Building Services Assignment - Aarti
Building Services Assignment - Aarti
Building Services Assignment - Aarti
AUDITORIUM
The greater the early decay time (up to two seconds), the greater the
preference for the concert hall. Above two seconds, the trend it reversed.
HOSPITALS
DESIGN PROCESS:
The acoustic environment is an important consideration at every stage of the
design process, but also needs to be considered in the context of other important
factors (e.g., lighting, hygiene, temperature). Employ an acoustical engineer at
the early stages of the design process for healthcare facilities and regularly
consult with this engineer through the post-construction stages to assist with
mechanical system design, equipment and building construction specifications,
and acoustical testing.
SITE
DESIGN:
their impact on communication and the ability to hear and respond to other
important stimuli (e.g., alarms) in healthcare environments.
SCHOOLS
SITE PLANNING
LANDSCAPE DESIGN:
Use trees, shrubs, earthen banks, and concrete barriers around school buildings
to reduce the amount of external noise entering classrooms.
STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
Place
acoustically
absorbent
materials
(e.g., mineral wool
board) on top of concrete foundation flooring
Install double-skin steel roofing with acoustically absorbent materials
(e.g., mineral wool board) to increase the structural roofs sound
insulation level .
Consider the impact of rain noise on occupants when
designing lightweight roofs or incorporating roof lights into a
design (UK Department of Education and Skills, 2003a).
Install pads underneath the schools supporting Structure
to
reduce
structurally-borne
background noise .
CAVITY RESONATORS
The Cavity resonator is short segment of waveguide which acts as high Q
resonant circuit. As shown in the figure-1, a simple cavity resonator is formed
using a shirt piece of waveguide 1/2 wavelength in size. A small probe is fixed at
the center which injects the microwave energy. This small waveguide portion is
shorted on both the ends using metallic piece.
Due to shorts at both the ends, signal injected from the probe will gets bounced
from the short positions on both the sides. Even if signal is not injected at the
probe, wave will keep bouncing till it die due to waveguide losses. This effect is
known as resonance and circuit formed as parallel resonant circuit.
The cavity as mentioned has very high Q factor upto about 30000. Due this fact,
cavities are used to design microwave filters and other resonant circuits.
A resonant panel or diaphragmatic absorber is used to absorb low frequencies.
They work by vibrating at these low frequencies and turning the sound energy
into heat. The drywall in wall construction acts as a resonant panel and absorbs a
considerable amount of bass. If you a ever been in a empty masonry or concrete
room you might have noticed the amount of bass build up when you try to talk in
the room. Compare that to an empty room in the average house with sheetrock
walls there will be some reverb but the bass build up like in the concrete room.
When you calculate the acoustic absorption of the room remember to account for
the bass absorption of the drywall.
POROUS ABSORBERS
Common porous absorbers include carpet, draperies, spray-applied cellulose,
aerated plaster, fibrous mineral wool and glass fibre, open-cell foam, and felted
or cast porous ceiling tile. Generally, all of these materials allow air to flow into a
cellular structure where sound energy is converted to heat. Porous absorbers are
the most commonly used sound absorbing materials. Thickness plays an
important role in sound absorption by porous materials. Fabric applied directly to
a hard, massive substrate such as plaster or gypsum board does not make an
efficient sound absorber due to the very thin layer of fibre. Thicker materials
generally provide more bass sound absorption or damping.
FLAKING OF SOUND
Flanking transmission is a term used by acoustical engineers wherein the sound
passes around, over the top or under the primary partition separating two
spaces. Flanking sound transmission can be especially bothersome in multifamily residential buildings. The best time to guard against flanking transmission
is in the design and construction phase of the dwelling. Simply specifying a high
performance wall between adjacent dwelling spaces is no guarantee to sound
isolation and privacy upon occupancy. Acoustical Surfaces Inc., offer both
preconstruction and post construction noise control consultations in addition to
all of the products needed to achieve demanded sound isolation.
Typical flanking sound transmission pathways can include:
STC / NRC
This is a measure of the extent of sound reduction of noise going through a
building element, presented as a rating or class. It denotes the sound
attenuation properties of walls, floors and ceilings used to construct building
spaces. The higher the STC the better the sound reducing performance of the
construction.
The STC rating of a floor/ceiling assembly or a wall is a single number rating that
stands for Sound Transmission Class. The higher the STC rating, the better the
sound isolation characteristics of the assembly will be. Most building codes
require a minimum design for floors and wall construction to have an STC rating
of 50 but will accept a minimum of 45 by actual field-testing.
WHISPERING GALLERY
A whispering gallery is usually a circular, hemispherical, elliptical or ellipsoidal
enclosure, often beneath a dome or a vault, in which whispers can be heard
clearly in other parts of the gallery. Such galleries can also be set up using two
parabolic dishes. Sometimes the phenomenon is detected in caves.
A whispering gallery is most simply constructed in the form of a circular wall, and
allows whispered communication from any part of the internal side of the
circumference to any other part. The sound is carried by waves, known as
whispering-gallery waves, that travel around the circumference clinging to the
walls. A hemispherical enclosure will also guide whispering gallery waves. The
waves carry the words so that others will be able to hear them from the opposite
side of the gallery.
FLUTTER ECHO
Flutter echo is an energy thats trapped between two surfaces and the angle that
the sound enters between the two surfaces; lets say a wall and a speaker for a
brief moment in time it becomes trapped there, okay. So you get a series of
reflections in short time signatures and then that translates into energy moving
across the room and if you have two parallel surfaces, two side walls that are of
the wrong dimension, you will get that pattern at that frequency going back and
forth.
Now what does it sound like? Flutter echo sounds like, if you have an audio track
and the first part of the track is in real time and then you delay a few
milliseconds, the next track which is the same as the first track, you just put a
little delay in it, few milliseconds and then run them together that are what it
sounds like. Its a phantom image that travels with the main image and you have
both images trying to convince you theyre one and you can hear them rather
easily. Small space, dis-parallel surfaces, easily managed with larger spaces and
with room treatment. So you can treat with diffusion or absorption
FLOATING FLOOR
Modern buildings tend to be lighter in weight, smaller and include longer spans
so therefore are more dynamic in nature. There is also an increasing trend for
buildings and spaces to have multiple uses; therefore it is critical that designers
consider disturbing frequencies and their harmonics as well as the natural
frequency modes of the floor and structure to ensure sufficient levels of noise
and vibration isolation are achieved. Structures can be tuned to minimise
resonance effects by adding mass and/or stiffness to change the dynamic
characteristics. Alternatively, vibration control measures can be incorporated to
provide vibration mitigation as well as enhance airborne and impact noise
reduction. Incorporating a floating floor for noise or vibration isolation is often far
more cost effective than the necessary increase in size and weight of steel or
concrete required to suitably stiffen a structure. As the vibration is isolated at
source, the acoustic performance is also generally much higher.
Vibro-Acoustics Floating Floors reduce the need for massive building
construction by providing sound transmission loss between two spacesfor
example, between a mechanical room and the noise-sensitive area above or
below it. Floating Floor systems with different types of moulded neoprene, rubber
mounts or springs create an air space between the building structural slab and
the Floating Floor slab. This composite construction has a sound transmission
loss equivalent to a much thicker and heavier concrete floor slab, significantly
reducing the building support structure required and saving height. If heavy
equipment has to be mounted on the floor, careful location and selection of
mounts is critical to prevent cracking of the Floating Floor slab. Vibro-Acoustics
can provide structural and seismic restraint design for our Floating Floors.
Typical locations for installing Floating Floors & Ceilings are above or below
chiller rooms, generator rooms, symphony halls, opera halls, theatres, recording
studios, libraries, galleries, auditoriums, music rooms, gymnasiums, squash
courts and on roofs between sensitive spaces and fly-by noise sources any
application that requires sound transmission to be reduced.
Typical Applications:
Automatic Sprinklers:
likewise protect vehicles and their contents. Prisons also use security systems for
control of inmates.
Some alarm systems serve a single purpose of burglary protection; combination
systems provide both fire and intrusion protection. Intrusion alarm systems may
also be combined with closed-circuit television surveillance (CCTV) systems to
automatically record the activities of intruders, and may interface to access
control systems for electrically locked doors. Systems range from small, selfcontained noisemakers, to complicated, multi-area systems with computer
monitoring and control. It may even include two-way voice which allows
communication between the panel and Monitoring station.
FIRE HYDRANT
A fire hydrant, also called fireplug, is a connection point by which fire-fighters
can tap into a water supply. It is a component of active fire protection. The user
attaches a hose to the fire hydrant, then opens a valve on the hydrant to provide
a powerful flow of water, on the order of 350 kPa (50 lbf/in) (this pressure varies
according to region and depends on various factors including the size and
location of the attached water main). This user can attach this hose to a fire
engine, which can use a powerful pump to boost the water pressure and possibly
split it into multiple streams. One may connect the hose with a threaded
connection, instantaneous "quick connector" or a Storz connector.
HOSE REEL
A Hose Reel is a cylindrical spindle made of either metal, fiberglass, or plastic
and is used for storing a hose. The most common styles of hose reels are spring
driven (which is self retracting), hand crank, or motor driven. Hose reels are
categorized by the diameter and length of the hose they hold, the pressure
rating and the rewind method. Hose reels can either be fixed in a permanent
location, or portable and attached to a truck, trailer, or cart.
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water
supply system, providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution
piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. Although historically
only used in factories and large commercial buildings, systems for homes and
small buildings are now available at a cost-effective price.[1] Fire sprinkler
systems are extensively used worldwide, with over 40 million sprinkler heads
fitted each year. In buildings completely protected by fire sprinkler systems, over
96% of fires were controlled by fire sprinklers alone
Operation:
Each closed-head sprinkler is held closed by either a heat-sensitive glass bulb or
a two-part metal link held together with fusible alloy. The glass bulb or link
applies pressure to a pipe cap which acts as a plug which prevents water from
flowing until the ambient temperature around the sprinkler reaches the design
activation temperature of the individual sprinkler head. In a standard wet-pipe
sprinkler system, each sprinkler activates independently when the
predetermined heat level is reached. Thus, only sprinklers near the fire will
operate, normally just one or two. This maximizes water pressure over the point
of fire origin, and minimizes water damage to the building.
A sprinkler activation will do less water damage than a fire department hose
stream, which provide approximately 900 liters/min (250 US gallons/min). A
typical sprinkler used for industrial manufacturing occupancies discharge about
75-150 litres/min (20-40 US gallons/min). However, a typical Early Suppression
Fast Response (ESFR) sprinkler at a pressure of 50 psi (340 kPa) will discharge
approximately 100 US gallons per minute (380 l/min). In addition, a sprinkler will
usually activate within one to four minutes of the fire's start, whereas it typically
takes at least five minutes for a fire department to register an alarm and drive to
the fire site, and an additional ten minutes to set up equipment and apply hose
streams to the fire. This additional time can result in a much larger fire, requiring
much more water to extinguish.
Types of systems:
By a wide margin, wet pipe sprinkler systems are installed more often than all
other types of fire sprinkler systems. They also are the most reliable, because
they are simple, with the only operating components being the automatic
sprinklers and (commonly, but not always) the automatic alarm check valve. An
automatic water supply provides water under pressure to the system piping.
Dry pipe systems are the second most common sprinkler system type. Dry pipe
systems are installed in spaces in which the ambient temperature may be cold
enough to freeze the water in a wet pipe system, rendering the system
inoperable. Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings, in
parking garages, in outside canopies attached to heated buildings (in which a
wet pipe system would be provided), or in refrigerated coolers. In regions using
NFPA regulations, wet pipe systems cannot be installed unless the range of
ambient temperatures remains above 40 F (4 C).
Deluge systems
"Deluge" systems are systems in which all sprinklers connected to the water
piping system are open, in that the heat sensing operating element is removed,
or specifically designed as such. These systems are used for special hazards
where rapid fire spread is a concern, as they provide a simultaneous application
of water over the entire hazard. They are sometimes installed in personnel
egress paths or building openings to slow travel of fire (e.g. openings in a firerated wall).
Water mist systems are used for special applications in which it is decided that
creating a heat absorbent vapour is the primary objective. This type of system is
typically used where water damage may be a concern, or where water supplies
are limited. NFPA 750[19] defines water mist as a water spray with a droplet size
of "less than 1000 microns at the minimum operation pressure of the discharge
nozzle." The droplet size can be controlled by the adjusting discharge pressure
through a nozzle of a fixed orifice size. By creating a mist, an equal volume of
water will create a larger total surface area exposed to the fire. The larger total
surface area better facilitates the transfer of heat, thus allowing more water
droplets to turn to steam more quickly. A water mist, which absorbs more heat
than water per unit time, due to exposed surface area, will more effectively cool
the room, thus reducing the temperature of the flame.
Water and Foam fire extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away the heat
element of the fire triangle. Foam agents also separate the oxygen element from
the other elements.
Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only - they should not be used on Class
B or C fires. The discharge stream could spread the flammable liquid in a Class B
fire or could create a shock hazard on a Class C fire.
Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers extinguish fire by taking away the oxygen
element of the fire triangle and also are removing the heat with a very cold
discharge.
Carbon dioxide can be used on Class B & C fires. They are usually ineffective on
Class A fires.
Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily by interrupting the
chemical reaction of the fire triangle.
Today's most widely used type of fire extinguisher is the multipurpose dry
chemical that is effective on Class A, B, and C fires. This agent also works by
creating a barrier between the oxygen element and the fuel element on Class A
fires.
Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to use the
correct extinguisher for the type of fuel! Using the incorrect agent can allow the
fire to re-ignite after apparently being extinguished successfully.
Wet Chemical is a new agent that extinguishes the fire by removing the heat of
the fire triangle and prevents re-ignition by creating a barrier between the
oxygen and fuel elements.
Wet chemical of Class K extinguishers were developed for modern, high
efficiency deep fat fryers in commercial cooking operations. Some may also be
used on Class A fires in commercial kitchens.
Dry Powder extinguishers are similar to dry chemical except that they extinguish
the fire by separating the fuel from the oxygen element or by removing the heat
element of the fire triangle.
However, dry powder extinguishers are for Class D or combustible metal fires,
only. They are ineffective on all other classes of fires.
Water Mist extinguishers are a recent development that extinguish the fire by
taking away the heat element of the fire triangle. They are an alternative to the
clean agent extinguishers where contamination is a concern. Water mist
extinguishers are primarily for Class A fires, although they are safe for use on
Class C fires as well.
Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily
by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.
Like the stored pressure dry chemical extinguishers, the multipurpose dry
chemical is effective on Class A, B, and C fires. This agent also works by creating
a barrier between the oxygen element and the fuel element on Class A fires.
Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to use the
correct extinguisher for the type of fuel! Using the incorrect agent can allow the
fire to re-ignite after apparently being extinguished successfully.