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03 - Sampling

This document discusses sampling methods for statistical analysis. It explains that sampling gets at the essence of making inferences about a larger population based on a sample. There are two main types of sampling: non-probability and probability. Non-probability sampling involves judgment or convenience and does not give all population members an equal chance of being selected. Probability sampling methods assign a known chance of selection to each population member, such as simple random sampling where each has an equal chance. The document provides instructions for generating random samples in Excel and assigns homework to perform random sampling with and without replacement.

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62 views2 pages

03 - Sampling

This document discusses sampling methods for statistical analysis. It explains that sampling gets at the essence of making inferences about a larger population based on a sample. There are two main types of sampling: non-probability and probability. Non-probability sampling involves judgment or convenience and does not give all population members an equal chance of being selected. Probability sampling methods assign a known chance of selection to each population member, such as simple random sampling where each has an equal chance. The document provides instructions for generating random samples in Excel and assigns homework to perform random sampling with and without replacement.

Uploaded by

Anonymous L77eD5uo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Statistics 312 Dr.

Uebersax
03 - Sampling

Student Research Project on Statistics courses:


http://goo.gl/UeoRrU

3. Sampling
Today our general topic will be how to construct a sample of a population. We'll consider some
good methods, and some not-so-good methods.

Sampling gets to the essence of inferential statistics: to draw accurate generalizations


from a sample to a larger population.

The 'lottery model' as way to conceptualize sampling.

A non-probability sample is one in which the judgment of the experimenter, the method in
which the data is collected, or other factors could affect the results of the sample.

Judgment Samples. Any sample based on someone's expertise about the population is
known as a judgment sample.

Voluntary Samples. Voluntary samples involve open solicitation of input and attract
only those who are interested in the subject matter

Convenience Samples. Surveys where the concern is primarily on the ease with which
the sample is taken, is called a convenience sample.

A probability sample is one in which the chance of selection of each item in the population is
known before the sample is picked.

Simple Random Samples. If a probability sample is chosen in such a way each item in
the population has an equal chance of being selected, then the sample is called a
simple random sample.
o

Sampling with replacement. Every object has same probability of being sampled
each time; this makes all observations statistically independent an necessary
assumption for many statistical methods.

Sampling without replacement. Once an object is sampled, it cannot be sampled


again; this makes observations non-independent.

Weighted Random Samples. Different groups (e.g., male/female) may have different
probabilities of being randomly sampled.

Systematic Samples. Suppose we want to pick a probability sample of 50 people from


a list of 1,000 registered voters: i.e., we will sample 50/1000 or 1/20 th of the population.
One way is to pick at random one of the first 20 voters on our list (say, voter 16). We
would then pick every 20th name after this random start (the 36th voter, 56th voter...)
to produce a systematic sample.

Statistics 312 Dr. Uebersax


03 - Sampling

How to Generate a Random Sample in Excel


1. Open Excel
2. File > Options > Formulas
3. In "Calculation Options" field:
Check:
Uncheck:
Click: OK

Manual
Recalculate Workbook before saving

4. Enter this formula in a cell: =RANDBETWEEN(1, n), where n is your population size.
5. Copy this formula to m * 1.5 (or more) cells (where m is the sample size) below the first one
(this includes some extra random numbers for use when sampling without replacement).
6. Press F9 to calculate.
7. Copy values to an adjacent column (i.e., when clipboard icon appears, click and choose
Paste Values; otherwise, on the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click Paste icon, then
Paste Values).

For sampling with replacement, take first m values.


For sampling without replacement, take first m unique values.

Related video: Sampling with or without Replacement


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iN6wdJ5qNYo

Homework:
Given a population with N = 20, numbered from 1 to 20:
1. Use Excel to generate a random sample with n = 10, with replacement.
2. Use Excel to generate a random sample with n = 10, without replacement.
Place results in two adjacent columns of Excel and print and bring to class to turn in
(or, hand-write results very, very neatly).
Remember to indicate lecture number (03) on homework.

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