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7 - Ijdst12

This document discusses the challenges of trust management in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and proposes directions for future research. It first identifies that dishonest vehicles in a VANET could send false information, posing risks. It then discusses how the dynamic and decentralized nature of VANETs poses challenges for trust management. Existing trust models for VANETs are surveyed, but none achieve all desired properties. The author proposes important future research directions, such as reputation-based and context-aware trust models, to enable more effective trust management for VANETs.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
39 views15 pages

7 - Ijdst12

This document discusses the challenges of trust management in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and proposes directions for future research. It first identifies that dishonest vehicles in a VANET could send false information, posing risks. It then discusses how the dynamic and decentralized nature of VANETs poses challenges for trust management. Existing trust models for VANETs are surveyed, but none achieve all desired properties. The author proposes important future research directions, such as reputation-based and context-aware trust models, to enable more effective trust management for VANETs.

Uploaded by

noorhilla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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