpf k&Sm;qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pD
tvkyform;ygwD a=unmcsuf ukd xkwfjyefygw,f? k&Sm;
ypPn;f rJhvlwef;pm;[m tm%m&Sifpepf&J@ xdef;csKyfr_atmufu
vwzf @dk q&dk if t&if;&Sipf epfe@J t&if;&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;wk@d e@J qk&d ,
S v
f pf
pepf atmify&J wJt
h xd ykrd }kd uD;rm;wJh ZJebJeJ@ qufvufwdu
k fyJ
0ifom ;=uyg? ue*f &ufu A[kad umfrwDudk a&;cs,fwifajrmuf
cJhyg+yD? tvkyform; owif;pmukd ygwD&J@ tmabmftjzpf
xkwaf 0zk@d cihjf yKvku
d fyg+yD? ue*f &uf+yD;wJhaemuf Zmbk&if ykvyd f

rsm;&J@ ppfaq;zrf;qD;r_c=H u&+y;D tvkyo


f rm;owif;pm xkwfa0
jcif;ukd &yfqkdif;zkd@ twif;t"rR zdtm;ay;cH&ayr,fh a'o
toD;oD;u ygwt
D zJ@tpnf; toD;oD;[m v#Kd @0Suf qufvuf
v_y&f mS ;=uygw,f? vDeifu 1898 ckEpS f aEO;D ygwu
D dk xlaxmif
w,f? qdk&S,f'Drkdua&pDygwD&J@ ygwD0ifaw&J@ aqmif&ufcsuf
aw[m txl;cefqHk;jzpfovkd aemufqHk; aqmif&ufcJh=uwJh
udpPwckvnf; jzpfw,f?
k&Sm;qkd&S,'f Drdu
k a&pD tvkyform;ygwD&J@ 'kwd,uef*&uf
1903 ck/ Zlvkdif 30 &ufrS =o*kwfv 23 &ufae@txd
usif;ycJhw,f? yxr b&yfqJ/ aemuf vef'efukd a&@ajymif;
om;+yD; v#Kd @0Suf usif;ycJh&w,f? uef*&ufukd yvufcaemhAf
OD;pD;usif;y+yD; t"du tqkdjyKcsuu
f awmh ygwv
D yk fief;pOf/ ygwD
pnf;rsO;f Oya'a&;qaJ &;eJ@ A[kad umfrwD a&;aumufwifajrm uf
a&; jzpfw,f? ygwDue*f &ufrSm aq;aE;ndE_dif;=uwJh ygwD
vkyif ef;pOf rl=urf;ukd rD;ym;owif;pmt,f'w
D mXmeu wifjy
cJw
h m jzpfw,f? rl=urf;rSm ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm; tm%m t&,la&;
wkdufyu
J kd ygwD&@J t"duvkyfief;wm0eftjzpf xm;a&;ukd wifjy
xm;w,f? tjyif;txef aq;aE;jiif;cke=f u+yD;aemuf vkyif ef;pOf
rl=urf;ukd uef*&ufu twnfjyKvku
d f=uw,f? 'g[m rmhupf f/
tdef*,fwkd@ u,fvefom ;+yD;aemuf Ekid fiw
H um tvkyform;
v_yf&Sm;r_twif; ypPnf;rJhvw
l ef;pm; tm%m&Sifpepfukd ygwD
vkyfief;pOfrSm yxrqH;k xnfhoi;f a&;om;vkdufjcif; jzpfw,f?
nDvmcHrmS ygwpD nf;rsO;f Oay'ukd aq;aE;jiif; cke=f uawmhvnf;
ykrd t
dk onf;toef aq;aE;jiif;cke=f uygw,f? aq;aE;jiif;ckerf &_ @J
tcsuftcsm jy\emuawmh ygwpD nf;rsOf;Oya'&J@ yk'fr (1)
ygw0D ife@J ywfoufwhJ ta=umif;tcsuf jy\emjzpfw,f? ygwD
vkyfief;pOfukd todtrSwfjyK+yD; ygwDukd kyf0wKt& axmufyHhHk
ru ygwDtzJ@tpnf; wckckrSm yg0ifaeolrSefor# tm;vH;k [m
ygw0D ifjzpfvmEkid w
f ,fv@dk vDeifu ,lqw,f? 'gayrJh rm;awmhAf
(1873-1923) u ygw0D if[m ygwt
D z@J tpnf; wckcrk mS yg0ifol
jzpfcsifrS jzpfvdrfhr,f? b,fvkdt,ltq qkyfukdifxm;olyJ
jzpfjzpf/ ygwDvkyfief;pOfudkawmh todtrSwfjyKol jzpf&r,f?
ygw0D if[m ygwpD nf;rsO;f ukd remcHo/l tz@J tpnf;&J@ uef@owfr_
rcHov
l nf; jzpfEidk w
f ,fv@dk ,lqw,f? yvufcaemhAu
f vDeif&@J
pnf;rsOf;Oya'yg tcsut
f vufrsm;ukd axmufcyH gw,f? 'gayrJh
29

_ynfolhtm%m
uef*&ufrSm tqHk; tjzwfukd azmfjy=u&mrSm trsm;pku
rm;awmhAfukd axmufcHcJh=uw,f? ue*f &ufrSm acgif;aqmifr_
taqmufttHkudk a&;cs,=f u&mrSm tacsmiform; *k%
d f;om;
wcsKd @ xuo
f m ;wJt
h avsmuf tiftm;tcsKd ;tpm;[m tajymif;
tvJjzpfom;awmhw,f? uef*&ufu yvufcaemhAf/ vDeifeJ@
rm;awmhAfwkd@ukd ygwDA[kd&J@ tmabmfrD;ym;owif;pm&J@
t,f'DwmXmetjzpf a&;cs,+f yD; vDeifudk axmufco
H l ukd,pf m;
vS,f 3 OD;eJ@ A[kdaumfrwDukd zJ@pnf;cJh=uw,f? 'Dtcsdefu
pwif+yD; vDeifukd axmufcHol[m rJtrsm;pk &wma=umifh
(k&Sm;vkd trsm;pkv@kd t"dy`m,f&SdwJh) aAmf&DAS pfvkd@ac:=u+yD;/ rJ
tenf;pkom &&Sdolrsm;ukad wmh (tenf;pkvd@k t"dy`m,f&SdwJh)
rif&SDApfvkd@ ac:cJh=uw,f? aAmf&SDApftjrifqkdif&m pepfawukd
aAmf&ASD pf0g'vk@d ac:=uovkd rif&ASD pf&@J tjrifqdik &f m pepfrsm;ukd
vnf; rif&ADS pf0g'vk@d ac:vku
d =f uygw,f? tJ'u
D ae k&mS ; qk&d ,
S f
'Drdu
k a&pD tvkyo
f rm;ygwt
D wif; Ekid if aH &;tjrif twkduftcH
jzpfwhJ *k%
d ;f tkypf k 2 ckay:vmw,f? aAmf&ADS pf0g' ay:vmjcif;[m
k&Sm;EkdifiHrSm trsKd ;tpm;opf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; EkdifiaH &;ygwD
xlaxmifvu
dk jf cif;&J@ trSwv
f uQ%mjzpfovdk vDeif0g' ar;zm;
vmjcif;&J@ trSwv
f uQ%mvnf; jzpfw,f? aemifrSm vDeifu
aAmf& SDApf0g'ukd EkdifiHa&;taw;tac: a&pD;a=umif;wck
taejzifhvnf;aumif;/ ygwDwckwnf&rdS _ taejzifv
h nf;aumif;
1903 ckESpfrSm pwifchw
J ,f vk@d !efjycJhygw,f?
t"dym` ,fzifhqdck suf
vDeif0g'[m e,fcsJ@pepfeJ@ ypPnf;rJhvlwef; pm;
awmfvSefa&; acwfumv&J@ rmhufpf0g'jzpfw,f? wdwdyy
ajym&&if vDeif0g'[m ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm; awmfvSefa&;&J@
oabmw&m;eJ@ enf;y&d,m,fjzpfw,f? txl;ojzifh ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm; tm%m&Sifpepf&J@ oabmw&m;eJ@ enf;y&d,m,f
rsm; jzpfw,f?
'Dt"dym` ,f ziq
fh kdcsuf[m rSeu
f efwu
d sr_ &Sdyghrvm;?
rSefuefwdusygw,fvkd@ ,lqygw,f? bma=umifhygv?J (1)
u vDeif0g'&J@ orkdif;a&aomufjrpfukd wdwdusus !ejf yw,f?
vDeif0g'[m e,fcsJ@pepfacwfumv&J@ rmhufpf0g'jzpfw,fvkd@
owfrw
S w
f ,f? 'g[m vDeifudk a0zefcw
hJ hJ vlwcsKd @e@J qef@usipf m
olwkd@u vDeif0g'[m e,fcs@J pepfppfyJ+yD;wJah emufrS ay:ayguf
cJw
h m jzpfw,fqdkwJh rSm;,if;wJh xifjrif,lqcsufukd wnfrh wf
30

ay;vkdufwm jzpfw,f? (2) u vDeif0g'&J@ EkdifiHwum


vuQ%mukd wdwdusus !efjyay;w,f? 'g[m qkd&S,f'Drkd
u&ufaweJ@ qef@usifpm olwdk@u vDeif0g'[m k&Sm;EkdifiH
wEkid if w
H nf;&J@ tajctaeeJ@om qDavsmu
f u
dk n
f rD _ &Sw
d ,fqw
dk hJ
xifjrif,q
l csuu
f dk wnfrh wfay;vku
d w
f m jzpf w,f? (3) u
vDeif0g'[m rmhupf 0f g'eJ@ waygif;wpnf;wnf; qufpyfr&_ w
dS m
ukd wdwu
d sus !ejf yay;vkduw
f ,f? vDeif0g'[m e,fcsJ@pepf
acwfumv&J@ rmhufpf0g'jzpfw,f/ vDeif0g'[m rmhupf f0g'ukd
wqifhwuf jzpfxe ;f wk;d wufapvku
d w
f m jzpfw,f/ rmhufpf0g'
ukd k&mS ;Ekdifi&H J@ yuwdtajctaeeJ@ aygi;f pyfusifhoHk;cJhwmvkd@
wdwdusus owfrSwaf y;w,f?
t"dujy\em
vDeif0g' tajccHrsm; pmtkyfrSm wcsdK@vlawu
vDeif0g'twi;f u tajccHjy\em[m v,form;jy\emvk@d
,lq=u w,f? wcsKd @u vDeif0g'&J@ tpcscD su[
f m v,form;eJ@
ywfoufwJh olwkd@&J@ tcef;ueJ@ tcsdK;tpm;jy\emvkd@
,lq=uw,f? 'g[m vH;k 0rSm;ygw,f? vDeif0g'twi;f u t"du
jy\em[m vDeif0g'&J@ tpcsDcsuf[m v,form;jy\em
r[kwfb/J ypPnf;rJhvlwef; pm;tm%m&Sifpepf/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;
pm; tm%m&Sipf epf &&Sad &; ta=umif;tcsuf/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;
pm; tm%m&Sifpepf ckid rf ma&; ta=umif; tcsuaf wjzpfw,f?
v,form;jy\emqkdwm[m ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; EkdifiHa&;
tm%m &&Sda&;wkduyf Jtwif;u r[mrdwf jy\emom jzpf
w,f? tJ'Duae qif;oufvmwJh qifhym;jy\emom jzpf
w,f vkd@ &Sif;jyxm;w,f?
'D,lqcsuf[m rSeu
f efygovm;? rSefuefw,f xif
ygw,f ? 'D ,l q csuf [m vDe if 0g'&J@ t"dy `m ,f owfr Sw f
csufuae ay:xufvmwm jzpfw,f? vDeif0g'[m ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm; awmfvSefa&;oabmw&m;eJ@ enf;y&d,m,faw
jzpfw,f/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; awmfvSefa&;&J@ tajccHtwif;
oabmaw jzpfw,fqdk&if vDeif0g'&J@ t"dujy\em[m
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; tm%m&Sifpepfjy\em jzpfw,f?
jy\emukd &Sif;jycsufjzpfw,f? jy\emukd oufaojy
csufeJ@ tckid ftrmjyKcsufaw jzpfygw,f?

_ynfolhtm%m
tqufrjywfawmfvSeaf &; oabmw&m;
vDeif[m tqufrjywfawmfvSefa&; taw;tac:
ukd t&if;twkdif; vufcHc+Jh yD; 'gukd rdrd&J@ awmfvSefa&; oabm
w&m;&J@ tajccH tkwfjrpfwcktjzpf ajymif;vJypfvkdufw,f?
1905 ckESpfu vDeifwifjycJhwJh "e&Sifvlwef;pm; 'Drkdua&pD
awmfvSefa&;ukd qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSeaf &;tjzpf ajymif;vJa&;
taw;tac:[m rmhupf &f @J tqufrjywfawmfveS af &; oabm
w&m;&J@ tckdiftrm yHkpHw&yfjzpfw,f?
'Dtcsuef @J ywfoufv@dk 1905 ckEpS u
f vDeifwifjycJw
h hJ 'Dpmyk'd u
f dk
=unfhyg?
uefawmfw@kd [m 'Drkdua&pD awmfvSefa&;rS qkd&S,f
vpfawmfveS af &; ul;ajymif;a&;ukd csucf si;f pwif&r,f? 'gt
h jyif
ueaf wmfw@dk &@J tiftm;t&/ Ek;d =um;r_&w
dS hJ pnf;H;k r_&w
dS hJ ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm; tiftm;t& ul;ajymif;a&;ukd pwif&r,f? ueaf wmf
wkd@[m tqufrjywf awmfvSefa&;ukd qkyfukdifxm;&r,f?
ueaf wmfw@kd [m w0ufwysufeJ@ b,fenf;eJ@rS &yfypfvkdufvkd@
rjzpfbl;? uefawmfwd@k [m t&Jpe f@0g'ukd b,fenf;eJ@rS
rvkyfbl;? uefawmfwkd@[m rdrdwkd@&J@ pdwfaumif; apwem
aumif;wk@d ukd b,fenf;eJ@rS ausmckdi;f rom;bl;? emrnfudk b,f
awmhrS tvJoHk;pm;rvkyfbl;? uefawmfwkd@ ajymEkdifwJh ajym
vnf; ajym&r,fh tcsufwcsufom &Sdygw,f? v,form;xk
w&yfv;Hk 'Drkdua&pDawmfveS fa&; taumiftxnfazmfaqmif
a&;ukd tiftm;pkw&yfvHk; om;a&mufulnD&r,f? tJ'Du
wqifh ueaf wmfw@dk [m ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;ygwu
D dk ykrd v
dk ,
u
f +l yD;
tvsifjrefqHk;eJ@ ydkrkdjrifhrm;wJh wm0efopf wenf;tm;jzifh
qk&d S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;ukd ul;ajymif;a&muf&Sdap&r,fwJh?
16 ESpf=um+yD;wJhaemuf wenf;tm;jzifh ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm; EkdifiHa&;tm%m &&Sd+yD;wJhaemuf 'Djy\emeJ@
ywfoufvkd@ vDeif b,fvkd a&;cJo
h vJ? =unf=h upkd@?
aumufpuD/ [D;vfzm'if/ rm;awmhAf/ csm;aemhA/f [D;vfuw
f/
&eu
f /J zdvpfydk xl&mwDw@dk vdk vlpm;rsKd ;eJ@ rmhupf 0f g'&J@ wjcm;ol&J
aumif;aw[m "e&Sifvlwef;pm; 'Drkdua&pDawmfveS fa&;eJ@
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;t=um; tjyef
tvSef qufpyfr_ukd em;rvnfEkdifbl;? "e&Sifvlwef;pm; 'Drkd
ua&pDawmfveS af &;ukd ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm; qk&d ,
S v
f pf awmfveS f
a&;okd@ ajymif;vJypfEkdifw,f? "e&Sifvlwef;pm; 'Drkdua&pD
awmfvSefa&;&J@ jy\emawukd ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; qd&k S,v
f pf

awmfvSeaf &;u atmifjrifacsmar@pm ajz&Si;f Ekdifw,f? "e&Sif


vlwef;pm; 'Drkdua&pDawmfveS fa&;&J@ ta&;udpPawukd ckdifrm
atmif vkyaf y;Ekid w
f ,f? wku
d yf &J rdS o
S m ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm; qk&d ,
S f
vpf awmfvSeaf &;[m "e&Sifvw
l ef;pm; 'Drkdua&pD awmfvSef
a&;&J@ wpHkwckaom tqifhwckokd@ ausmfv$m;a&;ukd ajz&Sif;Ekdif
ygvdrfhr,f?
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; awmfvSeaf &;
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;awmfvSefa&;eJ@ "e&SifawmfvSef
a&;&J@ jcm;em;csuu
f dk t"dutm;jzifh atmufyg tcsuf 5 csuef @J
pkpnf; azmfjyEkdifw,f?
(1) "e&S i f v l w ef ; pm; awmf v S e f a &;[m t&if ; &S i f p epf
taqmufttHk trsm;tjym; tqifoifh/ +yD;jynfph akH ewJh tcsdef
rSm pwif ay:aygufwm jzpfygw,f? 'DypHk HrsdK;aw[m ajymiftwd
tvif; awmfvSeaf &;awG rwkdirf u
D ya'o&mZfvl@tz@J twi;f
rSm &Sio
f ef}u;D xm;&ifu
h suv
f mwm jzpfw,f? ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;
awmfveS af &;uawmh qk&d ,
S v
f pfpepf taqmufttHk +y;D jynfph rkH _
r&Sad o;rD 'grrS [kwf r&So
d avmufe;D eD; tcsderf mS pwifay:ayguf
vmwmjzpfw,f?
(2) "e&Sifvlwef;pm; (t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;) awmfvSefa&;&J@
tajccHwm0efu EkdifiHa&;tm%m t&,la&;jzpf+yD; EkdifiHa&;
tm%mukd &Sd+yD;om; t&if;&Siv
f lwef;pm; pD;ym;a&;eJ@ qDavsmf
apa&;jzpfw,f? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; awmfvSefa&;&J@ tajccH
wm0efuawmh EkdifiHa&;tm%m &&Sd+yD;aemuf topfjzpfwJh
qk&d S,v
f pfpepf pD;ym;a&; xlaxmifzkd@ jzpfw,f?
(3) "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm; awmfveS af &;u a,bk,stm;jzifh Ekid if aH &;
tm%mt&,l+yD;&if +yD;ajrmufom;+yD? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;
awmfvSefa&;uawmh tm%mt&,la&;[m awmfvSefa&;
tpcsDcsufomjzpf+yD; Ekdifa&;tm%m[m pD;ym;a&;a[mif;ukd
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;eJ@ pD;ym;a&;opf zJ@pnf;a&;ukd toHk;cs vkyf
aqmifom;zkd@ armif;wHjzpfw,f?
(4) "e&Sifvlwef;pm; awmfveS af &;[m ao;pkyw
f Jh tkypf w
k cku
tjcm;ao;pkyfwJh tkypf kwckukd tm%mqkyfudik fa&;ay:rSm uef@
owfxm;wmjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh 'DawmfvSefa&;u Ekid fiHawmf
,E&m;a[mif;ukd we;f vSef+zdKzsufypfzd@k rvkb
d ;l ? ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;
pm; awmfvSefa&;uawmh ao;pkyfwJh tkyfpkrSefor# EkdifiHa&;
tm%mrS wef;vSef+zdKcsypf+yD; ao;pkyfcv
H kyo
f m;xk w&yfvHk;&J@
31

_ynfolhtm%m
acgif;aqmif wenf;tm;jzifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u tm%m
qkyfukdifz@kd jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;[m EkdifiH
awmf ,E&m;a[mif;ukd +zdKcszsufqD;ypf+yD; EkdifiHawmf ,E&m;
opfeJ@ tpm;rxkd;vkd@ rjzpfEkdifygbl;?
(5) "e&Sifvw
l ef;pm; awmfvSefa&;[m ukaukmaom ao;
pkyfcH vkyfom;jynfolrsm;ukd "e&Sifvlwef;pm;&J@ ywfywf
vnfrSm pnf;vHk;nDnwfa&;ukd enf;enf;uav;rS tcsdef
=umaevk@d rjzpfEdik fygbl;? bma=umifv
h J? wkd@[m ao;pkyfcH
tvkyform;aw jzpfaevkd@ygyJ? 'gayrJh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;
awmfveS af &;uawmh ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm; Ekid if aH &;tm%m cdik rf m
a&;eJ@ qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepf pD;ym;a&; opf xajrmufatmifjrifatmif
wnfaqmufa&; 'DtajccHwm0ef +y;D ajrmufatmifjrifz@dk ao;pkyf
cHvyk o
f m;jynfoal wudk ypPnf;rJhvl wef;pm;eJ@ a&&Snrf [mrdwf
zJ@a&;ukd vkyfvnf;vkyfEkdifw,f/ vkyfvnf;vkyf&r,f? bm
a=umifv
h ?J 'Djynfov
l x
l k[m ao;pkycf H tvkyform;aw jzpfae
vkd@ygyJ?
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tm%m&Sifpepf
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tm%m&SifpepfrSm t"du buf 3 buf
&Sdw,f?
(1) ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; Ekid fiaH &;tm%mukd toHk;cs+yD; ao;pkyf
olrsm;ukd zdESdyfw,f/ EkdifiHawmfukd xdef;odrf;umu,fw,f/
wjcm;Ekid if H toD;oD;u ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm; tcsi;f csi;f t=um;&Sd
qufqHr_udk ckdifrmap+yD; urBmhEkdifiHtoD;oD;&J@ awmfvSefa&;
jzpfxef;wk;d wufa&; eJ@ atmifyJ&&Sda&;ukd we;f aqmfay;w,f?
(2) ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; Ekid fiaH &;tm%mukd toHk;cs+yD; ao;pkyf
cHvkyo
f m;jynforl sm;ukd "e&Sifvlwef;pm;eJ@ vH;k 0uif;umap+yD;
ypPn;f rJv
h lwef;pm;eJ@ 'Dvx
l k&@J r[mrdwu
f kd ckdirf mapum 'Dvx
l k
ukd qk&d S,fvpf wnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;&yfrmS yg0ifa&;ukd qJ
aqmifr,f/ ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;[m 'Dvx
l u
k Ekid if aH wmf acgi;f aqmif
om;a&;ukd tmrcHay;w,f?
(3) ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; Ekid fiaH &;tm%mu qkd&,
S fvpfpepfukd
pnf;H;k z@J pnf; vlwef;pm;ujJ ym;r_udk acsre_ ;f vlwef;pm;rJh vl@tz@J
tpnf;ok@d ul;ajymif;a&;jzpfw,f? qkdvw
kd mu qkd&S,fvpfpepf
vl@tz@J tpnf;ok@d ul;ajymif;a&muf&do
S m;a&;jzpfw,f?

32

qk d & S , f v pf p epf Ek d i f i H w Ek d i f i H t w i f ; atmif j rif a &;eJ @


ywfoufwJhjy\em
t&ifu qk&d ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &; Ekid if w
H Ekid if w
H nf;rSm
atmifjrifa&;qkw
d m rjzpfEikd fbl;vdk@ ,lqcJhwma=umifh "e&Sif
vlwef;pm;ukd atmifycJ Hz@kd q&dk if a&S@wef;a&muf t&if;&Sifpepf
Ekid if t
H m;vH;k rSm 'grrS [kwf ,kwpf t
qH;k a&S@wef;a&muf t&if;&Sif
pepf EkdifiHtrsm;pk&Sd ypPnf;rJhaw twlwu wkdufyJ0if=urS
jzpfr,fvkd@ ,lqcJhw,f? ,ckawmh 'Dtjrif[m vufaw@tajc
taeeJ@ rqDavsmfawmhbl;? ,cktcg trsdK;rsdK;aom rwluJjym;
aewJh t&if;&Sipf epf Ekid if aH w[m e,fcs@J pepf tajctaewi;f rSm
z@H +zdK;wk;d wufr_ rnDnmr_eJ@ ckefvm ;wk;d wufr_aw/ e,fcsJ@pepf
twi;f rSm rkcsppfjzpfym ;apwJh uyfab;oabmaqmifwhJ ydyuQ
aw[m rvJomra&Smifom jzpfay: wkd;wufaewm/ urBmh
EkdifiHtoD;oD;rSm awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_aw wkd;ym;aewm
a=umifh 'gawtm;vHk;[m EkdifiHwckcsif;twif;rSm ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm;[m atmifyJcEH kdif Hkru rkcsatmifyJcHEkdifygvdrfhr,f?
qkd&S,fvpfpepf[m EkdifiHwEkdifiHtwif;rSm atmifyJ
cHEkdiw
f ,fqkw
d m b,fvdo
k abmaqmifygovJ?
'g[m rdrt
d wi;f ykid ;f tiftm;jzifh ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;eJ@
v,form;t=um;u yd yuQukd ajz&S if; Ekdifw,f ? 'g[m
wjcm;Ekdi fiHu ypPnf; rJha w& J@ pmemr_eJ @ axmufcHuln Dr_
atmufrSm wjcm;EkdifiHu ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;awmfvSefa&;u
}udKwifatmifyJcHxm;wmrsdK; rvkdtyfbJ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;
EkdifiHa&;tm%m odrf;ykdufEkdif& if tJ'DEkdifiHa &;tm%mukd
toHk;cs+yD; rdrEd ikd fiHtwi;f rSm qk&d S,fvpfpepf vl@tzJ@tpnf;ukd
atmifjrif+yD;ajrmufatmif wnfaqmufEikd fygw,f?
'Dvkdt ajctaersdK; r&Sd&if qkd&S,fvpfpepf wnf
aqmufa&; tem*wf[m r&SdEkdifygbl;? qkd&S,fvpfpepfukd
atmifjrif+yD;ajrmufatmif wnfaqmufEidk w
f ,fqw
dk hJ ,H=k unf
csuv
f nf; rxlaxmifEidk af wmhb;l ? qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepfudk atmifjrif
+yD;ajrmufatmif wnfaqmufEdik w
f ,fv@kd r,Hk=unf&if/ enf;
ynm aemufusr_[m qkd& S,fvpfpepf vl@tzJ@tpnf; ukd
+yD;jynfph akH tmif wnfaqmufa&;vrf;a=umif;ay:u rausmef if;
Ekid fwhJ twm;tqD;vdk@ r,Hk=unf&if qkd&,
S fvpfpepfukdvnf;
wnfaqmufEkdifrSm r[kwfbl;? 'DjzpfEkdifr_ukd jiif;y,fjcif;[m
qkd&,
S fvpfpepf wnfaqmufa&;ukd r,Hk=unfwmjzpfvd@k vDeif
0g'ukd ausmckdif;jcif;jzpfw,f?

_ynfolhtm%m

tqifhae&m
vDeif[m orkdif;ta=umif;tcsufopfrsm;atmufrSm k&Sm;jynf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;awmfvSefa&;/ qkd&S,fvpfwnf
aqmufa&;/ Ekdifiw
H um uefjrLepfv_y&f Sm;r_ zH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ jyefvnf&&Sda&;wkd@rmS rmhufp0f g'ukd toHk;csw,f? tacsmiform;
trsdK;rsdK;eJ@ rSm;,if;wJh pOf;pm;aw;ac:r_ a&pD;a=umif;awukd a0zef_wcf srt
_ wi;f tajctaeopft& tjrifopfeJ@ oabm
w&m;opfrsm;ukd wifjycJhw,f? rmhpf0g' tajccHrlawukd u,f0/ zH@+zdK;wkd;wufapvku
d f+yD; rmhufpf0g'ukd tqifhopfw&yfokd@
wef;wifay;vkdufygw,f? tJ'g[m vDeif0g'ygyJ?
ed*Hk;
ueaf wmfw@kd ygwD zJ@pnf;yHk pnf;rsO;f Oya'rSm rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g'/ armfpDwkef;taw;tac:ukd ygwD&J@ vrf;!ef
taw;tac:tjzpf jymef;xm;w,f? uefawmfw@dk [m urBmt
h ajctaeopfrsm;atmufrSm 'Djymef;csufukd pJpJ+rJ+rJqkyfukdi+frJ
qkyu
f idk +f yD; ,ckvdk usa&mufvmawmhr,fh atmufwb
dk m awmfveS af &; ESpf 100 jynfah jrmufwhJ xe;f ajymifwhJ tcsed t
f cgor,rSm
uefawmfwkd@[m vDeif0g'&J@ oif=um;csurf sm;ukd ydkrdkeufeufeJeJ em;vnfoabmaygufatmifpkaygif;avhvma&;/ vufaw@
tajctaeeJ@ rSeu
f efpm aygi;f pyfEdik af &;ukd }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf&if; atmufwb
kd mawmfveS af &; tESpf 100 jynfh tcsed t
f cgor,ukd
rdrdwdk@ a&muf&aSd ewJh tajctaeeJ@tnD wufwufuu txdrf;trSwf jyK=uygpd@k ?
vDeif0g' t"ef@&n
S fygap?
atmufwdb
k mawmfvSefa&;&J@ tvif;a&mif xe;f ajymifygap?
2016/ atmufwb
kd m?
uk;d um;? ? wkwfbmomeJ@ qk&d S,fvpfpepf okawoe 0ufqku
d frS vDeif0g'qdkwhpJ mwrf;?
33

ppfty
k p
f t
k qdy&
f nfukd wHqy
d o
f pfuyf/
ykvif;opfajymif;
xnhaf y;&wmrsdK;rjzpfapeJ h
EkdifiHawmf. trsdK;om;EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmiffr_tcef;uwGif
wyfrawmfu yg0ifxrf;aqmifEidk af &;wk@d ukd tpOfwpku
d f OD;wnf
onf
'Dazmfjycsufu ppftkyfpk&J&yfwnfcsufeJ@ oabm
xm;udk +cHKiHkazmfjyxm;csufjzpfygw,f? ppftkyfpk&JtawG;
tac:vdk@ ajymr,fqkd&ifvnf; ajymvkd@&ygw,f? ppftkypf ku
olwkd@&J 'D&yfwnfcsufeJ@ oabmxm;udk tawG;tac:t&/
orkdif; tcsuftvuft&/ Oya't&yg twif;tusyfudkif+yD;
vufcHcdkif;aewmjzpfygw,f?
tawG;tac:t&qkdwmu wyfrawmf udk Ekid fiH
awmf&J txufrSmwifxm;+yD;/ Ekdiif Hawmfudk usa&mufvmwJh
ab;tE&m,fawGxJuae u,fwifEkdiw
f Jh wOD;xJaom u,f
wif&Sif[m wyfrawmf yJ&Sdw,fqdkwJh tawG;tac:udk
ajymwmyg?
orkid ;f tcsut
f vuft&qdw
k mu txufyg tawG;
tac:qkw
d Jhtcsufukd udkvedk Dqef@usifa&;/ zufqpf*syefawmf
vSefa&;pwJh orkdif;0ifv_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@ wwef;wnf;xm;+yD;
vko
d vdk toH;k csa&;om;0g'jzef@aewmawGudk ajymwmyg?
Oyrmtm;jzihf e,fcsJeJ@ zufqpf*syefawmfvSefcJhwJh
wyfrawmf&J orkdif;tpOftvmeJ@ 1948 vGwfvyfa&; &+yD;
aemuf tkypf ;dk oltpk;d & tm%mvufrv$w&f a&;twGuf vuf
udik fww
k t
f cef;u yg0ifujytoH;k awmfccH w
hJ mudk wwef;wnf;
oabmxm;+yD; =unhjf rifvkd@ rjzpfygb;l ? xkd@twl 1948 - 49/
1958/ 1962/ 1988 pwJh orkdif;tcsdK;tauG@awGrmS ppfwyf[m
tkypf k;d olawG&J tm%meJ@tusKd ;pD;yGm;umuG,af y;cJh+yD;? jynfol
awGukd t=urf;zufzEd ydS cf w
hJ myg? tJ'v
D kd tkypf ;dk olawG&J tm%m
eJ@ tusdK;pD;yGm;twGufom umuG,f&yfwnfay;cJhwmawGeJ@
udv
k dkeDqef@usiaf &;/ zufqpf *syefawmfvSefa&;pwJh orkdif;0if
34

v_yf&Sm;r_awGukd wwef;wnf;xm;+yD;/ a&maxG;+yD; vdrn


f m0g'
jzef@aewmawGudk b,fvkrd S vufcHvdk@rjzpfEkdifygbl;?
Oya't& qkdwmuawmh 2008 tajccHOya' udk
vuf!Kd ;xkd;jy&rSmyg? 'DOya'&JtESpfom& ppftkypf &k J twdw/f
ypPKy`ef/ tem*wftusdK;pD;yGm;udk umuG,x
f ed f;odrf;ay;xm;wJh
tcsufygyJ? 2008 tajccHOya'yk'fr 6 (p)/ yk'rf 14/ yk'fr 20/
yk'fr 40 (c) eJ@ (*) wkd@udkyJ zwf=unhf&if odEkdiyf gw,f? tjrif
omqHk; tcsuu
f awmh vlxq
k ENrJeJ@ a&G;cs,fxm;wJh jynfol@
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;trsm;pk (75) &J qENudk umcsKyfqkdwJh
ppfwyfukd csKyfuikd x
f m;ol wpfOD;wpfa,mufu apv$wx
f m;wJh
ppfAkv
d f (110 56 ] 166 OD;) ok@d r[kwf (25) u iSuaf ysmoD;
tcGEH $mpm;ovdk tvG,w
f ul ypfy,fEidk w
f hJ tcsuyf Jjzpfygw,f?
ppftkyfpku olwkd@ &yfwnfcsufeJ@ oabmxm;udk
Oya'yk'frtjzpfzefwD;+yD; xdef;odrf; umuG,fapmifha&Smuf
vdkufemygrnf vkd@ usrf;opPmqkdcdkif;xm;wm jzpfygw,f?
wcsKd u 'Dausmu
h iG ;f xJ0if/ 'Dusr;f opPmudq
k +dk y;D 'DOya'udk jyifqif
zkd@ vHk;yef;ae=uygw,f? ezl;awG@'l;awG@ tawG@t}uHKawGeJ@
oifcef;pmawGawmh tweftoif&h &Sx
d m;+y;D jzpfygw,f? jrnf;prf;
p&m tawG@t}uHKopfawGuvnf; a&SrSm tpDt&DeJ@yg?
ppf t k y f p k & J 'D v k d & yf w nf c suf e J @ oabmxm;ud k
(tawG;tac:t&/ orkdif;a=umif;t&/ Oya't&) b,fvdk
ta=umif;tcsufeJ@rS vufcHz@kd rjzpfEdik fygbl;? 'ga=umihf ppftkyf
pk & J 'D vk d& yfw nf csuf eJ@ oabmxm;udk yxrtcsufu
jywf j ywf o m;om; qef @ usif & r,f ? 'k w d , tcsuf u
tukeftpifwku
d fzsufypf&r,f qkw
d mygyJ?
ppf t k y f p k u
ol w k d @ azmf p yf x m;
wJ h
trsd K ;om;Ek d i f i H a &;OD ; aqmif r _ ud k tawG ; tac:t&/
orkdif;a=umif;t&/ Oya't&yg vufcHvmatmif tEkenf;
t=urf; enf; pwJh enf ; vrf ; aygif; pH k oH k; +yD; vkyfc Jhwmyg/

_ynfolhtm%m
vk y f a ewmyg? 'gh a =umih f 'gud k
jywfjywfom;om; qef@usi&f r,f? tukef
tpif wkdufzsufypf&r,f? 'DESpfcsufudk
OD;wnf+yD; aqmif&Gufolwkdif;eJ@ twl
wuGy;l aygi;f aqmif&Guf=uzd@k jzpfygw,f?
b,ftwdkif;twmxd vkyfaqmif=urSm
vJqdkwJh tcsufuawmh }udK;yrf;ae=uol
wkdif;&J EkdifiHa&;&yfwnfcsufeJ@ oabm
xm;u tqHk;tjzwfay;rSm jzpfygw,f?
bHOk ;D wnfcsuu
f awmh ppftyk pf &k J trsKd ;
om;Ekid if aH &;OD;aqmifr_ qkw
d mudk tukef
tpif wkdufzsufa&;jzpfygw,f?
ppftkyfpku ol@tawG;tac:eJ@
&yfwnfcsufudk trsdK;om;EkdifiHa&;eJ@
wyfrawmf qkw
d Jh pum;vHk;awGudk azm
csif;aomcsif;oHk;+yD; zHk;uG,fxm;wm jzpf
ygw,f? w+ydKifeufxJrSm 'g[m vdrfnm
vSnhfpm;r_jzpfw,f?
ppftkyfpkeJ@ ppftkyfpk tusdK;
pD;yGm; qdkwmudk wyfrawmf qdkwJh
pum;vH;k wGiw
f iG o
f ;kH +yD; wzufrmS zH;k uG,f
xm;w,f? w+ydKifeufxJrmS trsdK;om;
Ekid fiaH &; qdkwhJ qkdif;bkwfcsdwf+yD; udkvked D
qef@usiaf &;/ zufqpfawmfveS af &;orkid ;f
udk vdo
k vdt
k oH;k csum jynforl sm;eJ@ wyf
rawmf twGif;u wyfrSL; wyfom;rsm;udk
tjcm;wzufuae rd_if;wku
d f+yD; vdrfnm
vSnhfpm;aewmvnf; jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umihf yxrtcsuftaeeJ@ ppftkyfpk
eJ@wyfrawmf qkw
d mudk cGjJ cm;+y;D oD;jcm;pD
=unhfjrif=u&ygr,f? w+ydKifeufxrJ Sm ppf
tkyfpku wyfrawmf qkw
d Jh pum;vHk;
toH;k cs+yD; b,fvzkd ;kH zdxm;/ b,fvt
kd }uH
tzefvkyf+yD; xyfwljyKxm;ovJqkdwJh
tcsufudkvnf; jrifatmif=unhf=u&yg
vdrfhr,f? ppftkyfpkeJ@wyfrawmf udk
vH;k axG;+yD; woabmxJxm;r,f/ =unhf

jrifr,fq d k& ifa wmh ppft kyfp kq ef@usif


wdu
k fzsufa&; vkyfief;twGuf tusdK;r&Sd
Ekid w
f t
hJ jyif ukd,ht
f csi;f csi;f uGJ+yJp&mawG
jzpfukefrSmyg?
'ga=umihf ppftyk pf ek @J wyfrawmf
udk cGJjcm;+yD;/ oD;jcm;pD =unhfjrif&r,f/
oabmxm;&vdrhrf ,f? wu,fawmh ppf
tkyfpk[m wyfrawmf ukyfcGpD;xm;+yD;
ppftkyfpktusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf jzwfoef;
vmcJw
h hJ orkid ;f tcsKd ;tauGwkid ;f rSm wyf
rawmf udk ckw;kH vkyt
f oH;k cscw
hJ m/ toH;k
csaewmomjzpfygw,f? b,favmufxd
twifh&v
J mcJhovJqkdawmh Ekdiif Hawmf
eJ@ wyfrawmf udk wef;wlxm;Hkwif
ruawmh b l ; ? Ek d i f i H a wmf t xuf r S m
wyfrawmf&aSd ew,f? EkdifiaH wmfudk u,f
wifEkdifol[m wyfrawmfomjzpfw,fqkd
wJhtxd vuf&JZuf&J&Sdvmaewm jzpf
w,f?
'Dvdk wzufuae EkdifiaH wmfudk
u,f w if E k d i f o l [ m wyf r awmf y J j zpf
w,f trsKd ;om;a&;rSm opPmrazmufol
[m wyfrawmfyJjzpfw,fvd@k twifh&JpGm/
t&SufrpJh mG eJ@ 0g'jzef@aeayr,fh ausmuf
wHk;ay: acs;ygrdwJh a=umifvkd ppftkyfpk
tzdk@ rzHk;Ekdif rzdEkdiw
f Jh tcsufwcsuf &Sdae
ygw,f?
tJ'guawmh wkdif;jynfeJ@vlxk
wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;atmif vkyfEkdifpGrf; r&SdwJh
tcsufygyJ?
vkyfEkdifpGrf; r&SdwmwifrubJ/
wkid ;f jynfeJ@vlxk&J b0[m e*dk&dw
S hJ tae
txm;uae pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiaH &;/ ynm
a&;/ usef;rma&;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ tm;upm;
tbufbufu ,k,
d Gif;ysupf D;+yD; qkd;qdk;
&Gm;&Gm; qif;&JedrfhusoGm;&wmyg? wkdif;
jynfeJ@ vlxk uom 'Dvt
dk jzpfqdk;rsdK;udk
}uHK&&ifqkdif&ayr,hf/ tkyfpkd;olppftkyfpk

uawmh tqrwef csr;f omu,f0aewJh


tcsuyf gy?J ppftyk pf u
k wkid ;f jynf tm%m
udk (vk,l) &&SdcJhwm 1962 uae pa&
wGuf=unhf&if &mpkESp0f ufausmfchyJ g+yD?
jynfwGif;ppf}uD;xJuae arG;
zGm;tpG,faygufvmcJhwJh ppftkyfpk[m
jynfwGif;ppf}uD;xJrSm tm%m&/ pD;yGm;
jzpfvm+yD; csrf;omu,f0vmcJhygw,f?
ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pDta&;udk
wu,fwrf; OD;wnf=ur,fqkd&if wyf
rawmftay: ukyfcGpD;xm;wJh ppftyk fpek J@
ppftkyfpk tawG;tac:udk tukeftpif
z,f&Sm;ypf&vdrfhr,f?
wyfrawmf eJ@ ppftkyfpkudk
cGJjcm;&r,f?
wyfr awmf orkd i f; eJ @ ppf
tkyfpkorkdi;f a=umif;udk cGJjcm;pdppf&r,f?
Oya' rsufESmzHk;pGyfxm;wJh
ppftyk pf ek @J ppftyk pf t
k usKd ;pD;yGm;udk zGichf s+y;D
zsufod rf; ypf& r,f? 'Dvkyfief ; awG[m
'Dae@acwf&J 'Dru
dk a&pDawmfvSefa&; vkyf
ief;wm0efawGygy?J ppftyk fpt
k awG;tac:
udk ,m,DvufcH&if ,m,DepfrGef; ygvrd fh
r,f? xm0& vufcv
H u
kd &f ifawmh oHo&m
rqHk; epfreG f;aeygvrd fhr,f?
'ga=umihf ,ae@a&yef;pm; vlajym
rsm;aewJh trsdK;om; jyefvnfoihfjrwf
a&; qk d w muvnf; ppf t ky f p kq k d wJ h
tqdy&f nfukd wHqdyfopfuyf/ ykvif;opf
ajymif;xnhf+yD; ukd,fwkdifaomufoHk;wJh
tjyif trsm;jynfoludk aomufoHk;zdk@
wku
d fweG f;wJh tvkyfrsdK;/tjzpfrsdK;udkawmh
(tusyu
f idk cf &H vd@k yjJ zpfapjiif;y,fjcif;iSm
rpGrf;omvkd@jzpfap) b,fvdkta=umif;
tcsufeJ@rS vkyfaqmifay;jcif; rjyKoihf
ygbl;? rusa&mufapoihfygbl;?

35

ibwkd
vlarG;vlawmif rajymifEidk af o;yg

vufoef;rifpeG ;f cH+yD; 'Dru


kd a&pD
tpkd;&w&yfawmh wifajrSmufay;vkduf
r[JhqkdwJh pdwful;ar#mfrSef;csufawGeJ
2015 ckEpS rf mS jynfow
l &yfv;Hk u wcJeuf
rJay;vkduf=uvkd tpkd;&opfw&yf ay:
xGef;vmcJh&wmyg? onfvkd rJay;vkduw
f Jh
jynfoal wGxrJ mS awmifov
l ,form; vl
rsm;pkjynfoal wGu vlrsm;pk tiftm;w&yf
tjzpf yg0ifaew,fqkdwmvnf; bmrS
oHo,&Sdp&m rvkdygbl;? 'Dawmh olwkd
yckH;xrf; wifay;vkdufwJh tpkd;&w&yf
tay:rSm 'Dawmifolv,form;awGu
b,fvdk ar#mfvifch sufeJ ,k=H unfud;k pm;r_
pdwf"mwfawG &Sdae=urvJqkdwmvnf;
odyf&Sn&f Snfa0;a0; pOf;pm;awG;awmae
zkd vkrd ,frxifyg? qif;&Jom; v,form;
xk b0wk;d wufaumif;rGeaf &;/ aus;vuf
pkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief; zGH+zKd;wkd;wufvmap
a&;/ todrf; qnf; cH v,f,majrrsm;
jyefvnf&&Sda&; pojzifh rdrdwkd tajc
taet& pdwful;ar#mfrSe;f csuf toD;oD;
&Sad e=urSm aocsmygw,f? tJ'aD tmufrmS
36

pkdufysK;d p&dwfacs;aiG vkaH vmufpmG &&Sad &;/


v,f,mok;H ypPnf;rsm; oifhwifhavsmuf
ywfwJh aps;E_ef;rsm;eJ 0,f,&l &Sda&; pwJh
tcsufrsKd; vkd tckdift rm vkdt yfcsuf
tay:u vkdvm;awmifhwcsuf toD;oD;
vnf; &Sdae=urSmyg?
tpkd;&opfvufxufrSm vuf
awGtajctaeu rSef;csufeJ ESrf;xGuf
uku
d n
f yD g&J vm;? tpk;d &opf wm0ef,w
l hJ
oufwrf; Eke,fao;w,fqkdwm rSefyg
w,f? 'gayrJh 'Doufwrf;twGif; vkyf
aqmifcsufeJ a&Stvm;tvmukd b,f
vkrd sm; okH;oyftuJjzwfEkdifygovJ?
tpkd; &opf vufx uf rS myJ
tvkyo
f rm;awG&J qENjyyGaJ wG qufvuf
jzpfa y:vmcJhovkd v,form;awG& J
todrf;cH v,f,majr jyefvnf&&Sda&;
qENjyyGaJ wG/ ukd,v
fh ,f/ ukd,afh jr,mukd
uk,
d b
fh mom jyefvnfpu
dk yf sK;d vkyu
f dik af &;
twGuf xGew
f ;Hk wku
d yf aJG wG qufwu
dk f ay:
xGufa eqJ jzpfygw,f? 'gawGtwGuf
tvkyo
f rm;awG zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif; cHae

&wJeh nf;wl v,form;awGvnf; zrf;qD;


axmifcsjcif; cHae=u&ygw,f?
,ck vwfwavm owif;awG
ay:xGufvmaewJh &Srf;jynfawmifykdif;
awmif}uD;+rKde,f/ uGef;vkHaus;&Gmtkypf k/
a&ylaus;&Gmu v,form; 72 OD; axmif
csc&H wJh udpu
P vnf; aocsmawG;=unf&h if
&ifemp&maumif;ygw,f? w}udrw
f nf;eJ
awmifov
l ,form;awG tpkvkduf t+yKH
vku
d f jynfou
l a&G;cs,af y;vku
d w
f hJ 'Dtpk;d &
vufxuf axmifcscH&wmyg? 'grsKd;[m
ukdvkdeDacwf q&mpHv,form;olykef
acwfumvwke;f uyJ &Scd zhJ ;l w,fvkd wcsKd
u axmufjyae=uygw,f? 'Daus;&GmuyJ
v,form;}uD; OD;jrifah tmif[m rdrv
d ,f
rw&m; todrf;cH&wmeJ ywfouf+yD;
rauseyfvkd rdrdukd,fukd rD;d_qENjy+yD;
touf p G e f v$ w f o G m ;cJ h y gw,f ? tck
axmifcsc&H olawG[m ol&Gmom;awGyg?
tck axmifcsc&H olawGxrJ mS OD;jrifhatmif
&Jwlr a':armfarmfOD;vnf; yg0ifaeyg
w,f? aqGpOfrsKd;quf twd'kuQa&muf

_ynfolhtm%m
&wm/ we,fvkH; 'kuQa&muf=u&wmukd azmfjyaeygw,f?
'Da&ylaus;&Gmwckwnf; rSmukd tr_tcif;jzpfaewJh ajr,m {u
aygif; 4000 ausmf &SdaeygowJh?
jyifOD;vGif+rKde,f oajyaus;&GmeJ jyifpmaus;&GmawG
rSmvnf; ajr,mrw&m;odr;f ,lr_awG &Sdco
Jh vkd v,form;awG
&J xGew
f ;Hk wku
d yf aJG wGvnf; qufvuf jzpfay:aeygw,f? 'Dawmh
v,form;awG zrf;0&rf;txkwfcH&/ w&m;pGJcH&/ zrf;qD;cH&
wmawGvnf; rkcs &Sdvm&wmyJaygh? 'Dta&;tcif;rSm ajr,m
ta&; v_yf&Sm;olawG &J ajympum;u jzpfay:aewJh tajctae
awGudk &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; jrifomapygw,f?
(u|efawmfwkdawmifolawGukd Oya'rJhw,fqkd+yD;
w&m;pGJw,f? c&kdeDawG rw&m;vkyw
f muku
d s b,folawGu
ta&;,l w&m;pGo
J vJ - qkw
d m ar;cGe;f xkwpf &m jzpfvm+yD?
'g[m w&m;r#wr_r&Sdbl;qkdwmvnf; tm;vkH;od+yD; jzpfw,f?
'gayrJhvnf; 2008 zGJpnf;ykt
H ajccHOya'qkdwm}uD;u xde;f csKyf
xm;wm jzpfwt
hJ wGuf tckvrdk sK;d awG jzpfaewm? awmifoal wGyJ
tzrf;cH&wm trsm;qkH; jzpfaew,f? jyifOD;vGif we,fwnf;
r[kwfbl;? rEav; wwkdif;vkH; jzpfaew,f? awmifolawG
axmifxJ a&mufaewm[m wkdi;f jynfqkH;&_H;epfemr_awG jzpfae
w,f? awmifolawG 'kuaQ &mufaeor# umvywfvkH; b,f
tpkd;&yJ tkyfcsKyfygap/ wkdif;jynf[m b,fawmhrS wkd;wufrSm
r[kwfbl;?) vkd qkdygw,f?
vufyaH wmif;awmif a'orSmvnf; a':cif0if; aoewf
eJ ypfowfcH&wm 2 ESpfwif;wif; jynfh+yD;cJhyg+yD? ckxufxd
vufyHawmif;awmif aus;&GmawGrmS awmifolv,form;awG
twd'kuQ }uD;rm;pGm a&mufaeqJyg? qufvufwkdufyGJ0ifae
=u&qJyg?
Armjynfw0ef;u awmifolv,form;trsm;pk[m
zGH+zKd;wkd;wufr_ tvif;a&mifukd r&=uao;kHru qif;&J'kuQ
ab;/ ajrtodr;f cH&wJhab;u ckxdkef;rxGufEikd f=uao;ygbl;?
,ckESpfrSm ykdqkd;wmu pyg;aps; xkd;usoGm;wJh jy\emyg?
pyg;aps; aZmufxkd;pkdufus+yD; ukefaps;E_ef; acgifckdufatmif

jrifw
h ufvmwJt
h ajctaerSm v,form;awG&J 0rf;cg;jy\em
b,fvkd&drS ,fqkdwm awG;=unfh kHeJ odomEkid fwt
Jh csuyf g?
awmifov
l ,form;awG ckvdk qif;&J'u
k aQ wG/ rw&m;r_
awGeJ eyef;vkH;ae&wJhtajctaerSm tpkd;&eJ oufqkdif&m
0ef}uD;XmeawGu awmifolv,form;awGtwGuf olwkd buf
u jywfjywfom;om; &yfwnfumuG,af y;wm/ xdxda&muf
a&muf ulnDajz&Si;f ay;wmrsKd; vkyfay;Ekid fygovm;? awmifol
v,form;awG&J b0jrSiw
fh ifa&;/ zGH +zKd;wk;d wufa&;wkd twGuf
wm0ef,l&r,fh pkdufysKd;a&;/ arG;+rLa&;eJ qnfajrmif;0ef}uD;
Xmeu awmifov
l ,form;awGtwGuf b,fvpdk Of;pm; aqmif
&Guaf eygovJ? 'D0ef}uD;Xme&J vkyaf qmifcsuaf wG taotcsm
avhvm=unf&h if Armjynfawmifov
l ,form;awG&J vufiif;
b0tajctaeeJ tem*wftvm;tvmukd a,bk,s rSef;q
=unfh&_EkdifrSmyg?
'DXmerSm 0ef}uD;a&G;cs,fwmutp EkdifiHa&;avmu
rSm ajymp&m jzpfvmcJhygw,f? 'g xm;vku
d fawmh? 'kwd,tae
eJ 'k0ef}uD;jzpfolukd &mxl;wm0efrS xkwfy,fvkdufwmukd
rw&m;r_vdk vlajymrsm;ygw,f? 'k0ef}uD;jzpfou
l rS v,form;
ta&; wu,f&yfwnf aqmif&Gufay;vkdolvkd vnf; qkd=uyg
w,f? 'gvnf; xm;vkdufOD;?
'DXmeukd vlajymtrsm;qkH; ta0zefqkH;udpu
P awmh
v,f{u 50 txd ykdifqkdifwJh awmifolwOD;ukd usyf oef; 50
usyf xkwaf cs;ay;r,fqkdwJh udpP ygyJ? *syefEkdiif Htjynfjynf
qk di f& m yl; aygif; aqmif & Gu fa &;at*sif p D x Hu ae acs;,l
r,fhaiGawGxJu jrefrm@v,f,mu zGH@+zdK;a&;pDrHudef;awG
twGuf *syef,ef;oef;aygi;f waomif;ig;axmifausmfudk pkduf
ysdK;a&;/ arG;jrLa&;eJ@qnfajrmif;0ef}uD;Xmeu tokH;jyKoGm;rSm
jzpfygw,f?
'DudpPeJ ywfouf+yD; awmifov
l ,form;wa,muf
&ifzGihaf jym=um;oGm;wJh pum;ukdyJ em;axmif=unfyh g?
(u|efawmfwdk aus;vufrSm w{uukd 4 a,mufpdu
k f
vkd ac:+yD;/ 2 usdypf kdufv,f/ 3 usdyfpkdufv,f pojzifh ac:=u
wmvnf; &Syd gw,f? vl 40 - 50 pku
d f v,f&w
dS hJ v,form;[m
37

_ynfolhtm%m
w&GmrSm wa,muf&zSd kdawmif cyf&Sm;&Sm;yg? 80 pkdufac: {u
20 xGef,uf pm;aomufEkdifwho
J l w+rKde,fvH;k wa,mufrSukd
r&Sdygb;l ? 1948 - 49 umvrsm;u ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygw&D J
ajr,may:vpDt& ajr,ma0jcrf;a&;vkyfxm;cJhwhJ e,fajrjzpf
vkd vnf; tJovkd vlwOD;wnf;u v,fajrrsm;rsm; ykdifwm r&Sd
wmvnf; jzpfEkdifygw,f? uGif;aumif;wJh {&m0wDwkdif;buf
a'orsm;/ yJc;l wkid ;f ta&Sjcrf; yJc;l jrpf0Srf;a'orsm;rSmawmh {u
20 ausmf ykid foal wG &Sdaumif; &SdEdik fygw,f? ESpfumvawG &Snf
=umvm/ om;orD; ajr;jrpfpwJh v,fvkyfolrsm; wkd;yGm;vmay
r,fh pkdufysKd;ajr{u - uawmh wkd;yGm;vmwm r[kwyf gbl;?
+rKdajr/ &Gmajr/ wyfajr/ bmpDrHudef;/ nmpDrHudef;/ pufHkajr
qkw
d mawGa=umifh pkduyf sKd;ajr avsmo
h Gm;wmyJ &Sdygw,f? v,f
vkyfolw;kd vmvkd wOD;csi;f ajr,mykid q
f dik fr_ enf;enf;vmwmyJ
&Syd gw,f? ArmjynftESH uk,
d w
f idk pf u
dk yf sK;d vkyu
f idk af eolawGxrJ mS
wOD;wnf; {u 50 vkyu
f ikd fEkdifol r&So
d avmuf jzpfygvdrhrf ,f?
&Sad ew,fq&dk ifvnf; olu,
dk w
f idk f }uD;=uyfpu
kd yf sK;d wm r[kwb
f J
enf;emrsKd;pkHeJ oD;pm;csxm;wm jzpfaumif;jzpfEkdifygw,f?
ajr,m {u &meJaxmifeJ csD ykid q
f idk x
f m;w,fq&dk ifvnf; 1988
aemufydik f;rSm enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ ajr,mawGukd jc,fv,
S fyikd fqdik f
xm;olawG jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dval wG[m v,form;awG r[kwf
ygb;l ? *syefu &r,fah cs;aiGeJ v,f,mu wk;d wufapzkd
v,form;awGukd {u 50 ykdifol aiGusyf oef; 50 xkwaf cs;ay;
r,fwJh? w{uukd 10 odef; acs;wmyg? ArmjynfrSm pkduf{u
trsm;pku v,f{u 20 ukdawmif jynfah tmif rykdif=uwJh aus;
vufawmifov
l ,form;awG vufxrJ mS yg? Armjynf&hJ vlO;D a&
70 &mE_e;f avmuf[m tJ'aD us;vufu b0awGyg? tckaiGoef;
50 tenf;qkH;xm; acs; Ekdirf ,fholawG[m v,f,murSm
vkyfaeolawGjzpfayr,fh tckuwnf;u avmufiHkru vSsH us
aewJh v,fod=um;awGom (cked v
D yk if ef;&Sirf sm;vkdvnf; ,lq
Ekid fygw,f?) jzpfygw,f? od=um;rif;vdkyJ wm0wd Homvdkae&m
uae pdu
k fysKd ;xkwfvkyfrSmyg?
'ga=umifh vlO;D a&eJwGu&f if wjynfv;Hk au;wifc&H rSm
jzpfayr,fh wu,fawmh u|efawmfwdk@&@J jynfol@tpdk;&ppfppf
38

qdkwm}uD;[m olaX;olu,fawGtwGuf urBmywfaiGacs;


aiGvnfawmif;aeolawGom jzpfoGm;yg+yD?) - b,favmuf
&Sif;vif;vku
d fwJh pum;vJ?
'Dupd PeJ ywfoufvkd jrif;+cH+rKde,fu awmifolv,f
orm;awG xatmfvkdufwt
Jh oHuawmh
v,fajr{u 50 ykdifqkdifzkd rqkdxm;eJ (- oHr%dpufu
Hk odrf;
oGm;vkd / ocsKF di;f ukef;vkyfzdk odr;f oGm;vkd/ aumvdyaf qmufzdk
odrf;oGm;vkd/ +rKdompufr_Zkefvkyfzkd odrf;oGm;vkd (ajr,m
avsmaf =u; r&=uao;yg)/ "mwfaiGyku
d v
f dik ;f azmufzdk odr;f oGm;
vkd v,frJh,mrJhb0 a&mufae=ua=umif;ygcifAsm;)
ygwJh?
pku
d fysKd;p&dwfacs;aiGeJ ywfoufvkd pkdufarG;qnf
0ef}uD;Xme&J pDrcH efcGyJ u
kH dk txufatmufa'ou v,form;
awG vufrcHrkH u rausreyf qefusiaf ea=umif;awmh ay:vGif
aeyg+yD? pku
d f arG; qnf 0ef}uD;Xme&J aemufxyf pOf;pm;csuf
wckukd xyfraH vhvm=unfh=uOD;pkd?
OD;odef;pdef t&yf0wf ppftpkd;&vufxufwkef;u
v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;eJ qnfajrmif;0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD; 'kwd,
AkdvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif; OD;jrifhv_difu awmifolv,form;rsm;ukd
xrif;weyfav#mhpm;+yD; tau;ausatmif qyf=uzkd ajymcJh
wJt
h wGuf 'Dpum;[m emrnfqd;k eJ [k;d [kd;ausm=f um;oGm;+yD;
wwkid ;f jynfv;Hk u avSmif=uajymif=u uJ&h J =uwmukd 'Dwidk ;f jynf
xJrmS aewJh ,ck pku
d f arG;qnf 0ef}u;D u rodcb
hJ ;l qk&d if tvGef
nH&h m usHkru rsufpduef; - em;yif;aeovm;vkd ar;&awmh
rSmyg? 'Dpum;ukd ol odcJhw,fqkd&ifvnf; 'Dvkd odwJhtxJu
Ekid if aH wmfbwf*suf ravmufiwmukd jznfq
h nf;zkd 0efxrf;awG
vufzuf&nfwcGufav#mhaomuf+yD; bwf*suftwGuf tvSL
aiG xnf0h if=uzkd v_@H aqmfvu
dk w
f m[mvnf; yk+d y;D awmif rku
d rf &J m
usygw,f? olwkdXmeu 0efxrf;awGu pHjytjzpf t&ifqkH;
prf;oyfxnfh0if+yD; wjynfvkH;ukd wkd;csJ@tvSLcHr,fhoabmyg?
tpkd;&a[mif;0ef}uD; OD;jrifhvdi_ fpum;ukd jypfwifa0zef avSmif
ajymifoa&mf=uovkd olpum;ukdvnf; e,fy,ftoD;oD;u
avSmifajymifoa&mf=uwmukd =um;odae&ygw,f? usdusdwuf

_ynfolhtm%m
csr;f omae+yD;om; ajr{uaygi;f axmifcsDyidk fae=uwJh vkyif ef;&Sif
cdkeDawGukdus pkdufp&dwf oef; 50 xkwfacs;ay;+yD; jynfol
0efxrf;awGus vufzuf&nfav#mhaomuf+yD;awmhawmif
tvSLaiGxnf0h if=u&r,fqakd wmh qif;&Jom;tdrfu iydcsuu
f dk
awmif;pm;+yD; ol}uD;tdrfudk =uufom;[if;ykdum rsufESmvkyf
wwfwJhvlrsK;d vkd jzpfaeygawmhw,f?
olXmexJu tusiyfh su0f efxrf;awGtzkdawmh 'Dvkd
vSLay;&&ifvnf; w,fr_vrS ,f rxifygbl;? pkduf arG; qnf
0ef}uD;Xme 0efxrf;awGrSmvnf; tusifhysuf0efxrf;awG rsm;
ovm; rar;eJ? trkef;cH+yD; tusifhysuf0efxrf;awGta=umif;
wkdi=f um;zGicfh swmukdawmif tusihyf sufolawGudk ta&;r,lbJ
wkid f=um;olukd ykdufpdyfwdu
k f&SmaewJh 'DXme acgi;f aqmifawGeJ
omqkd&if tusifhysufjcpm;r_awG yaysmufroGm;EkdifHkr#ru
pkduf arG;qnf Xme&J trSwo
f m;wHqyd fuadk wmif jcawmifydk
wHqdyf ajymif;ay;&rvkd jzpfaerSmyg? 'DudpPrSm ykd&Sif;wmu
pku
d f arG; qnf 0ef}uD;XmerSm topfcefxm;vku
d o
f l 'k0ef}uD;
&J w&m;0ifxkwfazmfajym=um;vkdufwJhpum;ygyJ? ajrpm&if;
0efxrf;rsm; ajryGJpm; vkyfae=uowJh?
tpdk;&opfwufvm+yD;csderf Spvkd 'Duaetcsdeftxd
pku
d farG;qnf 0ef}uD;Xme pDraH qmif&u
G af ewJh t+rD;tarmuf
rwnfw
h hJ pOf;pm;csuf/ aqmif&u
G fcsuaf wGxrJ mS awmifov
l ,f
orm;awG& J ar#mfvifhcsufa &$a wmif}uD; +yKdvJoGm;apwJh
tqkd;qk;H udpw
P ckvnf; yg0ifaeygw,f? ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d jy+yD;
v,f,majr rw&m;todrf;ykducf Hch=J u&wJh Armjynfw0ef;u
awmifolv,form;awG[m rdrdwdk rJay;a&G;cs,f wifajrmuf
vku
d w
f hJ tpk;d &opfvufxufrmS tpkd;&&J w&m;r#wwJh ajz&Si;f
ay;r_eJ rdrw
d dk vkyu
f idk pf m;aomufcw
hJ hJ ajruav; rdrw
d dk vufxJ
b,faejyefa&mufrvJq+dk y;D aepOfeJ tr# aeaenn ar#mv
f ifh
apmifhpm;aecJh=uwmyg? pkdufarG;qnf 0ef}uD;ukd,fwkdif
vwfwavm w&m;0ifxkwfazmfajym=um;vkdufwJh pum;u
2012 ckESpf/ a&Sykdif;u ajr,mjy\emrsm;ukd tpk;d &u ajz&Sif;
ay;rnf r[kwfygwJh? awmifolv,form;awG&J ar#mfvifh
csuaf wG tpdwpf w
d t
f jrm$ jrmG wppD +yKu
d o
JG mG ;&ygw,f? 'gavmuf

&ufpufwJh pum;ukd ajym=um;&mrSm 2012 ckESpf&J a&Sykdif;eJ


aemufykdif;qkd+yD; bmvkd cGJjcm;owfrSwf&ygovJ? EkdifiHa&;
avmueJ awmifolv,form;jynfolawG[m csuq
f dk em;cGuf
u rD;awmufygw,f? 2012 ckESpf&J a&Sykid f;rSm b,folawGu
v,f,majrawGukd trsm;qkH; t"rRodr;f yku
d &f ,lcho
J vJ? 2009
ckEpS u
f ae 2012 ckEpS t
f wGi;f rSm ppfwyfxyd o
f ;D tm%mykid af wGeJ
c&ked aD wG yl;aygi;f +yD; v,form;awGqu
D ae ajr{uawG trsm;
qk;H odr;f ,lvk,uf &,loGm;cJ=h uwm jzpfygw,f? wjcm;ppfwyf
xdyfoD;awG cdek aD wGrqkx
d m;eJ OD;a&$ref;eJ olom;awG ,loGm;
wJh ajrawGyifv#if {u aomif;eJ cs&D adS ewm trsm;odxm;=u+yD;
om;yg? 'DudpP awmfawmfqkd;ygw,f? rJqG,cf sdew
f kef;u awmif
olv,form;awGqDrSm uwdtrsKd;rsKd;ay;+yD; rJawmif;w,f?
tpkd;&jzpfawmh awmifolv,form;awGukd iJhuGufaxmuf
xm;wm r&SdbJ vk;H vkH;vsm;vsm;ypfy,f/ ppftm%mykid fxdyfoD;
awGeJ cdkeDawGbuf b,fvkda0zefoHawGukdrS *krpkdufbJ
vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; &yfjyvkdufwm jzpfygw,f? tifeft,fvf'D
ygwD0ifawGukd,fwkdif 'DudpPrSm awmifolv,form;awGukd
rsuEf Smyl=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh tifeft,fvf'D ygwDrS ajr,m
ta&; aqmif&u
G o
f l ygw0D ifrsm; tifet
f ,fv'f yD gwrD S Ekwx
f u
G f
wmawG pwifjzpfay:vmaeygw,f?
'gavmufqkd&if Armjynfawmifolv,form;awG
b0tajctaeeJ tem*wfzGH +zKd;wk;d wufa&;tvm;tvmukd
aumif;aumif;}uD;rSef;qEkdifavmufyg+yD? TykHtwkdif;qkd&if
rk;d }uD;csKyfawmhrSm jzpfHkru awmifolv,form;awG&J ar#mf
vifch suyf ef;wkid u
f yk+d yD;eD;vmwmr[kwb
f J rSKef0g;0g; jzpfaeqJyg?
Armjynfu awmifov
l ,form;awG&J 'Dtajctae
ukd ed*;kH csKyf=unf&h if ajr,mta&;v_y&f Sm;ol v,form;awG&J
ok;H oyfcsufukd b,fvrkd S csefvyS fxm;cJhvkdr&yg? jynfolawGrSm
Ekd if iH a &;tajrmf t jrif &Sd y gw,f ? tck vk d awmif ol v,f
orm;awG&Jb0 vlarG;vlawmifrajymifEkdifjzpfHkru v,f
orm; awGcsif&if axmifxJoGm;&Sm&r,fh b0tajctae
a&mufae&wm[m 2008 zGJpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qkdwm}uD;
&Sad evkd uwa=umif;? aemufwa=umif;u jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;u
39

_ynfolhtm%m

tpkd;&ykH&dyfraumif;atmif/ 'Drkdua&pD ykH&dyfraumif;atmif vkyf}uHrv


_ kd olwdk u okH;oyfygw,f?
awmifolv,form;awGta&; wm0ef,l=u&r,fh pkdufarG;qnf 0ef}uD;XmeeJ tpkd;&opfwkdukdvnf; a0zef
axmufjyr_awG rkcs vkyf&rSmyg? wkdif;jynfeJ jynfoltusKd; wu,fwrf; xrf;&Gufvkdw,fqkd&if tcsdef &Sdygao;w,f?
tcsdefraESmif;ao;ygb;l ? bmjyifzkd nmjyifzkd awG &Snv
f sm; ayrsm;atmif rajymvkdawmhygbl;?
t"duuswJh &yfwnfcsuf wcsufwnf;ukdyJ ajymygr,f?
awmifov
l ,form;awGeJ jynfolvlxktusKd;pD;yGm; bufu jywfjywfom;om; &yfrSmvm;? 'grrS [kwf ppfwyf xdyfoD;tm%mykdifawGeJ cdkev
D kyif ef;&SifawGbufuyJ qufvuf&yfwnfoGm;=urvm;?

40

yJ&pfue
G jf rGe;f rSonf

tvkyform;rsm; yl;aygi;f yg0ifaomfvnf; orRwpepfatmifyGJ


cHaomtcg ygvDrefwGif tvkyform; wOD;wavyif ryg0if?
odk@ayr,hf wdkufyGJwGif yg0ifonhftwGuf tvkyform;rsm;.
vufxJ vufeuf&Sdaeonf? tm%mwpHw
k &m vnf; &Sdonf?
orRwEdkifiHwnfaxmifxm;onhf vpfb&,fblZGmorm;rsm;
pdwfcsvufcs [if; rcsEdkifao;? tvkyform;rsm;. vufxJ
u vufeufjzKwfodr;f zdk@ }uHpnf=ujyefonf? yJ&pftvkyform;
rsm;. 1848 ZGeq
f yl t
l kH ur_u ordik ;f oufao jzpfonf? t&if;&Sif
vlwef;pm;ESihf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; t=um;u ydyuQrSm
xifxif&Sm;&Sm; yGix
hf Gufvmonf? vlwef;pm;wdu
k fyGJuopf
ay:xGufvmonf? xdktcsdefrSpI tvkyform;rsm;.vufxJ
vufeufra&mufatmif/ tvkyform;rsm; vufeufrudik fEkid f
atmif vkyfaqmifa&;onf tkycf sKyfolrsm; (tm%m&Sifjzpfap
t&if;&Sifjzpfap) vkyfaqmif&rnhf ynwfawmfwyg; jzpfvm
onf? xd@k twl tvkyo
f rm;rsm; vufeufudkifaqmifa&;onf
t&if;&Sifpepfudk +zdKzsuf&ef vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJudk tqHk;owf
vGefcaJh om ESpfaygif;w&mausmf ESp&f meD;yg;cef@u jyifopfjynf atmifycGJ H&ef enf;vrf;wckjzpfonfrSmvnf; ydkrcdk dkifrmaocsm
wGif bk&ifpepfvdkvm;olrsm;ESihf orRwpepfvdkvm;olrsm;. vmavonf?
bwjyefusm;wjyef v$rf;rdk;Edkif&ef =udK;yrf;r_rsm; jynhfESuf
aeonf? orRwpepfvkv
d m;olrsm;u tvkyo
f rm;rsm;/ vufr_ xdkpOf eydkvD,ef.wl vl;0pfbdkemywfu tm%modrf;vdkuf
ynmonfrsm;udk olwdk@ESihfyl;aygif;&ef aqmf=o=uavonf? onf? vl;0pfbdkemywfukd orRwpepfvdkvm;ol tcsKd uvnf;
1848 ckESpf orRwpepfvv
dk m;ol blZmG rsm;ESifh bk&if vl;0pf r}udKuf? tvkyform;rsm;uvnf; r}udKufay? olonf tvkyf
zdvpfwdk@ ygvDrefudk v$rf;rdk;csKyfudkif&ef tm;+ydKif=u&mwGif orm;rsm;udk blZGmrsm;&efu umuG,fay;rnhf[ef jyaomf
tvkyform;rsm;u orRwpepfudkaxmufcH+yD; vrf;awGay: vnf; wu,fwrf;wGif pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk ulnDonf?
xGufc=Jh uonf? vl;0pfzdvpf aysmufuG,foGm;+yD; orRwEdkifiH b%fvyk if ef;&Sirf sm; aps;upm;onfukd tm;ay;onf? blZmG rsm;
ay:vmonf? blZGmwdk@. orRwEdkifiHjzpfonf? wdkufyGJwGif }uD;pdk;onhf w&m;Hk;udk 0ef; &Honf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif
Armjynfppftm%m&Siftkyfpkonf jynfolvlxk qif;&Jiwf
jywfaeaomfjim; ukef;wGif;ydkif;us+yD; vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;
racsmarG@aomae&mwGif aejynfawmf[al om ae&mwae&mudk
zefwD;+yD; wdkif;jynfbmaiG tajrmuftjrm;oHk;um Adkvfus
pd;k rd;k aexdkifavonf? wwdkif;jynfvHk; rqdkxm;ESihf +rdK}uD;rsm;
udkyif v#yfppfrD;rSefatmif ray;aomfvnf; olwdk@aexdkif&m
aejynfawmfY rD;xdefxed fn;D aeonfrSm 1871 ckEpS f yJ&pf+rdKudk
y&yf&mS ; (*smref) wyfrsm; 0dik ;f xm;pOf yJ&pf+rKd ta&Sjcrf; t&yfol
t&yfom;rsm; uufawmif owfpm;ae&csed f yJ&pf+rdKtaemuf
jcrf;&Sd pm;aomufqdkif}uD;rsm;wGif npmpm;yGrJ sm; wnfcif;+yD;
pm;aomufae=uonhf blZGmrsm;twdkif;yif jzpfawmhonf?
vGecf haJ om ESpw
f &mausmu
f yJ&pfuGef ref;ESihf ,aeArmjynfudk
E_dif;,SOf=unhfrnfqkdv#if E_dif;,SOfp&m/ tawGt}uKHrsm;ukd
twk,lp&m/ oifcef; pmxkwf,lp&mrsm; trsm;tjym;yif
&Sdaeygvdrhfrnf?

41

_ynfolhtm%m
blZGmrsm; ydkycdk srf;omav tvkyo
f rm;rsm;u cdkudk;&mrJh pm;&m
ae&mrJjh zpfav jzpfvmonf? t&if;&Sifrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;
tay: vuf & J Zuf& J acgif; yH kj zwf tjrwfx kw fv monf ?
tajrmuftjrm; ukefxkwfvkyfonhf t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;
yHpk Hrsm; wGifus,fvmaoma=umihf ukeo
f nfav;rsm;/ qdkifykid f
&Sifuav;rsm;/ vufr_ynmonfrsm; tvsiftjref twd'kuQ
a&muf=u&onf? v,form;rsm;rSm v,fuu
G fao;ao;wGif
vkyu
f ikd &f +yD; tcGeaf qmif&onht
f jyif &Jrsm;. +cdr;f ajcmufaEmihf
,Sufr_vnf; cH&onf? aiGrufaom Hk;0efxrf;rsm;. vmbfpm;
r_uvnf; r=uHKzl;onhf yrm%odk@ a&mufaeonf? bl;av;&m
z&Hkqihf qdkovdk vl;0pfbdkemywfonf vlrsdK;}uD;pdwf"mwfudk
v_Haqmf+yD; 'kwd,tifyg,mEdkifiH wnfaxmifzdk@ }udK;pm;av
onf? 1814 ckY ol.OD;av; eydkv,
D Hbedk mywf qH;k _H;cJh&aom
e,fajrrsm;udk jyefvnfawmif;qdkonf? 1853 wGif cdkif;
rD;,m;Y k&mS ;ESihf/ 1859 wGif tDwvDY =op}xD;,ef;ESif/h 1870
wGif y&yf&Sm; (*smreD) ESifh ppfrufjzpfymG ;avonf?
vGefco
hJ nhf ESpf 150 avmufu tjcif;t&mrsm;onf ,ae@wikd f
aysmufuG,froGm;ay ? urBmwGif &Sifoefaeonhf t&if;&Siv
f l@
tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; rnfonhfae&mwGifrqdk rnfonhftcsdef
umvwGifrqdk awG@jrifa e&ayonf? ArmjynfwGif vnf;
awG@jrifEikd o
f nf? ,ae@ ArmjynfwGif tr_xrf;t&mxrf;rS tp
0ef}u;D 0efav;tqH;k enf;rsKd ;pHjk zihf vmbfpm;=uonf? vmbfay;
=u vmbf,l=uonhf ta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm jrm;ajrmifvS
onf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf acgif;aqmifaom teft,f'D
tpd;k & tzG@J wufvmv#if vmbfay;vmbf,lr_ yaysmufvdrhf
rnf[k vltrsm; xif=uonf? 'Drdkua&pD enf;vrf;rsm;udk
usihfoHk;vdrhfrnf[k vltrsm; ar#mfvihf=uonf? tusihfysuf
vmbfpm;r_rsm; yaysmufroGm;bJ wdk;yGm;vmonf? tusihf
pm&dwysufjym;r_rsm; xdef;rEdkifodrf;rEdkif jzpfaeonf? rl;,pf
aq;0g;oHk;pGJolrsm; rsm;jym;vmonf? oHacs;wufaeaom
AsLdu
k a&pD,E&m;onf aqG;ajrhysuq
f ;D jcif;qD a&mufaeonf?
ae@nr[l "m;jy wdkuf=uonfrsm;/ vk,uf=uonfrsm;/
rdom;pkvdkuf tpkvdkut
f jyHKvdkuf owfjzwf=uonfrsm;vnf;
wkefv_yfacsmufcsm;p&m aumif;vSonf? jynfolrsm;onf
us;D vef@pmpm;ae&onf ? oGm;&if;vm&if; ightvSnfrh sm;vm;
awG;ae&+yD? ae&if;xdik &f if; igq
h aD &mufvmrSmvm; ylyefae=u+y?D
wdkif;jynf uarmufurjzpfatmif vlrsdK;a&;rkef;wD;r_rsm;ESihf
42

ppfyJrG sm;udk ppftyk pf u


k zefw;D r_a=umihf pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&; r+idrf
roufjzpfvm+yD; tajccHpm;ukefaps;E_ef;rsm; xdk;wufum
jynfot
l rsm;. nnf;oHjiLoHrsm;vnf; nHppD D xGuaf e+yD? xdo
k @kd
Armppft m%m&Sifwdk@. vlrsdK;}uD; pdwf"mwfjzihf vlenf;pk
vlrsdK;rsm;tay: zdESdyfjcif;/ rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfudk ckwHk;vkyfjcif;/
bmoma&;rdi_ ;f wdu
k fjcif;/ r&yfrem; ppfrufjzpfymG ;jcif;rsm;onf
vl;0pfbdkemywfvufxuf jyifopfjynfolwk@d }uHKawG@&onfESihf
rjcm;acs?
1870 wGif jyifopfy&yf&Sm;ppfyJG jzpfymG ;aomtcg yxrtifwm
ae&Sief ,f Edik if w
H umtvkyo
f rm;rsm; tzG@J csKyf jyifopfXmecGu
J
Tppfyo
JG nf rsKd ;csppf w
d u
f t
kd a=umif;jy+yD; urBm+h idrf;csr;f a&;udk
+cdrf;ajcmufonhfppfyGJjzpfa=umif;ESihf jyifopftvkyform;rsm;
omru *smreftvkyo
f rm;rsm;vnf; nD&if;tpfuykd rm aoG;
pnf;nDn$wfpGmjzihf TppfyGJudk qef@usif=uygpdk@? +idrf;csrf;a&;
vdk vm;aom wd ki f; jynft oD ; oD; rS tvky fo rm;tm;vHk ;
jynfolwdk@. touf tdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfrsm;udk jzKef;wD;aeaom
ya'o&mZf ppf yG Jrsm;udk qef@ usifa =umif ; toHu dk nD nD
!$w!
f w
$ f xkwv
f i$ =fh uygp@kd ?[laom oabmxm;udk xkwjf yef
cJhonf? yxr tifwmae&Sife,f. jyifopfy&yf&Sm;ppfyGJESihf
ywfoufaom rdef@ceG f;wGif um;vfrmhupf fonf Tppfyo
GJ nf
pawmhypGJ m;. y&d,m,fr#om jzpfonf? jyifopf/ *smreD tyg
t0if Oa&myrS tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm;onf olwkd@.tm%m
wnf+rJ&ef &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfonhf [efaqmifppfyJrG sm; zefwD;
aeonfudk rarhoihaf =umif; ajymonf?
1870 pufwifbm 4 &ufae@wGif jyifopfawG ppf&H_;a=umif;
owif; yJ&pf+rdKodk@ a&mufvmonf ? vlx}k uD;onf rcHr&yfEidk f
jzpfjyD; vrf;rsm;ay:xGufvm=uonf? tifyg,m+ydKusoGm;+yD?
EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;tpdk;& Government of National
Defence (GND) udk zG@J pnf;onf? wwd,orRwEdik if H a=unm
onf ? GND wGif ,ciftpdk;&tzGJ@0ifwcsdK yg0ifvmonf?
um;vfrmhufpfu eHrnfqdk;ESihfausmf=um;onhf ,cif tpdk;&
0ef=uD;wcsdKESifh vlvwfwef;pm; orRwpepfvdkvm;olwcsdKwdk@
aygi;f pyfz@GJ pnf;xm;aom GND onf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;
udk 'kuQay;Hrk u zsufqD;vdrhfrnf[kyif xkwaf zmfajym=um;cJh
onf ? tvk y f o rm;rsm;onf Ed k i f i H a wmf t apmif h w yf
National Guard (NG) . taemufwGif &yfae+yD; trsm;pk

_ynfolhtm%m
onf NG tzGJ@0ifrsm; jzpfum vufeufudkiaf qmifxm;onf?
pufwifbm 9 &ufae@wGif y&yf&Sm; (*smref) wyfrsm; yJ&pfudk
0dik f;rdonf? pufwifbm 19 &uf/ atmufwkb
d m 5 &uf ESifh 8
&ufrsm;rSm tvkyform;rsm;u +rdKxJodk@ csDwuf+yD; tpdk;&
tzG@J ukd vlxkqENjzihf a&G;cs,w
f ifajrmuf&ef awmif;qd=k uonf?
yJ&pf+rKd wGif tpma&pmjywfvyfum cHwyfwcsKd ESifh wyf&if; tawmf
rsm;rsm; vufeufcs=uaomfvnf; NG onf vufeufrcsay?
atmufwkb
d m 31 &ufwGif bvefuGDtygt0if tvkyform;
rsm;bufrS acgif;aqmifwcsdKESihf NG wyfwcsdKwdk@ +rdKawmf
cef;rudk odrf;ydu
k fum tpdk;&tzG@J 0ifwcsKd udk zrf;qD;vdkuo
f nf?
Adv
k fcsKyf vl;0pf*sLawmuf_ (Louis Jule Trochu)/ 0ef}uD;csKyf
ta'gzh w
f D;,Jpf (Adolphe Thiers) wd@k vGwaf jrmufomG ;onf?
1871 azazmf0g&DwGif ta'gzh w
f ;D ,Jpf (Adolphe Thiers) ESihf
*smrefAdkvfcsKyf bpfprwfcf (Bismarck) wdk@ yJ&pfudk csefvSyf
xm;um ppf&yfpJa&; csKyfqo
dk nf? jyifopfwyfrsm; vufeuf
jzKw&f aomfvnf; NG onf vufeufrjzKwaf y? TwGif vufeuf
wyfqifxm;aom ypPnf;rJhtvkyo
f rm;rsm;ESifh blZmG tpd;k &rsm;
=um; ydyuQonf jyefvnfxif&Sm;vmonf? ta'ghzw
f D;,Jpf
(Adolphe Thiers) tpdk;&opfu tvkyo
f rm;rsm;vufxJu
vufeufudk jzKwfcs&ef }udK;pm;onf? rwfv 18 &ufae@wGif
NG ydkif tajrmufrsm;udk odr;f ,l&ef }udK;pm;onf? tajrmuf
rsm;udk rodr;f ,lEikd b
f J Amqdik ;f tpd;k &ESifh yJ&pft=um; ppfa=unm
vdkufonhfyrm jzpfoGm;onf? yJ&pfwGif aoewfudkifonhf
vlwdki;f udk ppfwku
d fzdk@ tqifoihfjyifqif&ef aqmf=o=uonf?
rwfv 26 &ufae@wGif udk,fpm;vS,f 92 OD;udk a&G;cs,f
wifajrmufum yJ&pfuGef ref;udk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? rwfv 28 &uf
ae@wGif urBmodk@ a=unmonf?
yJ&pfuGefref;. A[dkaumfrwDonf tESpfESpftvv rsKdodyf
onf;cHxm;cJ&h onhf raumif;qdk;0g;uJo
h dk@ jyKrlwwfaom yJ&pf
&Jwyfz@JG ukd yxrOD;qH;k zsuo
f rd ;f onf ? rwfv 30 &ufwiG f ppfr_
rxrf;rae& Oya'udk zsufodr;f onf? NG udk wckwnf;aom
ppfwyftjzpf owfrw
S o
f nf? 1870 ckEpS f atmufwb
kd mrS 1871
ck {+yDxd tdrfvcrsm;udk av#mfypfonf? {+yD 1 &ufwGif
uG efref; tpdk ; &tzGJ@ . tjrih fq H k; vpmud k owfrS wfonf?
rnfonhAf [dak umfrwD0ifr# z&ef@aiG 6000 xuf ryd&k ? Tonf
rSmum; ordkif;tqufqufwGif tpdk; &rSefor#u jynfol
txufuae+yD; vl!Ge@f cl;pm;aomufaom pepfukd d;k d;k &Si;f &Si;f

uef@owfwm;jrpfvku
d fjcif;yif jzpfonf? {+yD 8 &ufwGif EdkifiH
awmfrS bk&m;&Scd ;kd ausmif;rsm;udk cGx
J kwfonht
f rdef@udk jyXmef;+yD;
bmoma&; axmufyHha=u;rsm; zsufodrf;ypfonf? bk&m;
ausmif;rsm;. ydik q
f ikd rf r_ sm;udk trsdK;om;ydik ftjzpf odr;f ,lonf?
eydkvD,H wnfaqmufcJhaom Vendome Aef'krf;eef;awmf&Sd
ppfEdkijf cif;txdrf;trSwf rkcfwkid fukd vlrsdK;}uD;0g'trSwftom;/
trkef;w&m;udk aphaqmfonf[k owfrSwf+yD; +zdKcscJhonf? {+yD
16 wGif ydwx
f m;aompufHkpm&if;rsm;aumuf+yD; xdkpufHkrsm;
wGif vkycf ahJ om tvkyo
f rm;rsm; OD;aqmifI jyefvnf vnfywf
&ef aqmif&u
G fonf? t}uD;pm;pufHk tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh ywfouf
onhf jyXmef;csufrsm;csrSwfonf? tvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf;
r&Sdao;aom pufHkrsm;wGif tvkyform; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
zGJ@pnf;um tm;vHk;udk wckwnf;aom or*~atmuf xm;&Sd
onf? {+yD 20 wGif ntvkyrf sm; txl;ojzihf rke@fzkwv
f yk fief;.
ntvkyfrsm; zsufodrf; ypfonf? tvkyform;rsm; rSwfyHk
wif&onhf jyXmef;csuu
f v
dk nf; zsuford f;ypfonf? {+yD 30 wGif
taygifqkid frsm;udk ydwfodr;f cdik f;onf ?
xdkt&mrsm;onf yJ&pfuGef ref;u vkyaf qmifomG ;aom tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufr_twGuf vdktyfonhf tajccH
aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;jzpfonf? rnfonhftm%m&Sif/ rnfonhf
t&if;&Sifr# rvkyfonhf tvkyrf sm;udk &efolywfvnf0dkif;um
AH;k rd;k &GmaepOfumvrSm yJ&pftvkyo
f rm;rsm;u wl;qGazmfxw
k f
vkyfaqmifomG ;jcif; jzpfonf?
1871 ckEpS f arv? Ttcsed u
f mvtwGi;f yJ&pfY jzpfysufcahJ om
tjzpftysufonf rmhufpf ajymcJah om TppfyGJonf pawmh
yGpJ m;. y&d,m,fr#om jzpfonf? jyifopf/ *smr%D tygt0if
Oa&myrS tkyfcsKyfolvw
l ef;pm;onf olw@kd .tm%mwnf+rJ&ef
&ufpuf=urf;=uKwfonhf [efaqmifppfyGJrsm; zefwD;aeonfudk
rarhoihfa=umif; qdkonhfpum; tb,fr#rSefuefa=umif;
oufaojyaeonf? Amqdki;f tpd;k &onf olwdk@ta&;edrhfaepOf
uGefref;ESihf aphpyfndEd_if;r_rsm; vkyfvdka=umif; urf;vSrf;um
tcsed q
f aGJ eonf ? wjcm;wzufwiG f ta'gzh w
f D;,Jpf (Adolphe
Thiers) onf bpfprwfcf(Bismarck) xH jyifopfppfoHk@yef;
rsm;udk jyefay;&ef awmif;qdk!dEid_ f;aeonf? arvqef;wGif xdk
ppfom;rsm; a&mufvmaomtcg ta'ghzfwD;,Jpf. avoH
ajymif;oGm;onf? uGefref;ESihfcsKyfqdkxm;onhf aphpyf!dEd_if;
43

_ynfolhtm%m
csufawGudk csdK;azmufypfonf? ar 3 &ufae@wGif yJ&pf awmif
ydkif;udk odrf;onf? ar 14 &uf taemufydkif;? ta&Sydkif;ESihf
ajrmufydkif;wGifvnf; *smrefwyfrsm; yJ&pf+rdKxJ 0ifEdkifatmif
cGihfjyKxm;onf? ar 21 &ufrS 28 &ufxd Amqdkif;tpdk;&ESihf
*smreftpdk;&wdk@ yl;aygif;um yJ&pf+rdKudk aoG;acsmif;pD;aponf?
um;vfrmhufpfu ol.rdwfa qG a'gufwm uk*,fref;
(Kugelmann) qD a&;onhfpmxJwGif yJ&pfuGefref;. vkyf
aqmifcsurf sm;onf ppfjALdu
k a&pD,E&m;udk wvufrS wvuf
od@k ajymif;vJwmrsdK;r[kwb
f J dkufcsdK;onhf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
jzpfa=umif; a&;om;onf? yJ&pfol yJ&pfom;wdk@. pGef@v$wf
Edik rf u
_ v
kd nf; ordik ;f wifavmufonhf pGr;f aqmifcsuf jzpfa=umif;
*k%fjyKonf? ordkif;wGif Tr# }uD;us,jf rihfjrwfonhf ordik f;rsdK;
r&Sd[k qdkonf? tdef*s,fu yJ&pfuGefjrGef; tESpf 20 ajrmuf
txdrf;trSwf
aqmif;yg;wGif Look at the Paris

Commune. That was the Dictatorship of the


Proletariat. yJ&pfueG f ref;ud=k unh?f tJ'g ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sif

pepfyJ pma=umif;jzihf tqH;k owfxm;onf? yJ&pfuGef ref;onf


&H;_ edrhfaomfjim;/ wdkawmif;aomfjim;/ tm;enf;csurf sm; &Sdaomf
jim; ypPn;f rJt
h vkyo
f rm;rsm; wnfaqmuf&rnhf vl@abmifb0
yHpk u
H kd xkwaf zmfjyonf? yJ&pfuGef ref;onf ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;
. aemufqHk;awG@&dcS suf jzpfonf? vDeifonf yJ&pfuGefref;.
ycHk;xufrSm &yfI qdkAD,ufEdkiif Hawmfudk wnfaqmufcJhonf?

yJ&pfueG fref;yHkpHEdkifiHawmf Paris commune type of state


udk tajccHI qdkA,
D ufyHkpHEdkifiHawmf Soviet type of state
udk wnfaqmufonf? yJ&pfueG f ref;u bk&ifpepfukd zsuo
f rd ;f +y;D
orRwpepfudk wnfaxmif&mwGif tvkyo
f rm;rsm; ryg0ifbJ
atmifyrJG cHEikd af =umif; jyqdo
k nf? orRwpepf wnfaxmifvko
d l
rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;ESihf r[mrdwfvkyf&onf? tvkyf
orm;/ v,form;rsm;qDrS tultnD awmif;cH&onf? tvkyf
orm;rsm;onf rdrw
d @kd vufxw
J iG f vufeufuikd af qmifxm;Edik rf _
a=umihf rdrw
d dk@ vlwef;pm;. tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf qufvuf
wdu
k fyJ0G ifEdkio
f nhf taetxm;udk &&SdcaJh =umif; jyoonf ?
ArmjynfwiG f ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd awmfveS +f yD; "e&Si'f rD u
kd a&pD
udk ajymif;vJ&mwGif tvkyform;/ v,form; wdkif;&if;om;
rsm;. tiftm;udk vufSdtpd;k &u (&Edkiyf gvsufESi)hf r&,lcJh
onhftwGuf "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDtqihfavmufudkyif atmifyGJ
r&&SdbJ ppftm%m&Sifwdk@ vkyfor#atmufwGif y&rf;ywm
uarmufur jzpfae&onf? ArmjynfrS tvkyform; v,f
orm;xk}uD;onfvnf; "e&Sifrsm;tay: rrSDcdkbJ uGefref;udk
wnfaqmufcJhonhf yJ&pfol yJ&pfom;rsm;vdk Edk;=um;aom
rqkwrf epfaom pGe@f vw
$ t
f epfemcHaom todpw
d "f mwfrsm;jzihf
udk,hfajcaxmufay: udk,f&yfwnf aqmif&GufrSom trsm;
jynfoltm;vH;k twGuf tusdK;jzpfxGef;rnhf 'Dru
dk a&pDudk wnf
aqmufEkid frnf jzpfonf?

Tppfyo
JG nf pawmhypJG m;. y&d,m,fr#om jzpfonf?
jyifopf/ *smreD tygt0if Oa&myrS tkycf sKyfov
l w
l ef;pm;onf
olw@dk .tm%mwnf+rJ&ef &ufpuf =urf;=uKwfonhf
[efaqmifppfyrJG sm; zefw;D aeonfukd rarhoihaf =umif;

44

EdkifiHwumuAsm
zD',f umpfxdo
k kd h
zD',f zD',f vlawG aus;Zl;wifw,f
ajymovdkvkyw
f meJ hqadk w;zGJ htvkyfawGtwGuf
'ga=umifh u|efawmf ta0;rS aqmif=uOf;vmcJh
u|efawmfhwidk f;jynfu 0dkifwcGuf/
ajratmufu vlawG&J haoG;aygh
t&dyftarSmifawGuae cifAsm; vnfacsmif;xJudka&muf/
&mpkESprf sm;pGm &SifoefcJh owKwGif; vkyo
f m;awGyg
at;cJajrrS rD;udk wl;azmf,l=u&Sm?
ausmufr;D aoG;twGuf olwdk hyifv,fatmufudkxGuf
odk hayrJh jyeftvm o&Jwap>awGyrm/
tqHk;tprJhnudk usifhom;&cJh=uaygh/
tvkyf&uf&J htvif;a&mif vk,cl H&awmh/
bmjzpfjzpfayghav a[m'Dr,f cGuf
'kuQawGeJ htuGmta0;awG rsm;pGm&J h/
tarSmifxkeJ hxifa,mifxifrSm;r_awG ydkifp;dk cH
tusOf;pH a,musfm;wdk h&J haysmf&$ifr_
aEGOD;eJ hol h&eH hawG a&mufvmwmudkav
owKwGif;xJuae odaeolawGjzpf&J h
=unfvifawmufyqHk;udk &,lzkd h
xdo
k l wdkufyGJ0ifaewm olwdk o
h dvdk hygyJ?
usL;bm;udk jrifch=J u+yD awmifykid f;u owKwGif;vkyo
f m;awGu/
ajrjyefu txD;usef om;awGu/
ygwm*dk;eD;,m;u csrf;at;aewJh odk;ausmif;om;awGu/
oHjzLeJ haiG&J hzcifawGu/
csLuD;umrmwm; uae a=u;eDxkww
f Jh
awmifwef;oG,fawGudk vufqufxm;olawGu/

45

_ynfolhtm%m

tdrfvGrf;emoufoufeJ hvlxak wG=um;


bwfpfum;awGxJrSm ykef;aewJh a,musmf ;awGu/
v,fuGif;awGeJ htvkyf&kaH wGu rdef;rawGu/
uav;b0awGrmS idak =uG;cJhwJh uav;awGu
'DrSm cGuf/ ,lyg zD',f?
ar#mfvifhcsufawG trsm;=uD;eJ htjynfhyg
aomufvku
d fwht
J cg cifAsm;&J hatmifyJ[
G m
u|efawmfhwidk f;jynf&J hESpcf sKd h0idk fvydk Jvdk h cifAsm;odvmrSm
vlwa,mufwnf;r[kwf vltrsm;=uD; vkyfxm;wm
pyspfo;D wvH;k eJ hr[kwf tyiftrsm;=uD;eJ hvkyfxm;wm/
wpufwnf;r[kwf jrpfaygif;rsm;pGm/
wAdkvfwnf;r[kwf wdkuyf GJaygif;rsm;pGm?
u|efawmfwdk &h J &h Snf=umwJh wdkufyGJ&J h*k%ftpktaygif;
cifAsm;udk,pf m;jyKordk holwdk ch ifAsm;eJ htwl &yfwnf=u&J h
usL;bm;om us&if u|eaf wmfwdk t
h m;vHk; usrSmyJ/
olrudk yifhwifzkd hu|efawmfwdk hvmr,f
olrom tyGiafh wGpHk tukefzl;yGifh&ifav
u|efawmfwkd&J h0wf&nfeJ o
h m a0qmvef;qef;vdrfh?
cifAsm;&J v
h ufawGeJ hvGwaf jrmufapcJh
usL;bm;&J eh zl; olwkd hx=d unfhprf;yg
jynfol v
h ufo;D awG olwkd hawG h&rSm/
ajrjrSKyfvufeufawG u|efawmfwdk hxw
k f/
aoG;eJ hrmefu u,fxkwfzdk hvmr,f/
u|efawmfwdk hcspw
f Jh usL;bm;udk umuG,fzkd haygh?
ygbvdk aek'g
ta&;awmfyHkaw;/ 1960?
(&Jabmf zD',fumpfx&do
k dk t
h av;eDjzifh)

46

_ynfolhtm%m

Song of Protest

Fidel, Fidel, the people are grateful


for words in action and deeds that sing,
that is why I bring from far
a cup of my countrys wine:
it is the blood of a subterranean people
that from the shadows reaches your throat,
they are miners who have lived for centuries
extracting fire from the frozen land.

They go beneath the sea for coal


but on returning they are like ghosts:
they grew accustomed to eternal night,
the working-day light was robbed from them,
nevertheless here is the cup
of so much suffering and distances:
the happiness of imprisoned men
possessed by darkness and illusions
who from the inside of mines perceive
the arrival of spring and its fragrances
because they know that Man is struggling
to reach the amplest clarity.

47

_ynfolhtm%m

And Cuba is seen by the Southern miners,


the lonely sons of la pampa,
the shepherds of cold in Patagonia,
the fathers of tin and silver,
the ones who marry cordilleras
extract the copper from Chuquicamata,
men hidden in buses
in populations of pure nostalgia,
women of the fields and workshops,
children who cried away their childhoods:
this is the cup, take it, Fidel.

It is full of so much hope


that upon drinking you will know your victory
is like the aged wine of my country
made not by one man but by many men
and not by one grape but by many plants:
it is not one drop but many rivers:
not one captain but many battles.

And they support you because you represent


the collective honor of our long struggle,
and if Cuba were to fall we would all fall,
and we would come to lift her,
and if she blooms with flowers
she will flourish with our own nectar.

48

_ynfolhtm%m

And if they dare touch Cubas


forehead, by your hands liberated,
they will find peoples fists,
we will take out our buried weapons:
blood and pride will come to rescue,
to defend our beloved Cuba.

- Pablo Neruda

49

udv
k b
H ,
D m _idr;f csrf;a&;c&D;

(1)
udkvHbD,m awmfvSefaomvufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ - jynfol@
wyfrawmf (FARC-PE) eJ@ udv
k HbD,mtpdk;&wdk@[m 4 ESpf=um
aqG;aEG;cJh+yD;aemuf 2016 ZGev
f 23 &ufae@rSm pmrsufEmS 297
rsufESm&SdwJh typftcwf&yfpJa&;eJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;oabmwl
pmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;EdkifcJh=uw,f?
udv
k Hb,
D morRwa[mif;awGjzpfwhJ tl&DbJ (Uribe)
eJ@ ywfpfx&mem (Pastrana) wdk@uawmh 'DoabmwlnDcsuf
udk qef@usif=uw,f? (FARC-PE) udk tav#mhay;vGef;xm;
w,fvdk@ qdk=uw,f? (FARC-PE) tzGJ@0ifawGxJu &mZ0wfr_
usL;vGex
f m;olawGudk ouf!mcGifhay;xm;wmudk vufrcHEkid f
bl;vdk@ qdkw,f?
'DpmcsKyfudk twnfjyKzdk@twGuf vlxkqENcH,lyGJudk
2016 ckEpS f atmufwb
kd m 2 &ufae@rmS usi;f ycJw
h ,f? rJay;cGi&hf dS
olpkpkaygif;&J@ 37 om rJay;cJh=u+yD; 502 u uef@uGufcw
Jh Jh
twGuf 'D+idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfudk twnfrjyKEdkifcJhbl;? 'gayrJh
Edkb,fqka&G;cs,fa&;tzGJ@u orRwum;vdk@pfudk +idrf;csrf;a&;
Edkb,fq kcsD; jr ifhcJh+yD ; +idrf; csrf; a&;twG uf vufrav#mhbJ
qufvufu;yrf;zdk@ wdkufwGe;f cJhw,f?
orRwum;vd@k pef @J (FARC-PE) tzG@J acgi;f aqmif wDrkd
csifudk (Timochenko) wdk@ 2 a,mufv;Hk uawmh +idrf;csrf;a&;
twGuf vufav#mhrSm r[kwfbl;/ qufu;yrf;oGm;rSm jzpf
w,fvdk@ ajym=uw,f? 'Daemuf orRwum;vdk@pf[m twdkuf
tcHacgif;aqmif orRwa[mif;tl&DbJeJ@awG@qHk+yD; oabmxm;
awG !dE d_if ; w,f? ( FARC-PE ) eJ@ qufv ufa qG; aEG; +yD;
50

t&if&&Sdxm;wJh +idrf;csr;f a&;oabmwlnDcsufukd jyifqifrGr;f rH


wmawG yvkyfw,f?
pufwifbm 26 &ufae@rSmawmh jyifqifxm;wJh
aemufqHk;oabmwlnDcsufw&yfudk xyfrHvufrSwfa&;xdk;
EdkifcJhw,f? 'Dw}udrfrSmawmh vlxkqENcH,lyGJ rvkyfawmhbJ
txufatmufv$wfawmfawGrSmyJ twnfycsuf&,lcJhw,f?
v$wfawmf 2 &yfvHk;u axmufcHcJhwma=umifh 'D+idrf;csrf;a&;
pmcsKyf[m twnfjzpfoGm;yg+yD?
(2)
udv
k Hb,
D mEdkifiaH &;rSm uGefqmaA;wpfeJ@vpfb&,f
tiftm;pk 2 &yfu v$rf;rdk;xm;wm jzpfw,f? 1948 ESpfrSm
vlodrsm;xif&Sm;wJh EdkifiHa&;orm; *dkifxef(Jorge Eliecer
Gaitan) vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&w,f? tvkyf}uHcH&+yD;aemuf
udkvHbD,mEdkifiHw0Srf; rSm q,fpkESpfwck=umwJh EdkifiHa &;
t=urf;zufr_awG jzpfyGm;cJw
h ,f? uGefqmaA;wpfe@J vpfb&,f
awG&@J jynfwiG f;ppfv@kd qd=k uw,f? 2 zuf tjyeftvSef &uf&uf
pufpuf owfjzwf=uwma=umifh vlaygi;f 2 ode;f ausmf touf
qH;k H;_ &w,f? trsm;pku tvkyform;/ v,form;awG jzpf=u
w,f? udv
k b
H ,
D mordik ;f rSm 'Dowfjzwfr}_ uD;awGukd t=urf;zuf
r_}uD; (1948 - 58) (The Violence, 1948-58 ) tjzpf
vlodrsm;w,f?
(1957 - 58) rSm uGefqmaA;wpfygwDeJ@vpfb&,f
ygwDwdk@u acgif;aqmifawG[m trsKd ;om;wyfOD; (National
Front) vdk@ac:wJh 2 ygwD EdkifiHa&;pepfw&yfudk xlaxmifzdk@
oabmwlnDr_&cJh=uw,f? EdkifiHhtm%mudk 2 ygwDu tvSnfh

_ynfolhtm%m
1930 ckESprf Smawmh udkvHbD,muGefjrLepfygwD (PCC) udk EdkifiH
wumuGefjrLepftzGJ@csKyf (Comintern) u w&m;0iftod
trSwfyvufccH Jhw,f? udkvb
H D,muGefjrLepfygwD (PCC) [m
aus;vufrmS v,form;tzGJ@csKyfawG xlaxmif+yD; r@jyrSmawmh
vlxw
k yfO;D awGukd xlaxmifw,f? tvkyo
f rm;awG&@J aexdik fr_
b0jrifrh m;a&;eJ@ vkyif ef;cGit
f ajctaeaumif;rGeaf &;/ ynma&;
eJ@ tvkyform;tcGifhta&;awGtwGuf awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0if
=uw,f? ajr&Sif}uD;awGu tpdk;&&J@ulnDtm;ay;r_eJ@ tvkyf
orm;awGtay: t=urf;zufwdkucf dkuaf er_awGukd umuG,fzdk@
(PCC) u vlxkudkpnf;Hk;+yD; ckcHa&;wyfOD;awG zGJ@pnf;=uw,f?
udkvHbD,mawmifydkif;rSm udk,fhudkudk,fumuG,fa&; tpk
t0ef; awGukd uGejf rLepfawGu pnf;H;k zG@J pnf;=uw,f? tJ't
D zG@J
awG[m tpdk;&ppfwyfudkawmif wdkufyGJqifEdkifvm=uw,f?
aemuf+yD; a'ocHvx
l &k @J tajccHvt
kd yfcsuaf wGuv
kd nf; yHyh ;kd ay;
=uw,f? uGejf rLepfawG&@J v,form;pnf;H;k r_awGukd udv
k b
H ,
D m
tpd;k &eJ@ ajrydik f&iS v
f lwef;pm;awGu t=urf;zufEydS u
f Gyyf gw,f?
tJ'Dvdk ESdyfuGyfaewJh=um;uyJ (PCC) [m tiftm;wdk;yGm;vm
w,f? tar&duefppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@&J@ cef@rSef;csuft&
1962 ckESprf Sm (PCC) tzGJ@0if[m 8 000 rS 10 000 &Sd+yD;
axmufco
H luawmh 28 000 &Sdw,fvdk@ qdkw,f?
(PCC) 0g&ifph nf;H;k a&;r;wOD;jzpfol rlvef'gAv
D ufpf
(Manuel Marulanda Velez) [m rmuGw
D mvD,m a'orSm
tajccs+yD; ajymufusm;wyfzGJ@pnf;w,f? 1964 ckESpf arvrSm
tpdk;&wyfu rmuGDwmvD,meJ@ ywf0ef;usifudk xdk;ppfqifcJh
w,f? tJ'Dppfqifa&;twGuf tar&duefu t}uH^m%ftjyif
kyf0wKtulawGyg ay;cJhw,f? rlvef'g&J@wyfzGJ@[m tiftm;
48 a,mufwnf;eJ@ jyefckcHwku
d fyGJqifcJhw,f?
1964 Zlvdkiv
f xJrmS rlvef'gw@dk ajymufusm;tzGJ@
[m teD;0ef;usi&f dS tjcm;ajymufusm;wyfz@JGawGe@J awG@qakH qG;aEG;
(3)
=uw,f? tJ'DrmS wyfzGJ@tm;vH;k aygif;pnf;+yD; awmifydkif;tkypf k
(Southern Bloc) vdk@ trnfcH,lw,f? ajr,myjyifa&;/
yxrurBmppf+yD;puwnf;u udv
k HbD,muGejf rLepf aus;vufjynfolawG&J@ vlaer_b0wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;eJ@
awG[m aus;vufa&m r@jyrSmyg v_y&f mS ;vmaecJw
h m jzpfw,f? aus;vufa'oawGudk tpdk;&&efrS umuG,fay;=ur,fvdk@
51
us&,l=uzdk@ oabmwlnDcsufjzpfw,f? a&G;aumufyGJwdkif;rSm
2 ygwD!dEd_if;+yD; (National Front) &J@udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
0ifta&G;cHzdk@ jzpfw,f? olwkd@ 2 ygwDrSty tjcm;EdkifiHa&;
v_yf&Sm;r_awGudkawmh uef@owfydwfyifxm;w,f? 'D 2 ygwD
oabmwlnDcsufudk zGJ@pnf;tkycf sKyfykjH yifqifcsut
f jzpf 1957
'DZifbmvrSm vlxkqENcH,lyeGJ J@ Oya'tjzpfjyXmef;cJhw,f?
1960 ckESpfawGrSm udkvHbD,mtpd;k &[m t&Sed fjrifh
pD;yGm;a&;zG@H z;r_ (Accelerated Economic DevelopmentAED) qdw
k Jh ay:vpDukd taumiftxnfazmfw,f? pDrHude;f u
jynfywifydk@a&mif;csEdkifzdk@twGuf pdkuyf sdK;a&;eJ@arG;jrLa&; xkwf
ukefawGudk t}uD;tus,fxkwfvkyfEdkifr,fh pufr_v,f,m
zG@H z;a&;udk tm;ay;zdk@ jzpfw,f? yk*~vdu t}uD;pm;v,f,m
pdkufysdK;a&;eJ@ arG;jrLa&;+cHawGudk tpdk;&u yHhydk;ay;wmawG
vkyw
f ,f? 'Day:vpDa=umifh tao;pm;/ tvwfpm;v,form;
awG xdcdkufepfem=u&w,f? v,fajrawG qHk;H_;ukef=uw,f?
1961 ckESpfrSm v,fajrqHk;H_;wJh rdom;pkaygi;f 40 000 &Sd+yD;
1969 rSmawmh 400 000 txd &Sdvmw,f?
1970 ckESpfa&mufawmh pdkufysdK;EdkifwJh pkpkaygif;ajr
{&d,m&J@ 77 [m tJ'Dt}uD;pm;pufr_v,f,m pdkufysdK;a&;
ajrawG jzpfuek w
f ,f? v,f,majrawG[m arG;jrLa&;vkyif ef;&Sif
}uD;awGeJ@ r@jypufrv
_ kyif ef;&SifawG&J@ vufxJrSm pkpnf;a&muf
ukefw,f? olw@dk [m ajrrJh,mrJhjzpfuek o
f al wGukd vkyftm;caps;
aygayge@J iSm;&rf;&&Sw
d ma=umifh a=umufcref;vdvd tjrwftpGe;f
awG &=uw,f? tJ'Daus;vuftvkyform;awG[m tajccH
usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_awGvnf; r&=ubl;? tm[m&csdK@wJh
wmvnf; tES@H tjym; jzpfaew,f? a&m*gb,ul;pufre_ @J arG;uif;p
uav;i,faoqH;k r_awGvnf; jrifhwufvmw,f?

_ynfolhtm%m
qH;k jzwf=uw,f? 1966 arvrSm (Southern Bloc) [m 'kw,
d
uGezf &ifv
h yk w
f ,f? tJ'rD mS tzG@J trnfuk d udv
k b
H ,
D mawmfveS af om
vufeufuikd w
f yfz@JG (FARC) vd@k ajymif;vJvu
kd w
f ,f?
1982 ckEpS rf mS usi;f ywJh owWrt}urd f ajymufusm;
uGezf &ifrh mS tzG@J trnfukd udv
k b
H ,
D mawmfveS af om vufeuf
udik w
f yfz@JG - jynfo@l wyfrawmf (FARC-EP) vd@k ajymif;vdu
k w
f ,f?
1964 rSm (FARC-EP) [m tiftm; 48 yJ &Sw
d ,f? 1970 rSmawmh
tiftm; 1000 jzpfvmw,f? 1978 rSm 2000/ 1982 rSm 6000/
1983 - 86 rSm 3000 - 4000 jzpf+y;D 2007 rSm 18000 txd
jzpfvmw,f? 2014 aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh 7000 - 8000 &Sw
d ,fv@kd
cef@reS ;f =uw,f?
ajymufusm;wyfawG ESrd ef if;zd@k tar&duef&@J t}uaH y;csuf
eJ@ t&yfom;umuG,af &;wyfz@JG (civilian defense forces)
qdkwmawGudk udkvHbD,mtpdk;&u zGJ@pnf;w,f? 'Dvufeuf
udkiftzGJ@ (paramilitaries) awG[m ao'%fay;wm/ acsmif;
ajrmif;vky}f uHwm/ ESyd pf uf!O ;f yef;wmpwJh t=urf;zufvyk &f yf
awGukd tpd;k &ud,
k pf m; vkyaf qmif=uw,f? 'gt
h jyif olw@kd wawG
[m (FARC-EP) wyfz@JGta,mifaqmif+y;D t=urf;zuf&mZ0wfr_
awGudkvnf; usL;vGef=uw,f? (FARC-EP) wyfzGJ@awG *k%f
odumQ usqif;atmif vky=f uwm jzpfw,f?
1980 ckESpfawGtwGif;rSm ajr&Sif}uD;awGuvnf;
ajymufusm;wyfawGukd jyefwu
kd zf @kd ud,
k yf ikd v
f ufeufuidk w
f yfz@JG
(paramilitary groups) awG zG@J vm=uw,f? tJ'v
D kd vuf,m
vufeufuikd t
f zG@J awGtxJrmS tiftm;t}u;D qH;k u udv
k b
H ,
D m
nD!w
G af omumuG,af &;wyfz@JG (AUC) jzpfw,f?
ESpf 50 ausm=f um udv
k b
H ,
D mjynfwiG ;f ppftwGi;f rSm
aoqHk;olaygif; 220 000 &S+d yD; tdk;tdrfpeG f@cGm&olaygif; 57
oef;&Sw
d ,fv@kd ajym=uygw,f? t&yfom;aoqH;k ol pkpak ygi;f &J@ 12
[m (FARC-EP) eJ@ (ELN) ajymufusm;awGvufcsufjzpf+yD;
usew
f muawmh tpd;k &ppfwyfe@J cg;ydu
k af qmifvufeufuikd w
f yfz@JG
(paramilitaries) awG&@J vufcsujf zpfw,fv@kd ukvor*~u
cef@reS ;f ygw,f?
52

(4)
udv
k b
H ,
D mEdik if [
H m awmiftar&duwdu
k rf mS b&mZD;vf
Edik if +H y;D &if 'kw,
d vlO;D a&trsm;qH;k Edik if H jzpfw,f? Edik if eH ,ferd w
d f
[mvnf; yem;rm;wl;ajrmif;eJ@ eD;eD;uyfuyf&ad S ew,f? tar&duwdu
k f
tjrefvrf;r}uD;&J@ ta&;ygwv
hJ rf;ydik ;f [mvnf; udv
k Hb,
D mudk
jzwfoGm;wm jzpfw,f? a&eHvnf; trsm;tjym;xGufw,f?
a&eHajrawGukd t"duydik q
f ikd x
f m;wmuvnf; bDyeD @J atmpD'efwv
J f
(BP Amoco and Occidental Petroleum) wd@k vkd Edik if jH cm;
ukr`%aD wG jzpfw,f? ausmufrD;aoG;/ a&$/ yvufwDerf/ aiG/
abmqdkufpwJh wjcm;obm0o,HZmwawGvnf; aygu,f
0w,f?
tJ'v
D dk ta&;ygwJh udkvb
H D,mjynfwGif;rSm tckvdk
vuf0aJ jymufusm;awG oaE<wnf v_y&f mS ;vm=uwmudk tar
&dueftpd;k &u rvkv
d m;ygb;l ? txl;ojzifh usL;bm;rSm awmfveS f
a&;jzpfvmawmh yd+k y;D pd;k &dryf gw,f? 'ga=umifh udv
k b
H ,
D mjynfwiG ;f
a&;rSm "e&Sit
f pd;k &bufu tar&duefu 0ifa&mufun
l w
D ,f?
1954 eJ@ 1964 =um;rSm ESppf Of udv
k b
H ,
D mwyfz@JG 0if 250 udk
tar&duefu aomif;use;f olErdS ef if;a&;oifwef;awG ay;w,f?
1964 ckEpS rf mS awmh wESpu
f kd 300 jzpfvmw,f?
1959 ckEpS f atmufwb
dk mrSm udv
k HbD,mjynfwiG ;f
vHk caH &;tajctaeawGuk d pl;prf;avhvmzd@k aomif;use;f olErdS ef if;a&;
u|r;f usio
f al wGygwhJ txl;pl;prf;avhvma&;tzG@J wzG@J ukd tar&d
uefu apv$wv
f u
kd w
f ,f? 'gayrJh udv
k b
H ,
D meJ@ tar&dueftpd;k &
wd@k &@J tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk umuG,&f eftvd@k imS udv
k b
H ,
D mjynfwiG ;f
vHkcHa&;twGuf tar&duefuay;wJh tultnDtm;vHk;udk
txl;v#Kd @0u
S x
f m;&r,fv@kd qdw
k ,f? udv
k b
H ,
D mjynfwiG ;f a&;rSm
tar&duefu 0ifa&mufpGufzufw,fvdk@ tpGyfpGJrcH&atmif
jzpfw,f?
1962 ckEpS rf mS txl;ppfyq
JG ikd &f mA[dw
k yfr; Adv
k cf sKy}f uD;
0Dvs,
H mbmd;k (General William P. Yarborough) OD;aqmifwhJ
tzG@J xyfa&mufvmjyefw,f? ol@&@J t}uaH y;csut
f & (Plan Lazo)
vd@k ac:wJh aomif;use;f olacsre_ ;f a&;ay:vpDukd csrw
S w
f ,f? tJ'D

_ynfolhtm%m
pDrHudef;t& tpdk;&ppfwyfu t&yfom;awGudk pnf;Hk;+yD;
jynfol@ppfeJ@ owif;axmufvSr;f a&;tzGJ@awGukd zGJ@pnf;w,f?
tar&duefyl;wGJppfOD;pD;tzGJ@udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;0DvsH&J@ t}uHay;
csuaf wGxrJ mS tar&duefu udv
k b
H ,
D mrSm vufeufuikd w
f yfz@JGawG
zG@J pnf;axmufyahH y;zd@k / uGejf rLepfawG&@J v_y&f mS ;r_awGukd wefjyef
t=urf;zufEdrS feif;zdk@eJ@ tzsut
f arSmifv
h kyif ef;awGvkyfzdk@vnf;
ygw,f?
2000 ckEpS rf mS tar&duefvw
$ af wmfu udv
k b
H ,
D m
pDrHcsuf (Plan Colombia) qdkwmudk twnfjyKay;cJhw,f?
udv
k b
H ,
D majymufusm;awGukd ESrd ef if;a&;/ tifpwDusL;&Si;f awG
tm;aumif;a&;eJ@ rl;,pfaq;wdu
k zf suaf &;wd@k twGuf tultnD
ay;zdk@ pDrHudef;vdk@ qdkw,f? tJ'DpDrHcsufu 16 ESpf twGif;
tar&duefa':vm 10 bDvsHausmf oHk;cJw
h ,f? 'DpDru
H ed f;t&
udv
k b
H ,
D majymufusm;awGukd pDtikd af teJ@ tar&duef trsKd ;om;
vHk caH &;at*sipf w
D @kdu v#Kd @0u
S v
f yk }f uaH &;awG vkyaf qmif=uw,f?
tenf;qH;k ajymufusm;acgi;f aqmif 24 OD; vky}f uo
H wfjzwfc&H w,f?

tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm pdrfh0ifysH@ESH@aewJhtxd }uD;xGm;aewmrdk@


rvGrJ a&Smifom jzpf&wmyJv@kd qdyk gw,f?
(FARC-EP) &J@ aemuf0ifaiGa&aomufjrpfwcku
jyefay;qGv
J yk if ef;jzpfw,fv@kd ajym=uygw,f? wcsKd @u jyefay;aiG
&zd@k jzpf+y;D Edik if aH &;&nfreS ;f csuef @J jyefay;qGw
J mvnf; ygw,f? rl;,pf
aq;ukefonfeJ@ csrf;omwJhtxufwef;pm; rdom;pk0ifawGeJ@
Edik if jH cm;om;awGukd t"duypfrw
S x
f m;w,fv@kd qdw
k ,f?
(FARC-EP) wyfr; qdik rf eG x
f &De'D ufu rdrw
d @kd tzG@J [m
jyefay;qGrJ a_ wG rvkyb
f ;l ? rdrw
d @kd ta&;awmfyt
kH wGuf vdt
k yfwhJ
t&if;tjrpfawG&&Szd @kd vlawGukd xde;f odr;f cJ&h wmyJ jzpfw,fv@kd
qdyk gw,f? ajyma&;qdck iG &hf o
dS l *drk ufpu
f vnf; tJ'v
D kd vlawGukd
xde;f odr;f +y;D aiGa=u;awmif;cH&wm[m tcGeaf iG ray;wJt
h wGuf
jzpfw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? trsm;pkuawmh tcGeaf iGukd vdv
k v
kd m;vm;
ay;=uw,fv@kd ajymygw,f?

(5)

tck aemufq;kH oabmwlncD su&f wJh +ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;


yGJ rwdik rf Duvnf; (FARC-EP) eJ@uv
kd b
H ,
D m tpdk;&t=um;
+idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJawG vkyfc=Jh uygw,f?
1980 ckESpfrsm;rSm udkvHbD,morRwbDwefum
(Betancur) [m (FARC-EP) eJ@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;wmawG
vkyw
f ,f? 1984 ckESprf mS awmh (La Uribe Agreement) qdw
k hJ
oabmwlnDcsuu
f dk &&SdcJhw,f? oabmwlnDcsut
f & typf
tcwf&yfpJcw
Jh ,f? 1984 rS 1987 ckESpt
f xd jzpfw,f?
tJ'o
D abmwlnDcsut
f & 1985 ckESprf mS (FARC-EP)
[m tjcm;vuf0J/ uGefjrLepftkyfpkawGeJ@aygif;+yD; jynfcspfor*~
(Patriotic Union, UP) qdkwhJ ajray:EdkifiHa&;ygwD zGJ@w,f?
(UP) ygwD[m zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkyjyifa&;/ 'Drdkua&pDydkuswJh
a'oa&G;aumufyaGJ wGjzpfajrmufa&;/ Edik if aH &;A[dck sKyfuikd rf _awG
av#mhcsa&;eJ@ vpfb&,feJ@uGefqmaA;wpfygwDawGu udkvH
bD,m Edik fiHa&;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkycf sKyfudkifxm;r_udk tqHk;owf
a&;pwJh Edik if aH &;yjyifajymif;vJra_ wGvyk zf @kd u;yrf;w,f? ajr,m
53

(FARC-EP) twGuf &efyakH iGukd jyefay;qGw


J meJ@ rl;,pf
aq;vkyif ef;uae t"du&&Sw
d ,fv@kd pGypf aJG jymqd=k uw,f? 1980
ckEpS rf sm; rwdik rf u
D awmh (FARC-EP) [m rl;,pfaq;0g;pdu
k yf sKd ;a&;/
o,foly@dk aqmifa&;awGrmS wdu
k fu
dk fyg0ifrr_ &Sdbl;vd@k qdw
k ,f?
olxed f;csKyfxm;wJh a'oawGrmS rl;,pfaq;pdu
k fysKd ;olawGqu
D
tcGeaf umufwmyJ vkyw
f ,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? 1990 ckEpS af wGrmS awmh
(FARC-EP) [m rl;,pfaq;xkwv
f yk af &;eJ@o,f,w
l m/ a&mif;0,f
wmawGyg vkyv
f mw,fv@kd qdw
k ,f? 'gayrJh (FARC-EP) udk wdu
k zf @kd
tpd;k &eJ@ajr&Si}f uD;awGu zG@J pnf;xm;wJh vuf,mvufeufuikd f
wyfz@JGawGu 'Dvyk if ef;udk ydv
k yk =f uygw,f?
2000 ckEpS rf mS (FARC-EP) ajyma&;qdck iG &hf o
dS l qdik rf eG x
f &D
eD'ufu rl;,pfaq;pufakH wGu &&Sw
d hJ tcGet
f c[m tzG@J tpnf;
0ifaiG&@J ta&;ygwhJ tpdwt
f ydik ;f wckjzpfw,fv@kd ajymw,f? 'g[m
rl;,pfaq;vkyfief;awGuudv
k b
H ,
D mpD;yGm;a&;&J@ tpdwftydkif;

(6)

_ynfolhtm%m
a0jcrf;a&;/ usef;rma&;eJ@ynma&;uawGrSm bwf*sufydkoHk;
a&;/ EdkifijH cm;vkyfief;}uD;awGeJ@ udkvb
H D,mb%fawG/ o,f,l
yd@k aqmifa&;vkyif ef;}uD;awGukd jynfoyl ikd o
f rd ;f a&;pwJh vlrp_ ;D yGm;
yjyifajymif;vJa&;awG vkyzf dk@vnf; v_H@aqmfw,f?
udkvHbD,mordkif;rSm (UP) ygwD[m tjcm;vuf0J
ygwDawGxuf a&G;aumufyGJrSm ydkatmifjrifr_&wmudk awG@&
w,f? 1986 ckESpfrSm (UP) ygwD[m a'oaumifpDawGrSm 350
ae&m ta&G;cH&w,f? udkvHbD,matmufv$wfawmfrSm 9
a,mufeJ@ txufv$wfawmfrSm 6 a,muf ta&G;cH&w,f?
1986 orRwa&G;yGJrSm (UP) u 0ifta&G;cHwJh *sdKifryD g'dk (Jaime
Pardo) [m rJpkpkaygi;f &J@ 46 &&Scd Jhw,f?
'Dvdk (UP) &J@atmifjrifr_awGudk awG@vm&wJhtcgrSm
xdwfvef@oGm;wJh vuf,morm;awGu t=urf;zufvkyf}uH
owfjzwfr_awG vkyfvmawmhw,f? (UP) eJ@ tjcm;vuf0yJ gwD
awGu tzGJ@0ifawGaxmifeJ@csD (4000 rS 6000 &S)d vkyf}uHowf
jzwfcH&w,f? 1987 ckESpfrSm (UP) OuUX*sdKifrDyg'dk udk,fwdkif
vkyf}uHcH&ygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsufvnf;
ysufjym;oGm;ygawmhw,f?
1998 rS 2002 txd=umwJh +idrf;csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ
[mvnf; ratmifjrifcJhygbl;? 2002 ckESpf orRwa&G;aumuf
yGrJ Sm tl&DbJ ta&G;cH&w,f? tl&b
D J&J@ orRwoufwrf; 2 ck
(2002 rS 2010) twGif;rSmawmh udkvHbD,mtpdk;&u (FARCEP) udk emrnfqdk;eJ@ ausmf=um;wJh ppfqifa&;awG wdk;jrifhvkyf
cJw
h m awG@&w,f?
2010 rSm qefawmhpf (Santos) orRw jzpfvmw,f?
ol[m orRwtl&b
D v
J ufxufrmS umuG,af &;0ef}uD; vkyfco
hJ l
jzpfw,f? 2012 ckESprf Sm orRwqefawmhpfu (FARC-EP) eJ@
awG@qpHk um;ajymaea=umif; a=unmcJhw,f? yxr aemfa0rSm
awG@=u+yD; aemufyidk ;f rSm usL;bm;EdkifiH [mAemrSm qufawG@qHk
aqG;aEG;=uw,f? =um;cHjynfyEdkiif aH wGtjzpf usL;bm;/ aemfa0/
AifeDZv
JG m;eJ@csv
D ED ikd if w
H @kd udk 2 zufoabmwl a&G;cs,cf =hJ uw,f?
2014 rwfvrSm udv
k HbD,m v$wfawmf 2 &yf a&G;aumufyGJ
usif;yw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJudk qef@usifwJh orRw
54

a[mif; tl&DbJ[m 'Drdku&ufwpfA[dkygwD qdkwmudk zGJ@+yD;


a&G;aumufy0GJ ifw,f? trwf 20 tEdkif&ayr,fh +idrf;csrf;a&;
aqG;aEG;yGJudk axmufcHwJh ygwDpHkrS trwfawGu trsm;pk
jzpfaeqJyJ jzpfw,f?
orRwa&G;yGu
J kd arveJ@ZeG v
f 2 ausmch +JG yD; usi;f yw,f?
tl&b
D yJ gwu
D orRwavmif;Zlv,
l m*g (Zuluaga) u +idrf;csr;f
a&;aqG;aEG;yGJudk qef@usifwJh au;a=umfoHeJ@ a&G;aumufyGJ
0ifw,f? (Zuluaga) u olom orRwjzpf&if 8 &uftwGif;
(FARC-EP) taeeJ@ wzufowf typftcwf&yfpJa&; ra=u
nm rcsif; +idrf; csrf;a&;aqG; aEG; yGJudk &yfqdkif; xm;r,fvdk@
ajymw,f? 'gt
h jyif udkvHb,
D mrSm vufeufuidk fydyuQ r&Sdbl;/
t=urf;zuf0g'+cdr;f ajcmufry_ J&w
Sd ,fvk@d vnf; ajymygw,f?
yxrta=umhrSm (Zuluaga) u 2928 eJ@ yxr
&+yD; qefawmhpfu 2572 eJ@ 'kwd,jzpfw,f? wjcm;vuf0J
udk,pf m;vS,f 2 OD;eJ@ uGeq
f maA;wpfu,
kd pf m;vS,fawGu 15
ywf0ef;usifawG&=uw,f? 'kwd,tausmhrwdkifcifrSm orRw
qefawmhpf[m +idrf;csrf;a&;jy\emudk txl;aZmif;ay;+yD;
rJqG,fpnf;Hk;w,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@tqHk;rowfwJhppfyGJ b,f
[mudk a&G;=urvJqdk+yD; au;a=umfw,f? 'DwcsDrSmawmh
vuf0JeJ@A[dkvuf0JawG&J@ axmufcHr_udkvnf; &vdkufw,f?
(Zuluaga) udkawmh uGefqmaA;wpfawGu axmufcHw,f?
'Dvdke@J 'kwd,tausmhrSm qefawmhpfu 51 &+yD; (Zuluaga)
u 45 yJ &w,f ? qef a wmh p f 'k w d , t}ud r f orR w
jyefjzpfw,f?
2015 azazmf0g&DrSm tar&duefEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;
*|efu,f&Du udkvHbD,m+idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJqdkif&m txl;
oHwreftjzpf bm;ewft&Gefqefudk cef@tyfa=umif; a=unm
w,f? 'g[m udkvb
H ,
D m+idr;f csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGu
J kd tar&duefu
axmufcHa=umif; jyvdkufwmyJqdk+yD; (FARC-EP) tygt0if
trsm;u uqdck Jh=uw,f? azazmf0g&DtwGif;rSmyJ ukvor*~
twGif;a&;r;csKyf udzk Dtmeef [mAem+idrf;csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGJqD
a&mufvmcJw
h ,f?

_ynfolhtm%m
(7)
aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGukd acgi;f pOf 6 ckc+JG yD; tqifhqifh aqG;aEG;
=uwm jzpfygw,f? 2016 =o*kwfusrS t+yD;owfoabmwlnD
csuf&=uwm jzpfygw,f? aqG;aEG;yGJawGudk acgif;pOf 6 ckcGJ+yD;
tqifhqifhaqG;aEG;=uwm jzpfygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh (1)
bufpHkaus;vufzGH@z;wd;k wufa&; (2) Edik fiaH &;t& yg0ifEidk fciG fh
(3) rl;,pfaq;0g;jy\em (4) ppfab;'%fcH&olrsm; jy\em
(5) ydyuQtqHk;owfjcif;eJ@ (6) taumiftxnfazmfjcif;eJ@
pdppfjcif;awGyJ jzpfw,f? 2016 =o*kwfusrS t+yD;owf oabm
wlnDcsuf&=uwm jzpfygw,f?
tcsKyftm;jzifh aus;vufv,form;awG vlaer_b0
jrifhwifay;a&;/ rw&m;todrf;cH&wJh v,fajrawG jyefvnf&&Sd
a&;eJ@ v,frh,
J mrJhawG v,fajr&&Sda&; pwmawGygw,f?
(FARC-EP) tzGJ@0ifawGudk vGwf+idrf; csrf;omcGifha y;a&;eJ@
vlrb
_ 0rSm jyefvnfyg0ifEikd af &;twGuf tpd;k &u ulnyD yhH ;kd ay;zd@k /
(FARC-EP) tzGJ@u Edik fiaH &;ygwDxal xmif&mrSm ulnDay;zdk@eJ@
vHkcHa&;t& tmrcHcsuf&zSd k@d vdktyfr,fh tzGJ@tpnf;/ Oya'awG
owfrSwfjyXmef;ay;zdk@awG ygw,f? 1985 ckEpS fuvdk tjzpfrsdK;
(UP) ygwDzGJ@pOfu jzpf&yfrsKd ;) awG xyfrHrjzpfapzk@d jzpfygw,f?
(FARC-EP) tzGJ@taeeJ@ oabmwlnDcsuf vufrSwfxdk;+yD;
aemufrmS ukvor*~qD vufeufawG tyfE=HS u&rSm jzpfygw,f?
taumiftxnfazmfjcif;/ apmif=h unfjh cif;/ pdppfjcif;eJ@
tjiif;yGm;r_ajz&Si;f jcif; aumfr&Sifw&yf(CSVR) udk zG@J pnf;r,f?
'Daumfr&Sif (CSVR) rSm tpd;k &u 3 OD;eJ@ (FARC-EP) od@k r[kwf
aemifzJ@G pnf;r,fh Edik fiaH &;ygwDu 3 OD; yg0if=ur,f? &uf 180
=um vufeuftyf - wyfzsuaf &; vkyif ef;pOfumvrSm usL;bm;/
aemfa0/ AifeDZJv
G m;eJ@ csDvED idk fiw
H @dk u udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;pDvnf;
yg0if=ur,f?
(7)

i,ftuGmeJ@ H_;edrfhoGm;w,f? 'gayrJh 'DoabmwlnDcsufudk


tajccH+yD; rGrf;rHjyifqifcsufawG vkyfygw,f? tcsuftcsdK@
jyifqif+yD; oabmwlnDcsuftopfukd vufrSwx
f dk;Edkicf Jhw,f?
oabmwlnDcsuftopfrSm t"dutcsuf 5 csuf jyifqif
xm;w,f?
- (FARC-EP) tzGJ@[m ydkifqdkirf _tm;vHk;udk xkwfazmf
a=ujim&r,f? tpd;k &qDv$Jtyf+yD; ppfab;'%fc&H ol
awG ukpm;a&;&efyHkaiGtjzpf toHk;yoGm;rSm jzpf
w,f?
- bmoma&;tkyfpkawGu t&ifoabmwlnDcsufrSm
rdom;pkwefz;dk awGukd tav;rxm;tm;enf;aew,f
vd@k ,lqwmawGudk udik fwG,fajz&Sif;xm;w,f?
- toGiful;ajymif;umvw&m;pD&ifa&; oufwrf;udk
10 ESpv
f dk@ uef@owfw,f?
- (FARC-EP) yg0ifywfoufcJhzl;or# rl;,pfaq;0g;
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;udpPawGeJ@ ywfoufwJhtcsuf
tvufawG tjynfhtpHkay;a&;?
- +idr;f csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsu[
f m udv
k HbD,mzG@J pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHk&J@ tpdwftydkif;wck r[kwfbl; pwmawG
jzpfw,f?
tck 'D oabmwl nDcsufu dk udkv HbD ,mtxuf
atmufv$wfawmf 2 &yfv;Hk u axmufcv
H dk@ twnfjzpfoGm;
yg+yD?
'DoabmwlncD sufukd b,favmufatmifjrifatmif
taumiftxnfazmfEdkifrvJqdkwmawmh apmifh=unfh&rSmyJ
jzpfygw,f? avhvmolwOD;uawmh oabmwlnDcsuf&zdk@
aqG;aEG;&wmxuf oabmwlnDcsufudk vufawG@taumif
txnf azmf&wmu 10 qru ydkcufygw,f vdk@ ajymxm;
ygw,f?
(24 - 12 - 2016)

+idrf;csrf; a&; oabmwlnDcsufudk 2016 ckESpf


atmufwb
kd m 2 &ufae@rmS vlxq
k ENc,
H yl JG vkyw
f ,f? rJtenf;
55

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
A[dk0g'jzef@csda&;Xmeu xkwfa0onf

You might also like