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Basketball

Basketball
Michael Jordan goes for
a slam dunk at the Old
Boston Garden
Highestgoverning
body
FIBA
First played
1891, Springfield,Massa
chusetts, U.S.
Characteristics
Contact
Team members
10-20 (5 on court)
Mixed gender
Single
Categorization
Indoor (mainly) or Outdoor (Streetball)
Equipment
Basketball
Olympic

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Basketball

Basketball is
a team
sport,
the
objective
being
to shoot a ball through a basket horizontally positioned to score
points while following a set of rules. Usually, two teams of five
players play on a marked rectangular court with a basket at
each width end. Basketball is one of the world's most popular
and widely viewed sports.
A regulation basketball hoop consists of a rim 18 inches
(46 cm) in diameter and 10 feet (3.0 m) high mounted to
a backboard. A team can score a field goal by shooting the ball
through the basket during regular play. A field goal scores two
points for the shooting team if a player is touching or closer to
the basket than thethree-point line, and three points (known
commonly as a 3 pointer or three) if the player is behind the
three-point line. The team with the most points at the end of
the game wins, but additional time (overtime) may be issued
when the game ends with a draw. The ball can be advanced on
the court by bouncing it while walking or running (dribbling) or
throwing (passing) it to a team mate. It is a violation to move
without dribbling the ball (travelling), to carry it, or to hold the
ball with both hands then resume dribbling (double dribble).
Numerous violations are called "fouls." Disruptive physical
contact (a personal foul) is penalized, and a free throw is
usually awarded to an offensive player if he is fouled while
shooting the ball. A technical foul may also be issued when
certain infractions occur, most commonly for unsportsmanlike
conduct on the part of a player or coach. A technical foul gives
the opposing team a free throw, and the opposing team is also
retained possession of the ball.
Basketball has evolved many commonly used techniques of
shooting, passing, dribbling, and rebounding, as well as
specialized player positions and offensive and defensive

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Basketball
structures (player positioning) and techniques. Typically,
the 3
tallest members of a team will play "center", "power forward"
or "small forward" positions, while shorter players or those who
possess the best ball handling skills and speed play "point
guard" or "shooting guard".

While
competitive
basketball
is
carefully
regulated,
numerous variations of basketball have developed for casual
play. Competitive basketball is primarily an indoor sport played
on a carefully marked and maintained basketball court, but less
regulated variations are often played outdoors in both inner city
and remote areas.

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Basketball

Conten
ts
1 History
o 1.1 Creation
o 1.2 College basketball
o 1.3 High school basketball
o 1.4 Professional basketball
o 1.5 International basketball

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o 1.6 Women's basketball

Basketball

2 Rules and regulations

o 2.1 Playing regulations
o 2.2 Equipment
o 2.3 Violations
o 2.4 Fouls

3 Common

techniques

practices
o 3.1 Positions
o 3.2 Strategy
o 3.3 Shooting

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and

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o 3.4 Rebounding

Basketball

o 3.5 Passing
o 3.6 Dribbling
o 3.7 Blocking

4 Height
5 Variations and similar games
6 Social forms of basketball
7 Fantasy basketball

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History

Basketball

Creation
In early December 1891, Canadian American Dr. James
Naismith, a physical education professor and instructor at the
International Young Men's Christian Association Training
School (YMCA)
(today, Springfield
College)
in Springfield,
Massachusetts, USA), was trying to keep his gym class active
on a rainy day. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his
students occupied and at proper levels of fitness during the
long New England winters. After rejecting other ideas as either
too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote
the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot
(3.05 m) elevated track. In contrast with modern basketball
nets, this peach basket retained its bottom, and balls had to be
retrieved manually after each
"basket" or point scored; this
proved inefficient, however, so
the bottom of the basket was
removed,[4] allowing the balls to
be
poked
out
with
a
long dowel each time.
Basketball was originally played
with a soccer ball. The first balls
made specifically for basketball
were brown, and it was only in
the late 1950s that Tony Hinkle,
searching for a ball that would be more visible to players and
spectators alike, introduced the orange ball that is now in
common use. Dribbling was not part of the original game
except for the "bounce pass" to teammates. Passing the ball
was the primary means of ball movement. Dribbling was
eventually introduced but limited by the asymmetric shape of

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early balls. Dribbling only became a major part ofBasketball

the game 8
around the 1950s, as manufacturing improved the ball shape.
The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they were finally
replaced by metal hoops with backboards. A further change
was soon made, so the ball merely passed through. Whenever
a person got the ball in the basket, his team would gain a point.
Whichever team got the most points won the game. [5] The
baskets were originally nailed to the mezzanine balcony of the
playing court, but this proved impractical when spectators on
the balcony began to interfere with shots. The backboard was
introduced to prevent this interference; it had the additional
effect of allowing rebound shots.[6] Naismith's handwritten
diaries, discovered by his granddaughter in early 2006, indicate
that he was nervous about the new game he had invented,
which incorporated rules from a children's game called "Duck
on a Rock", as many had failed before it. Naismith called the
new game "Basket Ball".[7] The first official game was played in
the YMCA gymnasium in Albany, New York on January 20, 1892
with nine players. The game ended at 10; the shot was made
from 25 feet (7.6 m), on a court just half the size of a presentday Streetball or National Basketball Association(NBA) court. By
18971898 teams of five became standard.

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College basketball

Basketball

The 1899 University of Kansas basketball team, with James Naismith

at the back, right.

Basketball's early adherents

were dispatched to YMCAs
throughout the United States,
and it quickly spread through
the USA and Canada. By 1895,
it was well established at
several women's high schools.
While the YMCA was responsible for initially developing and
spreading the game, within a decade it discouraged the new
sport, as rough play and rowdy crowds began to detract from
the YMCA's primary mission. However, other amateur sports
clubs, colleges, and professional clubs quickly filled the void. In
the years before World War I, the Amateur Athletic Union and
the Intercollegiate
Athletic
Association
of
the
United
States (forerunner of the NCAA) vied for control over the rules
for the game. The first pro league, the National Basketball
League, was formed in 1898 to protect players from
exploitation and to promote a less rough game. This league
only lasted five years.
Dr. James Naismith was instrumental in establishing college
basketball. His colleague C.O. Beamis fielded the first college
basketball team just a year after the Springfield YMCA game at
the suburban Pittsburgh Geneva College.[8] Naismith himself
later coached at the University of Kansas for six years, before
handing the reins to renowned coach Forrest "Phog" Allen.
Naismith's disciple Amos Alonzo Stagg brought basketball to
the University of Chicago, while Adolph Rupp, a student of
Naismith's at Kansas, enjoyed great success as coach at
the University of Kentucky. On February 9, 1895, the first
intercollegiate
5-on-5
game
was
played
atHamline
University between Hamline and the School of Agriculture,

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[9][10]
Basketball
which was affiliated with the University of Minnesota.
The 10
School of Agriculture won in a 93 game.

In 1901, colleges, including the University of Chicago, Columbia

University, Dartmouth College, the University of Minnesota,
the U.S. Naval Academy, the University of Colorado and Yale
University began sponsoring men's games. In 1905, frequent
injuries on the football field prompted President Theodore
Roosevelt to suggest that colleges form a governing body,
resulting in the creation of the Intercollegiate Athletic
Association of the United States (IAAUS). In 1910, that body
would change its name to the National Collegiate Athletic
Association (NCAA).
The
first
Canadian
interuniversity
basketball game was played at the YMCA in Kingston,
Ontario on
February
6,
1904,
when McGill
University visited Queen's University. McGill won 97 in
overtime; the score was 77 at the end of regulation play, and a
ten-minute overtime period settled the outcome. A good
turnout of spectators watched the game.[11]
The first men's national championship tournament, the National
Association of Intercollegiate Basketball tournament, which still
exists
as
the National
Association
of
Intercollegiate
Athletics (NAIA)tournament, was organized in 1937. The first
national championship for NCAA teams, the National Invitation
Tournament (NIT) in New York, was organized in 1938;
the NCAA national tournament would begin one year later.
College basketball was rocked by gambling scandals from 1948
to 1951, when dozens of players from top teams were
implicated in match fixing and point shaving. Partially spurred
by an association with cheating, the NIT lost support to the
NCAA tournament.

High school basketball

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Basketball
Before widespread school district consolidation, most
American 11
high schools were far smaller than their present-day
counterparts. During the first decades of the 20th century,
basketball quickly became the ideal interscholastic sport due to
its modest equipment and personnel requirements. In the days
before widespread television coverage of professional and
college sports, the popularity of high school basketball was
unrivaled in many parts of America. Perhaps the most
legendary of high school teams was Indiana's Franklin Wonder
Five, which took the nation by storm during the 1920s,
dominating Indiana basketball and earning national recognition.

Today virtually every high school in the United States fields a

basketball team in varsity competition. Basketball's popularity
remains high, both in rural areas where they carry the
identification of the entire community, as well as at some larger
schools known for their basketball teams where many players
go on to participate at higher levels of competition after
graduation. In the 200304 season, 1,002,797 boys and girls
represented their schools in interscholastic basketball
competition, according to the National Federation of State High
School
Associations.
The
states
of Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky are particularly well known for
their residents' devotion to high school basketball, commonly
called Hoosier Hysteria in Indiana; the critically acclaimed
film Hoosiers shows high school basketball's depth of meaning
to these communities.
There is currently no national tournament to determine a
national high school champion. The most serious effort was the
National Interscholastic Basketball Tournament at the University
of Chicago from 1917 to 1930. The event was organized
by Amos Alonzo Stagg and sent invitations to state champion
teams. The tournament started out as a mostly Midwest affair
but grew. In 1929 it had 29 state champions. Faced with
opposition from the National Federation of State High School
Associations and North Central Association of Colleges and

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Basketball
Schools that bore a threat of the schools losing
their 12
accreditation the last tournament was in 1930. The
organizations said they were concerned that the tournament
was being used to recruit professional players from the prep
ranks.[13] The tournament did not invite minority schools or
private/parochial schools.

The National Catholic Interscholastic Basketball Tournament ran

from 1924 to 1941 at Loyola University.[14] The National Catholic
Invitational Basketball Tournament from 1954 to 1978 played at
a
series
of
venues,
including Catholic
[15]
University, Georgetown and George
Mason. The
National
Interscholastic Basketball Tournament for Black High Schools
was held from 1929 to 1942 at Hampton Institute.[16] The
National Invitational Interscholastic Basketball Tournament was
held from 1941 to 1967 starting out at Tuskegee Institute.
Following a pause during World War II it resumed at Tennessee
State College in Nashville. The basis for the champion dwindled
after 1954 when Brown v. Board of Education began an
integration of schools. The last tournaments were held
at Alabama State College from 1964 to 1967.

Professional basketball

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Teams abounded throughout the 1920s. There wereBasketball

hundreds 13
of men's professional basketball teams in towns and cities all
over the United States, and little organization of the
professional game. Players jumped from team to team and
teams played in armories and smoky dance halls. Leagues
came and went.Barnstorming squads such as the Original
Celtics and two all-African American teams, the New York
Renaissance Five ("Rens") and the (still existing) Harlem
Globetrotters played up to two hundred games a year on their
national tours.
In 1946, the Basketball Association of America (BAA) was
formed. The first game was played in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
between
the Toronto
Huskies and New
York
Knickerbockers on November 1,
1946. Three seasons later, in
1949, the BAA merged with
the National Basketball League to
form
the National
Basketball
Association (NBA). By the 1950s,
basketball had become a major
college sport, thus paving the way
for a growth of interest in
professional basketball. In 1959,
abasketball hall of fame was
founded
in Springfield,
Massachusetts, site of the first game. Its rosters include the
names of great players, coaches, referees and people who have
contributed significantly to the development of the game. The
hall of fame has people who have accomplished many goals in
their career in basketball. An upstart organization,
the American Basketball Association, emerged in 1967 and
briefly threatened the NBA's dominance until the ABA-NBA
mergerin 1976. Today the NBA is the top professional basketball

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league in the world in terms of popularity, salaries, Basketball

talent, and 14
level of competition.
The NBA has featured many famous players, including George
Mikan, the first dominating "big man"; ball-handling wizard Bob
Cousy and
defensive
genius Bill
Russell of
the Boston
Celtics; Wilt Chamberlain, who originally played for the
barnstorming Harlem Globetrotters; all-around stars Oscar
Robertson and Jerry West; more recent big men Kareem AbdulJabbar, Shaquille O'Neal and Karl Malone; playmaker John
Stockton; crowd-pleasing forward Julius Erving; European
stars Dirk Nowitzki and DraenPetrovi and the three players
who many credit with ushering the professional game to its
highest level of popularity: Larry
Bird, Earvin
"Magic"
Johnson,
and Michael Jordan. In 2001, the NBA
formed a developmental league,
the NBDL. As of 2012, the league has
16 teams.

International basketball
XX.
Olympic
games
Munich
1972 Kreimirosi of Yugoslavia (blue
shirt) vs. PetrNovicky of Czechoslovakia

The International Basketball Federation was formed in 1932 by

eight founding nations: Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Greece,
Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Romania and Switzerland. At this time,
the organization only oversaw amateur players. Its acronym,
derived from the French FdrationInternationale de Basketball
Amateur,
was
thus
"FIBA".
Men's
Basketball
was
first included at the Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics, although a
demonstration tournament was held in 1904. The United States
defeated Canada in the first final, played outdoors. This
competition has usually been dominated by the United States,
whose team has won all but three titles, the first loss in a

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controversial final game in Munich in 1972 against Basketball

the Soviet 15
Union. In 1950 the first FIBA World Championship for men was
held in Argentina. Three years later, the firstFIBA World
Championship for Women was held in Chile. Women's
basketball was added to the Olympics in 1976, which were held
in Montreal, Canada with teams such as the Soviet
Union, Brazil and Australia rivaling the American squads.
FIBA dropped the distinction between amateur and professional
players in 1989, and in 1992, professional players played for
the first time in the Olympic Games. The United States'
dominance continued with the introduction of their Dream
Team. However, with developing programs elsewhere, other
national teams started to beat the United States. A team made
entirely of NBA players finished sixth in the 2002 World
Championships
in Indianapolis,
behind Yugoslavia, Argentina, Germany, New
Zealand andSpain. In the 2004 Athens Olympics, the United
States suffered its first Olympic loss while using professional
players,
falling
to Puerto
Rico (in
a
19-point
loss)
and Lithuaniain group games, and being eliminated in the
semifinals by Argentina. It eventually won the bronze medal
defeating Lithuania, finishing behind Argentina and Italy. In
2006, in the World Championship of Japan, the United States
advanced to the semifinals but were defeated by Greece by
10195. In the bronze medal game it beat team Argentinaand
finished
3rd
behind
Greece
and
Spain.
After
the
disappointments of 2002 through 2006, the U.S. regrouped,
reestablishing themselves as the dominant international team
behind the "Redeem Team", which won gold at the 2008
Olympics, and the so-called "B-Team", which won gold at
the 2010 FIBA World Championship in Turkey despite featuring
no players from the 2008 squad.
The all-tournament teams at the 2002 and 2006 FIBA World
Championships, respectively held in Indianapolis and Japan,
demonstrate the globalization of the game equally dramatically.

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Only one member of either team was Basketball

American, 16
namely Carmelo Anthony in 2006. The 2002 team featured
Nowitzki, Ginobili, Yao, PejaStojakovic of Yugoslavia (now
of Serbia), and Pero Cameron of New Zealand. Ginobili also
made the 2006 team; the other members were Anthony, Gasol,
his Spanish teammate Jorge
Garbajosa and TheodorosPapaloukas of Greece.
The
only
players on either team to never have joined the NBA are
Cameron and Papaloukas. The all-tournament team from
the 2010 edition in Turkey featured four NBA players
MVP Kevin Durant of Team USA and theOklahoma City
Thunder, LinasKleiza of Lithuania and the Toronto Raptors, Luis
Scola of
Argentina
and
the Houston
Rockets,
and HedoTrkolu of Turkey and the Phoenix Suns. The only
non-NBA player was Serbia's MiloTeodosi. The strength of
international Basketball is evident in the fact that Team USA
won none of the three world championships held between 1998
and 2006, with Serbia (then known as Yugoslavia) winning in
1998 and 2002 and Spain in 2006.
Worldwide, basketball tournaments are held for boys and girls
of all age levels. The global popularity of the sport is reflected
in the nationalities represented in the NBA. Players from all six
inhabited continents currently play in the NBA. Top international
players began coming into the NBA in the mid 1990s, including
Croatians DraenPetrovi and Toni Kuko, Serbian Vlade Divac,
Lithuanians ArvydasSabonis andarnasMariulionis and
German Detlef Schrempf.
In the Philippines, the Philippine Basketball Association's first
game was played on April 9, 1975 at the Araneta
Coliseum in Cubao, Quezon City. Philippines. It was founded as
a "rebellion" of several teams from the now-defunct Manila
Industrial and Commercial Athletic Association which was
tightly controlled by the Basketball Association of the
Philippines (now defunct), the then-FIBA recognized national
association. Nine teams from the MICAA participated in the

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league's first season that opened on April 9, 1975. Basketball

The NBL is 17
Australia's pre-eminent men's professional basketball league.
The league commenced in 1979, playing a winter season (April
September) and did so until the completion of the 20th season
in 1998. The 1998/99 season, which commenced only months
later, was the first season after the shift to the current summer
season format (OctoberApril). This shift was an attempt to
avoid competing directly against Australia's various football
codes. It features 8 teams from around Australia and one in
New Zealand. A few players including Luc Longley, Andrew
Gaze, Shane Heal, Chris Anstey and Andrew Bogut made it big
internationally, becoming poster figures for the sport in
Australia. TheWomen's National Basketball League began in
1981.

Women's basketball
In 1891, the University of California and Miss Head's School
played the first women's interinstitutional game. Women's
basketball began in 1892 at Smith College when Senda
Berenson, a physical education teacher, modified Naismith's
rules for women. Shortly after she was hired at Smith, she went
to Naismith to learn more about the game. [18] Fascinated by the
new sport and the values it could teach, she organized the first
womens collegiate basketball game on March 21, 1893, when
her Smith freshmen and sophomores played against one
another.[19] Her rules were first published in 1899 and two years
later Berenson became the editor of A.G. Spaldings first
Women's Basketball Guide.[19] Berenson's freshmen played the
sophomore class in the first women's intercollegiate basketball
game at Smith College, March 21, 1893.[20] The same
year, Mount Holyoke and Sophie Newcomb College (coached
by Clara Gregory Baer) women began playing basketball. By
1895, the game had spread to colleges across the country,
including Wellesley, Vassar,
and Bryn
Mawr.
The
first
intercollegiate
women's
game
was
on
April
4,

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Basketball
1896. Stanford women played Berkeley, 9-on-9, ending
in a 21 18
Stanford victory.

Women's basketball development was more structured than

that for men in the early years. In 1905, the Executive
Committee on Basket Ball Rules (National Women's Basketball
Committee) was created by the American Physical Education
Association.[21] These rules called for six to nine players per
team and 11 officials. The International Women's Sports
Federation (1924) included a women's basketball competition.
37 women's high school varsity basketball or state tournaments
were held by 1925. And in 1926, the Amateur Athletic Union
backed the first national women's basketball championship,
complete with men's rules.[21] The Edmonton Grads, a touring
Canadian women's team based in Edmonton, Alberta, operated
between 1915 and 1940. The Grads toured all over North
America, and were exceptionally successful. They posted a
record of 522 wins and only 20 losses over that span, as they
met any team which wanted to challenge them, funding their
tours from gate receipts.[22] The Grads also shone on several
exhibition trips to Europe, and won four consecutive exhibition
Olympics tournaments, in 1924, 1928, 1932, and 1936;
however, women's basketball was not an official Olympic sport
until 1976. The Grads' players were unpaid, and had to remain
single. The Grads' style focused on team play, without overly
emphasizing
skills
of
individual
players.
The
first
women's AAU All-America team was chosen in 1929.
[21]
Women's industrial leagues sprang up throughout the United
States, producing famous athletes, including Babe Didrikson of
the Golden Cyclones, and the All American Red Heads Team,
which competed against men's teams, using men's rules. By
1938, the women's national championship changed from a
three-court game to two-court game with six players per team.
[21]

The
NBA-backed Women's
National
Basketball
Association (WNBA) began in 1997. Though it had shaky

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Basketball
attendance figures, several marquee players (Lisa Leslie,
Diana 19
Taurasi, and Candace Parker among others) have helped the
league's popularity and level of competition. Other professional
women's basketball leagues in the United States, such as
the American Basketball League (1996-1998), have folded in
part because of the popularity of the WNBA. The WNBA has
been looked at by many as a niche league. However, the
league has recently taken steps forward. In June 2007, the
WNBA signed a contract extension with ESPN. The new
television deal runs from 2009 to 2016. Along with this deal,
came the first ever rights fees to be paid to a women's
professional sports league. Over the eight years of the contract,
"millions and millions of dollars" will be "dispersed to the
league's teams." The WNBA gets more viewers on national
television broadcasts (413,000) than both Major League
Soccer (253,000)[23] and the NHL (310,732).[24] In a March 12,
2009 article, NBA commissioner David Stern said that in the
bad economy, "the NBA is far less profitable than the WNBA.
We're losing a lot of money amongst a large number of teams.
We're budgeting the WNBA to break even this year."

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Rules and regulations

Basketball

Measurements and time limits discussed in this section often

vary among tournaments and organizations; international and
NBA rules are used in this section.
The object of the game is to outscore one's opponents by
throwing the ball through the opponents' basket from above
while preventing the opponents from doing so on their own. An
attempt to score in this way is called a shot. A successful shot
is worth two points, or three points if it is taken from beyond
the three-point arc which is 6.25 metres (20 ft 6 in) from the
basket in international games and 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) in
NBA games. A one-point shot can be earned when shooting
from the foul line after a foul is made.

Playing regulations
Games are played in four quarters of 10 (FIBA)[26] or 12 minutes
(NBA).[27] College games use two 20-minute halves, [28] while
United States high school varsity games use 8 minute quarters.
[29]
15 minutes are allowed for a halftime break under FIBA, NBA, and
NCAA rules[28][30][31] and 10 minutes in
United
States
high
schools.
[29]
Overtime periods are five minutes
in length[28][32][33] except for high
school which is four minutes in
length.[29] Teams exchange baskets
for the second half. The time allowed
is actual playing time; the clock is
stopped while the play is not active.
Therefore, games generally take

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20

KARAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

Basketball
much longer to complete than the allotted game time,
typically 21
about two hours.

Five players from each team may be on the court at one time.
[34][35][36][37]
Substitutions are unlimited but can only be done
when play is stopped. Teams also have a coach, who oversees
the development and strategies of the team, and other team
personnel such as assistant coaches, managers, statisticians,
doctors and trainers.
For both men's and women's teams, a standard uniform
consists of a pair of shorts and a jersey with a clearly visible
number, unique within the team, printed on both the front and
back. Players wear high-top sneakers that provide extra ankle
support. Typically, team names, players' names and, outside of
North America, sponsors are printed on the uniforms.
A limited number of time-outs, clock stoppages requested by a
coach (or sometimes mandated in the NBA) for a short meeting
with the players, are allowed. They generally last no longer
than one minute (100 seconds in the NBA) unless, for televised
games, a commercial break is needed.
The game is controlled by the officials consisting of the referee
(referred to as crew chief in the NBA), one or two umpires
(referred to as referees in the NBA) and the table officials. For
college, the NBA, and many high schools, there are a total of
three referees on the court. The table officials are responsible
for keeping track of each teams scoring, timekeeping,
individual
and
team fouls,
player
substitutions, teampossession arrow, and
the shot clock.

Equipment
The only essential equipment in a
basketball game is the ball and the

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court: a flat, rectangular surface

with baskets at opposite ends.
Competitive levels require the use
of more equipment such as clocks,
score
sheets,
scoreboard(s),
alternating possession arrows, and
whistle-operated
stop-clock
systems.

Basketball

An outdoor basketball net.

A regulation basketball court in international games is 91.9 feet
long and 49.2 feet wide. In the NBA and NCAA the court is 94
feet by 50 feet. Most courts have wood flooring, usually
constructed from maple planks running in the same direction as
the longer court dimension.[38] The name and logo of the home
team is usually painted on or around the center circle.
The basket is a steel rim 18 inches diameter with an attached
net affixed to a backboard that measures 6 feet by 3.5 feet and
one basket is at each end of the court. The white outlined box
on the backboard is 18 inches high and 2 feet wide. At almost
all levels of competition, the top of the rim is exactly 10 feet
above the court and 4 feet inside the baseline. While variation
is possible in the dimensions of the court and backboard, it is
considered important for the basket to be of the correct height
a rim that is off by just a few inches can have an adverse
effect on shooting.
The size of the basketball is also regulated. For men, the official
ball is 29.5 inches in circumference (size 7, or a "295 ball") and
weighs 22 oz. If women are playing, the official basketball size
is 28.5 inches in circumference (size 6, or a "285 ball") with a
weight of 20 oz.

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Violations

Basketball

The ball may be advanced toward the basket by being shot,

passed between players, thrown, tapped, rolled or dribbled
(bouncing the ball while running).
The ball must stay within the court; the last team to touch the
ball before it travels out of bounds forfeits possession. The ball
is out of bounds if it touches or crosses over a boundary line, or
touches a player who is out of bounds. This is in contrast to
other sports such as football, volleyball, and tennis (but
not rugby or American football) where the ball (or player) is still
considered in if any part of it is touching a boundary line.
The ball-handler may not step with both feet without dribbling,
an infraction known as traveling, nor dribble with both hands or
hold the ball and resume dribbling, a violation called double
dribbling. Any part of the player's hand cannot be directly
under the ball while dribbling; doing so is known as carrying the
ball. A team, once having established ball control in the front
half of their court, may not return the ball to the backcourt and
be the first to touch it. The ball may not be kicked, nor be
struck with the fist. A violation of these rules results in loss of
possession, or, if committed by the defense, a reset of the shot
clock (with some exceptions in the NBA).
There are limits imposed on the time taken before progressing
the ball past halfway (8 seconds in FIBA and the NBA; 10
seconds in NCAA men's play and high school for both sexes, but
no limit in NCAA women's play), before attempting a shot (24
seconds in FIBA and the NBA, 30 seconds in NCAA women's
and Canadian Interuniversity Sport play for both sexes, and 35
seconds in NCAA men's play), holding the ball while closely
guarded (5 seconds), and remaining in the restricted area
known as the free-throw lane, (or the "key") (3 seconds). These
rules are designed to promote more offense.

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Basketball
No player may touch the ball on its downward trajectory
to the 24
basket, unless it is obvious that the ball has no chance of
entering the basket (goaltending). In addition, no player may
touch the ball while it is on or in the basket; when any part of
the ball is in the spacious cylinder above the basket (the area
extended upwards from the basket); or when the ball is outside
the cylinder, if the player reaches through the basket and
touches it. This violation is known as "basket interference". If a
defensive player goaltends or commits basket interference, the
basket is awarded and the offending team gets the ball. If a
teammate of the player shooting goaltends or commits
interference, the basket is cancelled and play continues with
the defensive team being given possession.

Fouls
An attempt to unfairly disadvantage an opponent through
physical contact is illegal and is called a foul. These are most
commonly committed by defensive players; however, they can
be committed by offensive players as well. Players who are
fouled either receive the ball to pass inbounds again, or receive
one or more free throws if they are fouled in the act of
shooting, depending on whether the shot was successful. One
point is awarded for making a free
throw, which is attempted from a
line 15 feet (4.6 m) from the
basket.
The referee may use discretion in
calling fouls (for example, by
considering whether an unfair
advantage
was
gained),
sometimes
making
fouls
controversial calls or no-calls. The

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calling of fouls can vary between games, leaguesBasketball

and even 25
among referees.
A player or coach who shows poor sportsmanship, such as by
arguing with a referee or by fighting with another player, can
be charged with a more serious foul called atechnical foul. The
penalty involves free throws (where, unlike a personal foul, the
other team can choose any player to shoot) and varies among
leagues. Repeated incidents can result in disqualification. A
blatant foul involving physical contact that is either excessive
or unnecessary is called an intentional foul (flagrant foul in the
NBA). In FIBA, a foul resulting in ejection is called a
disqualifying foul, while in leagues other than the NBA, such a
foul is referred to as flagrant.
If a team exceeds a certain limit of team fouls in a given period
(quarter or half) four for NBA and international games the
opposing team is awarded one or two free throws on all
subsequent non-shooting fouls for that period, the number
depending on the league. In the US college and high school
games, if a team reaches 7 fouls in a half, the opposing team is
awarded one free throw, along with a second shot if the first is
made. This is called shooting "one-and-one". If a team exceeds
10 fouls in the half, the opposing team is awarded two free
throws on all subsequent fouls for the half.
When a team shoots foul shots, the opponents may not
interfere with the shooter, nor may they try to regain
possession until the last or potentially last free throw is in the
air.
After a team has committed a specified number of fouls, it is
said to be "in the penalty". On scoreboards, this is usually
signified with an indicator light reading "Bonus" or "Penalty"
with an illuminated directional arrow indicating that team is to
receive free throws when fouled by the opposing team. (Some
scoreboards also indicate the number of fouls committed.)

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Basketball
If a team misses the first shot of a two-shot situation,
the 26
opposing team must wait for the completion of the second shot
before attempting to reclaim possession of the ball and
continuing play.

If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is

unsuccessful, the player is awarded a number of free throws
equal to the value of the attempted shot. A player fouled while
attempting a regular two-point shot, then, receives two shots. A
player fouled while attempting a three-point shot, on the other
hand, receives three shots.
If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is
successful, typically the player will be awarded one additional
free throw for one point. In combination with a regular shot, this
is called a "three-point play" or "four-point play" (or more
colloquially, an "and one") because of the basket made at the
time of the foul (2 or 3 points) and the additional free throw (1
point).

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Basketball
Common techniques and practices

Positions
Basketball positions in the offensive zone
Although the rules do not
specify
any
positions
whatsoever, they have evolved
as part of basketball. During
the first five decades of
basketball's
evolution,
one
guard, two forwards, and two
centers or two guards, two
forwards, and one center were
used. Since the 1980s, more
specific positions have evolved,
namely:
1. Point guard: usually the fastest player on the team,
organizes the team's offense by controlling the ball and
making sure that it gets to the right player at the right
time.
2. Shooting guard: creates a high volume of shots on
offense, mainly long-ranged; and guards the opponent's
best perimeter player on defense.
3. Small forward: often primarily responsible for scoring
points via cuts to the basket and dribble penetration; on
defense seeks rebounds and steals, but sometimes plays
more actively.
4. Power forward: plays offensively often with their back to
the basket; on defense, plays under the basket (in a zone
defense) or against the opposing power forward (in manto-man defense).

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Basketballto 28
5. Center: uses height and size to score (on offense),
protect the basket closely (on defense), or to rebound.

The above descriptions are flexible. On some occasions, teams

will choose to use a three guard offense, replacing one of the
forwards or the center with a third guard. The most commonly
interchanged positions are point guard and shooting guard,
especially if both players have good leadership and ball
handling skills.

Strategy
The strategies also evolve with the game. In the 1990s and
early 2000s, teams played with more "isolation". Teams that
had one superstar would let one player, usually the point guard
or shooting guard, run most of the offense while the other four
offensive players get out of his/her way. Nowadays, teams tend
to play with more teamwork. The "Center" position has evolved
to become more of a taller "Small Forward" position. Since
teams play more teamwork, ball movement has evolved with
the game, and more jump shots have been taken as a result.
There
are
two
main
defensive
strategies: zone
defense and man-to-man defense. In a zone defense, each
player is assigned to guard a specific area of the court. In
a man-to-man defense, each defensive player guards a specific
opponent. Man-to-man defense is generally preferred at higher
levels of competition, as it is intuitively easier to understand
and avoid mismatches between players who play different
positions. However, zone defenses are sometimes used in
particular situations or simply to confuse the offense with an
unexpected look.
Offensive plays are more varied, normally involving planned
passes and movement by players without the ball. A quick
movement by an offensive player without the ball to gain an

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Basketball
advantageous position is acut. A legal attempt by an
offensive 29
player to stop an opponent from guarding a teammate, by
standing in the defender's way such that the teammate cuts
next to him, is a screen or pick. The two plays are combined in
the pick and roll, in which a player sets a pick and then "rolls"
away from the pick towards the basket. Screens and cuts are
very important in offensive plays; these allow the quick passes
and teamwork which can lead to a successful basket. Teams
almost always have several offensive plays planned to ensure
their movement is not predictable. On court, the point guard is
usually responsible for indicating which play will occur.

Defensive and offensive structures, and positions, are more

emphasized in higher levels in basketball; it is these that a
coach normally requests a time-out to discuss.

Shooting
Player releases a short jump shot, while her defender is either
knocked down, or trying to "take a charge."
Shooting is the act of attempting to score points by throwing
the ball through the basket, methods varying with players and
situations.
Typically, a player faces the basket with both feet facing the
basket. A player will rest the ball on the fingertips of the
dominant hand (the shooting arm) slightly above the head, with
the other hand supporting the side of the ball. The ball is
usually shot by jumping (though not always) and extending the
shooting arm. The shooting arm, fully extended with the wrist
fully bent is held stationary for a moment following the release
of the ball, known as a follow-through. Players often try to put a
steady backspin on the ball to absorb its impact with the rim.
The ideal trajectory of the shot is somewhat controversial, but
generally a proper arc is recommended. Players may shoot

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directly into the basket or may use the backboard Basketball

to redirect 30
the ball into the basket.
The two most common shots that use the above described
setup are the set-shot and the jump-shot. The set-shot is taken
from a standing position, with neither foot leaving the floor,
typically used for free throws, and in other circumstances whilst
the jump-shot is taken in mid-air, the ball released near the top
of the jump. This provides much greater power and range, and
it also allows the player to elevate over the defender. Failure to
release the ball before the feet return to the ground is
considered a traveling violation.
Another common shot is called the lay-up. This shot requires
the player to be in motion toward the basket, and to "lay" the
ball "up" and into the basket, typically off the backboard (the
backboard-free, underhand version is called a finger roll). The
most crowd-pleasing and typically highest-percentage accuracy
shot is the slam dunk, in which the player jumps very high and
throws the ball downward, through the basket whilst touching
it.
Another shot that is becoming common is the "circus shot". The
circus shot is a low-percentage shot that is flipped, heaved,
scooped, or flung toward the hoop while
the shooter is off-balance, airborne,
falling down, and/or facing away from
the basket. A back-shot is a shot taken
when the player is facing away form the
basket, and maybe shot with the
dominant hand, or both; but there is a
very low chance that the shot will be
successful.
A shot that misses both the rim and the
backboard completely is referred to as

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Basketball
an air-ball. A particularly bad shot, or one that only
hits the 31
backboard, is jocularly called abrick.

Rebounding
The objective of rebounding is to successfully gain possession
of the basketball after a missed field goal or free throw, as it
rebounds from the hoop or backboard. This plays a major role
in the game, as most possessions end when a team misses a
shot. There are two categories of rebounds: offensive rebounds,
in which the ball is recovered by the offensive side and does
not change possession, and defensive rebounds, in which the
defending team gains possession of the loose ball. The majority
of rebounds are defensive, as the team on defense tends to be
in better position to recover missed shots.

Passing
A pass is a method of moving the ball between players. Most
passes are accompanied by a step forward to increase power
and are followed through with the hands to ensure accuracy.
A staple pass is the chest pass. The ball is passed directly from
the passer's chest to the receiver's chest. A proper chest pass
involves an outward snap of the thumbs to add velocity and
leaves the defence little time to react.
Another type of pass is the bounce pass. Here, the passer
bounces the ball crisply about two-thirds of the way from his
own chest to the receiver. The ball strikes the court and
bounces up toward the receiver. The bounce pass takes longer
to complete than the chest pass, but it is also harder for the
opposing team to intercept (kicking the ball deliberately is a
violation). Thus, players often use the bounce pass in crowded
moments, or to pass around a defender.

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Basketball
The overhead pass is used to pass the ball over a defender.
The 32
ball is released while over the passer's head.

The outlet pass occurs after a team gets a defensive rebound.

The next pass after the rebound is the outlet pass.
The crucial aspect of any good pass is it being difficult to
intercept. Good passers can pass the ball with great accuracy
and they know exactly where each of their other teammates
prefers to receive the ball. A special way of doing this is passing
the ball without looking at the receiving teammate. This is
called a no-look pass.
Another advanced style of passing is the behind-the-back
pass which, as the description implies, involves throwing the
ball behind the passer's back to a teammate. Although some
players can perform such a pass effectively, many coaches
discourage no-look or behind-the-back passes, believing them
to be difficult to control and more likely to result in turnovers or
violations.

Dribbling
A U.S. Naval Academy ("Navy") player,
left, posts up a U.S. Military Academy
("Army") defender.
Dribbling is the act of bouncing the ball
continuously with one hand, and is a
requirement for a player to take steps
with the ball. To dribble, a player pushes
the ball down towards the ground with
the fingertips rather than patting it; this
ensures greater control.
When dribbling past an opponent, the dribbler should dribble
with the hand farthest from the opponent, making it more

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Basketball
difficult for the defensive player to get to the ball. It is
therefore 33
important for a player to be able to dribble competently with
both hands.

Good dribblers (or "ball handlers") tend to bounce the ball low
to the ground, reducing the distance of travel of the ball from
the floor to the hand, making it more difficult for the defender
to "steal" the ball. Good ball handlers frequently dribble behind
their backs, between their legs, and switch directions suddenly,
making a less predictable dribbling pattern that is more difficult
to defend against. This is called a crossover, which is the most
effective way to move past defenders while dribbling.
A skilled player can dribble without watching the ball, using the
dribbling motion or peripheral vision to keep track of the ball's
location. By not having to focus on the ball, a player can look
for teammates or scoring opportunities, as well as avoid the
danger of having someone steal the ball away from him/her.

Blocking
A block is performed when, after a shot is attempted, a
defender succeeds in altering the shot by touching the ball. In
almost all variants of play, it is illegal to touch the ball after it is
in the downward path of its arc; this is known as goaltending. It
is also illegal under NBA and Men's NCAA basketball to block a
shot after it has touched the backboard, or when any part of
the ball is directly above the rim. Under international rules it is
illegal to block a shot that is in the downward path of its arc or
one that has touched the backboard until the ball has hit the
rim. After the ball hits the rim, it is again legal to touch it even
though it is no longer considered as a block performed.
To block a shot, a player has to be able to reach a point higher
than where the shot is released. Thus, height can be an
advantage in blocking. Players who are taller and playing the

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Basketball
power forward or center positions generally record more
blocks 34
than players who are shorter and playing the guard positions.
However, with good timing and a sufficiently high vertical leap,
even shorter players can be effective shot blockers.

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Height

Basketball

At the professional level, most

male players are above 6 feet
3 inches
(1.91 m)
and
most
women above 5 feet 7 inches
(1.70 m).
Guards,
for
whom
physical coordination and ballhandling skills are crucial, tend to
be the smallest players. Almost all
forwards in the men's pro leagues are 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m)
or taller. Most centers are over 6 feet 10 inches (2.08 m) tall.
According to a survey given to all NBA teams, the average
height of all NBA players is just under 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m),
with the average weight being close to 222 pounds (101 kg).
The
tallest
players
ever
in
the
NBA
were ManuteBol andGheorgheMurean, who were both 7 feet
7 inches (2.31 m) tall. The tallest current NBA player
is HasheemThabeet, who stands at 7 feet 3 inches (2.21 m). At
7 feet 2 inches (2.18 m), Margo Dydek was the tallest player in
the history of the WNBA.
The shortest player ever to play in the NBA is MuggsyBogues at
5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m).[39] Other short players have thrived at
the pro level. Anthony "Spud" Webb was just 5 feet 7 inches
(1.70 m) tall, but had a 42-inch (1.07 m) vertical leap, giving
him significant height when jumping. While shorter players are
often not very good at defending against shooting, their ability
to navigate quickly through crowded areas of the court and
steal the ball by reaching low are strengths.

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Variations and similar games

Schoolgirls
shooting
theHimalayas in Dharamsala, India.

Basketball

hoops

among

Variations of basketball are activities based on the game of

basketball, using common basketball skills and equipment
(primarily the ball and basket). Some variations are only
superficial rules changes, while others are distinct games with
varying degrees of basketball influences. Other variations
include children's games, contests or activities meant to help
players reinforce skills.
There are principal basketball sports with variations on
basketball
including Wheelchair
basketball, Water
basketball, Beach
basketball, Slamball, Streetball andUnicycle basketball.
An
earlier version of basketball was Six-on-six basketball played
until the end of the 1950s. Horseball is a game played on
horseback where a ball is handled and points are scored by
shooting it through a high net (approximately 1.5m1.5m). The
sport is like a combination of polo, rugby, and basketball. There
is even a form played on donkeys known as Donkey basketball,
but that version has come under attack from animal rights
groups.
Half-court
Perhaps the single most common variation of basketball
is the half-court game, played in informal settings
without referees or strict rules. Only one basket is used,
and the ball must be "cleared" passed or dribbled
outside the three-point line each time possession of the
ball changes from one team to the other. Half-court
games require less cardiovascular stamina, since players
need not run back and forth a full court. Half-court raises
the number of players that can use a court or,

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KARAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

conversely, can be played if there is an Basketball

insufficient 37
number to form full 5-on-5 teams.
Half-court basketball is usually played 1-on-1, 2-on-2 or 3on-3. The latter variation is gradually gaining official
recognition as FIBA 33, also written as 3x3. It was first
tested at the 2007 Asian Indoor Games in Macau and the
first official tournaments were held at the 2009 Asian
Youth Games and the 2010 Youth Olympics, both
in Singapore.
The
first FIBA
3x3
Youth
World
[40]
Championship
was held in Rimini, Italy in 2011. The
sport is highly tipped to become an Olympic sport as
early as 2016.[41]
There are also other basketball sports, such as:

21 (also
known
[42]
as American,cutthroat and roughhouse)

42

Around the world

Bounce

Firing Squad

Fives

H-O-R-S-E

Hotshot

Knockout

One-shot conquer

Steal The Bacon

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Tip-it

Tips

"The One"

Basketball War.

Basketball

One-on-One, a variation in which two players will use

only a small section of the court (often no more than a
half of a court) and compete to play the ball into a
single hoop. Such games tend to emphasize individual
dribbling and ball stealing skills over shooting and
team play.
Wheelchair basketball
Wheelchair basketball, created by disabled World War
II veterans, is played on specially designed wheelchairs
for the physically impaired. The world governing body of
wheelchair basketball is theInternational Wheelchair
Basketball Federation[44] (IWBF).
Water basketball
Water basketball, played in a swimming pool, merges
basketball and water polo rules.
Beach basketball
A modified version of basketball, played on beaches, was
invented by Philip Bryant.[45] Beach basketball is played in
a circular court with no backboard on the goal, no out-ofbounds rule with the ball movement to be done via
passes or 2 steps, as dribbling is next to impossible on
a soft surface.[46]
Beach basketball has grown to a very popular,
widespread competitive sport. 15 Annual World
Championships have been organized.
Dunk Hoops

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Basketball
Dunk Hoops (aka Dunk Ball) is a variation of the
game of 39
basketball, played on basketball hoops with lowered
(under basketball regulation 10 feet) rims. It originated
when the popularity of the slam dunk grew and was
developed to create better chances for dunks with
lowered rims and using altered goaltending rules.
Slamball
Slamball is full-contact basketball, with trampolines.
Points are scored by playing the ball through the net, as
in basketball, though the point-scoring rules are modified.
The main differences from the parent sport is the court;
below the padded basketball rim and backboard are four
trampolines set into the floor which serve to propel
players to great heights for slam dunks. The rules also
permit some physical contact between the members of
the four-player teams.
Streetball
Streetball is a less formal variant of basketball, played
on playgrounds and in gymnasiums across the world.
Often only one half of the court is used, but otherwise the
rules of the game are very similar to those of basketball.
The number of participants in a game, or a run, may
range from one defender and one person on offense
(known as one on one) to two full teams of five each.
Streetball is a very popular game worldwide, and some
cities in the United States have organized streetball
programs, such as midnight basketball. Many cities also
host their own weekend-long streetball tournaments.
Unicycle Basketball
Unicycle basketball is played using a regulation
basketball on a regular basketball court with the same
rules, for example, one must dribble the ball whilst riding.
There are a number of rules that are particular to unicycle
basketball as well, for example, a player must have at
least one foot on a pedal when in-bounding the ball.
Unicycle basketball is usually played using 24" or smaller

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Basketball
unicycles, and using plastic pedals, both to preserve
the 40
court and the players' shins. In North America, popular
unicycle basketball games are organized.

Spin-offs from basketball that are now separate sports

include:

Korfball (Dutch:
Korfbal, korf meaning
'basket') started in the Netherlands and is now played
worldwide as a mixed gender team ball game, similar
to mixed netball and basketball

Netball (formerly
known
as
Women
basketball but now played by both males and
females), a limited-contact team sport in which two
teams of seven try to score points against one another
by placing a ball through a high hoop.

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Social forms of basketball

Basketball

41

A monument to basketball inVilnius, Lithuania

Typical
privately
basketball hoop

owned

Basketball has been adopted

by various social groups,
which have established their
own
environments
and
sometimes their own rules.
Such socialized forms of basketball include the following.

Recreational basketball, where

fun,
entertainment
and
camaraderie rule rather than
winning a game;

Basketball
Schools
and
Academies, where students are
trained in developing basketball
fundamentals, undergo fitness and
endurance exercises and learn
various basketball skills. Basketball
students learn proper ways of passing, ball handling,
dribbling, shooting from various distances, rebounding,
offensive moves, defense, layups, screens, basketball
rules and basketball ethics. Also popular are
the basketball camps organized for various occasions,
often
to
get
prepared
for
basketball
events,
andbasketball clinics for improving skills.

College
and
University
basketball played
educational institutions of higher learning.

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in

KARAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

This
includes National
Collegiate Basketball
Athletic 42
Association (NCAA) intercollegiate basketball.

Disabled basketball played by various disabled groups,

such as

Bankshot basketball,

Deaf basketball,

Wheelchair basketball, a sport based on

basketball
but
designed
for disabled people
in wheelchairs and considered one of the major disabled
sports practiced.

Ethnic and Religion-based basketball: Examples of

ethnic basketball include Indo-Pak or Russian or Armenian
leagues in the United States or Canada, for example, or
Filipino expatriate basketball leagues in the Gulf or the
United States. Religion-based basketball includes, most
notably, church-related Christian basketball leagues,
Jewish, Muslim and Hindu basketball leagues, and so on.
or denominational leagues like Coptic, Syriac/Assyrian
basketball leagues in the United States or Canada.

Gay
basketball played
in
gay,
lesbian, bisexual and transgender communities in gay
basketball leagues. The sport of basketball is a major part
of
events
during
the Gay
Games, World
Outgames andEuroGames.

Midnight basketball, a basketball initiative to curb

inner-city crime in the United States and elsewhere by
keeping urban youth off the streets and engaging them
with sports alternatives to drugs and crime.

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Mini basketball played by underage children.Basketball

Maxi Basketball played by more elderly individuals.

Prison basketball, practiced in prisons and penitentiary

institutions. Active religious basketball missionary groups
also play basketball with prisoners. Some prisons have
developed their own prison basketball leagues. At times,
non-prisoners may play in such leagues, provided all
home and away games are played within prison courts.
Film director Jason Moriarty has released a documentary
relating to the sport, entitled Prison Ball.

Rezball, short for reservation ball, is the avid Native

American following of basketball, particularly a style of
play particular to Native American teams of some areas.

School or High school basketball, the sport of

basketball being one of the most frequently exercised and
popular sports in all school systems.

Show basketball as performed by entertainment

basketball show teams, the prime example being
the Harlem Globetrotters. There are even specialized
entertainment teams, including

Celebrity basketball teams made of celebrities

(actors, singers, and so on.) playing in their own leagues
or in public, often for entertainment and charity events;

Midget basketball teams made up of athletes

of short stature offering shows using basketball;

Slamball offered as entertainment events.

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Basketball

Fantasy basketball
Fantasy basketball was inspired by fantasy baseball.
Originally played by keeping track of stats by hand, it was
popularized during the 1990s after the advent of the
Internet. Those who play this game are sometimes
referred
to
as
General
Managers,
who
draft
actual NBA players
and
compute
their basketball
statistics. The game was popularized by ESPN Fantasy
Sports, NBA.com, and Yahoo! Fantasy Sports. Other sports
websites provided the same format keeping the game
interesting with participants actually owning specific
players.

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Basketball

Common Basketball Injuries !

Basketball is one of the most popular sports in the United
States and throughout the world. Millions of people participate
in the sport at all levels of competition. Whether you are
playing for the neighborhood championship or the NBA title,
you can get injured. Basketball injuries can be separated into
two general categories: overuse injuries and traumatic injuries.
Overuse injuries
Injuries caused by stressing an area over and over until it is
damaged and begins to hurt are described as overuse injuries.
One such injury is patellar tendinitis, or
"jumper's knee," which is characterized by
pain in the tendon just below the kneecap.
Achilles tendinitis is another common
overuse injury in basketball players. This
injury of the tendon connecting the muscles
in the back of the calf to the heel bone
causes pain in the back of the leg just
above the heel. Occasionally, the Achilles
tendon can tear. To treat a torn Achilles
tendon, the doctor might tell you to keep
the area immobilized for some time so the tendon can heal, or
you might need surgery to repair the damage.
Some basketball players overuse the tendons in their
shoulders. The rotator cuff of the shoulder is composed of four
muscles. The tendons that attach these muscles to the
shoulder bones can become inflamed and painful, particularly
when you do repetitive overhead activities, such as shooting
the basketball.

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Basketball 46
Traumatic injuries
Traumatic injuries are those caused by a sudden forceful injury.
Some of the more common traumatic injuries in basketball are
jammed fingers. The severity of a jammed finger can range
from a minor injury of the ligaments, which connect bones, to a
broken finger. Splinting may be needed to allow the injured
finger to heal. Another type of traumatic injury is a muscle pull
or tear. In basketball players, these injuries occur primarily in
the large muscles of the legs. To prevent them, stretch your
thighs and calves well and do warm-up exercises before
playing.

Ankle sprains
The most common basketball injury is the ankle sprain. This
injury often occurs when a player lands on another player's foot
or the ankle rolls too far outward. When this happens, the
ligaments connecting bones and supporting the ankle are
stretched and torn. The ligaments can tear partially or
completely. To treat your sprain, your doctor prescribes a short
period of immobilization, keeping the joint still, so the
ligaments can heal. After immobilization, you begin special
exercises to strengthen the muscles that help hold your ankle
in place. If your muscles and ligaments are not strong enough
to prevent reinjury, you might need
surgery to repair the damage and to
help stabilize your ankle.
Knee injuries
Knee injuries are some of the most
serious basketball injuries. One type
of knee injury is a sprain. A knee
sprain is a small tear in the ligaments
or joint capsule that is not severe
enough to cause your knee to give
way. To help the tear heal, you must
protect your knee for a short time by immobilizing it. After the
tear heals, your doctor will prescribe stretching and

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Basketball
strengthening exercises for the muscles that help hold
the knee 47
in place.

If you twist your knee, you can tear a meniscus, which is tissue
that acts as a cushion between the bones of the upper and
lower leg at the knee. To repair or remove a torn meniscus, you
might need arthroscopic surgery. The surgeon inserts a camera
and instruments into the knee joint through small skin incisions.
With the instruments, the surgeon
can see and treat the damaged
meniscus.
A more severe injury is a complete
tear of one or more of the
ligaments that support the knee.
The anterior cruciate ligament
(ACL) is one of the more commonly
torn ligaments in the knee. This
ligament connects the upper and lower leg bones and helps
hold the knee in place. if you damage your ACL, your knee will
probably hurt and give way persistently. After an ACL injury,
some players can participate in sports again without surgery.
But they must do special exercises to strengthen their thigh
muscles, and they must wear a brace on their knee. Strong
thigh muscles give stability to the knee that the torn ACL
cannot.
Basketball is an exciting sport for all ages and skill levels but
watch out for basketball in injuries caused by overuse and
trauma.

Basketball Project File by ShashankKushwaha