The Campaign for McMaster University

The Campaign for McMaster University

Internal Combustion Engines

Introduction (L01)

Dr. Fengjun Yan

Office:ITB-161
Email: [email protected]

January 4, 2017

About myself

http://mech.eng.mcmaster.ca/~yanfeng/index

About this Course

Engine operation (parameters, characteristics, cycle, operation)

Engine efficiency (fuel property, A/F ratio, combustion, turbo-charging)

Engine emission (emission formation, EGR, after-treatment, )
Hybrid electric powertrain (architecture, components, energy
management)

Grading Criteria

10% assignments
25% midterm 1

25% midterm 2
40% final exam

Grading Criteria
1.

Five assignments will be provided. The full mark for each assignment
is 10 points. The average marks of the assignments will count as 10%
of the overall score.

2.

Midterm 1 will cover the content of the first 9 lectures (see Syllabus)
and count as 25% of overall score.

3.

Midterm 2 will cover the content of the lectures from 10 to 18 (see

Syllabus) and count as 25% of overall score.

4.

Final exam will cover the entire course content and count as 40% of
overall score.

Reference
Textbook:
1.

Lumley, J. L., Engines: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press,

(1999).

2.

Lecture notes (uploaded on avenue and in lecture)

Other References:
1.

Heywood, John B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. New York,

NY: McGraw-Hill, 1988.

2.

Ehsani, M., Gao, Y., Gay, S.E., and Emadi, A., Modern Electric, Hybrid
Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles, CRC Press, (2010)

Recent published research literature

Website

Introduction
ICE: Internal Combustion Engine
Engine: any device that converts another form of energy into
mechanical energy so as to produce motion. (from Dictionary.com)
Combustion engine: an engine which generates mechanical power by
combustion of a fuel (from wikipedia.org/)

Internal Combustion Engine

http://www.animatedengines.com/otto.html

Introduction
External Combustion Engine

(from google picture)

Introduction
Internal Combustion Engine

(from google picture)

History
Huygens (1673) developed piston mechanism
Hautefeuille (1676) first concept of internal combustion engine
Papin (1695) first to use steam in piston mechanism

Modern engines using same principles of operation as present

engines previously no compression cycle
Lenoir (1860) driving the piston by the expansion of burning
products - first practical engine, 0.5 HP, later 4.5 kW engines with mech efficiency up to 5%
Rochas (1862) four-stroke concept was proposed
Otto Langen (1867) produced various engine improved efficiency to 11%

Otto (1876) Four-stroke engine prototype built, 8 HP and patented

Clark (1878) Two-stroke engine was developed
Diesel (1892) Single cylinder, compression ignition engine
Daimler/Maybach (1882) Incorporated IC engine in automobile

Old Engines

scans are from 19th century

magazines and journals

(from google picture)

Old Engines

scans are from 19th century

magazines and journals

(from google picture)

Old Engines

scans are from 19th century

magazines and journals

(from google picture)

Old Engines

scans are from 19th century

magazines and journals

(from google picture)

Old Engines

scans are from 19th century

magazines and journals

(from google picture)

Old Engines

scans are from 19th century

magazines and journals

(from google picture)

Old Engines

scans are from 19th century

magazines and journals

(from google picture)

Old Engines

scans are from 19th century

magazines and journals

(from google picture)

Old Engines

scans are from 19th century

magazines and journals

(from google picture)

Old Engines

scans are from 19th century

magazines and journals

(from google picture)

Old Engines

scans are from 19th century

magazines and journals

(from google picture)

Old Engines

scans are from 19th century

magazines and journals

(from google picture)

Old Engines

scans are from 19th century

magazines and journals

(from google picture)

Old Engines

scans are from 19th century

magazines and journals

(from google picture)

Old Engines

scans are from 19th century

magazines and journals

(from google picture)

Old Engines

scans are from 19th century

magazines and journals

(from google picture)

Different Types of Engines

Gun powder burned at atmospheric

pressure with open cylinder valve.
Cylinder valve closed, hot gases
cooled.
Resulting vacuum created work on
piston

Atmospheric Engines
Atmospheric engines

(from google picture)

Introduction

Introduction
1. Combustion chamber

(from google picture)

Introduction
2. Ignition System
Gasoline: Spark plug

Diesel: Compression

(from google picture)

ICE components

(from google picture)

Introduction
ICE components:

(from google picture)

ICE components:

(from google picture)

ICE components:
Search another engine figure online and tell what are the components

Classification
Ignition:
Spark ignition
mixture is uniform (conventional engines), mixture is
non-uniform (stratified-charge engines);ignition is by the
application of external energy (spark plug)

Compression ignition
ignition by compression in conventional engine (Diesel
engine), pilot injection of fuel in gas engines (eg, natural
gas and diesel fuel dual fuel engines)

Classification
Principle of operation:
Four stroke engine
complete cycle in 720 CA
naturally aspirated, supercharged,
turbocharged
Two stroke engine
complete cycle in 360 CA
crankcase scavenged, supercharged,
turbocharged

Classification
Principle of operation:
Four stroke engine
complete cycle in 720 CA
naturally aspirated, supercharged,
turbocharged
Two stroke engine
complete cycle in 360 CA
crankcase scavenged, supercharged,
turbocharged

Introduction
Four Strokes

Introduction
Four Strokes

Introduction
Two Strokes

(from google picture)

Classification
By application:
motorcycles, scooters, 0.75 70 kW, SI, 2- and 4-stroke
passenger cars, 15 200 kW, SI and CI, 4-stroke
light commercial vehicles, 35 150 kW, SI and CI, 4-stroke
heavy commercial vehicles, 120 400 kW, Diesel, 4-stroke
locomotives, 400 3 000 kW, CI, 4-stroke
ships, 3 500 22 000 kW, CI, 2- and 4-stroke
airplanes, 45 3 000 kW, SI, 4-stroke
stationary engines, 10 20 000 kW, CI, 2- and 4-stroke

Classification
Engine speed:
low speed engines, 100 600 r.p.m.
ships, stationary engines
medium speed engines, 800 1500 r.p.m
generally Diesel engines, small marine applications,
stationary engines, earth moving vehicles
high speed engines, 2500 8000 r.p.m.
passenger cars

Classification
Basic Design:
Reciprocating engine
(subdivided by arrangement of cylinders)

Rotary engine

Classification
Reciprocating engine: Single cylinder

(from google picture)

Classification
Reciprocating engine: in-line engine

(from google picture)

Classification
Reciprocating engine: Opposed piston engine

(from google picture)

Classification
Reciprocating engine: V type engine

(from google picture)

Classification
Reciprocating engine: Radial engine

(from google picture)

Classification
Rotary Engines: Wankel engine (Felix Wankel,
prototype in 1929, patented double rotor in 1934)

(from google picture)

Classification

Air Intake:
Naturally Aspirated
Supercharged
Turbocharged
Crankcase Compressed

Classification
Naturally Aspirated

(from google picture)

Classification
Supercharged
(from google picture)

Classification
Turbocharging

(from google picture)

Classification

Fuel Input:
Carbureted
Multipoint Port Injection
Throttle Body Fuel Injection

(from google picture)

Classification

(from google picture)

Classification
Valve Location:
Valves in head (Overhead or I Head)
Valves in block (Flathead or L Head)
One in Head, One in Block (F Head):

(from google picture)

Classification

Fuel:
Gasoline
Diesel or Fuel Oil
Natural Gas
Propane (LPG)
Alcohol-Ethyl, Methyl
Dual Fuel
Gasohol

Terminology

Internal Combustion
Spark Ignition
Compression Ignition
Top-Dead-Center
Bottom-Dead-Center
Direct Injection
Indirect Injection

(from google picture)

Terminology

Bore
Stroke
Clearance Volume
Displacement Volume
Engine Management System
Wide Open Throttle

(from google picture)

Terminology

Ignition Delay
Air-Fuel Ratio
Brake Maximum Torque
Overhead Valve
Overhead Cam
Fuel Injected