Quiz 1 Is

Quiz 1 is.
Friday, September 2, 4:30PM, CW101,102,103.

Covers voltage, batteries, capacitance, resistance,
circuits.
Review, 7:30PM Wednesday, September 30, CW102.
SAS Review, TBA.
Capacitor test--1
A.
B.
C.
D.
What is |V2-V1| across the 0.1 mF capacitor connected to the battery

like this? Red represents copper wire.
910-7 V.
9V.
910+7 V.
Cant tell.
V1
V2
Capacitor test--2
A.
B.
C.
D.
How much charge is on the the 0.1 mF capacitor connected to the

battery like this? Red represents copper wire.
910-7 C.
9C.
910+7 C.
Cant tell.
V1
V2
Capacitor test--3
How much charge will be on the the 0.1 mF capacitor connected to
the battery like this if the wire is quickly broken at the point shown?
Red represents copper wire.
A. 910-7 C.
B. 0C.
V1
C. Cant tell.
V2
V1
V2
Defibrillation
Diagnostics and
controls.
This makes the

current turn on
gradually (later).
We need a high voltage to put a large

charge on the capacitor. Well see the
transformer later.
The charge sits

here.
Some capacitor math

Start with Q=CV, and differentiate both sides with
respect to time.
This leads to dQ/dt=I=CdV/dt.
We can think of a capacitor as a circuit element that
produces current proportional to the rate of change of
the voltage.
High dV/dt, a rapidly changing voltage, a pulse or a
switch, will create relative large current across the
capacitor. The capacitor shorts out rapidly changing
voltages, acting like a wire in these cases.
Low dV/dt, or steady, or DC, voltages result in no
current: the capacitor blocks DC.
An R and a C in a circuit
Load
If we collected a load resistor across the voltage difference

Vout, how would the current through the load resistor, IL,
depend on the input voltage Vin? :
A. IL would be small for a rapidly changing Vin, and large for a
slowly changing Vin.
B. IL would be large for either rapidly or slowly changing Vin.
C. IL would be small for either rapidly or slowly changing Vin
D. IL would be large for a rapidly changing Vin, and small for a
slowly changing Vin.
Filters
RC circuits
Imagine the switch is in flipped to position A. What
happens?
The capacitor will start to charge, developing a voltage
VC(t)=Q(t)/C. Opposite charge will flow to the negative
side of the capacitor through the resistor.
The loop rule tells us that EMF-Q/C-IR=0.
A
B
Charging RC circuit
Now, since I=dQ/dt, this can be written as

dQ/dt+Q/RC=EMF/R. This is an example of a 1st order
differential equation, that in this case can be solved
using calculus.
Before solving in exactly, lets make three observations:
1. The quantity RC has units of time. It is called the RC
time constant tRC.
2. For short times, t<<tRC, the capacitor has not charged,
so Q0 and dQ/dt=V/R. For t<<trC, the capacitor
behaves like a short circuit.
3. For long times, t>>tRC, we expect the capacitor to fully
charge to Q=CV. When this happens, I=dQ/dt=0. For
t>>tRC, the capacitor behaves like an open circuit.
Solving the charging capacitor

This kind of problem is said to be separable; we can put
all the Q on one side and the t on the other:
dQ/(EMF/R-Q/tRC)=dt.
Integrate both sides, using dQ/(EMF/R-Q/tRC)=tRCln(EMF/R-Q/tRC).
This yields tRCln[(EMF/R-Q/tRC)/(EMF/R-Q0/tRC)]=t,
where Q0 represents any charge that might be on C
when t=0.
We have finally Q(t)=tRC[EMF/R-(EMF/R-Q0/tRC)exp(t/tRC)].
If Q0=0, then Q(t)=CEMF[1-exp(-t/tRC)], and
I=dQ/dt=(EMF/R)exp(-t/tRC).
Charging RC circuit
The solution has the properties we deduced. The

maximum current occurs at t=0, and I0 as t/tRC.
After one time constant, i.e., when t=tRC, the exponential
drops to a value 1/e, and the charge reaches 63% of its
final value of CV.
Discharging circuit
Suppose the capacitor has acquired a charge Q0 and we
flip the switch to position B.
Now C discharges through the resistor. We have Q/CIR=0. This time because the charge is decreasing, I=dQ/dt, so dQ/dt=-Q/RC=-Q/tRC.
The solution for this is Q(t)=Q0exp(-t/tRC)
A
B
Discharging capacitor
Now the voltage and charge on the capacitor
exponentially decay away.
On one time constant the voltage and charge fall to 37%
of the starting value.
Simple rule of thumb. Capacitors charge to 2/3 the final
charge and discharge to 1/3 the final charge in tRC=RC.
RC check 1
A.
B.
C.
D.
A 1 mF capacitor discharges 66% of its charge through

a resistor in 1 s. What is the resistance?
1 W.
10 W.
1000 W.
10000 W.
RC check 2
A.
B.
C.
D.
A uncharged capacitor is connected through a 1 kW

resistor to a 6V battery. The capacitor acquires a 4V
difference across its terminals in 10 s. What is its
capacitance?
10 F.
10 mF.
10 mF.
10 nF.
RC effects on pulse
In electronics applications, a change in voltage, a pulse,
can be used to control everything from the information
content of a single bit to firing rocket engines.
Very small parasitic capacitances combine with circuit
resistances to create inadvertent RC circuits that limit
how fast voltages can be changed.
High threshold
Low threshold
RC check 3
A.
B.
C.
D.
The graph shows the charge on a capacitor in an RC

circuit vs. time. A 10 V battery is being used to charge
the capacitor through a resistor. What is the
capacitance?
50 mF
50 mF.
50 nF.
50 pF.
RC check 4
A.
B.
C.
D.
The graph shows the charge on a capacitor in an RC

circuit vs. time. A 10 V battery is being used to charge
the capacitor through a resistor. What is the
resistance?
20 W.
40 W.
80 W.
120 W.

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Quiz 1 is.

Friday, September 2, 4:30PM, CW101,102,103.

What is |V2-V1| across the 0.1 mF capacitor connected to the battery

How much charge is on the the 0.1 mF capacitor connected to the

This makes the

We need a high voltage to put a large

The charge sits

Some capacitor math

If we collected a load resistor across the voltage difference

Now, since I=dQ/dt, this can be written as

Solving the charging capacitor

The solution has the properties we deduced. The

A 1 mF capacitor discharges 66% of its charge through

A uncharged capacitor is connected through a 1 kW

The graph shows the charge on a capacitor in an RC

The graph shows the charge on a capacitor in an RC

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