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Class 12 Physics Project File

Adhish Anand completed a physics project to construct an automatic night lamp using a transistor and light dependent resistor (LDR) under the guidance of Ms. Kalpana. The project uses a transistor, LDR, resistors, LED and battery. When light falls on the LDR, its resistance decreases and the LED remains off. In darkness, the LDR's resistance increases, which allows the LED to glow automatically without power. The project aims to develop a device that can automatically switch on the light at night and switch off during the day to save electricity.

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Adhish Anand
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26K views

Class 12 Physics Project File

Adhish Anand completed a physics project to construct an automatic night lamp using a transistor and light dependent resistor (LDR) under the guidance of Ms. Kalpana. The project uses a transistor, LDR, resistors, LED and battery. When light falls on the LDR, its resistance decreases and the LED remains off. In darkness, the LDR's resistance increases, which allows the LED to glow automatically without power. The project aims to develop a device that can automatically switch on the light at night and switch off during the day to save electricity.

Uploaded by

Adhish Anand
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

PHYSICS

INVESTIGAT
ORY
PROJECT
TOPIC: TO CONSTRUCT AN
AUTOMATIC NIGHT LAMP USING A
TRANSISTOR AND LDR
MADE BY:

Adhish Anand

CLASS - XII-B
GUIDED BY Kalpana Maam

PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

BOARD ROLL NO.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Adhish
Anand, student of class XII-B has
successfully
completed
the
Physics
Project
under
the
guidance of Ms. Kalpana. This
project is genuine and is not
plagiarism of any kind. The
references used in making this
project file are declared at the
end of the file.
Externals
Class In-Charge Sign:

Sign:
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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

______________
_____________

ACKNOWLEDGEM
ENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude
and sincere thanks to the Principal,
Capt. Sanjay Anand, Doon Public
School, Panchkula for his
encouragement and for all the
facilities he has provided for this
project work.
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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

I extend my hearty thanks to my


subject teacher Ms. Kalpana and
Lab Assistant Ms. Pratima who
guided me to the successful
completion of this project. I take this
opportunity to express my deep
sense of gratitude for their
invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement and immense
motivation which has sustained my
efforts at all stages of this project
work. I cant forget to offer my
sincere thanks to my classmates
who helped me to carry out this
project work successfully and for
their valuable advice and support
which I received for them time to
time.

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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

INDEX
Sr.N
Contents
o.
1 Aim of the Experiment
2
Introduction
3 Apparatus Required
4
Principle
5
Circuit Diagram
6
Theory
7
Procedure
9
Observation
10
Precautions
11
Bibliography

Page
No.
5
6
7
8
9
10
14
16
17
18

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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

AIM
TO CONSTRUCT AN
AUTOMATIC NIGHT LAMP
USING A TRANSISTOR AND
LDR

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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

INTRODUCT
ION
In some cities and
villages, sometimes street
lights glow in day time
without any reason. In
mining regions people
face many difficulties due
to absence of light in the
nights. In frontier and hilly
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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

areas, people face many


problems due to damaged
street lights. For solving
these problems, we create
a device in which the
lights glow in night and in
day time, they get
switched off automatically
and don't glow. Due to use
of it, we can solve above
problems and can also
save electricity.

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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1.

A n-p-n transistor;

2.

Breadboard;

3.

Resistors:330, 1M

4.

Connecting Wires;
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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

5.

LED;

6.

LDR;

7.

9V Battery;

PRINCIPLE

This project is based on Light


Dependent Resistance (L.D.R.). LDR is a
resistance, in which opposing power of
current depends on the presence of
quantity of light present, i.e. the
resistance of LDR increases or
decreases, according to quantity of
light which falls on it. If LDR places in
darkness, the resistance of LDR
increases and when light falls on it, the
resistance of LDR decreases and act as
a conductor. Any LDR in the presence
of light and darkness changes its
resistance is depending on the different
types of LDR.
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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

THEORY
1. A transistor is a semiconductor device used
to amplify or switch electronic signals and
electrical
power. It is
composed of
semiconductor
material with
three terminals
for connection
to an external
circuit.

Emitter (E): It is the left hand side thick layer of


the transistor which is heavily doped;
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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

Base (B): It is a central thin layer of transistor


which is lightly doped;
Collector (C): It is the right hand side thick
layer of the transistor which is moderately
doped;
A p-n-p junction transistor is obtained by
growing a thin
layer of thin
layer of ntype semiconductor
in between
two
relatively
thick
layers of ptype
semiconductor.

A n-p-n junction transistor is obtained by


growing a thin layer p-type semi-conductor in
between two relatively thick layers of n-type
semi-conductor.

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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

In the project, common emitter n-p-n transistor


(BC-547) is used.

2. CARBON RESISTOR: A carbon resistor has


generally four rings or bands A, B, C and D of
different colours corresponding to the value of
resistance. In project, we use carbon resistance
of 1M ohms and 330 ohms.

3. LDR: LDR means light dependent resistance


which is used to complete the circuit.
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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

4. LED: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a


semiconductor light source. When a lightemitting diode is forward-biased (switched on),
electrons are able to recombine with electron
holes within the device, releasing energy in the
form of photons. In this project, we use led of
white colour.

5. BATTERY: This is a rectangular prism shape


with rounded edges and a polarized snap
connector at the top. In project, we use 9-Volt
battery.
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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

6. WIRES: A wire is a single, usually cylindrical,


flexible strand or rod of metal. These are used
to connect components.
7.BREADBOARD: A breadboard is a construction
base for prototyping of electronics. Because the
solderless breadboard does not require
soldering, it is reusable.

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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

PROCEDURE
Take a breadboard and connect its two
halves
Connect a 9V battery on the breadboard.
Connect an NPN transistor on the
breadboard with its three legs (Emitter,
Base, Collector) inserted in three different
columns of the breadboard.

The emitter of the transistor is grounded.


Connect one leg of a 1 M resistor to the
base of the transistor, and its other leg to
any different column of the breadboard.
Connect the corresponding column to Vcc.
Connect an LDR between the base and
emitter of the transistor.
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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

Connect one leg of a 330 resistor to the


collector of the transistor, and its other leg
to any different column of the breadboard.
Take an LED. Connect its negative terminal
to the right leg of 330 resistor, and its
positive terminal to Vcc.

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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

OBSERVATION
When the circuit is exposed to light, the
led remains off. When the circuit is
taken into dark, the led glows.

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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

PRECAUTIONS
Excess current should not be passed
through LED.
Make all the connections neat, clean
and tight.

Never exceed the ratings for the


current given in the transistor
manual.
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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

passage of excessive current.

A n-p-n transistor which


broke due to the

BIBLIOGRAPHY
colorado.edu/physics/phys3330/PDF/Expe
riment7.pdf
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PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_emitter
230nsc1.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/npnce.html
tedpavlic.com/teaching/osu/ece327/lab1_
bjt/lab1_bjt_transistor_basics.pdf
hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/trans.html

BOOKS Comprehensive Lab manual PHYSICS


Class 12;
Pradeep Reference Guide for PhysicsClass 12;
NCERT Physics Class 12;

P a g e 22 | 22

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