Building Services Assignment - Aarti

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ACOUSTIC CONSIDERATION FOR DESIGN OF

AUDITORIUM

Optimum reverberation time is a compromise between clarity (requiring


short reverberation time), sound intensity (requiring a high reverberant level),
and liveness (requiring a long reverberation time).

The optimum reverberation time of an auditorium is dependent on the use


for which it is designed.

Reflected sound arriving from the sides seems to be important to the


overall reverberance of the room.

Important subjective attributes of concert hall acoustics include intimacy,


livens, warmth, loudness of direct sound, reverberant sound level, definition or
clarity, diffusion or uniformity, balance and blend, ensemble, and freedom from
noise.

In addition to the attributes above, spatial impression and early decay


time are important. The spatial impression is dependent on contributions to the
early reflections from above and especially from the sides. The initial rate of
decay of reverberation is apparently more perceptually important than the total
reverberation time.

Echoes, flutter echoes, sound focusing, sound shadows, and background


noise should be avoided in an auditorium design.

The greater the early decay time (up to two seconds), the greater the
preference for the concert hall. Above two seconds, the trend it reversed.

Narrow halls are generally preferred to wide ones.

Preference is shown for halls having a high ``binaural dissimilarity''.

Less ``definition'' is preferred. Definition represents the ratio of energy in


the first 50 milliseconds to the total energy.

OPEN AIR THEATRES


A common basis for the participants of a performance is the requirement for
smooth theatrical communication, easy visual contact, as well as intelligibility
and clarity of the theatrical message. Long-term acoustic studies conducted in
outdoor spaces have shown that the basic principles of design include: -

minimisation of external noise (noise protection),

harmonic development of the functional elements of the theatrical


space within the limits of the human vocal and acoustic scale (theatre
form, capacity),
sufficient emergence of directly propagated sound and its
reinforcement through early positive sound reflections (from the
amphitheatre gradient and natural loudspeaker response of the space),
Control of late sound reflections (limitation of the reverberation time,
elimination of echoes).

HOSPITALS
DESIGN PROCESS:
The acoustic environment is an important consideration at every stage of the
design process, but also needs to be considered in the context of other important
factors (e.g., lighting, hygiene, temperature). Employ an acoustical engineer at
the early stages of the design process for healthcare facilities and regularly
consult with this engineer through the post-construction stages to assist with
mechanical system design, equipment and building construction specifications,
and acoustical testing.
SITE

DESIGN:

Conduct site measurements to determine the impact of noise from the


surrounding, external environment; plan the site and design the buildings faade
to mitigate any impacts.
SPACE PLANNING:
Create single-bed (as opposed to multi-bed) patient rooms as they may reduce
hospital-acquired infections, improve patient sleep and privacy, and facilitate
better communication between parents and families and their caregivers.
Decentralize nurses stations as this may minimize corridor traffic, in turn
reducing noise generation and allowing nurses to see and hear their patients
more effectively.
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT:
mechanical equipment noise enters spaces through interior partitions, the
faade of the building, ventilation ducts, and as a result of vibration from
mechanical equipment. to mitigate these impacts, specify quieter equipment,
acoustic silencers, louvers, barriers, and vibration isolators sound .
MASKING SYSTEMS:
Consider using sound-masking systems to minimize patient distractions and
improve speech privacy. Sound masking incorporates ambient background noise
into a space to mitigate distracting mechanical and other noises. Specifying
sound masking systems should be carefully considered with full knowledge of

their impact on communication and the ability to hear and respond to other
important stimuli (e.g., alarms) in healthcare environments.

SCHOOLS
SITE PLANNING

Locate critical listening environments (e.g., core classrooms) away


from external noise sources (e.g., automobile traffic, railroads,
construction sites, airports, mechanical units) to prevent
background noise from interfering in the classroom.
Communicate with facility managers and school administrators
to minimize noise intrusions (e.g., schedule lawn-mowing when
the classroom is unoccupied) in classrooms that depend on
natural ventilation

LANDSCAPE DESIGN:
Use trees, shrubs, earthen banks, and concrete barriers around school buildings
to reduce the amount of external noise entering classrooms.
STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS

Place
acoustically
absorbent
materials
(e.g., mineral wool
board) on top of concrete foundation flooring
Install double-skin steel roofing with acoustically absorbent materials
(e.g., mineral wool board) to increase the structural roofs sound
insulation level .
Consider the impact of rain noise on occupants when
designing lightweight roofs or incorporating roof lights into a
design (UK Department of Education and Skills, 2003a).
Install pads underneath the schools supporting Structure
to
reduce
structurally-borne
background noise .

DOORS AND WINDOWS

Seal gaps in window frames and doorways


Understand that windows near loud sources of external noise
should be properly installed, heavily weighted, double-paned, and
remain closed when possible to reduce background noise in
classrooms
Hang acoustically-treated curtains or draperies in front of windows to
reduce the proliferation of external noises in classrooms.
Be aware that single-pane windows are generally poor noise
insulators.

MATERIALS AND SURFACES

Consider using acoustically-treated furniture to reduce interior noise in


classrooms. However, be aware that some acoustically-treated
furniture may be unhygienic .

Install carpeting in classrooms to reduce Ambient noises of


movement (e.g., movement of chairs and desks, shuffling feet).
Use dense, acoustically treated doors with rubber or gasket
seals to reduce sound transmission .Consider using carpeting and
acoustical ceiling tiles in hallways to reduce noise
Consider using a suspended acoustical ceiling (provide sound
absorption to reduce interior noise within the room

AIRBORNE / STRUCTURE BORNE SOUND


Generation and propagation of time dependent motions and forces in
solid materials which results in unwanted radiated sound. Structure-borne
sound results from an impact on, or a vibration against, a part of a building fabric
resulting in sound being radiated from an adjacent vibrating surface. A typical
example of structure-borne sound is footsteps on a floor which can be heard in a
room below.

CAVITY RESONATORS
The Cavity resonator is short segment of waveguide which acts as high Q
resonant circuit. As shown in the figure-1, a simple cavity resonator is formed
using a shirt piece of waveguide 1/2 wavelength in size. A small probe is fixed at
the center which injects the microwave energy. This small waveguide portion is
shorted on both the ends using metallic piece.
Due to shorts at both the ends, signal injected from the probe will gets bounced
from the short positions on both the sides. Even if signal is not injected at the
probe, wave will keep bouncing till it die due to waveguide losses. This effect is
known as resonance and circuit formed as parallel resonant circuit.
The cavity as mentioned has very high Q factor upto about 30000. Due this fact,
cavities are used to design microwave filters and other resonant circuits.
A resonant panel or diaphragmatic absorber is used to absorb low frequencies.
They work by vibrating at these low frequencies and turning the sound energy
into heat. The drywall in wall construction acts as a resonant panel and absorbs a
considerable amount of bass. If you a ever been in a empty masonry or concrete
room you might have noticed the amount of bass build up when you try to talk in
the room. Compare that to an empty room in the average house with sheetrock
walls there will be some reverb but the bass build up like in the concrete room.
When you calculate the acoustic absorption of the room remember to account for
the bass absorption of the drywall.

Applications of cavity resonator:


Cavity resonators are widely used in engineering as the oscillatory systems of
generators (klystrons, magnetrons), as filters, as frequency standards, as
measuring circuits, and in various devices designed for investigating solid, liquid,
and gaseous substances. They can be used in the frequency range from 109 to
10n hertz. At higher frequencies, the wavelength of the oscillations excited in a
cavity resonator becomes comparable to the dimensions of the unavoidable
surface defects on the walls of the cavity resonator. This fact causes a dissipation

of the electromagnetic energy, a drawback that is eliminated in open resonators


consisting of a system of mirrors.

POROUS ABSORBERS
Common porous absorbers include carpet, draperies, spray-applied cellulose,
aerated plaster, fibrous mineral wool and glass fibre, open-cell foam, and felted
or cast porous ceiling tile. Generally, all of these materials allow air to flow into a
cellular structure where sound energy is converted to heat. Porous absorbers are
the most commonly used sound absorbing materials. Thickness plays an
important role in sound absorption by porous materials. Fabric applied directly to
a hard, massive substrate such as plaster or gypsum board does not make an
efficient sound absorber due to the very thin layer of fibre. Thicker materials
generally provide more bass sound absorption or damping.

FLAKING OF SOUND
Flanking transmission is a term used by acoustical engineers wherein the sound
passes around, over the top or under the primary partition separating two
spaces. Flanking sound transmission can be especially bothersome in multifamily residential buildings. The best time to guard against flanking transmission
is in the design and construction phase of the dwelling. Simply specifying a high
performance wall between adjacent dwelling spaces is no guarantee to sound
isolation and privacy upon occupancy. Acoustical Surfaces Inc., offer both
preconstruction and post construction noise control consultations in addition to
all of the products needed to achieve demanded sound isolation.
Typical flanking sound transmission pathways can include:

Ceilings Above and Through the Ceiling Space


Floors Through Floor and Floor Joist Space
Through Windows
Fixtures & Outlets Light Switches, Telephone Outlets, and Recessed
Lighting Fixtures
Shared Structural Building Components Floor Boards, Floor Joists,
Continuous Drywall Partitions, Continuous Concrete Floors, and Cement
Block Walls
Structural Joints Perimeter Joints at Wall & Floor, Through Wall & Ceiling
Junctures
Plumbing Chases Junctures Between the Walls & Floor Slab Above or at
the Exterior Wall
Juncture
Around the End of the Partition Through the Adjacent Wall

STC / NRC
This is a measure of the extent of sound reduction of noise going through a
building element, presented as a rating or class. It denotes the sound
attenuation properties of walls, floors and ceilings used to construct building
spaces. The higher the STC the better the sound reducing performance of the
construction.
The STC rating of a floor/ceiling assembly or a wall is a single number rating that
stands for Sound Transmission Class. The higher the STC rating, the better the
sound isolation characteristics of the assembly will be. Most building codes
require a minimum design for floors and wall construction to have an STC rating
of 50 but will accept a minimum of 45 by actual field-testing.

WHISPERING GALLERY
A whispering gallery is usually a circular, hemispherical, elliptical or ellipsoidal
enclosure, often beneath a dome or a vault, in which whispers can be heard
clearly in other parts of the gallery. Such galleries can also be set up using two
parabolic dishes. Sometimes the phenomenon is detected in caves.
A whispering gallery is most simply constructed in the form of a circular wall, and
allows whispered communication from any part of the internal side of the
circumference to any other part. The sound is carried by waves, known as
whispering-gallery waves, that travel around the circumference clinging to the
walls. A hemispherical enclosure will also guide whispering gallery waves. The
waves carry the words so that others will be able to hear them from the opposite
side of the gallery.

The gallery may also be in the form of an ellipse or ellipsoid,[4] with an


accessible point at each focus. In this case, when a visitor stands at one focus
and whispers, the line of sound emanating from this focus reflects directly to the
focus at the other end of the gallery, where the whispers may be heard. In a
similar way, two large concave parabolic dishes, serving as acoustic mirrors, may
be erected facing each other in a room or outdoors to serve as a whispering
gallery, a common feature of science museums.
EXAMPLES:

GOL GUMBAZ ,BIJAPUR

FLUTTER ECHO
Flutter echo is an energy thats trapped between two surfaces and the angle that
the sound enters between the two surfaces; lets say a wall and a speaker for a
brief moment in time it becomes trapped there, okay. So you get a series of

reflections in short time signatures and then that translates into energy moving
across the room and if you have two parallel surfaces, two side walls that are of
the wrong dimension, you will get that pattern at that frequency going back and
forth.
Now what does it sound like? Flutter echo sounds like, if you have an audio track
and the first part of the track is in real time and then you delay a few
milliseconds, the next track which is the same as the first track, you just put a
little delay in it, few milliseconds and then run them together that are what it
sounds like. Its a phantom image that travels with the main image and you have
both images trying to convince you theyre one and you can hear them rather
easily. Small space, dis-parallel surfaces, easily managed with larger spaces and
with room treatment. So you can treat with diffusion or absorption

FLOATING FLOOR
Modern buildings tend to be lighter in weight, smaller and include longer spans
so therefore are more dynamic in nature. There is also an increasing trend for
buildings and spaces to have multiple uses; therefore it is critical that designers
consider disturbing frequencies and their harmonics as well as the natural
frequency modes of the floor and structure to ensure sufficient levels of noise
and vibration isolation are achieved. Structures can be tuned to minimise
resonance effects by adding mass and/or stiffness to change the dynamic
characteristics. Alternatively, vibration control measures can be incorporated to
provide vibration mitigation as well as enhance airborne and impact noise
reduction. Incorporating a floating floor for noise or vibration isolation is often far
more cost effective than the necessary increase in size and weight of steel or
concrete required to suitably stiffen a structure. As the vibration is isolated at
source, the acoustic performance is also generally much higher.
Vibro-Acoustics Floating Floors reduce the need for massive building
construction by providing sound transmission loss between two spacesfor
example, between a mechanical room and the noise-sensitive area above or
below it. Floating Floor systems with different types of moulded neoprene, rubber
mounts or springs create an air space between the building structural slab and
the Floating Floor slab. This composite construction has a sound transmission
loss equivalent to a much thicker and heavier concrete floor slab, significantly
reducing the building support structure required and saving height. If heavy
equipment has to be mounted on the floor, careful location and selection of
mounts is critical to prevent cracking of the Floating Floor slab. Vibro-Acoustics
can provide structural and seismic restraint design for our Floating Floors.

Typical locations for installing Floating Floors & Ceilings are above or below
chiller rooms, generator rooms, symphony halls, opera halls, theatres, recording
studios, libraries, galleries, auditoriums, music rooms, gymnasiums, squash

courts and on roofs between sensitive spaces and fly-by noise sources any
application that requires sound transmission to be reduced.

Typical Applications:

Cinemas, Recording & broadcast studios


Music practice rooms
Dance studios
Theatres
Concert halls
Conference centres
Bowling alleys
Buildings located near major road or rail networks
Residential
dwellings
Offices
Nightclubs
Hotels
Gyms
Plant rooms

REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE FIGHTING OF HIGH-RISE


BUILDINGS.
Static Water Storage Tanks:
A satisfactory supply of water for the purpose of fire fighting shall always
be available in the form of underground/terrace level static storage tank
with capacity specified with arrangements for replenishment by means of
alternative source of supply at the rate of 1000 litres per minute for
underground static tank. When this is not practicable, the capacity of
static storage tank(s) shall be increased proportionately in
consultation with the local fire brigade. The static storage water supply
required for the above mentioned purpose shall entirely be accessible
to the fire engines of the local fire service. Provision of suitable no: of
manholes shall be made available for inspection, repairs, insertion of
suction hoses etc. The covering slab shall be able to withstand the
vehicular load of 45 tonnes equally divided as a four point load when the
slab forms a part of pathway/driveway.
Fire Extinguishers/Fixed Fire Fighting
Installations:
All buildings depending upon the occupancy, use and height shall be
protected by fire extinguishers, wet riser, down comer, automatic sprinkler
installation, high / medium velocity water spray, foam, gaseous or dry
powder systems.

Automatic Sprinklers:

Basements used as car parks or storage occupancy if the area


exceeds 200metre square.
Multi-level basements, covered upper floors used as car
parks, and for housing essential services ancillary to a
particular occupancy or for storage occupancy, excluding any
area to be used for substation, A/C plant and DG set.
Any room or other compartment of a building exceeding
1125 metre square in area
Departmental stores or shops , if the aggregate covered area
exceeds 500 m2
All non -domestic floors of mixed occupancy which constitute
a hazard and are not provided with staircases independent of the
remainder of the buildings;
Go downs and warehouses, as considered necessary;

On all floors of the buildings other than residential and


educational buildings, if the height of the building exceeds 15m
(45m in case of group housing and apartments)
Dressing rooms, scenery docks, stages and stage basements
of theatres;
In hotels, hospitals, industries, (low and moderate hazard),
mercantile buildings, of height15m and above.

AUTOMATED ALARM SYSTEMS


Automated information systems security comprises measures and controls that
ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information processed and
stored by automated information systems. The unauthorized disclosure,
modification, or destruction may be accidental or intentional.
Automated information systems security includes consideration of all computer
hardware and software functions, characteristics and features; operational
procedures; accountability procedures; and access controls at the central
computer facility, remote computer, and terminal facilities; management
constraints; physical structures and devices, such as computers, transmission
lines, and power sources; and personnel and communications controls needed to
provide an acceptable level of risk for the automated information system and for
the data and information contained in the system. Automated information
systems security also includes the totality of security safeguards needed to
provide an acceptable protection level for an automated information system and
for the data handled by an automated information system.

AUTOMATED FIRE ALARM SYSTEM


A fire alarm system is number of devices working together to detect and warn
people through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide
or other emergencies are present. These alarms may be activated automatically
from smoke detectors, and heat detectors or may also be activated via manual
fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations. Alarms
can be either motorized bells or wall mountable sounders or horns. They can also
be speaker strobes which sound an alarm, followed by a voice evacuation
message which warns people inside the building not to use the elevators.

AUTOMATED SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM


A security alarm is a system designed to detect intrusion unauthorized entry
into a building or area. Security alarms are used in residential, commercial,
industrial, and military properties for protection against burglary (theft) or
property damage, as well as personal protection against intruders. Car alarms

likewise protect vehicles and their contents. Prisons also use security systems for
control of inmates.
Some alarm systems serve a single purpose of burglary protection; combination
systems provide both fire and intrusion protection. Intrusion alarm systems may
also be combined with closed-circuit television surveillance (CCTV) systems to
automatically record the activities of intruders, and may interface to access
control systems for electrically locked doors. Systems range from small, selfcontained noisemakers, to complicated, multi-area systems with computer
monitoring and control. It may even include two-way voice which allows
communication between the panel and Monitoring station.

FIRE HYDRANT
A fire hydrant, also called fireplug, is a connection point by which fire-fighters
can tap into a water supply. It is a component of active fire protection. The user
attaches a hose to the fire hydrant, then opens a valve on the hydrant to provide
a powerful flow of water, on the order of 350 kPa (50 lbf/in) (this pressure varies
according to region and depends on various factors including the size and
location of the attached water main). This user can attach this hose to a fire
engine, which can use a powerful pump to boost the water pressure and possibly
split it into multiple streams. One may connect the hose with a threaded
connection, instantaneous "quick connector" or a Storz connector.

HOSE REEL
A Hose Reel is a cylindrical spindle made of either metal, fiberglass, or plastic
and is used for storing a hose. The most common styles of hose reels are spring
driven (which is self retracting), hand crank, or motor driven. Hose reels are
categorized by the diameter and length of the hose they hold, the pressure
rating and the rewind method. Hose reels can either be fixed in a permanent
location, or portable and attached to a truck, trailer, or cart.
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water
supply system, providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution
piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. Although historically
only used in factories and large commercial buildings, systems for homes and
small buildings are now available at a cost-effective price.[1] Fire sprinkler
systems are extensively used worldwide, with over 40 million sprinkler heads
fitted each year. In buildings completely protected by fire sprinkler systems, over
96% of fires were controlled by fire sprinklers alone
Operation:
Each closed-head sprinkler is held closed by either a heat-sensitive glass bulb or
a two-part metal link held together with fusible alloy. The glass bulb or link

applies pressure to a pipe cap which acts as a plug which prevents water from
flowing until the ambient temperature around the sprinkler reaches the design
activation temperature of the individual sprinkler head. In a standard wet-pipe
sprinkler system, each sprinkler activates independently when the
predetermined heat level is reached. Thus, only sprinklers near the fire will
operate, normally just one or two. This maximizes water pressure over the point
of fire origin, and minimizes water damage to the building.
A sprinkler activation will do less water damage than a fire department hose
stream, which provide approximately 900 liters/min (250 US gallons/min). A
typical sprinkler used for industrial manufacturing occupancies discharge about
75-150 litres/min (20-40 US gallons/min). However, a typical Early Suppression
Fast Response (ESFR) sprinkler at a pressure of 50 psi (340 kPa) will discharge
approximately 100 US gallons per minute (380 l/min). In addition, a sprinkler will
usually activate within one to four minutes of the fire's start, whereas it typically
takes at least five minutes for a fire department to register an alarm and drive to
the fire site, and an additional ten minutes to set up equipment and apply hose
streams to the fire. This additional time can result in a much larger fire, requiring
much more water to extinguish.
Types of systems:

Wet pipe systems

By a wide margin, wet pipe sprinkler systems are installed more often than all
other types of fire sprinkler systems. They also are the most reliable, because
they are simple, with the only operating components being the automatic
sprinklers and (commonly, but not always) the automatic alarm check valve. An
automatic water supply provides water under pressure to the system piping.

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems are the second most common sprinkler system type. Dry pipe
systems are installed in spaces in which the ambient temperature may be cold
enough to freeze the water in a wet pipe system, rendering the system
inoperable. Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings, in
parking garages, in outside canopies attached to heated buildings (in which a
wet pipe system would be provided), or in refrigerated coolers. In regions using
NFPA regulations, wet pipe systems cannot be installed unless the range of
ambient temperatures remains above 40 F (4 C).

Deluge systems

"Deluge" systems are systems in which all sprinklers connected to the water
piping system are open, in that the heat sensing operating element is removed,
or specifically designed as such. These systems are used for special hazards
where rapid fire spread is a concern, as they provide a simultaneous application
of water over the entire hazard. They are sometimes installed in personnel
egress paths or building openings to slow travel of fire (e.g. openings in a firerated wall).

Foam water sprinkler systems

A foam water fire sprinkler system is a special application system, discharging a


mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate, resulting in a foam spray
from the sprinkler. These systems are usually used with special hazards
occupancies associated with high challenge fires, such as flammable liquids, and
airport hangars. Operation is as described above, depending on the system type
into which the foam is injected.

Water mist systems

Water mist systems are used for special applications in which it is decided that
creating a heat absorbent vapour is the primary objective. This type of system is
typically used where water damage may be a concern, or where water supplies
are limited. NFPA 750[19] defines water mist as a water spray with a droplet size
of "less than 1000 microns at the minimum operation pressure of the discharge
nozzle." The droplet size can be controlled by the adjusting discharge pressure
through a nozzle of a fixed orifice size. By creating a mist, an equal volume of
water will create a larger total surface area exposed to the fire. The larger total
surface area better facilitates the transfer of heat, thus allowing more water
droplets to turn to steam more quickly. A water mist, which absorbs more heat
than water per unit time, due to exposed surface area, will more effectively cool
the room, thus reducing the temperature of the flame.

TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Water and foam extinguishers

Water and Foam fire extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away the heat
element of the fire triangle. Foam agents also separate the oxygen element from
the other elements.
Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only - they should not be used on Class
B or C fires. The discharge stream could spread the flammable liquid in a Class B
fire or could create a shock hazard on a Class C fire.

Carbon Dioxide extinguishers

Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers extinguish fire by taking away the oxygen
element of the fire triangle and also are removing the heat with a very cold
discharge.
Carbon dioxide can be used on Class B & C fires. They are usually ineffective on
Class A fires.

Dry Chemical extinguishers

Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily by interrupting the
chemical reaction of the fire triangle.
Today's most widely used type of fire extinguisher is the multipurpose dry
chemical that is effective on Class A, B, and C fires. This agent also works by
creating a barrier between the oxygen element and the fuel element on Class A
fires.
Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to use the
correct extinguisher for the type of fuel! Using the incorrect agent can allow the
fire to re-ignite after apparently being extinguished successfully.

Wet Chemical extinguishers

Wet Chemical is a new agent that extinguishes the fire by removing the heat of
the fire triangle and prevents re-ignition by creating a barrier between the
oxygen and fuel elements.
Wet chemical of Class K extinguishers were developed for modern, high
efficiency deep fat fryers in commercial cooking operations. Some may also be
used on Class A fires in commercial kitchens.

Clean Agent extinguishers

Halogenated or Clean Agent extinguishers include the halon agents as well as


the newer and less ozone depleting halocarbon agents. They extinguish the fire
by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.
Clean agent extinguishers are primarily for Class B & C fires. Some larger clean
agent extinguishers can be used on Class A, B, and C fires.

Dry Powder extinguishers

Dry Powder extinguishers are similar to dry chemical except that they extinguish
the fire by separating the fuel from the oxygen element or by removing the heat
element of the fire triangle.
However, dry powder extinguishers are for Class D or combustible metal fires,
only. They are ineffective on all other classes of fires.

Water Mist extinguishers

Water Mist extinguishers are a recent development that extinguish the fire by
taking away the heat element of the fire triangle. They are an alternative to the
clean agent extinguishers where contamination is a concern. Water mist
extinguishers are primarily for Class A fires, although they are safe for use on
Class C fires as well.

Cartridge-Operated Dry Chemical extinguishers

Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily
by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.
Like the stored pressure dry chemical extinguishers, the multipurpose dry
chemical is effective on Class A, B, and C fires. This agent also works by creating
a barrier between the oxygen element and the fuel element on Class A fires.
Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to use the
correct extinguisher for the type of fuel! Using the incorrect agent can allow the
fire to re-ignite after apparently being extinguished successfully.

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