8.4 Biology Life On Earth Notes
8.4 Biology Life On Earth Notes
8.4 Biology Life On Earth Notes
2 Unit Biology
Relate the fossil record to the age of the Earth and the time over which life
has been evolving:
- The study of fossils shows that there has been a great diversity of living
organisms since the Precambrian times
- The types and abundance of organisms have changed over long periods of times
- Using the fossil record and knowledge of present day diversity, the evolutionary
pathways of organisms can be traced back
- If we compare present-day organisms with those from the fossil record, we can
see a history of change
- An example is the evolution of the horse, whose fossil record has been excellent
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1. Analysis of the oldest sedimentary rocks provides evidence for the origin
of life:
Identify the relationship between the conditions on early Earth and the
origin of organic molecules:
- Conditions of early Earth:
Massive oceans existed
Only small landmasses above the surface of the water
No ozone layer
Large amounts of radiation reached the Earth
No free oxygen in the air
Large amounts of volcanic activity; heat, ash, dust and gases into atmosphere
Violent electric storms common
Atmosphere contained some water vapour (H2O), hydrogen (H2), hydrogen
cyanide (HCN), a lot of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), possibly
ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4).
- The chemicals of life are contained within the following basic organic compounds:
water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
- These compounds are made up of hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), carbon (C), nitrogen
(N) and some other common elements.
- As you can see, the elements needed to create the basic organic compounds were
already present in the atmosphere; i.e., H, O, C and N were already there.
- The lack of an ozone layer, the frequent violent electric storms, and the volcanic
activity of early Earth could have provided the energy for molecules to be formed.
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- The first step needed for life to be formed would be that the organic molecules
needed for life would have to be present
- These organic molecules could have been formed here on Earth, or been sent to
Earth from outer space (the cosmos)
Discuss the significance of the Urey and Miller experiment in the debate on
the composition of the early atmosphere:
- Urey and Miller performed the following experiment to prove Haldane and
Oparins theory:
A closed system was set up and powerful electrical sparks were passed
through a chamber containing ammonia, hydrogen, and methane.
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These chemicals were used because the scientists wanted to recreate the
atmosphere of early Earth.
Steam was recycled and passed through the chemicals
After a week, the steam collected was red and turbid. When this water was
tested, it was found to contain some amino acids.
-
This experiment proved that, if early Earth did contain those chemicals, life could
have formed from inorganic molecules.
Uses
Microscope
Radiometric Dating
Electron Microscopy
Radioactive Tracing
today
Sequencing
Spectrophotometry
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i.e. organic molecules could have been created on the surface of early
Earth, from inorganic molecules using energy from UV rays and lightning
It showed that hypotheses and theories are welcomed in science, but are
only accepted when backed up with scientific proof, that is, experiments.
The results supported Haldane and Oparins theory that early Earth
contained the basic chemical components for life
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The first stage of the evolution of life was the creation of organic
molecules, either through synthesis from inorganic molecules, or from
outer space
Membranes
-
The internal environment, i.e. the contents began to evolve into nucleic
acids and the primitive cell could now replicate
These pigments allowed them to use the energy from the sun to create
food
Eucaryotic cells
-
Colonial organisms
-
All the cells in the colony have the same function; no differentiation
They form when daughter cells from cell division become bound together
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Multicellular organism
-
These are groups of cells, where some cells have differing functions from
others
Each cell has its own specialised function and all cells depend on each
other
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- Chinese: Believe the first organism was Pan Ku, who evolved in a giant cosmic
egg. All elements of the universe were in the egg, all mixed. In the egg, he
separated the opposites, then 18,000 years later the egg hatched, and Pan Ku died
from the effort of creation.
- Aboriginals: Dreamtime; great supernatural beings existed in the dreamtime and
created the Earth and everything in it
- Greek: Aristotles ideas that the whole universe had a hierarchy and that it started
from rocks, up through plants and animals, to humans, and finally to God.
- Romans: Lucretius, a Roman philosopher believed there was no God, because the
universe was so imperfect. It was made of particles all squeezing together.
- As you can see, science contradicts with the belief of many people.
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Archaeobacteria
thermal vents.
sulphide + energy
carbon dioxide + hydrogen =
methane + water + energy
Eubacteria
forms
recycling in ecosystems.
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of them cause, but many are
used in industry.
Cyanobacteria
Widespread, especially in
Photosynthetic, therefore
Including stromatolites
marine environments.
(Belongs to
Eubacteria)
fungi in lichens.
Nitrogen-Fixing
Bacteria
Methanogens
(Belongs to
Archaeobacteria)
tracts of animals.
Deep-Sea Bacteria
Thermophiles
(Belongs to
underwater
Archaeobacteria)
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Use the available evidence to outline similarities in the past and present for
one of the following: (Cyanobacteria chosen)
Past:
Present:
+ Cyanobacteria are among the most + Cyanobacteria are still common today:
abundant fossils in PRECAMBRIAN
- Warm conditions
calcium bicarbonate
Precambrian times:
- There was more UV radiation than + Today, most are aquatic forms, some are
today
cyanobacteria
developed
- Some
primitive photosynthesis
live
in
mutualistic
- The environment would be warm and + Today stromatolites are found at Shark
damp like a mineral water spring
- Antarctica
- Hot Springs
- Lake Clifton WA
Geologists
find
bacteria
in
the
12
times
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Advantages:
-
Disadvantages:
-
MONERA: procaryotic
Advantages:
-
Disadvantages:
-
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MONERA: Procaryotic
Advantages:
-
Disadvantages;
-
Levels of organisation are very useful for storing and retrieving information, as
much information is stored about an organism at each level. For example, all
organisms in the Class: mammals have milk glands.
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- The invention of the light and electron microscopes, and the discovery of cells
and the discovery of micro-organisms increased the number of kingdoms to 5
- Advances in molecular biology and biochemistry revealed the two major groups
within the procaryotic monera: the Archaeobacteria and the Eubacteria.
- Hence the number of kingdoms has increased to 6
- The advances in molecular techniques, like DNA and amino acid sequencing have
revealed new relationships between organisms
- All these advances in technology have allowed taxonomists to continually change
and refine the current classification systems.
Describe the main features of the binomial system in naming species and
relate these to the concepts of genus and species:
- Many organisms have many common names, that vary from place to place
- To overcome this, a binomial system of naming is used to give every organism
just one name, consisting of two parts.
- This name is called the scientific name and this system was developed by
Linnaeus in the 18th Century
- In this system, an organism is given a name consisting of 2 parts.
- The first word has a capital latter and represents the GENUS of the organism
- The second word represents the SPECIES of the organism and has no capitals
- Both words are either written in italics or underlined.
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