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Chapter 9. Thinking and Language

This document provides an overview of key concepts in cognition and language from an AP Psychology textbook chapter. It defines cognition as mental processes of thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating. It also defines and describes concepts, prototypes, algorithms, heuristics, insight, biases and other thinking strategies. Additionally, it outlines the development of language abilities from babbling to telegraphic speech to multi-word sentences. It identifies parts of language like phonemes, morphemes, grammar and semantics. Finally, it discusses areas of the brain involved in language processing and hypotheses about the relationship between language and thought.

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79 views1 page

Chapter 9. Thinking and Language

This document provides an overview of key concepts in cognition and language from an AP Psychology textbook chapter. It defines cognition as mental processes of thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating. It also defines and describes concepts, prototypes, algorithms, heuristics, insight, biases and other thinking strategies. Additionally, it outlines the development of language abilities from babbling to telegraphic speech to multi-word sentences. It identifies parts of language like phonemes, morphemes, grammar and semantics. Finally, it discusses areas of the brain involved in language processing and hypotheses about the relationship between language and thought.

Uploaded by

5377773
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AP Psychology Chapter 9 Thinking & Language

Study online at quizlet.com/_wze5


1.

Cognition

all the mental activities associated with


thinking, knowing, remembering, and
communicating

2.

Concept

a mental grouping of similar objects,


events, ideas, or people

3.

Prototype

a mental image or best example of a


category

4.

Algorithm

a methodical, logical rule or procedure


that guarantees solving a particular
problem

5.

Heuristic

a simple thinking strategy that often


allows us to make judgments and solve
problems efficiently; usually speedier
but also more error-prone than
algorithms. (Myers Psychology 8e p.
398)

6.

Insight

a sudden and often novel realization of


the solution to a problem

7.

Confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information


that confirms one's preconceptions

8.

Fixation

the inability to see a problem from a


new perspective; an impediment to
problem solving

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

Mental set

A tendency to approach a problem in


a particular way, especially a way that
has been successful in the past but may
or may not be helpful in solving a new
problem

Belief
perseverance

clinging to one's initial conceptions


after the basis on which they were
formed has been discredited.

Intuition

knowing or sensing something without


the use of reason; an insight

Functional
fixedness

the tendency to think of things only in


terms of their usual functions; an
impediment to problem solving

Representativeness judging the likelihood of things in terms


heuristic
of how well they seem to represent, or
match, particular prototypes; may lead
one to ignore other relevant
information
Availability
heuristic

Overconfidence

Framing

estimating the likelihood of events


based on their availability in memory; if
instances come readily to mind, we
presume such events are common
the tendency to be more confident
than correct--to overestimate the
accuracy of one's beliefs and
judgments
the way an issue is posed; how an issue
is framed can significantly affect
decisions and judgments

17.

Belief bias

the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to


distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making
invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid
conclusions seem invalid

18.

Language

our spoken, written, or signed words and the


ways we combine them to communicate
meaning

19.

Phoneme

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound


unit

20.

Morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries


meaning; may be a word or a part of a word
(such as a prefix)

21.

Grammar

in a language, a system of rules that enables us


to communicate with and understand others

22.

Semantics

The study of meaning in language.

23.

Syntax

studies of the rules for forming admissible


sentences

Babbling
stage

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of


speech development in which the infant
spontaneously utters various sounds at first
unrelated to the household language

One-word
stage

the stage in speech development, from about 1


to 2, during which a childspeaks mostly in
single words.

Two-word
stage

Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech


development during which a child speaks
mostly two-word statements.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

Telegraphic early speech stage in which a child speaks like


speech
a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and
verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words
Aphasia

impairment of language, usually caused by left


hemisphere damage either to Broca's area
(impairing speaking) or to wernicke's area
(impairing understanding)

Broca's
area

controls language expression-an aread of the


frontal, usually in the left hemisphere, that
directs the muscle movements involved in
speech

Wernicke's
area

controls language reception-a brain area


involved in language comprehension and
expression;usually in the left temporal lobe

Linguistic
relativity

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines


the way we think

Artificial
the science of designing and programming
Intelligence computer systems to do intelligent things and
to simulate human thought processes suchs as
reasoning and understanding language
Computer
Neural
Networks

Computer circuits that mimic the brain's


interconnected neural cells, performing tasks
such as learning to recognize visual patterns
and smells

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