Automatic link establishment

Automatic Link Establishment, commonly known as

ALE, is the worldwide de facto standard for digitally initiating and sustaining HF radio communications.[1] ALE
is a feature in an HF communications radio transceiver
system, that enables the radio station to make contact, or
initiate a circuit, between itself and another HF radio station or network of stations. The purpose is to provide
a reliable rapid method of calling and connecting during
constantly changing HF ionospheric propagation, reception interference, and shared spectrum use of busy or congested HF channels.

tively, digital data can be exchanged via a built-in or external modem (such as a STANAG 5066 or MIL-STD188-110B serial tone modem) depending on needs and
availability. The ALE built-in text messaging facility can
be used to transfer short text messages as an orderwire
to allow operators to coordinate external equipment such
as phone patches or non-embedded digital links, or for
short tactical messages.[2][3]

Due to the vagaries of ionospheric communications, HF

radio as used by large governmental organizations in the
mid-20th century was traditionally the domain of highly
skilled and trained radio operators. One of the new characteristics that embedded microprocessors and computers brought to HF radio via ALE, was alleviation of the
need for the radio operator to constantly monitor and
change the radio frequency manually to compensate for
ionospheric conditions or interference. For the average
user of ALE, after learning how to work the basic functions of the HF transceiver, it became similar to operating a cellular mobile phone. For more advanced functions and programming of ALE controllers and networks,
it became similar to the use of menu-enabled consumer
equipment or the optional features typically encountered
in software. In a professional or military organization,
this does not eliminate the need for skilled and trained
communicators to coordinate the per-unit authorized frequency lists and node addresses - it merely allows the deployment of relatively unskilled technicians as eld communicators and end-users of the existing coordinated architecture.

2 Operator skill

Mechanism

A standalone ALE radio combines an HF SSB radio

transceiver with an internal microprocessor and MFSK
modem. It is programmed with a unique ALE Address,
similar to a phone number (or on newer generations, a
username). When not actively in contact with another
station, the HF SSB transceiver constantly scans through
a list of HF frequencies called channels, listening for any
ALE signals transmitted by other radio stations. It decodes calls and soundings sent by other stations and uses
the Bit error rate to store a quality score for that frequency
and sender-address.

To reach a specic station, the caller enters the ALE Address. On many ALE radios this is similar to dialing a
phone number. The ALE controller selects the best available idle channel for that destination address. After conrming the channel is indeed idle, it then sends a brief
selective calling signal identifying the intended recipient.
When the distant scanning station detects ALE activity, it
stops scanning and stays on that channel until it can conrm whether or not the call is for it. The two stations
ALE controllers automatically handshake to conrm that
a link of sucient quality has been established, then no- 3 Common applications
tify the operators that the link is up. If the callee fails
to respond or the handshaking fails, the originating ALE An ALE radio system enables connection for voice connode usually selects another frequency either at random versation, alerting, data exchange, texting, instant mesor by making a guess of varying sophistication.
saging, email, le transfer, image, geo-position tracking,
Upon successful linking, the receiving station generally or telemetry. With a radio operator initiating a call, the
emits an audible alarm and shows a visual alert to the process normally takes a few minutes for the ALE to
operator, thus indicating the incoming call. It also indi- pick an HF frequency that is optimum for both sides of
cates the callsign or other identifying information of the the communication link. It signals the operators audilinked station, similar to Caller ID. The operator then un- bly and visually on both ends, so they can begin commutes the radio and answers the call then can talk in a municating with each other immediately. In this respect,
regular conversation or negotiates a data link using voice the longstanding need in HF radio for repetitive calling
or the ALE built-in short text message format. Alterna- on pre-determined time schedules or tedious monitor1

5 HISTORY AND PRECEDENTS

ing static is eliminated. It is useful as a tool for nding optimum channels to communicate between stations
in real-time. In modern HF communications, ALE has
largely replaced HF prediction charts, propagation beacons, chirp sounders, propagation prediction software,
and traditional radio operator educated guesswork. ALE
is most commonly used for hooking up operators for
voice contacts on SSB (single sideband modulation), HF
internet connectivity for email, SMS phone texting or text
messaging, real-time chat via HF text, Geo Position Reporting, and le transfer. High Frequency Internet Protocol or HFIP may be used with ALE for internet access
via HF.

signaling, automatic station identication (sounding),

polling, message store-and-forward, linking protection
and anti-spoong to prevent hostile denial of service by
ending the channel scanning process. Optional ALE
functions include polling and the exchange of orderwire
commands and messages. The orderwire message,
known as AMD (Automatic Message Display), is the
most commonly used text transfer method of ALE, and
the only universal method that all ALE controllers have
in common for displaying text.[5] It is common for vendors to oer extensions to AMD for various non-standard
features, although dependency on these extensions undermines interoperability. As in all interoperability scenarios, care should be taken to determine if this is acceptable
before using such extensions.

Techniques

The essence of ALE techniques is the use of automatic

channel selection, scanning receivers, selective calling,
handshaking, and robust burst modems.[4] An ALE node
decodes all received ALE signals heard on the channel(s)
it monitors. It utilizes the fact that all ALE messages utilize Forward error correction (FEC) redundancy. By noting how much error-correction occurred in each received
and decoded message, an ALE node can detect the quality of the path between the sending station and itself.
This information is coupled with the ALE address of the
sending node and the channel the message was received
on, and stored in the nodes Link Quality Analysis (LQA)
memory.[3] When a call is initiated, the LQA lookup table is searched for matches involving the target ALE address and the best historic channel is used to call the target station. This reduces the likelihood that the call has
to be repeated on alternate frequencies. Once the target
station has heard the call and responded, a bell or other
signalling device will notify both operators that a link has
been established. At this point, the operators may coordinate further communication via orderwire text messages,
voice, or other means. If further digital communication
is desired, it may take place via external data modems or
via optional modems built into the ALE terminal.
This unusual usage of FEC redundancy is the primary innovation that dierentiates ALE from previous selective
calling systems which either decoded a call or failed to
decode due to noise or interference. A binary outcome
of Good enough or not gave no way of automatically
choosing between two channels, both of which are currently good enough for minimum communications. The
redundancy-based scoring inherent in ALE thus allows
for selecting the best available channel and (in more advanced ALE nodes) using all decoded trac over some
time window to sort channels into a list of decreasing
probability-to-contact, signicantly reducing co-channel
interference to other users as well as dramatically decreasing the time needed to successfully link with the target node.
Techniques used in the ALE standard include automatic

5 History and precedents

ALE evolved from older HF radio selective calling technology. It combined existing channel-scanning selective
calling concepts with microprocessors (enabling FEC decoding and quality scoring decisions), burst transmissions
(minimizing co-channel interference), and transponding
(allowing unattended operation and incoming-call signalling). Early ALE systems were developed in the late
1970s and early 1980s by several radio manufacturers.[6]
The rst ALE-family controller units were external rack
mounted controllers connected to control military radios,
and were rarely interoperable across vendors.
Various methods and proprietary digital signaling protocols were used by dierent manufacturers in rst generation ALE, leading to incompatibility.[3] Later, a cooperative eort among manufacturers and the US government resulted in a second generation of ALE that included the features of rst generation systems, while improving performance. The second generation 2G ALE
system standard in 1986, MIL-STD-188-141A,[5] was
adopted in FED-STD-1045[7] for US federal entities. In
the 1980s, military and other entities of the US government began installing early ALE units, using ALE controller products built primarily by US companies. The
primary application during the rst 10 years of ALE use
was government and military radio systems, and the limited customer base combined with the necessity to adhere to MILSPEC standards kept prices extremely high.
Over time, demand for ALE capabilities spread and by
the late 1990s, most new government HF radios purchased were designed to meet at least the minimum ALE
interoperability standard, making them eligible for use
with standard ALE node gear. Radios implementing at
least minimum ALE node functionality as an option internal to the radio became more common and signicantly more aordable. As the standards were adopted by
other governments worldwide, more manufacturers produced competitively priced HF radios to meet this demand. The need to interoperate with government orga-

3
nizations prompted many non-government organizations
(NGOs) to at least partially adopt ALE standards for
communication. As non-military experience spread and
prices came down, other civilian entities started using 2G
ALE. By the year 2000, there were enough civilian and
government organizations worldwide using ALE that it
became a de facto HF interoperability standard for situations where a priori channel and address coordination is
possible.

SATCOM systems. This is signicantly more reliable

than cellphone infrastructure during disasters or wars yet
is mostly immune to such considerations itself.

6 Standards and protocols

Global standards for ALE are based on the original US
MIL-STD 188-141A[5] and FED-1045,[7] known as 2nd
Generation (2G) ALE. 2G ALE uses non-synchronised
scanning of channels, and it takes several seconds to half
a minute to repeatedly scan through an entire list of channels looking for calls. Thus it requires sucient duration
of transmission time for calls to connect or link with another station that is unsynchronised with its calling signal.
The vast majority of ALE systems in use in the world at
the present time are 2G ALE.

In the late 1990s, a third generation 3G ALE with signicantly improved capability and performance was included
in MIL-STD-188-141B,[5] retaining backward compatibility with 2G ALE, and was adopted in NATO STANAG
4538. Civilian and non-government adoption rates are
much lower than 2G ALE due to the extreme cost as compared to surplus or entry-level 2G gear as well as the signicantly increased system and planning complexity necessary to realize the benets inherent in the 3G specication. For many militaries, whose needs for maximized
intra-organizational capability and capacity always strain
existing systems, the additional cost and complexity of 6.1
3G is far more compelling.

5.1

2G technical characteristics

Reliability

ALE enables rapid unscheduled communication and message passing without requiring complex message centers,
multiple radios and antennas, or highly trained operators. With the removal of these potential sources of failure, the tactical communication process becomes much
more robust and reliable. The eects extend beyond mere
Force multiplication of existing communications methods; units such as helicopters, when outtted with ALE
radios, can now reliably communicate in situations where
the crew are too busy to operate a traditional non-line of
sight radio.[8] This ability to enable tactical communica2G ALE Signal
tion in conditions where dedicated trained operators and
hardware are inappropriate is often considered to be the
The more common 2G ALE signal waveform is designed
true improvement oered by ALE.
to be compatible with standard 3 kHz SSB narrowband
ALE is a critical path toward increased interoperability voice channel transceivers. The modulation method is
between organizations. By enabling a station to partic- 8ary Frequency Shift Keying or 8FSK, also sometimes
ipate nearly simultaneously in many dierent HF net- called Multi Frequency Shift Keying MFSK, with eight
works, ALE allows for convenient cross-organization orthogonal tones between 750 and 2500 Hz.[5] Each tone
message passing and monitoring without requiring ded- is 8 ms long, resulting in a transmitted over-the-air symicated separate equipment and operators for each part- bol rate of 125 baud or 125 symbols per second, with a
ner organization. This dramatically reduces stang and raw data rate of 375 bits per second. The ALE data is forequipment considerations, while enabling small mobile or matted in 24-bit frames, which consist of a 3 bit preamble
portable stations to participate in multiple networks and followed by three ASCII characters, each seven bits long.
subnetworks. The result is increased resilience, decreased The received signal is usually decoded using digital sigfragility, increased ability to communicate information nal processing techniques that are capable of recovering
eectively, and the ability to rapidly add to or replace the 8FSK signal at a negative decibel signal to noise ratio
communication points as the situation demands.
(i.e., the signal may be recovered even when it is below
When combined with Near Vertical Incidence Skywave the noise level). The over-the-air layers of the protocol
(NVIS) techniques and sucient channels spread across involve the use of forward error correction, redundancy,
the spectrum, an ALE node can provide greater than and handshaking transponding similar to those used in
95% success linking on the rst call, nearly on par with ARQ techniques.[9]

6.2

7 BASIS FOR HF INTEROPERABILITY COMMUNICATIONS

3G technical characteristics

Newer standards of ALE called 3rd Generation or 3G

ALE, use accurate time synchronization (via a dened
time-synch protocol as well as the option of GPS-locked
clocks) to achieve faster and more dependable linking.
Through synchronization, the calling time to achieve a
link may be reduced to less than 10 seconds. The 3G
ALE modem signal also provides better robustness and
can work in channel conditions that are less favorable than
2G ALE.[10] Dwell groups, limited callsigns, and shorter
burst transmissions enable more rapid intervals of scanning. All stations in the same group scan and receive each
channel at precisely the same time window. Although
3G ALE is more reliable and has signicantly enhanced
channel-time eciency, the existence of a large installed
base of 2G ALE radio systems and the wide availability
of moderately priced (often military surplus) equipment,
has made 2G the baseline standard for global interoperability.

Basis for HF interoperability

communications

of the Customs Over the Horizon Enforcement Network

(COTHEN), a MIL-STD 188-141A ALE network.[13]
All U.S. armed forces operate multiple similar networks.
Similarly, shortwave utility listeners have documented
frequency and callsign lists for many nations military and
guard units, as well as networks operated by oil exploration and production companies and public utilities in
many countries.

7.2 Emergency / disaster relief or extraordinary situation response communications

ALE radio communication systems for both HF regional
area networks and HF interoperability communications
are in service among emergency and disaster relief agencies as well as military and guard forces. Extraordinary
response agencies and organizations use ALE to respond
to situations in the world where conventional communications may have been temporarily overloaded or damaged. In many cases, it is in place as alternative backchannel for organizations that may have to respond to situations or scenarios involving the loss of conventional
communications. Earthquakes, storms, volcanic eruptions, and power or communication infrastructure failures are typical situations in which organizations may
deem ALE necessary to operations. ALE networks are
common among organizations engaged in extraordinary
situation response such as: natural and man-made disasters, transportation, power, or telecommunication network failures, war, peacekeeping, or stability operations.
Organizations known to use ALE for Emergency management, disaster relief, ordinary communication or extraordinary situation response include: Red Cross, FEMA,
Disaster Medical Assistance Teams, NATO, Federal Bureau of Investigation, United Nations, AT&T, Civil Air
Patrol, SHARES, State of California Emergency Management Agency (CalEMA), other US States Oces of
Emergency Services or Emergency Management Agencies, and Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES).[11]

Interoperability is a critical issue for the disparate entities

which use radiocommunications to fulll the needs of organizations. Largely due to the ubiquity of 2G ALE, it
became the primary method for providing interoperability on HF between governmental and non-governmental
disaster relief and emergency communications entities,
and amateur radio volunteers. With digital techniques
increasingly employed in communications equipment, a
universal digital calling standard was needed, and ALE
lled the gap. Nearly every major HF radio manufacturer in the world builds ALE radios to the 2G standard
to meet the high demand that new installations of HF radio systems conform to this standard protocol. Disparate
entities that historically used incompatible radio methods
were then able to call and converse with each other using
the common 2G ALE platform. Some manufacturers and
organizations[11] have utilized the AMD feature of ALE
to expand the performance and connectivity.[12] In some 7.3 International HF telecommunications
cases, this has been successful, and in other cases, the use
for disaster relief
of proprietary preamble or embedded commands has led
to interoperability problems.
The International Telecommunications Union (ITU), in
response to the need for interoperation in international
disaster response spurred largely by humanitarian relief,
7.1 Tactical communication and resource included ALE in its Telecommunications for Disaster
management
Relief recommendations.[4] The increasing need for instant connectivity for logistical and tactical disaster reALE serves as a convenient method of beyond line of lief response communications, such as the 2004 Indian
sight communication. Originally developed to support Ocean earthquake tsunami led to ITU actions of enmilitary requirements, ALE is useful to many organi- couragement to countries around the world toward looszations who nd themselves managing widely located ening restrictions on such communications and equipunits. United States Immigration and Customs Enforce- ment border transit during catastrophic disasters. The
ment and United States Coast Guard are two members IARU Global Amateur Radio Emergency Communica-

8.2

Disaster relief HF network

tions Conferences (GAREC) and IARU Global Simu- tains 2G ALE compatibility while employing some of
lated Emergency Tests have included ALE.[14]
the adaptive channel management features of 3G ALE,
but without the accurate GPS time synchronization of 3G
ALE.

Use in amateur radio

Amateur radio operators began sporadic ALE operation

on a limited basis in the early to mid-1990s,[3] with commercial ALE radios and ALE controllers. In 2000, the
rst widely available software ALE controller for the Personal Computer, PCALE, became available, and hams
started to set up stations based on it. In 2001, the rst
organized and coordinated global ALE nets for International Amateur Radio began. In August 2005, ham radio operators supporting communications for emergency
Red Cross shelters used ALE for Disaster Relief operations during the Hurricane Katrina disaster.[11] After
the event, hams developed more permanent ALE emergency/disaster relief networks, including internet connectivity, with a focus on interoperation between organizations. The amateur radio HFLink Automatic Link Establishment system uses an open net protocol to enable all
amateur radio operators and amateur radio nets worldwide to participate in ALE and share the same ALE
channels legally and interoperably. Amateur radio operators may use it to call each other for voice or data
communications.[2]

8.1

8.2 Disaster relief HF network

Hot standby nets are in constant operation 24/7/365 for
International Emergency and Disaster Relief communications. The Ham Radio Global ALE High Frequency
Network, which began service in June 2007, is the worlds
largest intentionally open ALE network for internet connectivity. It is a free open network staed by volunteers,
and utilized by amateur radio operators supporting disaster relief organizations.[14]

8.3 International coordination

International amateur radio ALE High Frequency channels are frequency coordinated with all Regions of
the International Amateur Radio Union(IARU entity of
ITU),[11] for international, regional, national, and local
use in the Amateur Radio Service. All Amateur Radio
ALE channels use USB Upper Sideband standard. Different rules, regulations, and bandplans of the region and
local country of operation apply to use of various channels. Some channels may not be available in every country. Primary or global channels are in common with most
Amateur radio interoperability adap- countries and regions.[15]

tations
Amateur radio operators commonly provide local, regional, national, and international emergency / disaster
relief communications.[14] The need for interoperability
on HF led to the adoption of Automatic Link Establishment ALE open networks by hams. Amateur radio
adapted 2G ALE techniques, by utilizing the common denominators of the 2G ALE protocol, with a limited subset of features found in the majority of all ALE radios
and controllers. Each amateur radio ALE station uses
the operators call sign as the address, also known as the
ALE Address, in the ALE radio controller.[2] The lowest
common denominator technique enables any manufacturers ALE radios or software to be utilized for HF interoperability communications and networking. Known as
Ham-Friendly ALE, the amateur radio ALE standard is
used to establish radio communications, through a combination of active ALE on internationally recognized automatic data frequencies, and passive ALE scanning on
voice channels. In this technique, active ALE frequencies
include pseudorandom periodic polite station identication, while passive ALE frequencies are silently scanned
for selective calling. ALE systems include Listen Before
Transmit as a standard function, and in most cases this
feature provides better busy channel detection of voice
and data signals than the human ear. Ham-Friendly ALE
technique is also known as 2.5G ALE, because it main-

8.3.1 International channels

This listing is current as of March 2014. See HFLINK for
more information about Amateur Radio ALE Automatic
Link Establishment.

9 See also
Multiple frequency-shift keying
Selective calling
Amateur radio
Amateur radio emergency communications
ARES

10 References
[1] Telecom Bureau, ITU-D/SG (2000-12-14). Frequency
Agile Systems in the MF/HF Bands (doc). International
Telecommunications Union.
[2] Crystal, B. (2008-03-31). ARRL We Do That: What Is
ALE?". ARRL, National Association for Amateur Radio.

10

REFERENCES

[3] Menold, Ronald E., AD4TB (February 1995). ALE-The Coming of Automatic Link Establishment (PDF).
ARRL, QST Volume 79, Number 2.

IARU (2007-08-17). ALE for Emergency Disaster

Relief Communications (PDF). International Amateur Radio Union IARU.

[4] ITU ALE Handbook (PDF). International Telecommunications Union ITU.

FCC DA 08-1082 (PDF). US Government Federal Communications Commission FCC.

[5] MIL-STD 188-141B (PDF). US Government.

MIL STD 188-141A / MIL STD 188-141B 2G

ALE Audio Samples.

[6] Adair, R.; Peach, D. (January 1990). ALE--The Coming

of Automatic Link Establishment (PDF). ARRL, QEX,
1990-JAN, Reprint of NTIA ITS.
[7] Federal Standard 1045A. US Government.
[8] Fiedler, D (1994). Automated HF communications for
nap-of-the-earth ying (PDF). United States Army.
[9] Klingenfuss, J. (2003). Radio Data Code Manual (17th
ed.). Klingenfuss Publications. pp. 7278. ISBN 3924509-56-5.
[10] Johnson, E. (2008-08-17). Simulation Results for ThirdGeneration HF Automatic Link Establishment (PDF).
New Mexico State University.
[11] Crystal, B.; Barrow, A. (2007-08-17). ALE for Emergency / Disaster Relief Communications. International
Amateur Radio Union IARU.
[12] Codan Automatic Link Management CALM (PDF).
Codan.
[13] COTHEN - The RadioReference Wiki.
[14] IARU (2007-08-17). ALE for Emergency Disaster Relief Communications (PDF). International Amateur Radio Union IARU.
[15] ARRL (2005-08-01). ARRL Technical Information
Service page:ARRLWeb: ALE (Automatic Link Establishment)". ARRL, National Association for Amateur
Radio.

ITU Telecom Bureau (2000-12-14). Frequency

Agile Systems in the MF/HF Bands (doc). ITU.
Klingenfuss, J. (2003). Radio Data Code Manual
(17th ed.). Klingenfuss Publications. pp. 7278.
ISBN 3-924509-56-5.
MIL-STD-188-141B (PDF). USA Department of
Defense. 1999. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
MIL-STD 188-141B (PDF). US Government.
ITU ALE Handbook (PDF). International
Telecommunications Union ITU.
Codan Automatic Link Management CALM
(PDF). Codan.
Crystal, B.; Barrow, A. (2007-08-17). ALE for
Emergency / Disaster Relief Communications. International Amateur Radio Union IARU.
FCC Petition RM-11392 (DOC). US Government
Federal Communications Commission FCC.

11
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