Lecture 2 PDF
Lecture 2 PDF
Reminder:
Work(r1r2) = Fdr, evaluated from a starting value
r1 to an ending value r2.
For conservative forces, DPE(r1r2) = -W(r1r2).
Whats new:
The electric force is conservative.
So the electric potential energy of a charge q is
DPEE(r1r2)= -qEdr.
And the total energy of a charged object experiencing
only electric forces satisfies D(KE+PEE)=0.
FE,E,PE, and V
Since FE=qE(r) for any charge at the point r, we can
think of E as being the force per unit charge.
We can similarly invent a very useful version of potential
energy difference per unit charge. It the DPE(r1r2) is
the PE change in moving a charge q from r1 to r2, we
define the potential difference, or voltage difference, as
DV(r1r2) =DPE(r1r2)/q.
We will almost always call DV the voltage difference to
avoid confusion. The unit of DV is J/C=volts=V.
It follows that DV=-Edr. This actually motivates a far
more useful and common unit for E, volts/meter or V/m.
Voltage
1. It is possible to construct devices that that reliably
produce voltage differences. First will be the battery,
and then later we will take up the generator.
2. It is possible to carry a voltage to almost any arbitrary
point from a voltage source. This exploits a key
property of conductors; they form equipotential
surfaces.
3. A positive charge place at a point with a positive voltage
difference with respect to a second point will possess
potential energy. E-fields will exist that push the charge
towards lower voltage difference. Currents flow, often
generating heat as the charge moves through the atoms
of the conductor.
Equipotentials
A. 0V.
B. 9V.
C. Cant tell.
V1
V2
Equipotentials
A. 0V.
B. 9V.
C. Cant tell.
V1
V2
Battery test--1
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
V1
V2
Battery test--2
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
V1
V2
Battery test--3
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
V1
V2
Battery test--4
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
V1
V2
Current Density J
Suppose we have n mobile charges, with value q, per
volume that are moving with speed v through a wire of
cross sectional area A.
In a time Dt, an amount of charge DQ=nvDtA will pass
through the area A.
The current I=DQ/Dt=nqvA=JA; J is known as the current
density.
Next, lets try to find out something about v from
Newtons 2nd Law: F=ma=mdv/dt.
F will have a contribution +qE from the electric field and
a second contribution that can be written as -mv/t that
describes the collisions of charge carriers with the
underlying molecules in the material. The number t is
called the mean collision time.
Conductivities
The higher the value, the better the conductor:
Connection of J to I to V
In many situations, J represents motion through a wire.
If the wire has a cross sectional area A, then I=JA.
In simple geometries like a wire, it is often good enough
to approximated E=DV/L, where L is the wire length and
DV is the voltage difference.
I follows then that DV=JAL/sA.
Defining the resistance RL/sA, we have the
macroscopic, EE form of Ohms law: DV=IR.
Often we drop the D and just write this V=IR.
The units of R are V/A=Ohms=W. It is often written as
R=rL/A, with r=1/s the resistivity.
If were deliberately using a relatively poor piece of
conductor for its resistance, we call it a resistor.
Meters--1
A digital multi-meter (DMM) may be used as a voltmeter
to measure voltage across a resistor or an ammeter to
measure current through a resistor. How should the
DMM and resistor be connected for these functions?
A. Voltmeter: parallel; ammeter: parallel.
B. Voltmeter: parallel; ammeter: series.
C. Voltmeter: series; ammeter: parallel.
D. Voltmeter: series; ammeter: series.
A fuse
Light bulb 1
A.
B.
C.
D.
Light bulb 2
A.
B.
C.
D.
Light bulb 3
A.
B.
C.
D.
Light bulb 4
A.
B.
C.
D.