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End Game Notes: and Matter. The Remainder of The Test Will Be

The document provides information about an upcoming final exam, registering i-clickers, checking studio scores, and completing online course evaluations. It discusses key topics that may be covered on the exam like light and matter, as well as reminding students to check for any missing labs or problem sets.

Uploaded by

Nathan King
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© © All Rights Reserved
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51 views24 pages

End Game Notes: and Matter. The Remainder of The Test Will Be

The document provides information about an upcoming final exam, registering i-clickers, checking studio scores, and completing online course evaluations. It discusses key topics that may be covered on the exam like light and matter, as well as reminding students to check for any missing labs or problem sets.

Uploaded by

Nathan King
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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End game notes

The Final Exam is FRIDAY, DEC 16 at 7:30 AM. I will


reserve up to one problem and up to five
conceptual questions on the final for topics in light
and matter. The remainder of the test will be
drawn from small modifications to problems and
questions from Quizzes 1-5..
If you have not done so yet, or you are not sure,
register your i-clickers!
Look at your studio scores on KSO. If you find
missing labs or PS, tell your studio instructors this
week!
We will use Online TeVals. You should get an e-mail
sometime this week.

Giving an electron a wave property


Since photons and electrons both appear to diffract, a
reasonable hypothesis is that an electron has a wavelength
l=h/p.
The is called the De Broglie wavelength. Every object has a De
Broglie wavelength.
We have now introduced two essential elements of a new
theory of Nature: Quantum Mechanics.

Another Test: Photoelectric Effect

Light can knock electrons off a metallic surface, but only if the
light has sufficient frequency (energy) to move the electron
from a bound state to an unbound state:
KEe=hf-f, where f is the energy of the bound state, also called
the work function.
You will explore this more in studio.

Photoelectric I
What is the maximum kinetic energy for an electron liberated
from a metallic surface with f=2.5 eV using UV light with
l=380 nm. (Reminder: KEe=hf-f, l=1234 nm/E(in eV))?
A. 0 eV (no PE possible).
B. 0.7 eV.
C. 1.4 eV.
D. 2.5 eV.

Photoelectric II
What is the maximum kinetic energy for an electron liberated
from a metallic surface with f=2.5 eV using red light with
l=650 nm. (Reminder: KEe=hf-f, l=1234 nm/E(in eV))?
A. 0 eV (no PE possible).
B. 0.7 eV.
C. 1.4 eV.
D. 2.5 eV.

Spin Objects: Fermions


When the idea of spin is applied to an electron, proton,
or neutron, something truly striking is observed!
The total value of the spin is always (1/2)(h/2p).
If one chooses an axis of rotation, this spin always is
found completely aligned or anti-aligned to this axis.
If we define the state of an electron as being the
collection of all possible values of its physical
properties (energy, orbital angular momentum, spin
angular momentum), then an electron can only be
placed in a vacant state. Once that state is full, no
more electrons can be added.

Pauli Exclusion Principle


But wait, theres more.
If two electrons (or two protons or two neutrons)
have the same spin orientation, then they cannot
occupy the same spatial location and have the
same momentum or energy.
No two electrons (or two protons, or two
neutrons) in nature can have all the same
physical properties. All electrons are unique, all
protons are unique. All neutrons are unique.

Effects of the Pauli Principle


Suppose that we could arrange
things such that an electrons state
could be completely described by
two numbers: its energy and the
orientation of its spin.
Further, lets suppose the energy
could only assume one of four
values, as indicated in the diagram
at right.
Well set E1=1 eV, E2=4 eV, E3=7 eV,
and E4=9 eV.
Lets see what this Pauli business
implies.

Yo Pauli!
What are the lowest possible total energies of
a system defined by the energy level diagram
on the board that contains one, two, or three
electrons, respectively?
A. One: 1 eV; two: 2 eV; 3: 3 eV.
B. One: 1 eV; two: 2 eV; 3: 6 eV.
C. One: 1 eV; two: 5 eV; 3: 12 eV.

Pauli -- II
Suppose our systems has two electrons in the 1
eV state, one in the 4 eV state, two in the 7 eV
state, and one in the 9 eV state. The system
could lower each energy, emitting a photon in the
process, if the highest energy electron dropped to
a lower energy state. What is the most the
energy be lowered?
A. 2 eV.
B. 5 eV.
C. 8 eV.

Pauli -- III
Which state of total energy is impossible for a
this system if it contains three electrons..
A. 12 eV.
B. 13 eV.
C. 14 eV.
D. 15 eV.

Hydrogen Energy Levels


Three new features:
More states.
Unequal spacing.
Possibility of electron
escaping (ionization).

But key features remain.


Emission.
Absorption.
Energy conservation.

What kind of light-- 1


Suppose an electron drops
from the n =3 energy level
to the n=2 energy level.
What wavelength of light
will come out?
A. 102 nm
B. 121 nm.
C. 649 nm.
D. 1234 nm.
E. I dont see how to do this.

What kind of light-- 2


Whats the shortest
wavelength light that
can be emitted from
hydrogen?
A. 0 nm
B. 91 nm.
C. 121 nm.
D. 1234 nm.
E. I dont see how to do
this.

Spin 1 objects
Not everything in nature has spin
(1/2)(h/2p).
The fundamental quantum of light, the
photon, has a spin of (1)(h/2p).
Other objects with 1 unit of (h/2p) worth of
angular momentum, spin 1, exist.
Collectively these are called bosons.

Bosons and Free Love


Bosons have exactly opposite the behavior of
fermions.
If a possible state of a system is occupied by a
boson, then the next boson added to the system
will preferentially end up in this already occupied
state.
This builds up indefinitely: the probability of 11
photons occupying a state is greater than the
probability of 10 photons occupying that state.
Photon number can build up very rapidly.

Building up multi-photon states


Sticking with our model system, and making the
reasonable assumption that most stable states will be the
ones with the lowest possible energy, we can build up
possible groups of photons.
1 photon, E = 1 eV.
2 photons, E = 2 eV. (Two photons in lowest energy state).
3 photons, E = 3 eV. (Three photons in lowest energy
state).
4 photons, E = 4 eV. (Four photons in lowest energy
state).
5 photons, E = 5 eV. (Five photons in lowest energy state).
And so on!

Stimulated Emission
Heres the picture: if we shoot a photon at an atom
that can produce another photon, then two photons
are likely to come out.
The process can be cascaded in such a way that we can
dramatically amplify the number of photons coming
out. This process is what drives a laser.

Where do photons come from?


Atoms!
When an electron falls from a high energy state to a vacant
low energy state, a photon will be emitted.
Using our model case (E1=1 eV, E2=4 eV, E3= 7 eV J, and E4=9
eV), an electron that drops from the E3=7 eV state to the
E1= 1 eV state will emit a photon that has an energy of E3E1=6 eV, so that energy is conserved.

Start: 7 J electron

Later:1 J electron+6 eV photon

Absorption
The reverse process occurs too; this is how electrons move to
vacant high energy states.
A one-electron atom in its E1=1 eV state could absorb an E=3
eV photon and jump to the E2=4 eV state, an E=6 eV photon
and jump to the E3=7 eV state, or an E=8 eV photon and jump
to the E4=9 eV.
But an atom with its electron in the E1=1 eV state could not
absorb photons of any other energies. Only 3,6, and 8 eV
would work.

Start: 1 eV electron and 8 eV photon

Later: 9 eV electron

Electrons and Photons


For which energy photon would our system
always be transparent?
A. 2 eV.
B. 3 eV.
C. 6 eV.
D. 8 eV.

Stimulated Emission
Photons sent in with an energy equal to an allowed
electron energy of the atom will stimulate the electron
to drop to its lower energy state and emit another photon
very quickly.
By contrast, the spontaneous emission of the photon
from a similar atom not exposed to incoming processes
can be a much slower and unpredictable process.

Start: 1 eV electron and three 8 eV


photons

Immediately after: 1 eV electron and four 8 eV

LASER Light Amplification by


Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Want more?
Take Physics 3 next fall semester.
And note that EP1+EP2+Physics 3+ one 500+
level physics course = a physics minor!
Talk to one of these folks:
Did not get
physics minor.

Sarah Golin

Debra Dandeneau

Did get physics


minor.

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