222

6.8

6. POWER F L O W ANALYSIS

POWER FLOW

PROGRAMS

Several computer programs have been developed for the power flow solution o f
practical systems. Each method of solution consists of four programs. The program for the Gauss-Seidel method is Ifgauss, which is preceded by Ifybus, and is
followed by busout and lineflow. Programs Ifybus, busout, and lineflow are designed to be used with two more power flow programs. These are Ifnewton for
the Newton-Raphson method and decouple for the fast decoupled method. The
following is a brief description of the programs used i n the Gauss-Seidel method.

Ifybus This program requires the line and transformer parameters and transformer
tap settings specified in the input file named linedata. I t converts impedances
to admittances and obtains the bus admittance matrix. The program is designed to handle parallel lines.

Ifgauss This program obtains the power flow solution by the Gauss-Seidel method
and requires the files named busdata and linedata. It is designed for the d i rect use of load and generation i n M W and Mvar, bus voltages i n per unit,
and angle i n degrees. Loads and generation are converted to per unit quantities on the base M V A selected. A provision is made to maintain the generator
reactive power of the voltage-controlled buses within their specified limits.
The violation of reactive power l i m i t may occur i f the specified voltage is
either too high or too low. After a few iterations (10^^ iteration in the Gauss
method), the var calculated at the generator buses are examined. I f a l i m i t is
reached, the voltage magnitude is adjusted i n steps of 0.5 percent up to 5
percent to bring the var demand within the specified Umits.

busout This program produces the bus output result i n a tabulated form. The bus
output result includes the voltage magnitude and angle, real and reactive
power of generators and loads, and the shunt capacitor/reactor Mvar. Total
generation and total load are also included as outlined i n the sample case.

lineflow This program prepares the line output data. It is designed to display the
active and reactive power flow entering the line terminals and line losses as
well as the net power at each bus. Also included are the total real and reactive
losses i n the system. The output of this portion is also shown i n the sample
case.

6.9. DATA PREPARATION

6.9

223

DATA P R E P A R A T I O N

In order to perform a power flow analysis by the Gauss-Seidel method in the MATLAB environment, the following variables must be defined: power system base
M V A , power mismatch accuracy, acceleration factor, and maximum number of i t erations. The name (in lowercase letters) reserved for these variables are basemva,
accuracy, accel, and maxiter, respectively. Typical values are as follows:
basemva = 100;
accel
=1.6;

accuracy = 0 . 0 0 1 ;
m a x i t e r = 80;

The initial step in the preparation of input file is the numbering of each bus. Buses
are numbered sequentially, Although the numbers are sequentially assigned, the
buses need not be entered in sequence. I n addition, the following data files are required.
B U S DATA F I L E - busdata The format for the bus entry is chosen to facilitate the required data for each bus in a single row. The information required must be
included i n a matrix called busdata. Column 1 is the bus number. Column 2 contains the bus code. Columns 3 and 4 are voltage magnitude in per unit and phase
angle in degrees. Columns 5 and 6 are load M W and Mvar. Column 7 through 10
are M W , Mvar, minimum Mvar and maximum M v a r of generation, in that order.
The last column is the injected Mvar of shunt capacitors. The bus code entered i n
column 2 is used for identifying load, voltage-controlled, and slack buses as outlined below;
1 This code is used for the slack bus. The only necessary information for this bus
is the voltage magnitude and its phase angle.
0 This code is used for load buses. The loads are entered positive in megawatts
and megavars. For this bus, inidal voltage estimate must be specified. This is
usually 1 and 0 for voltage magnitude and phase angle, respectively. I f voltage magnitude and phase angle for this type of bus are specified, they w i l !
be taken as the initial starting voltage for that bus instead of a flat start of 1
and 0.
2 This code is used for the voltage-controlled buses. For this bus, voltage magnitude, real power generation in megawatts, and the minimum and maximum
limits of the megavar demand must be specified.
L I N E DATA F I L E - linedata Lines are identified by the node-pair method. The
information required must be included i n a matrix called linedata. Columns 1 and
2 are the line bus numbers. Columns 3 through 5 contain the line resistance, reactance, and one-half of the total line charging susceptance i n per unit on the specified

224

6. POWER FLOW ANALYSIS

M V A base. The last column is for the transformer tap setting; for lines, 1 must be
entered in this column. The lines may be entered in any sequence or order w i t h
the only restriction being that i f the entry is a transformer, the left bus number is
assumed to be the tap side of the transformer.
The IEEE 30 bus system is used to demonstrate the data preparation and the
use of the power flow programs by the Gauss-Seidel method.
Example 6.9

(chp6ex9)

Figure 6.16 is part of the American Electric Power Service Corporation network
which is being made available to the electric utility industry as a standard test case
for evaluating various analytical methods and computer programs for the solution
of power system problems. Use the ifgauss program to obtain the power solution
by the Gauss-Seidel method. Bus 1 is taken as the slack bus with its voltage adjusted to 1.06Z0 pu. The data for the voltage-controlled buses is
Regulated Bus Data
Bus
No.

Voltage
Magnitude

M i n . Mvar
Capacity

Max. Mvar
Capacity

2
5
8
11
13

1.043
1.010
1.010
1.082
1.071

-40
-40
-10
-6
-6

50
40
40
24
24

Transformer tap setting are given in the table below. The left bus number is assumed to be the tap side of the transformer.
Transformer Data
Transformer
Tap Setting
Designation
pu
0.932
4-12
0.978
6- 9
6-10
28-27

0,969
0.968

The data for the injected Q due to shunt capacitors is

Injected Q due to Capacitors
Bus No.
To
24

Mvar
19
4.3

6.9. DATA PREPARATION

FIGURE 6.16
30-bus I E E E sample system.

225

226

6. POWER F L O W ANALYSIS

Generation and loads are as given i n the data prepared for use in the MATLAB
environment i n the matrix defined as busdata. Code 0, code 1, and code 2 are used
for the load buses, the slack bus and the voltage-controlled buses, respectively.
Values for basemva, accuracy, accel and maxiter must be specified. Line data are
as given i n the matrix called linedata. The last column o f this data must contain 1
for hues, or the tap setting values for transformers with off-nominal turn ratio. The
control commands required are Ifybus, Ifgauss and linefiow. A diary command
may be used to save the output to the specified file name. The power flow data and
the commands required are as follows.
clear
% c l e a r s a l l v a r i a b l e s from workspace,
basemva = 100;
a c c u r a c y = 0 . 0 0 1 ; a c c e l = 1 . 8 ; m a x i t e r = 100;
7,
IEEE 30-BUS TEST SYSTEM ( A m e r i c a n E l e c t r i c Power)
y.
Bus Bus V o l t a g e A n g l e L o a d
Generator
Injected
MW Mvar Qmin Qmax Mvar
Degr ee MW Mvar
y.
No code
0.0
0 0
0
0
busdata=[1
0
0 0 0.0
0
1 1 .06
40 0 0 . 0 - 4 0
50
0
2 2 1 .043 0
21 70 12 7
1 2
0 0 0.0
0
0
0
3 0 1 .0
0
2 .4
7 .6
1 6
0 0 0.0
0
0
0
4 0 1 .06
0
0
94 .2
19 0
0 0 0 . 0 - 4 0 40
0
5 2 1 .01
0 0
0 0 0.0
0
0
0
0
0 .0
6 0 1 .0
0
0
7 0 1 .0
0
22 .8
10 9
0 0 0.0
0
0
30 .0 30 0
0 0 0 . 0 - 1 0 40
0
8 2 1 .01
0
0 .0
0 0
0 0 0.0
0
0
0
9 0 1 .0
0 0 0.0
0
0
10 0 1 . 0
0
5 .8
2 0
19
-6
0 .0
0 0
0 0 0.0
24
0
11 2 1 .082 0
0
7 5
0
0
0
0
, 0
12 0 1 .0
11 .2
0
- 6 24
0 .0
0 0
0
0
13 2 1 . 0 7 1 0
0
0
6 .2
0
0
0
0
14 0 1 .0
1 6
0
0
0
0
15 0 1 .0
0
8 .2
2 5
0
0
0
16 0 1 .0
0
3 5
1 8
0
0
0
0
9 .0
5 8
0
0
0
0
0
17 0 1 .0
0
3 2
0 9
0
0
0
0
0
18 0 1 .0
0
0
0
0
0
19 0 1 .0
0
9 5
3 4
0
0
0
0
0
20 0 1 .0
0
2 2
0 7
17 5 11 2
0
0
0
0
0
21 0 1 .0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
22 0
1 .0
0
0
0
3 2
1 6
0
0
0
23 0 1 . 0
0
0
6 7
0
0
0
4.3
24 0 1 . 0
8 7
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
25 0 1 0
0
3 5
2 3
0
0
0
0
0
26 0 1 0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
27 0 1 0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
28 0 1 0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
2 4
0 9
0
0
29 0 1 0
0
10 6
0
0
0
0
30 0 1 0
1 9
0];

6.9. DATA PREPARATION

% Line Data
%
y.
Bus
y,
nl
linedata=[1
1
2
3
2
2
4
5
6
6
6
6
9
9
4

r>:

12
12
12
12
14
16
15
18
19
10
10
10
10
21
15
22
23
24
25
25
28
27
27
29
8
6

bus
nr
2
3
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
9
10
11
10
12

R
pu
0.0192
0.0452
0.0570
0.0132
0.0472
0.0581
0.0119
0.0460
0.0267
0.0120
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

X
pu
0.0575
0.1852
0.1737
0.0379
0.1983
0.1763
0.0414
0.1160
0.0820
0.0420
0.2080
0.5560
0.2080
0.1100
0.2560

13
14
15
16
15
17
18
19
20
20
17
21
22
22
23
24
24
25
26
27
27
29
30
30
28
28

0.0
0.1231
0.0662
0.0945
0.2210
0.0824
0.1073
0.0639
0.0340
0.0936
0.0324
0.0348
0.0727
0.0116
0.1000
0.1150
0.1320
0.1885
0.2544
0.1093
0.0000
0.2198
0.3202
0.2399
0.0636
0.0169

0.1400
0.2559
0.1304
0.1987
0.1997
0.1923
0.2185
0.1292
0.0680
0.2090
0.0845
0.0749
0.1499
0.0236
0.2020
0.1790
0.2700
0.3292
0.3800
0.2087
0.3960
0.4153
0.6027
0.4533
0.2000
0.0599

227

1/2 B 1 f o r L i n e code o r
pu
tap s e t t i n g value
0.02640
0.02040
0.01840
0.00420
0.02090
0.01870
0.00450
0.01020
0.00850
0.00450
0.0
0.978
0.0
0.969
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.932
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.968
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0214
0.065

228

6. POWER FLOW ANALYSIS

Ifybus
Ifgauss
busout
lineflow

% Forms t h e bus a d m i t t a n c e m a t r i x
% Power f l o w s o l u t i o n by G a u s s - S e i d e l method
7. P r i n t s t h e power f l o w s o l u t i o n on t h e s c r e e n
7, Computes and d i s p l a y s t h e l i n e f l o w and l o s s e s

The Ifgauss, busout and the lineflow produce the following tabulated results.

Power F l o w S o l u t i o n by G a u s s - S e i d e l Method
Maximum Power m i s m a t c h = 0 . 0 0 0 9 5 1 8 8 4
No. o f i t e r a t i o n s = 34
Bus V o l t a g e
No. Mag.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

1 060
1 .043
1 022
1 .0 1 3
1.010
1 .012
1 .003
1 .010
1 .051
1 .044
1 .082
1 .057
1 .071
1 .043
1 .038
1 .045
1 039
1 .028
1 .025
1 029
1 .032
1 .033
1 027
1 022
1 .019
1 001
1 026
1 Oil

Angle
Degree
0 000
- 5 496
- 8 002
- 9 659
- 1 4 380
- 1 1 396
- 1 3 149
- 1 2 114
- 1 4 432
- 1 6 024
-14.432
- 1 5 301
- 1 5 300
- 1 6 190
- 1 6 276
- 1 5 879
- 1 6 187
- 1 6 881
- 1 7 049
- 1 6 851
- 1 6 468
- 1 6 455
- 1 6 660
- 1 6 829
- 1 6 423
- 1 6 835
- 1 5 913
- 1 2 056

MW
0
21
2
7
94
0
22
30
0
5
0
11
0
6
8
3
9
3
9
2
17
0
3
8
0
3
0
0

000
700
400
600
200
000
800
000
000
800
000
200
000
200
200
500
000
200
500
200
500
000
200
700
000
500
000
000

Load
Mvar
0
12
1
1
19
0
10
30
0
2
0
7
0
1
2
1
5
0
3
0
11
0
1
6
0
2
0
0

000
700
200
600
000
000
900
000
000
000
000
500
000
600
500
800
800
900
400
700
200
000
600
700
000
300
000
000

Generation
MW
Mvar
260
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

950
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000

- 1 7 010
48 826
0 000
0 000
35 995
0 000
0 000
30 759
0 000
0 000
16 113
0 000
10 406
0 000
0 000
0 000
0 000
0 000
0 000
0 000
0 000
0 000
0 000
0 000
0 000
0 000
0 000
0.000

Injected
Mvar
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
19.00
0,.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

6.9, DATA PREPARATION

29
30

1.006 - 1 7 . 1 3 3
0.994
-18.016

Total

2.400
10.600
283.400

0.900
1.900
126.200

229

0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000

0.00
0.00

300.950

125.089

23.30

Line Flow and Losses

L i n e Power at bus & line flow
from to
MW
Mvar
MVA
260 .950
177 .743
83 .197

- 1 7 .010
- 2 2 .140
5 .125

18 300
1 - 1 7 2 .282
4
45 702
5
82 990
6
61 905

36 . 126
32 .657
2 720
1 704
- 0 966

- 2 400
- 8 0 390
78 034

- 1 200
1 954
- 3 087

2
3

1
4

2
3
6
12

2
7

2
4
7
8
9
10
28

-7
-44
-77
70
44

600
596
263
132
131

-1
-3
4
-17
14

600
239
432
624
627

-Line l o s s Transformer
MW
Mvar
tap

261 .504
179 .117
83 .354

5 461
2 807

10 .517
7 079

40
175
45
83
61

5
1
2
2

10
-0
8
2

.497
.350
,783
.008
.913

461
106
995
047

2 683
80 414
78 095

2 807
0 771

7
44
77
72
46

1
0
0
0

767
713
390
313
492

106
771
605
000

- 9 4 200
- 7 9 995
- 1 4 210

16 995
6 474
10 467

95 721
80 256
17 649

2 995
0 151

0
-59
-69
37
29
27
15
18

0
3
18
-1
-3
-7
0
-9

0
59
72
37
29
28
15
21

2
0
0
0
0
0
0

000
858
527
537
534
687
828
840

- 2 2 . 800
14. 361

000
229
805
915
712
318
656
575

- 1 0 900
- 1 2 154

000
945
026
586
766
638
842
134

25. 272
18. 814

047
605
368
103
000
000
060

0 . 151

517
519
178
263

7 079
1 345

-0
1
1
4

519
345
181
686

0.932

8 178
- 1 687

2
1
-0
-0
1
1
-13

263
181
598
558
593
279
085

- 1 687

0.978
0.969

230

6. POWER F L O W ANALYSIS

- 3 7 170

1 317

37 193

0 368

- 0 598

6
28

- 3 0 000
- 2 9 431
- 0 570

0 759
3 154
- 2 366

30 010
29 599
2 433

0 103
0 000

- 0 558
- 4 368

6
11
10

0
-27
0
27

000
687
003
731

0 000
- 0 000
0 000

1 593
0 461
0 811

6
9
20
17
21
22

-5
-15
-27
9
5
15
7

10

11
9
12
4
13
14
15
16
13

000
911
653
747

0
29
15
28

000
086
653
540

800
828
731
018
347
723
582

17.000
0 623
- 5 936
3 569
4 393
9 846
4 487

17
15
28
9
6
18
8

962
840
359
698
920
551
811

0 000
- 0 003

16 113
16 114

16 113
16 114

-11
-44
-0
7
17
7

200
131
021
852
852
206

0
8
-15
6

-7
-9
-10
2
6
3

500
941
274
428
968
370

13
45
10
8
19
7

479
237
274
219
164
955

0
0
0
0
0
0

000
000
081
014
110
052

- 0 000

0
0
0
0
0

000
000
074
217
053

1
0
0
0
0
0

279
811
180
037
236
107

0 461

4
0
0
0
0

686
132
155
428
112

12

0 000
0 021

10 406
10 406

10 406
10 406

0 000

0 132

12
15

- 6 200
- 7 778
1 592

- 1 600
- 2 273
0 708

6 403
8 103
1 742

0 074
0 006

0 155
0 006

14

15
12
14
18
23
16
12
17

-8
-17
-1
6
5

200
634
586
009
004

- 3 500
- 7 152
3.658

-2
-6
-0
1
2

500
540
702
741
963

- 1 800
- 3 257
1.440

8
18
1
6
5

573
808
734
256
815

3 936
7 859
3.931

0
0
0
0

217
006
039
031

0 053
0.012

0
0
0
0

428
006
079
063

0 112
0.027

6.9. DATA PREPARATION

16
10

- 9 000
- 3 646
- 5 332

- 5 800
- 1 413
- 4 355

10 707
3 910
6 885

0 012
0 014

0 027
0 037

15
19

- 3 200
- 5 970
2 779

- 0 900
- 1 661
0,787

3 324
6 197
2 888

0 039
0 005

0 079
0 010

18
20

- 9 500
- 2 774
- 6 703

- 3 400
- 0 777
- 2 675

10 090
2 881
7 217

0 005
0 017

0 010
0 034

19
10

- 2 200
6 720
- 8 937

- 0 700
2 709
- 3 389

2 309
7 245
9 558

0 017
0 081

0 034
0 180

10
22

- 1 7 500
- 1 5 613
- 1 849

- 1 1 200
- 9 609
- 1 627

20 777
18 333
2 463

0 110
0 001

0 236
0 001

000
712
464
297

0 052
0 001
0 043

0 107
0 001
0 067

10
21
24

0
-7
1
5

000
531
850
643

0
-4
1
2

000
380
628
795

0
8
2
6

15
24

- 3 200
- 4 972
1 771

- 1 600
- 2 900
1 282

3 578
5 756
2 186

0 031
0 006

0 063
0 012

22
23
25

-8
-5
-1
-1

700
601
765
322

-2
-2
-1
1

400
728
270
604

9
6
2
2

025
230
174
079

0 043
0 006
0 008

0 067
0 012
0 014

24
26
27

0
1
3
-4

000
330
520
866

0
-1
2
-0

000
590
372
786

0
2
4
4

000
073
244
929

0 008
0 044
0 026

0 014
0 066
0 049

25

- 3 500
- 3 476

- 2 300
- 2 306

4 188
4 171

0 044

0 066

25

0 000
4 892

0 000
0 835

0 000
4 963

0 026

0 049

231

232

6. POWER FLOW ANALYSIS

28
29
30

- 18 192
6 178
7 093

27
8
6

0
18
0
- 18

28

29
27
30
30
27
29
Total loss

6.10

000
192
570
780

- 4 152
1 675
1 663

18 660
6 401
7 286

- 0 000
0 086
0 162

1 310
0 162
0 304

0
5
-2
-3

0
18
2
19

000
994
082
106

- 0 000
0 000
0 060

1 310
- 4 368
- 1 3 085

0 086
0 034

0 162
0 063

0 162
0 034
17 594

0 304
0 063
22 233

000
463
003
510

- 2 400
- 6 093
3 716

- 0 900
- 1 513
0 601

2 563
6 278
3 764

10 600
- 6 932
- 3 683

- 1 900
- 1 359
- 0 537

10 769
7 064
3 722

NEWTON-RAPHSON

POWER FLOW SOLUTION

Because of its quadratic convergence, Newton's method is mathematically superior

to the Gauss-Seidel method and is less prone to divergence with ill-conditioned
problems. For large power systems, the Newton-Raphson method is found to be
more efficient and practical. The number of iterations required to obtain a solution
is independent of the system size, but more functional evaluations are required at
each iteration. Since in the power flow problem real power and voltage magnitude
are specified for the voltage-controlled buses, the power flow equation is formulated in polar form. For the typical bus of the power system shown in Figure 6.7,
the current entering bus i is given by (6.24). This equation can be rewritten in terms
of the bus admittance matrix as

n
;=1

In the above equation, j includes bus i. Expressing this equation in polar form, we
have

/i-El>i,-||T/,'|Z^,, + Jj

..

(6.49)

3=1

The complex power at bus i is

(6.50)