1 Generating Stations INTRODUCTION Energy is the basic necessity for the economic development of a country. Many functions necessary to present-day living comes to halt when the supply of electrical energy stops. The modem society is so much dependent upon the use of electrical energy that it has become a part and parcel of our life. The survival of industrial undertakings and our social structures depends upon low cost and uninterrupted supply of electrical energy. In fact, the advancement of a country is measured in terms of per capita consumption of electrical energy. ‘The most common method of generating energy is by means of electric machines generally called generator or alternator. These machines convert mechanical energy into electrical energy when coupled to prime movers. Electrical energy is produced from cnergy available in various forms in nature. These sourcesof energy are: (@ Solar (i) Wind (ii) Water (iv) Fuels (v) Nuclear energy. Outof these sources, the energy due to sun and wind has not been utilised on large scale due toa number of limitations. At present, the other three sources, ie. water, fuels and nuclear energy, are primarily used for ‘generation of electrical energy. GENERATING STATIONS The generating stations are classified as under: Hydroelectric Stations. Water is a great potential source of energy. The generating stations which obtain energy from water are called Hydro-Electric Stations. Water is stored at a suitable place, it possesses potential energy because of the head created. This water energy can be converted into mechanical energy ‘with the help of water turbines, The water turbine drives the alternator which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. This method of generation of electrical energy has become very popular because it has Tow production and maintenance cost. Steam Power Station (Fuels). Main sources of energy are fossil fuels i.e. solid fuel as coal, liquid fuel as oil and gas fuel as natural gas. The heat energy of these fuels is converted into mechanical energy by suitable prime movers such as steam engines, steam turbines and internal combustion engines etc. The prime movers drive the alternators which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. ‘Nuclear Power Station. It was discovered that large amount of heat energy is liberated by the fission of Uranium and other fissionable materials. Itis estimated that heat produced by 1 kgm of nuclear fuel is equal to that produced by 4500 tons of coal. The heat produced due to nuclear fission can be utilised to raise steam with suitable arrangements. This steam can run the steam turbine which in tum can drive the alternator to produce electrical energy. Classification of Hydro-electric Plants, Based on the quantity of water available, plants may be divided into (a) Run of river plant without pondage (b) Run of river plant with pondage (c) Pumped storage plant, a2 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS AND OBJECTIVE EVALUATION IN POWER SYSTEM ‘Types of Turbines. The hydraulic prime mover called Turbine may be classified as (i) Impulse turbine orPeton wheel and (i) Reaction turbine (Francis and Kaplan turbine). In case of Impulse turbine a jet of water is made to fall on the blades and duc to impulse of water the turbine starts moving. In case of reaction turbine the blades move due to pressure difference on the two sides. The water may flow radially or axially. Characteristics of Turbines is its specific speed; which is defined as the speed of a geometrically similar-turbine working under unit head and delivering unit power. The specific speed in British unit Ng is given by the formula NAHP rpm as = Head of water in metre. where N = Rotational speed in rpm ; HP = Horse power of the wheel and ; Further if power is expressed in kW, the above expression becomes 165 N VAW Ne Sau seo Choice of Turbines. The choice of water turbine for a hydroelectric power station is decided by the head of water to be used and specific speed. The types of turbines used and their suitable head of water and specific speed ranges are given below : Types of Turbine Head of water for which used | Range of Specific Speed (Brit- ish unit) (@ Kaplan turbine upto 45m 200 t0 120 Gi Reaction or Francis turbine upto 150 m 1200 20 (iii) Impulse or Pelton Wheel 150:m to 300.m 20t0 10 Classification of Turbines (a) Based on Discharge (i) Low discharge—Pelton turbine (ii) Medium discharge—Francis Turbine (iii) High Discharge—Kaplan Discharge (6) Based on Directional flow (i) Axial Flow—Kaplan and Propeller Turbine, (ii) Tangential flow—Pelton Turbines (iif) Radial inward flow or mixed flow—Francis Turbine. Calculation of H.P. (Metric) and kW Power Let Q = Discharge in cu.m/sec ; H = Head of water in metre; 1) = Overall efficiency of hydrostation. ‘Since 1m’ of water weighs, w = 1000 kgm Work done/sec = 1000 Q. ff kgmi/see 1 HP. (metric) =75 kgmi/sec HP developed = WO etn or 1000 Q. Hx 735.5 Power (kW) “75x 1000 P =980.H.n. Load Curves. The total power requirement of a generating station is estimated through the knowledge of variation of load with time and the following types of load curves are commonly used for the purpose. Chronological Load Curve (Load Curve) is the curve plotted by placing the ordinates (kW) in their Proper sequences. The load curves are plotted for 24-hours by taking the average load on hourly basis. FromGENERATING STATIONS 3 the load curve the following information can be obtained : (Maximum load on the station (ii) Size of generating units to be installed (iii) Operating schedule of the station. 4 ‘The area under the curve measures the total energy consumed by the load during the load. Load Duration Curve. It represents the load Vs time with the ordinates rearranged in magnitude sequence i.e, with the greatest load on the left, lesser loads towards the right and least load at the extreme right, Suppose we consider a daily load duration curve of the system. The abscissa corresponding to any kW ordinate of this curve will give the number of hours during which the amount of load (KW) has been on the plant. The area of either of these two curves gives the total units for the period considered. ‘ Load Energy Curve (Integrated Load Duration Curve). Itrepresents the total number of kWh (Units) generated for particular load on the station. This curve is plotted by taking the load in kW as ordinate and KWh generated up to particular load as abscissa, Efficiency of Steam Power Station. The overall efficiency of a steam power station is quite low (about 29%) due to two reasons. Firstly, a huge amount of heat is lost in the condenser and secondly heat losses occur at various stages of the:plant, ‘Thermal Efficiency. The ratio of heat equivalent of mechanical energy transmitted to the turbine shaft to the heat of combustion of coal is known as thermal efficiency of steam power station, Overall Efficiency. The ratio of heat equivalent of electrical output to the heat of combustion of coal is known as overall efficiency of the steam power station. Or Overall efficiency = Thermal efficiency x Electrical efficiency Units of Energy and Relationships () Mechanical Energy (Joules) (i) Electrical Energy (Joules) (ii) 1 kilowatt Hour (kWh) 1kWx 1 Hour 1 kWh = 1000 (W) x 3600 (Sec) 36 x 10° Watt-sec or Joules 1 kilo Calorie = 1000 Calories; 1 Calorie =4.18 Joules Other Energy Sources. Fossil Fuels—coal, petroleum and natural gas—are major sources of energy for the generation of electric power. Another major source of energy on the earth is solar radiation which may be oblained either directly as intercepted solar radiation or indirectly as wind and hydropower. Other significant forms of energy are tidal, energy geothermal energy and nuclear energy. Turbine type wind energy generators transforms the kinetic energy of the wind into rotary shaft motion in turn to electrical energy. The power that can be extracted from wind is given approximately by P = 2.46 x 10° D*y? Watts where D is the blade diameter in feet and 1 is the velocity in miles/hr. Tidal Energy is obtained by closing of a bay with a dam, allowing it to fill during periods of high tide, ‘and recovering the energy as it empties during periods of low tide. For a maximum tidal head H, the average tidal power obtained per unit area of tidal bay is given approximately by ‘- P,, = 0.219 H® MW/km™ Force (Newton) x distance (Metre) Voltage (V) x Current (A) x time (Sec) Example 1.1 A Thermal power station has an overall efficiency of 20% and 0.65 kg of coal is bumt per kWh of electrical energy generated. Calculate the calorific value of fuel. Solution : Let x kcal/kg be the calorific value of fuel. Heat produced by 0.65 kg of coal Heat equivalent of 1 kWh4 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS AND OBJECTIVE EVALUATION IN POWER SYSTEM _ Electric output in heat units ~~ Heat of combustion 8.60 ee 02 = O65 860 or X= 065x097 061-54 k callkg Example 1.2 The relation between water evaporated, (W kg) Coal consumption (C kg), and energy generated (kWh) per 8-hour shift for a thermal generating station is given by W =13500+7.5 kWh =a) C =5000+2.9 kWh +(b) (To what limiting value does the water evaporating per kg of coal consumed approach as the station output increases ? (ji) How much coal per hour would be required to keep the station running on no Toad? Solution. (i Weight of water evaporated per kg of coal consumed for 8-hour shift is W _13500+7.5 kWh C ~ 5000+2.9kWh As the station output (kWh) increases towards infinity, the limiting value of W/C approaches 7.5/2.9 2.6. Therefore, the weight of water evaporated per kg of coal consumed approaches a limiting value of 2.6 kg as the kWh output increases. @)_—Atno load the station output is zero i.e. KWh= 0 ‘The above expression yields the coal consumption at no load = 5000 + 2.9.x 0 = 5000 kg. ++ Coal consumption/hour = -025 kgm. Example 1.3 A thermal power house spends Rs. 30 lack/annum for coal used in the power house. The coal has the Calorific Value of 5000 k cal/kg and costs Rs. 300 per ton. If the power house has the thermal efficiency of 33% and electrical efficiency of 90%, find the average load on the power house. Solution Overall efficiency, Nyanga =0.33 x 0.9 = 0.297 Coal consumption/annum = 30 x 10° /300 = 10" tons = 107 kgm ‘Heat of combustion = Coal used/annum x Calorific value = 10” x 5000 = 5 x 10"° k cal Heat output = Nraaa X Heat of Combustion = (0.297) (5x 10") = 1485 x 10"k cal Units generated/annum = 1485 x 107/860 kWh Units generated per annum + Average load on the = erage load on the station Heavier _ 1485 x10" = 30 Re7607 197) EWGENERATING STATIONS. 5 Example 1.4 A hydro-electric generating station is supplied from a reservoir of capacity 5 x 10° cubic metres ata head of 200 metres. Find the total energy available in kWh if the overall efficiency is 75%. {1 Cubic metre of water = 10° kg). 2 Solution —_ Weight of water, W = Vol. of water x density = (5x 10°) (1000) =5 10? kgm =5x 10°x9,81 Newton Electric energy available =WXH XNoent _Gx10? x981) x (200) (0.75) j z 3600 x 1000 ae j .044 x 10° kWh Example 1.5 Water for hydro-electric power house is obtained from a reservoir with a head of 100 metres. Calculate the electrical energy generated per hour cubic metre of water if the hydraulic efficiency be 86% and electrical efficiency 92%. Solution Water head, H =100 metre, Discharge, Q =1 m/sec Peck =0.86 x0.92=0.79 Weight of water available/sec, W =@ x 1000 x9.81 = 9810 Newton Power produced =W XH & Thana = 9810 X 1000.79 W =775% 10° Watts=755 kW Energy generated/hour =775x1=775 kWh . Example 1.6 An area of 2000 km? has a rainfall of 5 cm. Expsess this rainfall in (a) day. sec. metre (b) km? metre. Solution. Total rainfall = 2000 x 10° x 0.05 = 100 x oSm° 100x108 Rainfall in day-sec. metres =1157 Also rainfall in km? metre Alternately, = 0.05 x 2000 = 100 km? metre Example 1.7 A river has a discharge of 400 litres/sec and the available head is 80 metre. Will it be advisable tousea single jet Pelton wheel running at 700 rpm. ? Ifnot what is your recommendation ? Assume efficiency of machine as 87%.6 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS AND OBJECTIVE EVALUATION IN POWER SYSTEM nwOH _ 087x400 x80 Solution. Weknow, HP = ary, 1S 15 VHP 7 371. 19. Specific speed, ae re gs 8 “The specific speed of Pelton wheel varies between 10 and 20, thus the above speed is not within the range of Pelion wheel. So, either 2 wheels should be used or 2 jets with one wheel should be used. Example 1.8 A river has a flow of 40000 litre/sec. ata head of 12,5 metre. Itis desired to build a hydroelectric power station to use the head effectively. Will itbe possible to use two turbines with a speed not less than 100 Tpm, and specific speed not greater than 400 rpm. ? What type of runner will be used ? Determine diameter of the runner. Assume turbine efficiency as 84% and speed ratio C, as 0.82. Sol yn_The power available from the river Ifitis required to use two turbines, the output of cach machine will be 2800 HP. Specific speed of the turbine for a speed of 100 rpm, NNTP _ 100-¥2800 _ 100 x 52.92 _ eT 2251 HE)» 025" 2.51 oa ‘Thus, the specific speed of the turbine is less than 400 rpm for a speed of 100 rpm. The speed can be even increased to 150 rpm. Francis Turbine will be quite suitable. v =c,\agn =22N 60x 0.82 x V2x9.81 x 12.5 _ 60x 0.92 x 15.66 = eee x 150 x 150 = 1,635 metre Seema toe oe oh is ists Example 1.9 A model turbine has a size 1/10th of actual turbine and when tested under a head of 7.5 metres, isdevelaped 30 HP at 450 spm. Ifthe actual turbine operates at a head of 50 metre, what will be its speed and HP? Solution. We know, LY caso? 10, ee. AL 50x 2,585 = 116.2 rpm or N 10 Specific speed of modelGENERATING STATIONS % = 450% V30 _ 450%5.477 _ 197 4 7.5) 12.42 Specific speed of actual machine = 197.4= ae HP =5072 Example 1.10 A hydroelectric station operates under a mean head of 30 metres. The reservoir employed has catchment area of 4 x 10* hectares. The average rainfall in this area is 125 cm. per annum, Determine the capacity of the station for which it should be designed. Assume that 30 per cent of the rainfall is lost due to evaporation etc., 5 per cent of the head is lost in penstock, turbine efficiency as 85 per cent, alternator efficiency as 90 percent, and load factor as 50 percent. Solution, Total quantity of water available in whole year = Area in sq.m x rainfall in metre x Actual percentage of rainfall available = 4x10" x 125 x 1070.70 = 3.5 x 10° cu. metre Rate of availability of water | _ Total quantity of water in cu, metre in a year | af ‘Total No. of seconds ina year 11.1 cu, metre/sec. | } } Overall efficiency of the system ‘1 = Penstock efficiency x Turbine efficiency x Altemator efficiency = 0.95 x 0.85 x 0.90= 0.727 ® ‘The available power = ze 1 yp. + Installed plant capacity 1 1000 x 30 x 11.1 x 0.72" * Load factor 75x0. 6460 HP. Example 1.11 A proposed hydro-electric plant has an available head of 100 metres, a catchment area of 200 sq. km, the rainfall of which is 150 cm. per annum. If 60% of the total rainfall can be utilised, calculate the power that could be generated. Assume that no head is lost in pipes, penstocks etc. Overall efficiency is 90%. Solution. Total quantity of water available per year for power generation ’ = 0.60 x 200 x 10° x 1.5 = 180 10° m? Hence quantity of water available/sec,8 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS AND OBJECTIVE EVALUATION IN POWER SYSTEM 180 x 10° 3 2 = 5760x3600 ~*708 ™ Available head = 100 metres Weknow P = 9.81 QwHn Waus Here, Q 5.708 m? ; H 100 metres ; 70.90 P = 9.81 x5.708 x 1000 x 100 x 0.90 Watts = 5040 kW Example 1.12 A hydro-electric power station is supplied from a reservoir having an area of $0 sq km and a head of 50 metre. If the overall efficiency of the plant be 60%, find the rate at which the water level will fall when the station is generating 30000 kW. Solution Catchment area, A = 50x 10° m? Head of water, = = SO metre . Wx iH x982xn, ‘Average power in kW => Average power in kW x 1000 . Wei i W = - eae eter gira pec eco FF iar x SA pla veal @icaaay 1.019 x 10° kg ‘Volume of water required per sec, Q Water level fall rate, 101.9 = Bp cige~ 3000 x 1000 mm/hr = 7.337 mm/nour. Example 1.13 A stream has a discharge of 20 m’/sec for 100 days of the monsoon season and 10 m*/sec for the remaining 265 days of the year. It is proposed to utilise the energy of this stream by construction of a dam across it. Find the minimum capacity of the reservoir on the upstream side of the dam. * Assuming that no head is lost in the pipe and the overall efficiency of the generation is 95%. Calculate the output of the generating station. Take the mean level of the water in the reservoir above the tail race level tobe 100 metres. Solution. Total flow during the year = 24 x 3600 (100 x 20 + 265 x 10) = 24 x 3600 x 4650 m? 3600 x 24 x 4650 See x NE a 2 = Feo aes 7127S milsec. Average discharge Difference between the maximum and average discharge = 20 — 12.75 = 7.25 m "sec. *GENERATING STATIONS Reservoir capacity to store excess water = 7.25 x 3600 x 24 x 100 m? 7.25 x 3600 x 24 x 100 o = 725 day sec. metre Average power generated =9.81 QwHn =9.81 x 12.75 x 1000 x 100 0.95 W = 11890kW = 11.89 MW Example 1.14 Calculate the average power in kW that can be generated in a hydroelectric project from the following data. Catchment area = 5x10’'m; — Meanhead, H = 30 metre Annual rainfall, F = 125m; yield factor, K = 80% Overall efficiency Noww = 70%. If the load factor is 40%, what is the rating of generators installed ? Solution. Volume of water which can be utilised per annum = Catchment area x Annualrainfull x yield factor = (5% 10") (1.25) (0.8) =5 x 10° m® Weight of water per annum = 5x 10? x 9.81 x 1000 = 49.05 x 10° N (Electrical energy available per annum 7 _ (49.05 x 10) (30) (0.7) FW gag = = 2.86 x 10"kWh 2.86 x 10" ©. Average Power = Fey 732,662 kW _ Average demand _ 32662 _ (i) Maximum demand ce aa oa = S1656KW Maximum capacity of generator should be 81656 kW. Example 1.15 The mean weekly discharge ata given site is given below Week 1 2 3 4 $ 6 7 8 9 10 AL 12 Discharge m’/sec| 100 200 | 300 | 1100 | 500 | 600 | 800 | 900 | 1000 | 600 | 400 | 200 Ifthe net head and efficiehicy of turbine is 86% and of generator 92%. Find the average power that can bbe developed from the site. : Solution. Average discharge available/weck (9 = {100+ 200 +300 + 1100+ 500+ 600 + 800 + 900+ 1000 + 600 + 400+ 200 e 2 = 6700/12 = 558 m’/sec Head of water = 100 metre, Overall efficiency n = 0.92 x 0.86 = 0.791 -10 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS AND OBJECTIVE EVALUATION IN POWER SYSTEM Average power developed =9.8 OH, =9.8 x 558 x 100 0.791 = 432 MW. Example 1.16 The run-off data of a river ata given site is tabulated as follows : S.No. ‘Month ‘Mean discharge is | S.No. ‘Month ‘Mean discharge in millions millions of m! per of m’ per month ‘month d, January 100 z July 150 2 February 50 8 August 200 3 March 40 9 September 220 4 April 40 10 October 120 5 May 0 i November 120 6 June 100 12 December 80 @ _ Draw the hydrograph and find the mean flow ; (b) Draw the flow duration curve (c) Find the Power in MW available at mean flow if the head available is 80 metre and overall efficiency of generation is 85%, ‘Take each month of 30 days. Solution. Hydrograph from the data is drawn and shown in Fig. ((E 1.16 (a)). a Mean discharge = 10° [100 + 50 +40+40+0+ 100+ 150+ 200 + 220 + 120+ 100+ 80) 1200 7" 10°= 100 x 10° m*/month, For drawing the flow duration curve it is necessary to determine the time during which flows are available. The information is tabulated from data as follows : Discharge in millions of | Total No. of months dur- Percentage of Time mlmonth ing which flow is available 220 1 8325 200 2 16.65 150 3 25 120 4 333 100 7 583 80 8 66.6 50 9 15 a in 91.67 0 | 12 100 The flow duration curve is shown in Fig [E. 1.16 (6)] Average power available = 9.81 QW n = 282100200" 1000 x80 0.85 W = 25740 kW = 25.74 MWGENERATING STATIONS. 1" th 220) 200} 180 160) 49 129] Mean Discharge Discharge in millions of m? per mon Discharge in miions of m? per month (010 20 90 40 80 G0 70 80 90 100 Months Percentage of time (a) () Fig. (E 1.16] Example 1.17 A hydro-electric power station has a reservoir of area 2.4 square kilometres and capacity 5 x 10° m’, The effective head of water is 100 metres. The penstock, turbine and generation efficiencies are respectively 95% , 90% and 85%. (a) Calculate the total electrical energy that can be generated from the power station. (b) If a load of 15 MW has been supplied for 3 hours, find the fall in reservoir level. Solution. Weight of water available, W = Volume of reservoir x wt of 1 m’ of water = (5x 10%) x (1000) kg = 5 x 10° x 9.81 N Overall efficiency, Mwens = 0.95 X 0.9 x 0.85 = 0.726 Electrical energy that can be generated XH XNerat = (5 10° x 9.81) x (100) x (0.726) watt-sec «(5% 10? x 9.81) x (100) x (0.726) 1000 x 3600 eae , 89,175 kWh (b) Let x metres be the fall in reservoir level in 3 hours. Average dscharge/see. — At oleseroinn § 240002 5 229.94? ‘Wt. of water available/sec, W = 222.2 x x 1000 x 9.81 = 21.8 x x 10°N | |12 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS AND OBJECTIVE EVALUATION IN POWER SYSTEM Average power produced, = WH XN ea = 21.8x x 10° x (100) x (0.726) watts = 15.84x x 10” wats = 15.84x x 10° kW Given, kW produced = 15000 15.84x x 10* = 15000 15000 = =0. =9.47em, 2 Te gach 0.097 metre = 9.47 om. Example 1.18 A factory is located near a water fall where the usable head for power generation is 25 metre, The factory requires continuous power of 400 kW throughout the year. The river flow ina year is (a) 10 m/sec for 4 months, (b) 6 m’/sec for 2 months and (c) 1.5 m*/sec for 6 months, If the site is developed as a run-of-river type of plant, without storage, determine the standby capacity to be provided. Assume that overall efficiency of the plant is 80%. Ifa reservoir is arranged upstream, will any standby unit be necessary ? What will be the excess power available ? Solution. ()) Run of river plant. Here the whole water is allowed to pass through the turbine for power generation, The plant utilises the water as and when available. Consequently, more power can be generated ina rainy season than in dry season. (@) When discharge =10 m/sec ‘Weight of water available/sec, W =10x 1000 kg = 10° 9.81N. Power developed WKH XT ees = (10* x 9.81) x (25) x (0.8) Watts = 1962 x 10° Watts = 1962 kW () When discharge =6 msec Power developed = 1962 x 6/10=1177.2kW © When discharge =15mi/sec Power developed . = 1962 * 1.5/10= 294 kW Itis clear that when discharge is 10 m’/sec or 6 m’/sec, power developed by the plant is more than 400 KW required by the factory. However, when the discharge is 1.5 m'/see, power developed falls short and consequently standby unit is required during this period. + Capacity of standby unit = 400 -294 = 106 kW cs (ii) With reservoir. Supply of water to the turbine can be regulated so that power output is constant throughout the year, Average dischargeGENERATING STATIONS. 13 = 5.08 m’/ sec ++ Power developed = 1962 x 5.08/10 = 996.7 kW Since power developed is more than required by the factory, no standby unit is required. 996.7 — 400 = 596.7 kW «. Excess power availabl Example 1.19 A run-of-river hydro-electric plant with pondage has the following data : Installed capacity = 10 MW; Water head, H = 20 metre Overall efficiency, Morena = 80%; Load factor = 40% (@ Determine the river discharge in m*/sec required for the plant. (6) If ona particular day, the river flow is 20 m*/sec, what load factor can the plant supply ? Solution. The duration of one week is considered here. Units generated/week = Max. demand x LF. x Hours in a week = (10 x 10°) x (0.4) x (24 x 7) kWh = 67.2 x 10° kWh =) Let Q m*/sec be the river discharge required. ‘Weight of water available/sec W = Q x 9.81 x 1000 = 9810 Q Newton ol) Average power produced = W XI x Tern = (9810 Q) x (20) x (0.8) kWh = 156.96 @ kWh Units generated/week = (156.96 Q) x 168 KWh = 26369 Q kWh ii) Equating eqns. (i) and (ii), we have, 26369. Q = 67.2 10" 61.2% 10_ = S = 25.48 m’) O =~ Se369 = 25-48 m’ssec GOIE the river discharge on a certain day is 20 m’/sec, then, Units generated on that day = 3139.2 x 24 = 75341 kWh 75341 and Load Factor = Tag 100=31.4% | | Power developed = 156.96 x 20=3139.2kW | | Example 1.20 A hydro-clectric station is supplied from a catchment area of 150 km? with annual rainfall of 200 cm. and effective head of 300 metre. Assuming a yield factor of 60% calculate : (@ The available continuous power (ii) Ratings of generators installed (ifi) Net energy available in kWh. Solution. Quantity of Water available/annum = Catchment area X rainfall = 150% 10°x2=300x 10° m? Volume of water utilised = Volume of water available x Yield factor = 300x 10° 0.6 = 180 x 10° m’/annum14 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS AND OBJECTIVE EVALUATION IN POWER SYSTEM Weight of water utilised/annum, W =180x 10°x 1000 kg Head of water, H = 300 metres Stored energy in catchment area = Wx HX 981 Watt Joules = 180 10° x 300 x 9.81 Watt sec =[Assuming plant overall efficiency as 80%] Net electrical energy available = Stored energy x overall efficiency of plant = 180 x 10° x 300 x 9.81 x 0.8 Wait-sec = 423.8 x 10° Watt sec 423.8 x 10 ‘ = 36001000 7 117.7 * 10° kWh Ne ilabl (@ Available continuous power =“ S"rBY ae kWh 177.7 x 10° 8760 Available Continuous Power Load factor = 13424kW Ratings of generators installed = 13424 Hg = 26848 kW [Assuming load factor to be 0.5). Example 1.21 One million cubic metres of water is stored in a reservoir feeding a water turbine. If the centre of mass of waier is 50 metre above the turbine and losses are negligible, how much energy will that volume of water produce. The density of water is 993 kg/m’, Solution, ‘The weight of water is 993 x 10° kgm Its potential energy PE =993 x 10°x 9.81 x 50 W.sec Example 1.22 Estimate the average power output of a wind turbine having a blade diameter of 35 feet, if wind velocity ranges from 10 to 30 mile/hr. Solution. From the equation P =2.46xy°x 107 D> W Pri = 2.46 x 10° x 35* x 10° = 2.46 x 35? W = Pruy = 2.46% 10° x 35* x 30° = 2.46 x 35? x 27 W A6 x 35) Essa a Sh Average Power output P,, or =2,46 x 35x 28 =42.2kW Example 1.23 Maximum tidal head available for proposed tidal power station is 6 metres. What must be the area of tidal bay to generate power of 1000 MW of power ? Solution. From equation P,, = 0.21911? MWikm? or 1000 = 0.219 x 36 xareaGENERATING STATIONS 15 1000 _ 2 Area = 5519536 7 126.8 m Multiple Choice Questions : Q. 1 The cost of fuel transportation is minimum in ‘A thermal plant B_ nuclear plant C_ hydroelectric plant D diesel plant. Q.2 The cheapest plant in operation and maintenance is, ‘A. thermal power B hydro-power nuclear power D diesel power. Q.3 Economisers are used to heat A air B steam C feed water D__Noneof these. Q.4 India’s first nuclear power plant was built at A Rana Pratap Sagar B Trombay C Tarapur D Kalpakkam. Q.5 The first nuclear power plant was commissioned in A USA B USSR C india D France. Q.6 The overall thermal efficiency of a thermal power plant lies in the range : A 25% to 30% B 35% to 40% C 45% 10 60% D 65% 10 80%. Q.7 Tidal power could not be harnessed in the past as ‘A. it could not be utilised at the proper position of the load curve B__ lack of technological development CC _it depends upon the seasonal changes D None of these. Q.8 The oldest geothermal power plant in the world is A USA B Germany C Italy D India. s Q.9 Of all the plants, the minimum quantity of fuel is required in | ‘A hydro plants B nuclear power plant C thermal power plant D None of these. Q. 10 Water is supplied to a boiler at ‘A atmospheric pressure B more than the steam pressure in the boiler C at 120 kg/em* D None of these. Q.11 For low head and high discharge, the hydraulic turbine used is A Francis turbine B__ Kaplan turbine C Pelton wheel D None of these. Q.12 Run away speed of a pelion wheel is, ‘A fullload speed B actual speed operating at no load C noload speed when governor mechanism D 80% greater than the normal speed. fails a Q. 13 The suitable turbine used for harnessing tidal power is A Francis turbine B_ Pelton turbine C Kaplan turbine D None of these. Q.14A Kaplan turbine is ‘A inward flow, impulse turbine B_ outward flow, reaction turbine C__ahigh head mixed flow turbine D__ towhead axial flow turbine, Q.15 Which of the following materials is used as a moderator ? | A Graphite Boron { B C Sodium potassium liquid D Plutonium.16 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS AND OBJECTIVE EVALUATION IN POWER SYSTEM Q.16 The MHD system generates A aconly B deonly C acorde D acand de. Q.17 The efficiency of electrostatic precipitator is as high as A 99.6% B 90% Cc 85% D 80% — G18 Economisers are normally used when boiler pressure exceeds A T0kg/em* B S50 kg/em* C 30kglem* D forall pressures Q. 19 In power plants, the condenser normally used is ‘A Surface type B Jettype © _ Both surface and jet type D__ Regenerative type. Q.20 The fertile material is a Bo Us € Plutonium D Us Q.21 The fissile material A Um B Thorium C Plutonium D_ None of these. Q. 22 The nuclear reactor starts generation when = ‘A the material to be converted should be placed around the core B the core should be placed around the fertile material C the material to be converted should be intermixed with core D__ None of these. Q.23 Under steady state operating condition, the multiplication factor of a nuclear plant is ‘A more than unity B less than unity C — equalto unity D__ Noneof these. (Q.24 If natural uranium is used as the fuel, the moderator to be used is ‘A Ordinary water Bo Heavy water B__ BothA and B are correct D None of these. Q.25 The moderator used in fast breeder reactor is ‘A heavy water B graphite B ordinary water D__ Anyof the above. Q.26 The enriched Uranium consists of approximately A 10% of Us and 90% of Use B_ 20% of Ung and 80% of Ung © 30% of Ung and 70% of Uy D__ Noneof these [email protected] Which of the following generating stations has minimum running cost? ‘A Thermal power station B Nuclear power station C Hydro power station D__ None of these. Q. 28 Which of the following methods of generating electric power from sea water is more advantageous ? ‘A. Wave power B Ocean currents C Tidal power D None of these. Q. 29 In India, the first tidal power plant is likely to come up in ‘A Bay of Bengal B Korba © Singrauli fi D_— Gulfor Kutch. Q.30 Nuclear Reactor generally employs A Fusion B Fission Both fusion and fission D__ None of these Q.31 In water turbines, the run away speed of Pelion turbine is ‘A 18 tlmes the rated speed B 210 2.2 ties the rated speed C 2.51028 times the rated speed D 3 to4 times the rated speed. &