(Chapter 4 - Assignments 10-4 A steady-flow Camot cycle uses water as the working ‘uid, Water changes from saturated liquid to saturated vapor as heat is transferred tit fom a source at 250°C. Heat rejec- jon takes place at a pressure of 20 kPa. Show the cycle on Ts diagram relative to the saturation lines, and determine (a) the thermal efficiency (b) the amount of hea rejected, ‘idkg, and (e) the net work output 10-8C Consider a simple ideal Rankine cycle with fixed Turbine inlet conditions. What isthe effect of lowering the condenser pressure on Pump work input; (a) increases, (B) decreases, (6) remains the same Turbine work (a) nereases, (6) decreases, ‘output: (6) remains the same Heat supplied: (a) increases, (t) decreases, (6) remains the same Heat rejected: (a) increases, (6) decreases, (6) remains the same Cycle efficiency: (a) increases, (6) decreases, (6) remains the same Moisture content (a) increases, (b) decreases, at turbine exit: (6) remains the same 10-9C Consider a simple ideal Rankine cycle with fixed turbine inlet temperature and condenser pressure, What isthe effect of increasing the boiler pressure on Pump work input: (a) increases, _(b) decreases, (c) remains the same Turbine work (a) increases, (6) decreases, ‘output: (6) remains the same Heat supplied: (a) increases, (6) decreases, (6) remains the same Heat rejected: (a) increases, (4) decreases, (©) remains the same ele efficiency: (a) increases, (6) decreases, (6) remains the same Moisture content (a) increases, (6) decreases, at turbine exits (c) remains the same10-40 Consider a simple ideal Rankine eyele with fixed boiler and condenser pressures. What isthe effect of super- heating te steam to higher temperature on Pump work input: (a) inereases, (0) decreases, (6) remains the same Turbine work (a) increases, (0) decreases, ‘output: (6) remains the same Heat supplied: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (6 remains the same Heat rejected: (a) increases, (0) decreases, (6) remains the same Cycle efficincy: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (6 remains the same Moisture content (a) increases, (0) decreases, at turbine ext: (€) remains the same 10-14C Is it possible to maintain a pressure of 10 kPa in 2 condenser that is being cooled by river water entering al 20°C? 10-15 A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cyele between the pressure limits of 3 MPa and SO KPa, The temperature of the steam at the turbine inlet is 300°C, and the mass flow rate of steam through the eyele is 35 Keie. Show the eyele ona Ts diagram with respect sae uration lines, and determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the ‘yele and () the net power output ofthe power plant 10-16 Consider « 210-MW steam power plant that operates fon a simple ideal Rankine cycle. Steam enters the turbine at 10 MPa and 300°C and is cooled in the condenser ata pres- sute of 10 kPa, Show the eyele ona Ts diagram with respect ‘o saturation fines, and determine (a) the quality of the steam at the turbine exit, (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle and (e) the mass flow rate of the steam. Answers (a) 0.733, (6) 40.2 percent, (¢ 165 kos9-14 An airstandanl cycle with variable specific heats is execute ina closed system and is composed ofthe following our processes: 1-2 Isentropie compression fi 800 KPa 2-3. v= constant heat addition to 1800 K 3-4 _Isentrpic expansion to 100 kPa 441 P= constant heat rejection to initial state (2) Show the eycle on P-v and T-s diagrams. (@) Caleulate the net work output per unit mass (6) Determine the thermal efficiency. 100 kPa and 27°C 10 9-16 An sirstandard cycle is executed in a closed system and is composed ofthe following four processes 1-2" entropic compression frm 100 KPa and 27°C to 1 MPa! 2.3 P= constant beat adition in amount of 2800, kinks 34 v= constant heat rejection 19 100 kPa 461 P= constant heat rejection to initial state (a) Show the eyele on P-v and Ts diagrans. (6) Calculate dhe maximum temperature inthe cycle (6) Determine the thermal efficiency, Assume constant specific heats at room temperature ‘Asner: (8) 3360 K, (21.0 percent 9-34 An ideal Oto cycle has « compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the compression proces, air is at 95 KPa and 27°C, and 750 kike of heat is transferred (0 air during the constant-volume heat-additon process, Taking into account the variation of specific heats with temperature, determine (@ the pressure and temperature at the end of the heat- addition process, (b the net work output, (c) the thermal eff- ciency, and (d) the mean effective pressure for the cycle ‘Answers: (0) 3898 KP, 1539 K, (0) 392.4 Kg, (e) 52.3 per cent, (2) 495 KPa 9-37 The compression ratio ofan sir-standard Oto eyce is 9.5. Prior o the isentropic compression process, the ai is at 100 KPa, 35°C, and 600 em®, The temperature atthe end of the isentropic expansion process is 800 K. Using specific Feat values at room temperature, determine (a) the highest, temperature and pressure inthe eyle; (8) the amount of heat transfered in, in KJ; (€) the thermal efiieney; and (d) the ‘mean effective pressure, Answers: (a) 1969 K, 6072 KPa, (@) 0.59 4, (€) 58.4 percent, (a) 652 KPa 9-47 An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression of 16 and a cutoff ratio of 2. At the beginning of the com: pression process, air is at 95 KPa and 27°C, Accounting for the variation of specific heats with temperature, determine (a) the temperature aller the heataddition process, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the mean effective pressure ‘Answers: (a) 1728.8 K, (8) 56.3 percent, (c) 675.9 KPa9-51 An ideal diesel engine has a compression ratio of 20, and uses air as the working Muid. The state of air atthe hoginning ofthe compression process is 95 kPa and 20°C. If the maximum temperate in the eyele isnot to exceed 2208) KK, determine (a) the thermal efficieney and (B) the mean effective pressure. Assume constant specific heats for air at oom temperature. Answer: (2) 63.5 percent, (0) 933 KPa 9-65 Consider an ideal Bresson cycle with air as the work: ing uid executed ina steady-flow system, Air is at 27°C and 120 KPa at the beginning’ of the isothermal compression process, during which 150 KI&g of heat is rejected. Heat transfer to alr oceurs at 1200 K. Determine (a) the maximum pressure in the cycle, (b) the net work output per unit mass of ai, and (e) the thermal effcieney of the cycle. Answers: (2) 685 KPa, (0) 450 Kika () 75 percont 9-66 An ideal Stsing engine using helium as the working ‘uid operates between temperature limits of 300 and 2000 K and pressure limits of 150 KPa and 3 MPa. Assuming the mass ofthe helium used in the eycle is 0.12 kg, determine (a) the thermal effcieney ofthe eyele,(® the amount of eat transfer in the regenerator, and (c) the work output per cycle 9-73 (BA simple Brayton cycle using air asthe working "6° fMuid has a pressure ratio of 8, The minimum and maximum temperatures inthe eycle are 310 and 1160 K. Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 75 percent for the com= ‘pressor and 82 percent for the turbine, determine (a) the ait temperature atthe turbine ext, (b) the net work output, and (6) the thermal efficiency. 9-76 Air is used as the working fluid in a simple ideal Brayton cycle that has a pressure ratio of 12, a compressor inlet temperature of 300 K, and a wrbine inlet temperature of 1000 K. Determine the required mass flow rate of ait for a net power output of 70 MW, assuming bath the compressor and the turbine have an isentropic efficiency of (a) 100 per- cent and () 85 percent. Assume constant specific heats at oom temperature, Answer: (2) 352 ks, (6) 1037 kgs9-84 A gascturbine power plant operates on the simple Brayton eyele between the pressure limits of 100 and 1200 KPa The working Mud is ar. which enters the compressor at 30°C at a rate of 150 m/min and leaves the turbine at 300°C, Using variable specific heats for ar and assuming a compres- sor isentropic efficiency of 82 percent and a turbine isen- trope efficiency of 88 percent, determine (a) the net power ‘output, (b) the back work ratio, ad (c) the thermal efficiency ‘Ansar (2) 659 HM, (8) 0.625, (e) 0.319 Combustion too KPa are 11-2 A steady-flow Camot refrigeration cycle uses refriger ant-134a as the working fluid. The refizerant changes from saturated vapor to saturated liquid at 30°C in the condenser as it rejects heat. The evaporator pressure is 160 KPa. Show the cycle on a 7s diagram relative to saturation lines, and determine (a) the coefficient of performance, (B) the amou (of heat absorbed from the refrigerated space, and (c) the net, work input. Answers (2) 5.64, (0) 147 Akg, (c) 26.1 ki 11-1C Ina efrigeration system, would you recommend con ddensing the refigerant-134a a a pressure of 0.7 or 1.0 MPa it heat is tobe rejected toa cooling medium at 15°C? Why? 11-9C Consider two vapor-compression refrigeration cycles ‘The reftigerant enters the throng valve as a saturated Fguid at 30°C in one cycle and as subcooled liguid at 30°C in the ‘other one. The evaporator pressure for both eycles isthe same, Which cyele do you think will have a higher COP? AIHA commercial refrigerator with refrigerant134a as the working fluid is used 10 keep the refrigerated space at =30°C by rejecting its waste heat to cooling water that enters the condenser at 18°C at a rate of 0.25 ky and leaves at 26°C. The refrigerant enters the condenser at 12 MPa and {65°C and leaves at 42°C, The inlet state of the compressor is (60 kPa and ~34°C and the compressor is estimated to gain & ‘et heat of 480 W from the surroundings. Determine (a) the ‘quality of the reigerant atthe evaporator inlet, (D) te rttig ction load, (c) the COP of the refrigerator, and (d) the theo- retical maximum reffigeration load for the same power input to the compressor.TIA2 A reftigerator uses refiigeant-134a as the working ‘uid and operates on an ideal vapor-compeession refrigeration cycle between 0.12 and 0.7 MPa. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.05 kg/s. Show the eycle on a Ts diagram with respect to saturation lines, Detemmine (a) the mate of eat emoval from the refrigerated space and the power input tothe compressor, (6) te rate of heat rejection tothe envionment, and (c) the coefficient of performance. Anse: (a) 7.41 KW, 1.83 Wy, (0) 9.23 i, () 4.06 MAAS. R, Comsider a 300 KYmin refrigeration system 5 that operates on an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration eycle with refrigerant-134a asthe working Mud ‘The reffigerant enters the compressor as saturated vapor at 140 kPa and is compressed to 800 KPa. Show the eyele on a Ts diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (the quality of the refrigerant atthe end of the throting process, (6) the coefficient of performance, and () the power Input to the compressor, 11-22 A refrigerator uses refrigerant-1348 as the working ‘uid and operates on the ideal vapor compression refrigers- tion cycle. The refrigerant enters the evaporator at 120 KPa with a quality of 30 percent and leaves the compressor at 60°C. I the compressor consumes 450 W of power, deter- mine (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, (b) the con- denser pressure, and (c) the COP of the refrigerator. ‘Answers: 3} 0:00727 ks, (8) 672 KPa, (c) 2.43, 11-24C Consider a reftigeration system using refrigerant 13da as the working fluid. If this refrigerator is to operate in an environment at 30°C, what is the minimum pressure 10 ‘hich the refrigerant should be compressed? Why’?LI-S1 A heat pump that operates on the ideal vapor ‘compression cycle with retrgeran-134a i used to heat water from 15 t0 45°C ata rate of 0.12 kys. The condenser and ‘evaporator pressures are 14 and 0.32 MPa, respectively, Determine the power input to the heat pump. 11-32 A heat pump using tefigerant-134a heats a house by using underground water at $C as the heat source. The house Js losing heat at rate of 60,000 ki/h. The refrigerant enters the compressor at 280 kPa and O°C, and it leaves at 1 MPa and 60°C. The refrigerant exits the condenser at 30°C. Deter ‘mine (a) the power input to the heat pump, () the rate of eat absorption fom the water, and (c) the ineease in electric power input if an electric resistance heater is used instead of a heat pump. Answers (a 3.55 hi, (0) 13.12 KM, () 13.12 KO HI-SS An ideal gas refrigeration cycle using air as the ‘working Mud is to maintain a refrigerated space at ~23°C while rejecting heat to the surrounding medium at 27°C, IF the pressure ratio ofthe compressor is 3, determine (a) the ‘maximum and minimum temperatures in the cycle, (b) the coefficient of performance, and (c) the rate of refigeration Tora mass flow ate of 008 ks