Creative Writing

General Tips Non-Fiction Fiction Poetry Fire Starters Professor Tips

Creative writing could be defined broadly as the pursuit of artistic ends through the written
word. Fiction, non-fiction, poetry, creative non-fiction, prose poem, memoirthe possibilities
for the form that your writing, and thus your message, may take are as diverse and numerous as
there are writers writing. And as a creative writer, just as important as your final product is the
process by which that product comes to behow you develop your own personal toolbox of
skills, strategies, and styles is going have an impact on the form your final product will take. It
could be (and should be) argued that this is all, to some extent, true of writing in any discipline;
however, here we will focus on the tools that may be helpful specifically in a creative writing
class. While it is important to be creative in such a class, it is equally important to keep in mind
the skills or techniques being practiced in a given assignment. The development and
demonstration of these skills is a necessary step; therefore, though you have some room for
experimentation, its important to follow the assignment. This is where writing as an art form can
be truly appreciated. On this page, our tutors have compiled some tips to help you as you learn
and practice the tools you have at your disposal in a classroom setting (where there will be, for
now, specific, guided expectations and assignments in order to help foster your toolkit).

General Tips
Given its breadth and open nature, creative writing can seem a bit overwhelming to even the
most experienced writers. This section contains some tips on getting started, as well as some
general reflections on what makes a good read and tips for students of creative writing.

How Do I Get Started?

A Few Tips for Creative Writers
Use the Channels: One effective technique in terms of 'getting started' writing a piece is to
zone into one of the 'creative channels.' While the channels can consist of basically anything, the
central ones are:
Feeling: this would be your emotional response to things, what images are evoked when you
think about a particular topic or image based on the feelings you get from it.
Thinking: this would be your introspective look at whatever topic you have, from a
philosophical or logical perspective.
Observational: this is truly the most objective channel, where you write about something purely
in a physical sense.

A five to ten minute 'free write' in one of these channels about an idea or something physical can
both be good ways to figure out what to write about. For example, writing about a house through
the feeling channel will produce something very different from the observational channel. A lot
of material can come through free writing; it can spark an idea for a more focused piece.
Pick a book of poems or collected creative essays/story excerpts:
Go through the book and pick a few with a good opening line and ending line, then a few you
feel are weaker.
Ask yourself why the selected are the stronger and weaker.
Usually the stronger will instantly draw the reader in with an intriguing action and conclude with
an equally powerful image. The weaker are often predictable or non-unique images. Keep this in
mind with your own writing.
After you start, take away what you love the most:
This can be very hard to do once you actually begin the composition process--there is bound to
be a sentence, paragraph, or stanza that inevitably becomes your favorite.
However, in order to make the other parts equally as strong, an effective technique is to cut out
the 'favorite' bit so that you can examine the remaining parts and see how you can make them as
strong as the best one. Afterwards, you can put the removed component back in to see if the
piece still flows.
Let it marinate:
Once you have finished a piece, try 'putting it away' for a day or two. Often, new inspiration will
come from something that has already been written to produce something even better.

Some General Strategies

With creative writing pieces (be they creative non-fiction, poetry, or short fiction), there are a
few useful strategies to remember that can contribute to the success of any given piece:
Every piece should be building toward a specific "moment"
Creative writing pieces become more focused and therefore stronger when the author learns
to think of the piece as building toward a specific moment in time, as building toward a
specific effect or image that the author wants to leave a reader with.
One very short example of a piece that builds toward a moment is below (as seen in the
anthology New Sudden Fiction):

His guardian angel whispered to Fabian, behind his shoulder: "Careful, Fabian! It is
decreed that you will die the moment you pronounce the word doyen."
"Doyen?" asks Fabian, intrigued.
And he dies.
Though this is an incredibly short example of a story, the elements of a 'moment' are clearly
present: The piece builds toward is Fabian's death. The death is a surprise and a "moment"
because of the irony: It is Fabian's guardian angel who is ultimately responsible for Fabien's
death (it is hard to believe Fabien would have ever randomly said "Doyen"); also, when
Fabien utters the fatal word he is "intrigued" instead of fearful. This turn in the final section
of the piece is what causes it to be effective.
Had the piece been something like:
Fabien was staggering down the street, drunk, the smell of cheap whiskey assaulting the
atmosphere around him. He was thinking about all the problems in his life when he
stumbled into the street and was hit by a car.
Then the piece would not have been effective because there is no 'turn' here--it is not all that
interesting or surprising that a drunk person would accidentally stumble into the street, it is
only tragic; however, this tragedy does not constitute a "moment" or the sort of turn that
would make a piece interesting and engaging to read because the piece has no complexity.
However, simply because moments are paramount does not mean the author has to know
what moment he/she is building toward when he/she begins drafting. In fact, rarely will an
author know what this effect will be before he/she sits down to write the piece.
Instead, the purpose and punch of the piece usually reveals itself to the author in the process
of writing, and it is on the author to go back and recognize what contributes to building
toward that "moment" and what does not.
Below is an example of a how a free-write can help lead to a theme and a moment:
"It's a funny thing-that which can cause inanimate objects to take on great meaning. I
remember my friend Oliver, with his glasses and his quiet way-the way he'd do
everything slowly, the way that there was no rush----excepting of course those moments
of spontaneity and levity that seemed to randomly burst from him like juice from one of
those gusher fruit snacks from the old days. How is it that a chess board can be such a
slice of life? It's plastic and felt that's packaged in Korea by workers getting paid Goddoesn't-even-want-to-know how little. And yet in my hands, in my mind, those pieces
come alive. It's a delirious transformation, how sixty four checkered squares become
relevant. The heads in the hands (which greases up the hair), and that wild look that the
players can get-the savagery, the ire, the devil himself looking out from behind the eyes
of someone that wouldn't say a goddamn word to you if you cut in front of him at the
Starbucks line. The board changes people."

There are many images in this free write: it rambles about the author's experiences at chess
tournaments and wanders down various tangents; however, eventually the author finds a
theme that he likes and sees has potential to use throughout the piece.
Even though at this point in the writing it may not be clear to the author what his/her moment
is, the point of the free write is to find a starting point that the author knows will lead to some
sort of moment, even if the author doesn't know what exactly that moment will be.
In the above free write, when the author got to "The board changes people," he subjectively
saw this as a strong statement to use to start his piece because of the potential for interesting
ultimate effects it offeredhe could use interesting images to show how his opening
statement is true, or he could focus the piece toward an ending line in which he contradicts
the opening statement. Even if you do not know what your moment will be right away, if you
find yourself thinking and talking about ultimate effect then you are on the right track.
If you have a piece that doesn't seem to be building toward anything, sometimes it's useful to
just chat about the piece. Chatting is easier than free writing for many individuals; having
someone to bounce ideas off of can provide you with a creative spark.
If you have a piece that is building toward something but it still seems awkward to you, that
is probably because the piece is not taut--that is, not all of what is written contributes to the
moment. In this case, ask yourself how different aspects of the piece contribute to the
meaning and work from there.
Significant, concrete detail
Precise language is the difference between an engaging story or poem and a boring story or
poem. Look for vague language and abstractions (some abstractions include hard-to-grasp
concepts like intelligence, criticism, love, and anger which can often be more effectively
shown through specific events, actions, or dialogue in a piece).
Though sometimes you may be using this language for some other purpose (like in dialogue to
capture the voice of a character), generally speaking the more specific the language is the
stronger the piece will be.
Janet Burroway's book The Elements of Craft has a terrific discussion of significant, concrete
detail which conveys this point well: "The notion of detail is important to the image because
it moves away from the generalized notion and toward the particular. For example, creature is
a generalized notion, hard to see except in the vaguest way. Animal is still vaguefourlegged animal is a little more specific; domestic animal a little more; dog narrows the field;
mix-breed Sheppard we can see, old Sammy asleep on the red rug, his haunches twitching in
his dreams brings the dog into sharp focus in our minds."
The best way to play with language is to find places where your language is vague.
Sometimes, you will have a specific purpose in choosing the language that you did; more
often, it might be the case that you go through your piece to find places where the language

could be more precise.

Tips for Students of Creative Writing

Get Feedback. One major thing to keep in mind: While many people feel vulnerable because of
their (academic) writing, anyone who expresses a desire to get feedback on their creative writing
(either independently or in a class setting) might feel much more so because creative writing is
often thought of as an indication of someone's thoughts, feelings, and insights about the world.
You are not alone if you feel this way! Feedback is important, so be sure to not let yourself feel
as if you cant get your writing out thereand as a student, getting feedback from peers and
professors is going to be a major part of the learning process.
Revise According to the Assignment. Misconceptions of creative writing (especially for a
class):
"It can't be tutored."
"It's whatever you want it to be."
"No one can say if it's good or bad."
Many people share these views about creative writing. On one level, they're right. When you're
writing for yourself and only yourself, no one can judge it. When you take a creative writing
class, though, assignments will be very specific and ask students to write in specific manners,
using specific techniques.
Consider this prompt for ENGS 119: Advanced Poetry Writing:
Write a short poem (15-25 lines) with a clear descriptive purpose, in which all of the
sentences are fairly short and have straightforward syntax: use no colons or semicolons;
eschew compound subjects or verbs; avoid dependent or subordinate clauses. Please do
not make the poem about childhood or a similarly limited perspective---keep the material
in the land of complex thought. Bring this to class on Wednesday. For Friday, rewrite
this poem as a single sentence, with subordination and compound sentence parts.
Eliminating unnecessary repetition is okay, but try to keep all of the original content.
Extend from this sentence into at least three more: double the length of the original
poem, at least, after contracting it a bit.
This clearly has set requirements and the professor is obviously expecting certain types of poems
to be turned in. So, that's one thing that you, as a student of creative writing, need to recognize
and can use as a way to check your work: understand the complexity of an assignment and,
looking at the piece you have created, see if the poem or short story or essay meets the set
criteria. Keep in mind that even though the content is (almost) always up to you, the actual
writing, like any other writing, can always be improved. Don't panic if all you know is academic
writing. Many of the same principles apply even though this discipline is named "creative." It is
still writing and can always be improved (here is where feedback is especially important to the

discipline).

Creative Non-fiction
If representing and exploring the real by writing in the genre of creative non-fiction is your
goal, we hope these tips about what creative non-fiction is, as well as some pointers on a few
genres that are considered creative non-fiction (memoir and the personal essay) can help you.
We have also included some links to some well-known examples of creative non-fiction to give
you a sense of what is out there.
An Introduction to Creative Non-Fiction
What is creative non-fiction?
Creative nonfiction merges the boundaries between literary art (fiction, poetry) and research
nonfiction (statistical, fact-filled, run of the mill journalism). It is writing composed of the
real, or of facts, that employs the same literary devices as fiction such as setting, voice/tone,
character development, etc. This makes if different (more creative) than standard
nonfiction writing.
Sometimes called literary journalism or the literature of fact, creative non-fiction merges the
boundaries between literary art (fiction, poetry) and research non-fiction (statistical, factfilled, run of the mill journalism). It is writing composed of the real, or of facts, that employs
the same literary devices as fiction, such as setting, voice/tone, character development, etc.
Creative non-fiction should (1) include accurate and well-researched information, (2) hold
the interest of the reader, and (3) potentially blur the realms of fact and fiction in a pleasing,
literary style (while remaining grounded in fact).
In the end, creative non-fiction can be as experimental as fictionit just needs to be based in
the real.
Content of creative non-fiction:
It's important to clarify that the content of creative non-fiction does not necessarily have to
come from the life or the experience of the writer. Say, for instance, the writer is using
techniques from literary journalism to create a portrait of a person interviewed. The writer
may choose to write a portrait of the interviewee through an omniscient perspective, meaning
the writer wouldn't be in the piece at all.
On the other hand, non-fiction writers often choose to write about topics or people close to
them (including themselves). As long as the piece deals with something real, or something
based on the real, the writer is allowed to take the piece in any direction he or she wishes.

In creative non-fiction, writers attempt to observe, record, and thus shape a moment from real
life. Writers thus extract meaning through factual details-they combine the fact of detail with
the literary extrapolation necessary in rendering meaning from an observed scene.
At the same time, successful creative non-fiction attempts to overlay fact with traditional
conceptions of dramatic structure. While rendering meaning from an observed scene, a piece
should suggest a beginning, middle and end that clearly conveys the conflict and the
characters, and pushes the action toward some sort of closure.
In effect, creative non-fiction attempts to project a dramatic, literary framework upon
everyday existence, rendering it enjoyable, enlightening and potentially meaningful.
While writing creative non-fiction, writers should dwell on sensory details and "show show
show."
A piece should never just tell the reader something or summarizethis is what research nonfiction does.
Different types of creative non-fiction writing:
Due to the fact that creative non-fiction is an ever-evolving genre of writing, it is difficult to
define set types:
The Personal Essay:
A piece of writing, usually in the first person, that focuses on a topic or a personal
experience that strongly affects the reader vis--vis its apparent emotional impact on the
narrator. It can be narrative or non-narrative-it can tell a story in a traditional way or
improvise a new way for doing so. Ultimately, it should always be based on true,
personal experience.
The Memoir:
A memoir is a longer piece of creative non-fiction that delves deep into a writer's
personal experience. It typically uses multiple scenes/stories as a way of examining a
writer's life (or an important moment in a writer's life). It is usually, but not necessarily,
narrative.
The Short Short:
A short/short is a (typically) narrative work that is concise and to the point. It uses
imagery and details to relay the meaning, or the main idea of the piece. Typically it's only
one or two scenes, and is like a flash of a moment that tells a whole story.
Literary Journalism:
Literary journalism uses the techniques of journalism (such as interviews and reviews) in
order to look outside of the straight forward, objective world that journalism creates. It
uses literary practices to capture the scene/setting of the assignment or the persona of the
person being interviewed. It can often be narrative or heavily imagistic. Another

important aspect of literary journalism is that it often stretches the idea of "objective
facts" in order to better reflect real life and real people. In other words, while journalism
is about being completely objective, literary journalism says that people can't be objective
because they already have their own subjective views about the world. Therefore, by
taking the "objectiveness" out of the journalistic process, the writer is being more
truthful.
The Lyric Essay:
The lyric essay is similar to the personal essay in that it also deals with a topic that affects
the reader. However, the lyric essay relies heavily on descriptions and imagery. Lyrical
suggests something poetic, musical, or flowing (in a sense). This type of piece uses a very
lyrical, heavily descriptive, flowing tone in order to tell a story.

Memoir: Tips for Writing about Your Life

Memoirs are an often overlooked subdivision of creative writing, and more specifically, creative
non-fiction. They have the potential to be incredibly interesting, richly developed, beautifully
moving pieces that can sometimes be confused with autobiography. Generally, autobiographies
are the life story or history of a person's life written by that person. Though memoirs share some
similarities with autobiographies, such as first person narration, they are more than a recounting
of one's life events in chronological order. Instead, they can be descriptions of one single event
or moment in one's life, rather than that life in its entirety, and tend to be written in a less
structured or formal manner. Memoirs have the capacity to be funny, profound, moving, cynical,
etc., and may even have resemblances to fiction in their creativity. Memoirs can focus on one
specific event, place, person, etc. or they can be expanded to encompass a broader range of
events, snapshots, or memories in the author's experience.
Here are some basic things you should know about writing a memoir:
Memoirs can be about nearly anything in your personal experience/life that is significant
enough for you to want to retell it, or it can simply be a snapshot of a moment or a
description of a person, place, or thing in your life.
Choose a topic that you care about, for this will make your piece more descriptive,
emotional, and creative. Even though it is about YOUR life, if you care about your topic then
so will the reader.
Seek a deeper or underlying theme within the simple description of an event etc. that the
reader can connect to. Use a lot of description and imagery, if you can, to make the reader
feel like they know the topic intimately.
There is no specific form or style that it is necessary for a memoir to have- USE YOUR
OWN UNIQUE VOICE!
Do not confuse memoirs with autobiography, they are NOT the same thing (as noted above).

You may want to find some memoirs in the library or online in order to get a feel for the
variety out there and some of the ways you might want to go about writing yours. A few
examples I am familiar with are:

My Family and Other Animals by Gerald Durrell

Lying: A Metaphorical Memoir by Lauren Slater
Angela's Ashes, 'Tis, and Teacher Man by Frank McCourt
The Dog Who Wouldnt Be by Farley Mowat.

Though these are longer books, memoirs can make the form of shorter, more "snapshot" like
pieces as well. A memoir does not have to be a long, all-inclusive cataloguing of your lifethat could be overwhelming, boring, and read more like a formal autobiography---choose a
specific focus. Take creative license.
A memoir, though based on and rooted in truth and fact, does not have to be 100% straight
laced non-fiction. Take a new perspective, get creative, find a way to make your piece more
interesting, fresh, thought-provoking etc. In other words, just because this is non-fiction, that
DOES NOT have to make it boring, dry, straight-forward, and humorless.
Though there is some controversy over what can and cannot be called memoir,
Lauren Slater's book Lying is a good example of how creative you can get with this
genre. Hers is specifically labeled a metaphorical memoir in order to avoid this
controversy (though it has followed her anyway), and so perhaps saying something to
that effect is a way of avoiding complaints of false advertising and fraud. Though you
should not claim something to be true that is not, you can choose what you want to
leave out of or include in your memoir. You can make it read like fiction, and you
can make conscious decisions to surround your work with ambiguity that questions
the nature of truth vs. fact (as Slater does). It may sound complicated, but really is
quite basic: don't make claims your piece is something it's not, don't outright lie and
then say it's fact, but choose your material carefully and you can do many more things
with memoirs than you might at first think (see the limits of the real in creative nonfiction above).
Finally, have fun with it! Enjoy it! Memoirs can be very emotionality releasing, fun to
play around with, and can reward not only the reader but also you, the writer. Test
your limits and try different ways of writingits all about self-exploration and
discovery.

The Personal Essay: A Few Pointers

The personal essay is one of the most popular forms of creative non-fiction writing found in
English classes, especially in high school but also, to a certain degree and in a more complex
way, college. This kind of writing allows you to explore a topic through the lens of your own,
personal experiences, reflections, ideas, and reactions. It can be one of the most powerful kinds
of writing you get to do, both in its direct connection to you, the writer, allowing you to engage

with material in class at a very personal, complex, and meaningful level, and also in the amount
of latitude that you as a writer are afforded in terms of style, technique, and form. The following
are some tips and strategies to help you think as you write and revise a personal essay, or prepare
to write this kind of assignment for the first time (the topic of the essay will always varywe are
focused on the genre as a whole here).

Focus. In some ways, the personal essay is similar to memoir and many of the same techniques
can be used effectively. It differs in that an essay is focused on one specific topic (and here, it
will be explored through your own experiences) whereas the memoir has the capability to trace
or illuminate several themes, topics, and ideas via the authors life (or part(s) of that life) that
he/she describes (and how he/she describes it).
Organization. Not to be confused with form (see below). Your essay, like other essays, should
have some kind of coherent organization to it. This is not to say that you must use thesis style
(in fact, we are confident that powerful personal essays follow that organization scheme less than
5% of the time). No matter how you choose to organize (and what form you use), be sure that
your paragraphs and ideas flow from one to the next, connected by a common theme (trying to
tackle the topic on which you are writing). It can be scattered or fragmented (if that is a
stylistic/form choice you make), but the entire paper should have a relationship, even if it only
becomes clear at the end. This allows the reader to follow your experience.
Form. One of the best parts of this kind of writing is the power given to you as the writer.
There is no form, no formula, no tried and true method that you must use to be effective. In fact,
to copy something that somebody else has done is not only rather boring, but also defeats the
purpose of this being a personal essay. Choose a form and style that suits you and is fitting for
the experience that you are describing. Try to think of the form as a part of the writing itself, not
just a framework for it: the form should actually enhance and make more poignant what it is you
are taking about. Push the boundaries, but dont go too faryou are still writing an essay (and
be sure that you follow any specific requirements outlined by your professor).
Diction/Language. Like form, in the personal essay (and creative writing generally, perhaps
even, to some extent, writing in general) the way in which you say something can mean just as
much as the form into which you place what it is you are saying. Use language to enhance what
you are writing about and not just as a means to say it. Here is where you can get really creative
and appropriately use linguistic play to explore your topic and your own relation to it in new
and complex ways.

Choosing at Topic and Approach

When beginning a personal essay, you should choose a significant event in your life. This can be
almost anything, but something about it should matter to you. Many personal essays hinge
around a sad experience, but joy is just as strong an emotion, if not more so. As always in
creative writing, you should consider why you are writing this piece: what can writing about this
experience teach others? What can you learn from revisiting the memory? In a personal essay,

the importance of the word personal is not to be undervalued. Whatever you choose to write
about must be important to you, hinge around your experience, and have some impact on you.
When writing a personal essay, it is important to remember that the main character is you. This is
challenging for a lot of people who are used to expressing themselves through a character or
through poetry. Personal essays demand more vulnerability than either of these forms. In a
personal essay, the writer should never be afraid of the word I in fact, it should be used as
often as possible. In most situations where you find yourself straying into the first person plural
(we) or even the third person, using such vague language as "one could" or one would, you
will almost always find the writing becomes stronger if you replace the subject with I. Most of
the time, drifting into vague language is a sign that you are trying to convey a message you find
too personal and are afraid of expressing. However, it is this vulnerability that fuels the
personal essay. You cannot learn from the experience unless you are honest with yourself, and
readers will not be able to understand why this experience is significant if you hide yourself from
view. Your character in the story can only develop if you claim the story as your own.
Revising Tips
While one of the most common kinds of creative non-fiction writing (at least in an academic
setting), the personal essay is probably one of the harder assignments to revise. After all, how do
you fix a paper that is composed of very personal ideas? A personal essay is not like a formal
analytical essay-- it doesn't need an explicit thesis-driven format. Therefore, revising a personal
essay can be complicated, especially when you feel as though you don't want to tamper with
personal thoughts. However, a personal essay often needs someone to tamper with it in order to
make it a complete piece. Below we have listed several steps that may be useful when revising or
giving feedback on a personal essay (either your own or someone elses).
Voice/Tone: The voice and tone are important in the personal essay because they reflect the
attitude the writer is trying to get across. Is the mood happy? Sad? Is it serious? Are we
placed inside the writer's head? These are all important questions to ask in order to realize the
effect/the emotion the writer wants the piece to convey. Ask yourself (or the writer): Is the
writer's voice consistent throughout the piece? Does it reflect the tone of the piece? Does the
piece incorporate some experimental ideas? It is not necessary to have a personal essay be
experimental, but it does need to be unique to the writer (hence the name). Some
experimental ideas include: playing with the sentence structure by juxtaposing short
sentences with longer, complicated sentences ... playing with word usage by including
repetition or alliteration ... or playing with form by including other voices, dialogue, and
points of views.
Showing v. Telling: Details and imagery can only help a personal essay; they help to
develop a story by making it more real to the reader. A personal essay doesn't necessarily
need scenes, but it does need a well formed focus or point and imagery can help to establish
that.
Character Development: If the personal essay has characters, make sure they're developed
clearly and that the relationships between the characters are developed. Dialogue between

characters not only helps the reader to understand the relationships, it helps the reader to
understand the individual characters and their actions. Imagery also helps with this and ties
back into showing v. telling; by describing a character through details (of their actions or
their appearance), we better understand a character.
Original Language: Everything in a piece of creative writing is subject to scrutiny,
including word choice. Therefore it's helpful to look closely at language. Is the writing fresh?
Are there any obvious clichs that detract from the piece?
Form: How a piece of creative non-fiction writing is put together is extremely important.
The form not only needs to be organized well, it also speaks to the piece as a whole. Good
questions to ask: Why is it organized in this way? How does this reflect your (or the writers)
experience? It's also helpful to discuss different form techniques such as flashbacks, stream
of consciousness, or different scenes that piece together a writer's main idea.
Fiction/Poetry Techniques: Since creative non-fiction writing is such a hybrid and multifaceted genre, it's often helpful to use/borrow techniques from fiction or poetry. Scenes,
dialogue, narrative structure, setting, and an emphasis on language are all important aspects
of creative non-fiction as well.

Examples

Excerpt from Holidays on Ice by David Sedaris A collection of memoir-essays by David

Sedaris, this particular except is from the essay entitled SantaLand Diaries, where
Sedaris recounts his experience working as a holiday elf for Macys. It is a great example
of memoir. As you read, think about the debate going on about the memoir (see handout
on memoirs)where do you see embellishment or possible stretching of the truth for
artistic purposes? How is this different from a straight autobiography? What kinds of
stylistic devices is Sedaris using that would make this a piece of creative non-fiction?

Excerpt from Tom Wolfes The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test

This piece is a classic example of Literary Journalism (also called New Journalism). In it,
Wolfe is reporting on both the sixties in general as well as Ken Kesey, the author of One
Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, from the period spanning the late fifties to 1965.
Considered to be an essential period piece of that decade, this novel is also one of the first
examples of Literary Journalism. What about this piece separates it from more traditional
journalism? How is it closer to what we would otherwise consider (mistake for??) a
novel? From this excerpt, can you see how this kind of journalism is considered a kind of
creative non-fiction? What does this type of journalism have to offer us as readers that
more traditional journalism doesnt/cant? This piece also demonstrates nicely the
concept of the limits of the real in creative non-fictionhow so? (see our note on this
concept under Creative Non-Fiction)?

Note: To access excerpt, follow the link, click where it says click to look inside and
then use the arrows to flip the pages.

Excerpt from Lars Eighner's Travels with Lizbeth: Three Years on the Road and on the
Streets
A great example of memoir. What do you see as the point or message of this piece to
be? How does the author accomplish this? What features make this an example of
creative non-fiction? Of memoir?

Fiction
Fiction writing allows human creatively to run limitless, creating stories that probe every facet of
life and the human experience. This very openness, however, is what can make it seem so
challengingeven if you know what you want to write about, how do you begin? Below you
will find some suggestions on writing short stories, as well as revising your work, that can
hopefully guide you along the way.

Writing A Short Story

Writing a short story is different from writing a research paper or persuasive essay and many
beginning writers can be daunted by the task. Luckily, writing a short story isn't nearly as
difficult as it may seem at first and by remembering some basic tricks you can be well on your
way.

What Should I Write About?

Don't try to make the story too far-fetched. Some of the best stories have seemingly mundane
settings and plots. The best stories are believable. It will be the characters that truly shape the
story.
If you can't think of anything, take a story from your own life. Countless professional authors
advocate writing from life. Everyone has told a story aloud. Take that story and expand it.
Feel free to change it around as much as you like-it doesn't have to stick to the exact history
of what happened.
I've Got a TopicWhat Now?
The most important thing to remember is that while you are writing it is ok to change
something. Feel free to completely change the story if you get a great idea. Sometimes
spontaneous ideas are the best.

Keeping that in mind, decide on a point of view. The most common are singular first person
and third person. First person uses a narrator who leads the story by saying "I didn't have
enough money" as opposed to third person, which follows a character around by saying "Bob
didn't have enough money." They both have pros and cons; first person is more personal with
a specific character, but third person is more inclusive and lets the reader know what's going
on beyond one character.
Figure out where the story is going to take place. Short stories generally stick to one setting
since not much time passes (don't have a line that reads "three days later, for example), so
make sure the setting makes sense. The characters should be there for a reason.
So You've Started to Write:
Remember that you have already done one of the hardest parts; actually writing can be the
easier part of the process.
Don't introduce too many characters you will have to account for and develop later on. Small
characters can often be combined for simplicity's sake.
Keeping a story "simple" and interesting can be difficult, especially if you are writing from
life. There is a tendency to include everything that happened, but in reality not every scene is
important. If the scene doesn't drive the plot, don't include it.
By the same token, include plenty of metaphors and imagery to enhance the "point" of the
story. What are you trying to say in the story? What do the ' characters learn in the end? Why
is this particular story worthy of being told? Whatever answers those questions can be
considered the "point." If you don't have a "point" right away, don't worry. Often authors
don't find what they are trying to say until they have finished writing, and sometimes they
change the ending to convey a different message. Try to enhance the point by using details
and imagery without adding pointless scenes, but if you don't have a point at first don't
worry--it will come to you.
Done? What now?
Read over your story.
Does the story have a beginning, middle, and end? Something should have been set up,
happen, and then be over. If not, try revising your story.
Do the characters (or the reader) learn anything? If not, there is no point to your story. There
isn't anything that makes it worth telling. Something really interesting could have happened
but if doesn't affect the characters then it isn't a really interesting story. Readers connect best
with the characters, not necessarily what happens to them.
Check out some of our other suggestions for revising fiction below.

Remember, there are no rules to writing (most of the time). Feel free to break any of these
if it makes the story better. These are just guidelines, but they should help if you are
struggling. Also, remember to revise. The first draft isn't always the best; most first drafts can
be improved upon.
One last tip: READ READ READ. Read other authors for inspiration by looking critically at
how they are deploying technique. The best writers are also pretty active and critical readers.

Revising Fiction
Some basic questions to get yourself (re)thinking:
Is every scene necessary? Are you repeating yourself? Are you missing a scene? List for
yourself what your scenes are about. Not just what the action is but what the scene means and
how it furthers the story. Remember that a scene moves a story through the use of action,
character change and development, and the passage of time. Very rarely do you find a scene
that does nothing for the story, no matter how small that something might be.
Have you chosen the right point of view? Is the POV best for viewing conflict? Is it the most
interesting and intense (i.e. most appropriate for the story you are telling)? Try to think your
character's(s) POV out as far as you can, as it can dictate what becomes possible later
onand there may be a part of a character that reveals itself to you via exploring a new
POV.
Ask yourself about plotare the scenes and the revelations within scenes arranged to best
effect, for intensity and for cause and effect.
Consider the action or actions that drive your story. Make sure that for every action there is a
reaction. This will help keep your story moving. Consider all the reactions to an action and
then decide what will give the best effect (and what is plausible to the extent that you are
striving for at least some realism/believability).
Look at your charactersare they differentiated enough? Are they individuals? Are there
too many for a short story? Is there a character that might have more to say and might make
the story stand out if he/she is developed? Is it difficult for the central character to get what
he/she wants, or is it too easy? The better you know and understand your characters, the
more powerful they become in your writing.
Look at your settingsare they evocative enough, are they part of the story or are they just
there as fill-ins?
Does your first paragraph hook your reader? Avoid introductory kinds of things.

Look at the last paragraph. Why did you choose to end there?
Have faith in your story: recaps are not usually necessary.
Save your drafts and never be afraid to try something, even if it does not end up working out.

Poetry
Below you will find a brief discussion of What Makes a Poem Good, some useful tips on several
poetic forms, as well as some general tips on composing a poem, that you will hopefully find
helpful as you use poetry to explore the world and our experiences in it.

What Makes a Good Poem

"The theater of any poem is a collections of decisions about space and time - how are these
words to lie on the page, with what pauses, what headlong motion, what phrasing, how can
they meet the breath of the someone who comes along to read them?"
- Adrienne Rich
This is a question that has been asked since poetry came into existence. It is a hard question to
tackle, and the best way to approach it is by consulting poets.
According to Louis Zukofsky, an important American poet, "The test of poetry is the range of
pleasure it affords as sight, sound, and intellect." Poetry should combine these three aspects.

Sight:
This refers to the layout of the poem on the page. Poetry is not just about the use of words.
Although the words are of great importance, the use of space is equally important. Frank Bidart
is a poet who is noted for his use of the page, as well as his interesting use of capitalization and
punctuation. His decisions, no matter how odd, are intentional and contribute to the power of his
poetry. One example is his poem Herbert White, a dramatic monologue in the voice of a
necrophiliac child murderer. The topic is powerful enough, but the way his words string down
the page is truly remarkable. The layout of a poem is something a writer should keep in mind
while composing.
Sound:
Sound refers to the relationships that form between words within your writing. This does not
mean that it is necessary to use alliteration or onomatopoeia (unless it is appropriate). It means
that as a poem is being composed, the writer should be aware of these relationships. Words will
fight against one another, or they will embrace each other, stringing together to form beautiful
lines and sentences. A writer can hold an image within the line by sound A writer can make
the decision to allow their words to clash. The writer can decide the way in which a reader will
move through the lines. Sound not only refers to words, but also to rhythm. The rhythm of a
poem will become apparent when it is read aloud.

Intellect:
A writer must be able to present information effectively. The challenge with poetry is figuring
out the best way to present the information that needs to be conveyed. Poetry has the ability to
suggest meanings that go above and beyond what the poem actually says. This can be done
through the use of sight and sound as suggested above. Intellect will allow a poet to contemplate
abstract ideas, and convey them through the use of language. Poetry is an exchange of electrical
currents through language. Controlling the currents and placing them on the page in an effective
way will create a good poem.

A GOOD POEM IS A COMBINATION OF THESE THREE ELEMENTS

A Crash Course in Poetic Forms

We would guess it's fair to say that many people are shy when it comes to writing poetry. Or
maybe you're one of the lucky few that is glad to get the chance to work on something different
than an essay. You may be thinking, "A couple of metaphors, some obscure emotions thrown
down on paper, free verse is a piece of cake." But poetry can be (and is) so much more than
thatand sometimes there will be very specific forms in which you will have to compose. Here,
we will break down some of the major (and more difficult) poetic formsthey are not as scary
as they might seem!
Some Terms to Know
Foot -a rhythmic unit of metrical measurement containing a set number and pattern of
stressed and/or unstressed syllables.
Meter -the (usually) regular pattern of accented and unaccented syllables in a poem. (For
example, in iambic pentameter, pentameter refers to five feet and iambic refers to the
pattern of each foot: one unaccented syllable followed by one accented syllable. Here is an
example of iambic pentameter from Alexander Popes An Essay on Criticism: True wit is
Nature to advantage dressed: What oft was thought, but nere so well expressed).
Rhyme scheme -the pattern of rhyme in a poem, usually noted by letters representing the
rhyme.
Roses are red
Violets are blue
Sugar is sweet
And so are you

A
B
C
B

The rhyme scheme here is very simple.

The first three lines introduce a new rhyme
while the fourth matches the rhyme of the
second line.

Stanza -a section of lines that divide the poem. It's like a paragraph within a poem. The
following poem has three stanzas in it:

This is Just to Say

by William Carlos Williams
I have eaten
the plums
that were in
the icebox
and which
you were probably
saving
for breakfast
Forgive me
they were delicious
so sweet
and so cold

[Stanza 1]

[Stanza 2]

[Stanza 3]

Well Known Forms

We'll do the top five: sestina, villanelle, sonnet, haiku, Ghazal, and ode.

Sestina
A poem with six six-line stanzas and finished with one three-line. No refrain (A refrain is a
stanza or line repeated again and again during a poem. It is similar to the refrain of a song that is
sung after each verse.) Usually unrhymed, but uses the same six words in different orders to
finish the lines in each stanza.
Here comes the tough part: The order. Let's number the end words 1-6. They should then be
aligned in the following order.
Stanza 1
1-2-3-4-5-6
Stanza 2
6-1-5-2-4-3
Stanza 3
3-6-4-1-2-5
Stanza 4
5-3-2-6-1-4
Stanza 5
4-5-1-3-6-2
Stanza 6
2-4-6-5-3-1
And a final '3 liner' should contain all six end words somewhere in the lines.
Example:
The Concord Art Association Regrets

by Pam White
Your entry was not accepted. We regret
it wasn't (enough for us), a work of love.
We liked many of the colors on the whole
but the mass was just something unrelated
to the rest of our show. We hope your work
will have a bright future in another place.
We remember last year you tried to place
another photograph and it was also with regret
we turned you down. Though for that particular work
we found nothing about it (no one could) to love.
It was obscure and a little upsetting in relation
to the rest of our show which we look on as a whole.
Now you may think us ungenerous. On the whole
you are probably right, but this is our place
and we can do what we want whether you relate
to it or not. However we don't want you to regret
your association with us. We want you to love
us, send us money, but please, no more work.
You see right now we need money to work
on the building we're in. There's a hole
in the roof and one wall needs all the love
and attention it can get. Really the place
needs so much, which all costs. I regret
to remind you we need more space for related
works. We're trying to expand and relate
to lots of different kinds of work
so different people won't regret
their visit with us but will see the whole
beauty and tranquility of the place
and come with us, a journey of love
where people of all races, colors, and creeds love
to look and bask and of course bring relations,
friends, and lovers. All are welcome to our place
here where all the world's magnificent work
can be shown in its entirety, the whole
place filled - with your exception, we regret.
We know you'll love the whole
work we're doing for this place.

We can't relate enough our regret.

Villanelle
19 lines long, but only uses two rhymes whilst also repeating two lines throughout the poem.
The first five stanzas are triplets (containing three lines), and the last stanza is a quatrain (a
stanza made of four lines.) The rhyme scheme is as follows: "aba aba aba aba aba abaa. "
The 1st and 3rd lines from the first stanza are alternately repeated so the 1st line becomes the last
line in the second stanza, and the 3rd line becomes the last line in the third stanza. The last two
lines of the poem are lines 1 and 3 respectively, making a rhymed couplet (a set of two lines that
rhyme). To break that down it means the line structure looks like this: 1-2-3, 4-5-1, 6-7-3,
8-9-1, 10-11-3, 12-13-1-3

Example:
Do not go gentle into that good night
by Dylan Thomas
Do not go gentle into that good night,
Old age should burn and rave at close of day;
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

a
b
a

Though wise men at their end know dark is right,

Because their words had forked no lightning they
Do not go gentle into that good night.

a
b
a

Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright

Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay,
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

a
b
a

Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight,

And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way,
Do not go gentle into that good night.

a
b
a

Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight

Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay,
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

a
b
a

And you, my father, there on the sad height,

Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray,
Do not go gentle into that good night.
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

a
b
a
a

Luckily, it needs no particular meter or line length.

Sonnet
There are two major types of sonnets: the Italian or Petrarchan and the Shakespearean or English.
The Shakespearean is the more common form. It is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter,
usually with an ababcdcdefefgg rhyme scheme. A Petrarchan sonnet follows an abbaabbacdecde
(or abbaabbacdccdc) rhyme scheme.
Example of a Shakespearean Sonnet:
Sir Walter Raleigh to His Son
Three things there be that prosper up apace
And flourish, whilst they grow asunder far;
But on a day, they meet all in one place,
And when they meet, they one another mar.
And they be these: the wood, the weed, the wag.
The wood is that which makes the gallow tree;
The weed is that which strings the hangman's bag;
The wag, my pretty knave, betokeneth thee.
Mark well, dear boy, whilst these assemble not,
Green springs the tree, hemp grows, the wag is wild;
But when they meet, it makes the timber rot,
It frets the halter, and it chokes the child.
Then bless thee, and beware, and let us pray
We part not with thee at this meeting day.

a
b
a
b
c
d
c
d
e
f
e
f
g
g

Haiku
A 17-syllable poem made of three lines following a 5-7-5 syllable pattern.
Example (we made this one up ourselves):
Twilight
Warm summer evening
Sitting by the quiet lake
Pink sun disappears.

Ghazal
(pronounced like "guzzle" with a soft g)

The Ghazal is a poem written in couplets, in which the last word of each couplet is the same. In
the first stanza, the repeated word ends both lines. All lines should be similar in length, and the
poet will put his or her signature (some type of self reference, like his or her name) in the last
lines. It is traditionally a form of expressing love and longing, but today it can be used to explore
other feelings too.
Example
Twilight
Tonight
by Agha Shahid Ali
Pale hands I loved beside the Shalimar
Laurence Hope
Where are you now? Who lies beneath your spell tonight?
Whom else from rapture's road will you expel tonight?
Those Fabrics of Cashmere- to make Me beautiful-
Trinket-to gem-Me to adorn-How tell-tonight?
I beg for haven: Prisons, let open your gatesA refugee from Belief seeks a cell tonight.
Gods vintage loneliness has turned to vinegarAll the archangels-their wings frozen-fell tonight.
Lord, cried out the idols, Dont let us be broken;
Only we can convert the infidel tonight.
Mughal ceilings, let your mirrored convexities
multiply me at once under your spell tonight.
Hes freed some fire from ice in pity for Heaven.
Hes left open-for God-the doors of Hell tonight.
In the hearts veined temple, all statues have been smashed.
No priest in saffron's left to toll its knell tonight.
God, limit these punishments, theres still Judgment DayIm a mere sinner, Im no infidel tonight.
Executioners near the woman at the window.
Damn you, Elijah, I'll bless Jezebel tonight.

The hunt is over, and I hear the Call to Prayer

fade into that of the wounded gazelle tonight.
My rivals for your love-you've invited them all?
This is mere insult, this is no farewell tonight.
And I, Shahid, only am escaped to tell theeGod sobs in my arms. Call me Ishmael tonight.

Ode
Generally speaking, odes have no specific form and the only requirement on length is that it must
be long. Unlike the other poems, in order to be considered a traditional ode the poem must be
serious and address a noble subject in a dignified manner. (Previously used topics include "Ode
to the Confederate Dead" by Allen Tate and "Ode to Joy" by Frank O'Hara.) Newer odes,
however, may present a lighter topic as Pablo Neruda often does.
Example:
Ode to a Lemon
by Pablo Neruda
Out of lemon flowers
loosed
on the moonlight, love's
lashed and insatiable
essences,
sodden with fragrance,
the lemon tree's yellow
emerges,
the lemons
move down
from the tree's planetarium
Delicate merchandise!
The harbors are big with itbazaars
for the light and the
barbarous gold.
We open
the halves
of a miracle,
and a clotting of acids
brims

into the starry

divisions:
creation's
original juices,
irreducible, changeless,
alive:
so the freshness lives on
in a lemon,
in the sweet-smelling house of the rind,
the proportions, arcane and acerb.
Cutting the lemon
the knife
leaves a little cathedral:
alcoves unguessed by the eye
that open acidulous glass
to the light; topazes
riding the droplets,
altars,
aromatic facades.
So, while the hand
holds the cut of the lemon,
half a world
on a trencher,
the gold of the universe
wells
to your touch:
a cup yellow
with miracles,
a breast and a nipple
perfuming the earth;
a flashing made fruitage,
the diminutive fire of a planet.

Writing Poetry: Some Strategies

Brainstorm ideas
What has been on your mind lately? Are there any recent personal experiences that stand out
in your mind? What about in the past? Are there any topics that you have been meaning to
explore in writing? Use personal experience as a starting point, because you can always refer
to reality and then change it to fit the purpose of the poem.

Some Poetic Devices

Try using an exercise

Have a friend create an exercise for you. Possible exercises:
-

Include a list of words.

Ex: morning, draw, stomp, golden, charred

Write from a certain persona.

Ex: the bagger at the grocery store

Use a specific setting.

Ex: under a porch

Change your location - if ideas arent coming to you, try writing in a caf, on a park bench,
in the library, anywhere.
Favor concrete images. (things you can see, touch, taste, hear, feel) over abstractions (ideas
or concepts that are not experienced directly through the five senses).

Beginning a poem can be the hardest part, so having a list of words or a specific topic can help
you to begin. Once you begin, the poem can take many different forms.
Start Writing
Don't worry about form yet, unless that is the purpose of the exercise. Write down words,
phrases, and sentences that relate to the topic. Explore different angles; try to capture your
idea completely.
Work with the idea
Figure out what you want to say. Ask yourself what you want the reader to experience. What
mood do you want to create? What tone best fits the meaning you are trying to convey?
Link the ideas
Once you have a better idea about what you want to say, connect the words and phrases in a
logical order. Decide where to begin and then expand until you have a rough first draft,
something that resembles a poem. Don't feel obligated to use all of the phrases that you wrote
down initially. Rework them if necessary, and always feel free to add or subtract.
Read the first draft out loud

How does the poem make you feel? Ask if the goal of the poem is accomplished. Does it
elicit the desired response? Does it have the right effect? Effectiveness of a poem is hard to
judge. Basically, it's the "so what?" factor. If the poem creates interest and elicits an
emotional response, then it is effective. You want the reader to ponder the poem when they
finish reading it. Refer to your goal in "Work with the idea." Was this meaning realized? Did
you find new meaning through writing?
Mess around with the poem
Try reordering words to create emphasis. Remember that as a poet you have poetic license
and don't have to conform to grammar rules.
Ex: change "the bottle sits silently" to "silently sits the bottle"
The second version emphasizes silently.
Try to condense the poem by taking out unnecessary words.
Ex: change "the dog was barking" to "dog, barking"
Ex: change "the darkness consumed me / And I felt alone" to "consuming darkness, me
alone"
The second version emphasizes the action

Contemplate each word

What are the connotations of each word? Do those meanings connect with the meaning of the
poem? Is there a better word? Try to capture the idea exactly.
Examples of different connotations:
The ornate spider web: lavish, religious
The complicated spider web: confusing, detailed
The delicate spider web: vulnerable, ladylike
Determine which connotations are appropriate for your poem's meaning.
Try using figurative language.
Metaphor (this = that)
Ex: The spider web, an ornate church
Simile (this is like/as that)
Ex: The spider web, as ornate as a church
The spider web with golden threads
Strands spun meticulously

As ornate as church windows,

The light glistens through.
Contemplate rhythm
Rhythm is affected by the sound and pace of the words and lines. When you read the poem
out loud, notice where you pause to take a breath. Are there commas or line breaks there?
Mess around with punctuation and line breaks to change the rhythm. The rhythm should
enhance the meaning.
Ex: Change:
As I fell the wind rushed around my face
to
I fell
The wind rushed
Round and round my face.
Notice how the second example is more effective because of the line breaks. Use rhythm to
emphasize important words and phrases.
Try working with sound as well. Try using alliteration, repetition, and rhyme. The example
above uses alliteration (rushed, round) and also repetition of the word round.
Ex. of rhyme:
I fell
The wind rushed
Round and round my face.
I hit the floor and found
A place for my face
Place and face rhyme, as do round and found. Rhymes can occur within the lines, or at the
end of the lines.
Read it out loud again
Did revision give you more ideas about the meaning of the poem? Add ideas if you want, and
then edit the new lines as explained above.
Look at the beginning
Is it interesting? Effective? Does the reader want to continue? Is there another part of the
poem that could work as a better beginning? What if you started from the middle? The end?
Look at the ending

Does it create the effect that you want? Does it leave the reader feeling how you want them
to feel? Could the ending be more effective by being either more or less specific?
Read it out loud a final time.

Fire Starters
When it comes to creative writing, sometimes the most difficult part can be discovering what you
want to write about. Due to the virtually limitless possibilities, it can seem daunting to choose a
topic. Like rubbing two sticks together to start a fire, thinking about a subject for your piece can
be a laborious and frustrating process. But once you get that spark, the fire takes off. In order to
get those creative sparks flying and help you figure out what kinds of things you would like to
write about, here are a few fire starters to help kindle memories, emotions, experiences, and
observations that will fuel your creative fire:

Think of a unique person you knew/know. How has that person impacted your life? Or, draw a
character sketch of that person (if you are thinking of writing a fictional piece, use that character
sketch to help you create one of you literary characters).
Write an imagined history of someone you know but whom you do not know very much about.
Where is this person coming from? What experiences might this person have gone through to
become who he/she is today? Is there something about this person that you always wondered
about but were never sure about? Here is your chance to blend the real and the fictitious to
satisfy your desire for an answer.
Has something happened to you recently that you feel has affected you in some way? Write
about it.
Have you ever seen or experienced something that fundamentally changed you as a person?
Describe in as much detail as possible a particular emotion (this lends itself well to poetry!).
You have eight sentences to recount a childhood memory and use it to get some kind of point
across. Choose your words carefully!
Use your favorite song as inspirationwhat is this song talking about? Can you see any
connections to your life? Better yet, just let the song play and close your eyes. What are you
thinking about? Write about it.
This link has tons of little idea sparkers (some of them more formal and serious, others goofy
and for fun). Check them out and see if one leads you in a direction you might want to pursue (or
at least gets you thinking about something, even if it is completely unrelated)!

www.creativewritingprompts.com
If you are still stuck, be sure to check out our tips on How Do I Get Started.

Professor Tips: Creative Writing

Here are some tips straight from Professor Greg Bottoms!
What is one thing that students must never forget about when doing creative writing?

Well, to be clear and to have a purpose, to have what youre doing in mind.

What makes you go "Wow" when reading papers? in a good way?

Sophisticated prose, vivid description, an understanding of structure and how

drama works. When I see that in what students are doing, Im always impressed.

In a bad way?

Imprecise, vague language; common mistakes in grammar usage, punctuation and

syntactical construction. I dont run into it that often, but when I do I definitely go,
Wow, this student needs to quickly correct this. You pay for having those
problems.

What can turn a good paper into a great paper?

I would say specificity in all kinds of modes, whether thats in reflection, in

anchoring the argument in better examples, in going back through narrative or
descriptive parts of writing and really rendering the world in a much clearer
fashion. You know, I think the words specificity and precision apply to
persuasive papers, to academic writing, to creative prose. I think the opposite of
that is being vague or overly general in your thinking, in your attempt to render a
scene or a character.

What is your favorite database for online research?

I dont know if I really have a favorite, but I do see that I end up at JSTOR a lot.

Any last advice for writing creative writing, whether for the intro courses or upper levels?

I think that its good for students to do some pre-writing: to clarify what they think
they are going to try to do in their paper before they actually write the paper, to
write a summary in one paragraph of their basic argument thats going be in a 10-

page paper. Or even with stories I think you should write a simple 150-word or
200-word paragraph that states in summary the basic makeup of what your story
will become. I think students sometimes will sit down and start writing and they get
to page five and go, You know, I dont know what the end is supposed to be. I
think that writing a summary paragraph first can really help.