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Physics Investigatory Project: Logic Gates

Shubhneet Arora, a class 12 student, completed a research project on logic gates under the guidance of his physics teacher. The project investigates the OR, AND, and NOR logic gates. It includes acknowledgments, a certificate verifying completion, an index of contents, introduction on logic gates and Boolean algebra, explanations of the working principles and components of each gate, and truth tables. References used in the project are listed in a bibliography.

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697 views13 pages

Physics Investigatory Project: Logic Gates

Shubhneet Arora, a class 12 student, completed a research project on logic gates under the guidance of his physics teacher. The project investigates the OR, AND, and NOR logic gates. It includes acknowledgments, a certificate verifying completion, an index of contents, introduction on logic gates and Boolean algebra, explanations of the working principles and components of each gate, and truth tables. References used in the project are listed in a bibliography.

Uploaded by

Shubhneet Arora
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© © All Rights Reserved
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PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

LOGIC GATES
-SHUBHNEET ARORA
XII B
ROLL NO. 29

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my profound sense of
gratitude and respect to all those who helped me
throughout this venture.
I owe my regard to Mrs. K Prabavathi, Principal of K.V
,Mankhurd, for her cooperation and valuable support and
for giving me the opportunity to undertake this project
work and providing the necessary infrastructure.
I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my revered
teacher and
guide Mrs. Pramodhini Pal (Physics
teacher) and Mr. Dushrath for their valuable guidance,
encouragement and support throughout my studentship
under their at the institute. This project is her
visualization and owes a lot of i t s functionality to her.
Last but not the least; I owe my overwhelming gratitude to
my family and friends who gave me constant support
and motivation to continue with this endeavour.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
MANKHURD
CERTIFICATE
This is to verify that Shubhneet Arora of class XII -B
has successfully completed the research on the topic
of logic gate' under the guidance of Mrs. Pramodhini
Pal, during the academic session 2016-17 in partial
fulfillment of physics practical examination.

Signature of Examiner

Signature of Principal

Signature of Teacher

Schools Stamp

Sr. No.

INDEX

1.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2.

CERTIFICATE

3.

INTRODUCTION

4.

PRINCIPLE

5.

OR GATE

6.

AND GATE

7.

NOR GATE

8.

BIBLOGRAPHY

Introduction
A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some
logical relationship between the input and output voltages.
It is a digital circuit which either allows a signal to pass
through as stop, it is called a gate.
The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics.
They are used in digital electronics to change on voltage
level (input voltage) into another (output voltage) according
to some logical statement relating them.
A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has only
one output. The relationship between the possible values of
input and output voltage is expressed in the form of a table
called truth table or table of combinations.
Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the
input and output possibilities for the logic gate.
George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of algebra
based on binary nature at the logic, this algebra of logic
called BOOLEAN ALGEBRA. A logical statement can have
only
two
values, such
as HIGH/LOW, ON/OFF,
CLOSED/OPEN, YES/NO, RIGHT/WRONG, TRUE/FALSE,
CONDUCTING/NON-CONDUCTING ,etc. The two values of
logic statements one denoted by the binary number 1 and
0. The binary number 1 is used to denote the high value.
The logical statements that logic gates follow are called
Boolean expressions.

PRINCIPLE
Any Boolean algebra operation can be associated with
inputs and outputs represent the statements of Boolean
algebra. Although these circuits may be complex, they may
all be constructed from three basic devices. We have three
different types of logic gates .These are the AND gate, the
OR gate and the NOT gate.

LOGIC

STATES

HIGH

LOW

ON

OFF

CLOSE

OPEN

RIGHT

WRONG

TRUE

FALSE

YES

NO

OR GATE
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).

Theory and Construction:


An OR gate can be realize by the electronic circuit, making use of two
diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure.
Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to
the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery (i.e. voltage 5V in the
present case) corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t.
earth.

The following interference can be easily drawn from the working of


electrical circuit is:
a)
If switch A & B are open lamp do not glow (A=0, B=0), hence Y=0.
b)
If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
c)
If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
d)
If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.

Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output Y
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1

AND GATE
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a resistance R.

Theory and Construction:


An AND gate can be realize by the electronic circuit, making use of two
diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure. The resistance R is connected to the
positive terminal of a 5V battery permanently.
Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to
the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery (i.e. voltage 5V in the
present case) corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t.
earth.

The following conclusions can be easily drawn from the working of electrical
circuit:
a) If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0) then lamp will not glow, hence
Y=0.
b) If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp will not glow, hence
Y=0.
c) If switch A open & B closed (A=0, B=1) then Lamp will not glow, hence
Y=0.
d) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.

Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output Y
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1

NOR GATE
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), an ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction:


If we connect the output Y of OR gate to the input of a NOT gate the
gate obtained is called NOR.
The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

In Boolean expression, the NOR gate is expressed as Y=A+B, and is being


read as A OR B negated. The following interference can be easily drawn
from the working of electrical circuit is:
a)
If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.
b)
If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
c)
If Switch A open & B close (A=0, B=1) then Lamp will not glow, hence
Y=0.
d)
If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will not glow, hence
Y=0.

Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output Y
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0

BIBLIOGRAPHY
ENCARTA ENCYCLOPEDIA
BRITANICCA ENCYCLOPEDIA
WWW.GOOGLE.CO.IN
WWW.ANSWERS.COM
WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
WWW.STUDYPHYSICS.CA
WWW.PHYSICSCLASSROOM.COM

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