A MYCENAEAN FOUNTAIN ON THE ATHENIAN ACROPOLIS

INTRODUCTION

One of the most difficult problems confronting the military engineers of ancient
times was to provide the fortified cities with a sufficient supply of drinkable water,
which could not be cut off or contaminated by the enemy in time of siege. History
records many instances of capitulation due to a shortage of water,' and Greek literature abounds in references to the high value placed upon water by the ancients.2 In
this, as in so many other ways, the Mycenaean builders showed their foresight and
inventive skill. Not many strongholds of the late Bronze Age have been sufficiently
excavated to elucidate this fact, but these show clearly that the problem of water
supply was seriously considered.
Mvcenae offers one of the best examples of the engineers' ingenuity in meeting
this problem. The spring from which the city received its supply was at some distance from the acropolis and separated from it by a ravine. In the earlier period,
while the lords of Mycenae felt secure in the knowledge of their military strength,
it was sufficient to pipe the water within convenient reach from the citadel and to
provide communications through a small postern gate in the wall opposite the open
fountain. But such an arrangement would be of no use in a time of siege, nor could
water be stored in sufficlent quantities for the needs of the population housed within
the walls. This would include not only the royal household with its entourage of
retainers and guards; but the whole population of the city, with no other effective
protection than the walls of the citadel, would doubtless take refuge at such times
within the acropolis. The.engineers who built the last extension to the fortress of
Mycenae made provisions for just such an emergency as this, for it was at that time
that the underground stairway was built connecting the fountain directly with the
citadel.3
1
In Tliucydides alone there are numerous references to cases in which both the besiegers and
the besieged suffered great distress from lack of water: Thucyd. i, 126; iv, 26, 31, 98; vi, 100;
vii, 4, 78, 84, 87. Sure access to water was, of course, one of the main factors to be considered in
the planning,of any military operation; see Kromayer, Ant. Schlachtfelder, III, pp. 517 ff.
2 The most quoted passage is Pindar's Olymt. I, 1: "ApYtcrov
jEv vMwp,and the same idea is
repeated in Olymt.III, 42: apFtTEV-Et ,IAEVV'&Up. See also Christ's commentary on the former passage,
Pindari Carmina, p. 3. Utterances like these may appear as absurd exaggerations to people living
in countries where water is more plentiful, but not so in Gree'ce. In Greek country districts today
a good spring is commonly presented as the chief attraction of a given village and as a special
inducement for strangers to visit the place.
3 See Karo, A.J.A., XXXVIII,
1934, pp. 123 ff.; Miiller, Tiryns, III, p. 61; Tsountas, Jahrbutch,
X, 1895, p. 143.

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A MYCENAEANFOUNTAIN ON THE ATHENIAN ACROPOLIS

319

At Tiryns the water supply was probably in the plain at some little distance from
the acropolis, and the inhabitants of the city would have been at the mercy of an enemy
who could get near enough to take possession of the fountain. When the last extension to the fortification was made a barbican was constructed protecting the approach
to the water supply, which thus became included within the fortified area of the
acropolis.4 Yet, both at Tiryns and Mycenae the sources of water, being outside the
fortification wall, were not entirely free from the danger of falling into the hands
of the enemy.
In Athens the remains of the Mycenaean citadel are comparatively meager, and
hitherto nothing has been known about the water supply of that period. But in the
1937 and 1938 campaigns of excavation 6 on the North Slope of the Acropolis the
unexpected discovery of a stairway leading down to an underground fountain
enabled us to determine how the wall builders of Mycenaean times provided the
citadel with water. Favored by the physical features of the Acropolis rock, and
undeterred by the mechanical difficulties involved, they secured for the residents of
the Acropolis a supply of water of sufficient quantity for as large a population as
the citadel could house. This supply was probablyapproachedonly from the Acropolis,
and thus safe from hostile attacks.
The slopes of the Acropolis, especially on the north side, have undergone frequent changes, due to the forces of nature as well as to the intervention of man.
The hard limestone rests on a comparatively soft layer of clayey rock which disintegrates easily and w,ashes down the slope, leaving the harder rock to overhang
round the edges. As a result of this erosion cracks are formed in the limestone,
and large pieces break away from time to time. The largest of these cracks is on
the north side, a little to the west of the Erechtheion (Fig. 1 and Plate XI). It
extends from east to west for a distance of some 35 m., and the width varies between
1 and 3 m. At an early date, probably before the Acropolis became inhabited, the
outer piece of rock broke away and slid down the slope a little, but at the top it rests
4 Kurt

Miiller, op. cit., III, pp. 49, 177; Karo, loc. cit., p. 126.
The excavation in the underground passage was financed by appropriations from the excavation funds of the American School, and in the spring of 1938 an additional donation was made
by Mr. Willard V. King for the completion of the work.
The exploratory work in the spring of 1937 was supervised by Miss Dorothy Schierer, and
in the campaign of 1938 Mr. Nathan Dane II was in charge. The other members of the excavation
staff in 1938 were Carl Roebuck, who supervised the work on the slope; and Miss Margaret Hill
and Mrs. R. Howland. who kept the inventories of finds. The plans and sections were made by
Mr. H. Johannes and completed by Mr. Wulf Schaifer. The drawings for Figures 6, 16, 25, 90, 97,
and 99 are by Mir. Schafer, that for Figure 10 by Miss Elizabeth Wadhams, and those for Figures
20 and 98 by G. V. Peschke. Most of the photographs were made by Messrs. Hermann Wagner
and Saul Weinberg, but a few were made by different members of the excavation staff. I am
indebted to Miss Dorothy A. Schierer and Mrs. Broneer for valuable help in the preparation of the
manuscript and to Professor J. P. Harland for many helpful suggestions.
5

320

OSCAR BRONEER

against the main mass of the Acropolis rock. For this reason the fissure is practically
closed at the top, and the Acropolis wall is built partly over it. Only at one point
does the whole width of the wall rest on the smaller piece of rock, leaving an opening
into the cleft inside the fortification. There are at present two other entrances
halfway down the slope, one from the east (Fig. 2 X) and one from the west, and
at the beginning of our excavation it was possible with some difficulty to pass from
one end to the other.
The passage was investigated and partly cleared by Kavvadias and the results
published in 1897.6 Before that time the whole underground passage was almost
unknown. The mouth of the cave at the eastern entrance was closed by a wall of
modern construction, demolishedin the excavations of 1896-7. A Turkish inscription,
built into the wall, showed that the cave was closed up at a late period, probably
during the Greek War of Independence. The western end of the passage was filled
with earth to the top, and the only approach seems to have been from the Acropolis,
where the descent could be made by means of some late steps still in place. These
Kavvadias dated in Frankish or Turkish times. He describes a flight of nine steps,
the lowest of which was partly of wood. Two wooden beams and five of the steps
are still in place. But Kavvadias found a second flight of five steps at a lower level,
built like the upper flight and probably dating from the same late period. Between
the lowest step of the upper flight and the highest step of the lower flight there was
a sheer drop of 6.50 m., where a moveable ladder may have been used and pulled up
after each ascent.
In the outer wall, closing the east entrance, Kavvadias found some insignificant
fragments of sculpture and inscriptions. Although he does not describe the excavation'of the passage in detail, it is evident that he also removed the lower flight of
steps. When our excavations began we found, ca. 6 m. west of the east entrance,
the rubble foundations of this stairway with what seems to have been the lowest of
the five steps (Fig. 3) .7 Built into this construction were several fragments of
inscriptions,8 some pieces of sculpture, including part of a metope from the Parthenon,9 and a few architectural fragments.
In 1933-34, when the supporting walls were built which now conceal much of
the rock on the North Slope) the entrance to the cave was narrowed, the fill at the
east end of the passage was removed to a considerable depth, and the resulting
Kavvadias and Kawerau,
HpaKTLKWa, 1896, pp. 17 ff.; 1897, pp.10 If.;
pp. 45 f.; Judeich, 7opographie von A then, pp. 301 if.; Jane Harrison,
Primitive Athens, p. 72, fig. 22.
The photograph for Figure 3 was taken in 1934 before the construction of the supporting
walls. Th-e foundation appears in another photograph taken in 1934 and published in IHIesperia,IV,
1935 p. 131, fig. 15.
8 See Schweigert, Hesperia, VII, 1938, pp. 264-310, nos. 14, 16, 20, 21, 22, 25, 27.
9 A.J.A., XLII, 1938, p. 161.

6 'ApX. TE., 1897, pp.

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Fig. 2. View of North Slope, Showing Area Cleared in 1938 and Entrance to Mycenaean F

322

OSCAR BRONEER

hollow filled with stones. In this condition the underground passage remained until
the beginning of our excavation.
The reason for undertaking a new investigation in this place was twofold. The
discovery of the sanctuary of Eros and Aphrodite in 1931 and its identification with
the early cult place of Aphrodite in 'the Gardens had added new weight to the suggestion that the underground passage with its primitive descent from the Acropolis
was used by the Arrephoroi on their nightly mission to the Peribolos of Aphrodite.'0
On the chance that some undisturbed fill containing votive objects might be left at the
bottom of the passage, it seemed worth while to examine the nature of this fill, which
might throw some further light on the rites connected with the Arrephoria. In this
respect our expectations were not fulfilled. Scattered bits of terracotta figurines of
different periods were found in the upper layer, but nothing that could be connected
with any particularcult. Probably all the fragments had come down with the fill from
the Acropolis.1"A secondary reason for clearing the passage was the probability of
discovering fragments of inscriptions and sculpture from the Acropolis, and from
this point of view the undertaking was well worth the effort. But the most important
result of the excavation was wholly unexpected, the discovery of a Mycenaean stairway leading from the Acropolis through the cleft in the rock to a copious underground
water supply at a depth of ca. 40 m. below the Acropolis level.
THE

EXCAVATION

Our excavation was begun in April, 1937. At first a pit was dug, directly west
of the late foundation for the stairway (Fig. 3) referred to above (the following
spring the remaining part of this foundation was removed). Below a mixed deposit
of late date at the top the Mycenaean fill was reached, mixed to a slight degree with
Geometric and later sherds. A large number of stones and flat slabs were found in
the fill. At a depth of ca. 7.50 m. (+ 125.65 12 m.) the stones became so numerous
and so large that it was impossible to proceedfurther in this narrow pit. Consequently
a new pit of larger dimensions was begun a little farther to the west, and at the same
time the west end of the passage was investigated. At the close of the season the
second pit had reached a depth of ca. 7.50 m. (+ 125.65 m.), but the work continued
with a few men during the summer until a depth of ca. 17 m. (+ 116.15 m.) had
Hesperia, I, 1932, p. 52. The suggestion was first made by Kavvadias, 'ApX. 'E+., 1897, p. 31,
but in an earlier article he had suggested that the more western descent on the North Slope was used
for this purpose, UIpaKTLKa, 1896, p. 19.
11 Kavvadias also reported the discovery of some objects of a similar nature, 'ApX 'E+., 1897,
p. 32.
the level at which our excavations began, which is 133.15 m. above
12 Depths are calculated from-i
sea level. The numbers preceded by a plus sign denote heights above sea level, based on the levels
10

indicated on the plans in Kavvadias and Kawerau,

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Fig. 3. East Entrance to Cave bef ore Construction of Supporting Walls in 1934

OSCAR BRONEER

324

been attained (Fig. 4). The first recognizable steps appeared at a depth of ca. 11 m.
(+ 122.15 m.) in the second pit. These were the slanting lower steps of flight V
(see belowv,p. 335). Not until the better preserved flights V7I and VII came into
view was it possible to conjecture what purpose the underground passage had served.
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At the point where the first steps of the stairway appeared the pottery from the fill
was no longer mixed with sherds of later periods. Single sherds of Geometric ware
and even later pieces were discovered to a depth of 7 in., but these are too few to
have any bearing on the date of the fill. They had probably been washed down by
water, which pours down from the Acropolis during heavy rains.

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

325

It became evident that the bottom of the ancient shaft could not be reached
from the narrow pit in which we were operating in the summer of 1937, and the
work was suspended for the season. The clearing of the western extension of the
passage revealed that the fill here had a depth of only 1 to 2.50 m., becoming gradually deeper toward the east as the shaft with the stairway was approached.
The work was resumed on March 18, 1938.13 The whole extent from the east
entrance as far as the deep pit of the preceding season was then excavated. When
the level of the first pit was reached, it became clear that the stones, which the year
before had impeded our progress at this point, were part of the collapsed upper
flights of steps. In addition to the stones from the stairway large boulders, rolled
down from above, and pieces of rock, broken off from the sides of the chasm, made
excavating in this section both difficult and hazardous. The two largest of these,
weighing several tons, which completely blocked the passage at one point, had to be
broken up with sledge-hammers and removed in small pieces. When the campaign
closed on June 15, 1938, the water level had been reached at a depth of 21 m.
(+ 112.15 m.), and no further progress was possible without the removal of the
water, which seemed to fill up faster than it could be taken out. But during four
weeks in June and Jtuly, while no work was being done, the water level sank ca. 15 cm.
An attempt to lower the level of the water by pumping proved futile, for the
flow was greater than the capacity of the pumps.14 Five barrels, each with a capacity
of 0.227 c. m., were then placed at the bottom of the cistern, and these were quickly
filled by bailing. In this way it was possible to remove all the water at once, so that
digging could proceed for a few minutes until the hole was again filled with water.
The barrels were then emptied by pumping and the process repeated. Somewhat to
our own surprise we discovered that, although the hole in the middle of the shaft
filled up very fast, after a day's bailing and digging there was a net gain in the
lowering of the water level of from 5 to 15 cm. This made it possible to continue,
at a slow pace, to dig the remaining fill, and at the end of August, 1938, the absolute
bottom was reached. The water continued to flow with increased force from a hole
at the bottom of the shaft until it reached a certain level, but the total lowering of
the water level amounted to over 2 m. At the beginning of the rainy season the
water rose again, until in March, 1939, it was considerably higher than the original
level of the previous season.
During the winter of 1937-38 a great deal of water washed down from above, partly filling
our pit with mud and stones, and a large marble block was at one time hurled down from the
Acropolis. The steps of flight VII were slightly injured by this block, but fortunately no serious
damage was done. The opening from the Acropolis was later covered with timbers to prevent the
recurrence of similar acts.
14 Because of the great depth and the tortuous line of the desc'ent three pumps were installed
at different levels. OInlyhand pumps were used, for the limited space at the bottom would hardly
have permitted the installation of an engine while the digging continued.
13

OSCAR BRONEER

326

THE STAIRWAY

The descent from the Acropolis into the underground passage begins at the
northwest corner of the heavy foundation for a small square building, which by some
scholars has been identified as the House of the Arrephoroi 15 (Plate XI and Fig. 1).
A stairway of modern construction (Plates XI and XII, A) descends toward the
east to the opening into the cleft, and at the lower level are the remains of a stairway
(Plates XII, XIII, B, and Fig. 5) with a westward descent, dated by Kavvadias in
Frankish or Turkish times. The masonry is a hard rubble, made with lime mortar,

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and the steps are mostly re-used marble blocks. Only five steps are preserved. The
rubble foundation on which they rest has no support from below, but is held in place
by being wedged in between the two sides of the chasm. Underneath are two wooden
beams, still in good condition, which were probably placed there as support for the
masonry while the stairs were being constructed. To the east of the descent from
the Acropolis the chasm is closed, partly by masonry of mediaeval and modern date,
and partly by a huge piece of rock. Above the stairs is a vault (Plate XII, C), built
of rubble like the foundation for the steps and probably of the same date.
15 A description and identification of the building is given by Stevens, Hesperia, V, 1936,
p. 445, fig. 1, 21, and pp. 489 ff. Cf. also Picard, L'Acropole, Le Plateau Supe'rieur, etc., pp. 16 if.,
who points out that the plan of the square building is suitable for a small temple or treasury.

A MYCENAEAN

FOUJNTAIN ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

327

The traces of the ancient stairway begin ca. 1 m. above the highest preserved
step of the mediaeval stair. On the south side of the cleft a row of cuttings for
steps (Plate XIII, D-E) is comparatively well preserved. They are shallow depressions of rather irregular shape, descending in a gentle slope toward the west.

/~~~~~~~~~~/

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Fig. 6. Reconstruction of Wooden Stairs, Showing Arrangement at First Landing

Although in a few places the face of the rock is so crumbly that the cuttings have
almost disappeared, it is possible to determine that there were approximately twentyfive steps in the first flight. The width of the cleft at the top is now 1.35 m., but
originally it was somewhat less. On the north side (Fig. 5) the face of the rock was
dressed back at some period subsequent to the construction of the Mycenaean stairway, and the cuttings for the three upper steps on that side were then removed. The

328

OSCAR BRONEER

cleft widens somewhat below this point but narrows again toward the foot of the
first flight. The cuttings for the lowest eight steps are preserved on the south side,
but there are no corresponding cuttings on the north side of the cleft. A little below
the cuttings on the south side is a natura! ledge (Plate XIII, E), which may have
been utilized as support for the construction of the stairway at this point. The steps
cannot here have extended to the opposite face of the cleft, for this wvouldhave
blocked the descent from the first to the second flight, and the absence of the cuttings

*.,A.t,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

Fig. 7. Cuttiiwgsfor Steps at the Foot of Flighlt II, South Side of Cleft

on the north side indicaites the presence of a landlincrat the turn of the stairs (see
conjectural restoiration of the stairxxay at this point as shoxvn in Figure 6i).
The cuttinos for the second flight beoin ca. 0 30 mn below the ledge on the south
side of the cleft andl descend xxith a gentle dlecline tow ard the east. The slope is not
altoo,ether uIniform. The deviations are due to the nature of the rock, whichl in a
fewr places is too roulgh and crumbly to give sure support to steps. There wrere
approximately forty steps in thle second flight, but for the last ten there are no
cutting,s preserved on the north side. The xidth of the chasm is here over txvo
meters. It is p)ossible that some cuttings have disappeared through the xveathering of

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

329

the rock close to the entrance of the cave, but it is more likely that an artificial
support wvasconstructed on the north side, leaving room for the descent to the next
flight below. The masonry of the modern supporting wall now partly covers the
north side of the passage.
For the construction of the upper two flights there is no other evidence than the
shallow, step-like cuttings (Fig. 7) on either side of the chasm. These were evidently
intended to serve as anchorage for wooden steps, cut to fit exactly the span between
the cuttings and inserted with sufficient force to make further support from below
unnecessary16 (Fig. 6). Until the beginning of our excavation in 1937 it was
generally supposed that the two flights described above constituted the whole stairway, the purpose of which was to provide communications between the Acropolis
and the cult places on the North Slope. Doubtless this part of the descent remained
in use in connection with the cults throughout classical times, but the nature of the
cuttings permits us to date them at a much earlier period than was formerly supposed.
The cuttings, very shallow and irregular in shape, show no chisel marks or square
corners (Figs. 5 and 7), and altogether they convey the impression of having been
made by tools of stone 17 rather than of metal. They contrast strongly with the
numerous cuttings of classical times along the North Slope and on the Acropolis itself.
The second flight of steps stops abruptly at a depth of ca. + 131 m. (Plate
XIII, F, and Fig. 7). From the bottom of the mediaeval stair down to this level
the sides of the cleft are very nearly vertical (see section, Plate XII) and only about
one to one and a half meters apart. This nmadethe type of wooden stairs described
above suitable for the upper section of the descent. Moreover, since this part was
well above the ground level at the east entrance to the cave and the circulation of air
kept the place dry, there was less danger of destruction from the decay of the wood.
In such a place, the wood, if of good quality, would last for centuries, as is shown
by the beams still in place beneath the mediaeval masonry.
Below the level at the east entrance the opposite conditions prevailed. The rock
here inclines toward the north at an angle of ca. 35 degrees, to a depth of + 120.50 m.,
and the average width of the passage is rather more than two meters. Here it is
possible in most places to walk along the rough southern side of the cleft without the
use of a ladder. It is likely that all this part had to be excavated by the original
builders of the stairway, as is shown by the conditions in the western extension of
The practicability of this type of stairs was demonstrated during our investigation of the
passage. In order to measure and study the whole descent wooden ramps were constructed along
the lines of the ancient cuttings but at a slightly lower level. The ramps were made of planks
supported on cross beams (seen in Figure 7, right), which were wedged in between the two faces
of the cleft in the manner of the original steps and anchored in natural depressions of the rock.
17 That stone tools were used for such purposes in Mycenaean times
has been pointed out by
Kurt Muller, Tiryns, III, p. 177, who was able to determine that the large limestone blocks of the
fortification were dressed by stone hammers.
16

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A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

331

the passage, where undisturbed natural fill was reached at a depth of only 1 to 2.50 m.
The same seems to have been the case at the east end. The length of the shaft
excavated by the Mycenaean engineers for the purpose of the descent measures ca.
10 m. from east to wrest at the top, decreasing rapidly toNwardthe bottom.
Of the third flight of steps-the first below the level of the cave-the
only
remaining traces are nine cup-shaped depressions cut in the face of the rock on the

,,........
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Fig. 9. View of Passage Looking Down, Showing Cuttings for Flight III

south side of the cleft (Plate XIII, G-H, and Figs. 8 and 9). They are ca. 0.20 m.
in diameter and from 0.02 to 0.10 m. deep. The outer edge is, as a rule, fairly sharp,
but in a fewr cases it is roughly broken away as if by accident. The interaxial distance varies between 0.60 and 1.10Om. They form a slightly curving line with a
westward slope, even more gentle than that of the first and second flights. From the
bottom of flight II (Plate XIII, F) to the first of the cuttings for flight III (Plate
XIII, G) there is a drop of ca. 4 m. It is likely that the lowest steps of flight II,

332

OSCAR BRONEER

the landing between the two flights, and the upper steps of flight III were supported
by masonry resting on the natural fill of the cave itself, where the two faces of the
cleft come very close together. No trace of this construction is preserved.
At the west end of the line of cuttings for flight III (Plate XIII, H), there
was a third landing. A little more than a meter below the westernmost cutting of

Fig. 10. Sketch ShowingConditionof Stairwayat Foot of Flight IV During Courseof Excavation

the third flight, and a little farther west are two similar cuttings (Plate XIII J
and Fig. 8, J), only about a half meter apart and aligned horizontally. These were
evidently made for the support of the landing. The fourth flight, descending toward
the east, is represented by three cuttings, one of which is partly hidden under the
stone steps still preserved in situ (Plate XIII and Figs. 8, 12, 13) at the bottom of
the flight. Only three steps remain, and the topmost of these is slightly tilted from
its original position.

A MYCENAEAN FOUNTAIN ON THE ATHENIAN ACROPOLIS

333

The steps are made of a grayish blue marble, which flakes off into flat slabs
like slate. These have been broken up into the proper size and shape, with no marks
of tooling left along the edges. A hard deposit of reddish color, ca. 1 to 5 cm. in
thickness, covered the tread of the steps when first uncovered. This may have been
added purposely to render the steps less slippery, but more likely it was formed by

Fig. 11. View of Passage, Looking Down, During Courseof Excavation

an accidental accumulation of earth washed down by rain from the sides of the
chasm and trodden down by the feet of the water carriers. The steps are laid in a
nmortarof yellov clay 18 and supported on a substructure of loose rubble. This rubble
masonry is constructed of rather small stones, carelessly thrown in with a liberal
use of earth mortar, wrhich differs both in color and consistency from the mortar
bedding for the steps.
Although the slope at this point is rather gentle and the surface rough, it is
18A simlilar use of yellow clay in the construction of a stairway is reported by Wace at
Mycenae, B.S.A., XXV, 1921-23, p. 45.

334

OSCAR BRONEER

obvious that no secure foundation for the steps could be made with this kind of
masonry alone. The cup-like depressions, one of which was found behind the rubble
underneath the preserved steps, must have served some purpose in connection with
the construction of the stairway. They are, as a rule, not at the outer edge of the
steps, but more than halfway in, and ca. 0.90 to 1.25 m. below the tread of the step
directly above each cutting. In several of the depressions were found small quantities

_S

~ ~~~~~
~

.
~ ~~~~~~~~~~
..ets ......

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Fig. 12. Flights IV and V as Found

of a soft, dark substance, obviously decayed wood; and in the rubble construction at
several points wTereclear traces of decayed wooden beams, running approximately
parallel to the line of the stairway and following the descent of the steps. At the foot
of the fourth flight the excavations revealed a heap of stones and marble slabs in
complete disorder, concealing the steps of flight V and the landing belowv flight IV.
Figures 10 and 11 show the condition of the stairway at this point before the debris
from the collapsed upper flights had been removed and the preserved steps of flights
IV and V uncovered.

A MYCENAEAN FOUNTAIN ON THE ATHENIAN ACROPOLIS

335

The landing below flight IV (Plate XIII, K, and Figs. 8 K, 12 K and 14 K),
measuring ca. 1.40 x 1.60 m., is preserved in its original condition. It is made of
several slabs of irregular shapes roughly fitted together. Below the landing are
preserved six steps of the fifth flight (Figs. 8, 12-14) descending toward the west.
These were found in their original order but sloping sharply toward the north, their

Fig. 13. Flight V, Showing Condition of Steps Before Being Raised to Horizontal Position

south ends resting on a slight, partly artificial, ledge in the rock (Figs. 12 and 13).
The rubble substructure had collapsed, but the clay mortar and the weight of the
slightly overlapping slabs were sufficient to hold the steps together and prevent them
f rom f alling down into the shaf t below. We were able to raise the steps to a horizontal
position (Figs 14 and 15) supporting them temporarily with ropes tied to a wooden
beam, while a concrete slab was laid underneath for their permanent support. In
the removal of the collapsed rubble masonry a f ew sherds were discovered, valuable
for the dating of the stairway (see p. 346, note 24). Two pairs of cuttings in the

336

OSCAR BRONEER

rock were found underneath this flight. The upper two (Plate XIII, L, L', and Fig.
15), somewhat larger than the others, are ca. 1.25 m. below the tread of the step
directly above. Their position in relation to the stair indicates that they were intended
for the same purpose as the cuttings for flights III and IV. The two smaller cuttings
(Plate XIII, M, M', and Fig. 15), aligned horizontally at a still lower level, were
probably made for a different purpose (see p. 345).

Fig. 14. Flights V and VI, After Steps Had Been Raised

In the construction of flights III, IV, and V the builders faced a difficultproblem.
The technique used in the upper flights of steps was not suitable here, partly because
wooden steps could get no safe purchase on the overhanging north face of the rock,
and partly because of the greater width of the passage. Furthermore, since this was
all underground and exposed to a great deal of moisture throughout the whole year,
a stairway constructed entirely of wood could not be expected to last very long. This
obvious fact, however, seems to have troubled the builders less than the difficulties

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

337

of construction.19 The most satisfactory solution, to cut a stairway in the side of

the rock, was probably beyond their technical ability. But it is likely that the element

_~~~~~~~~~ ~
_'

II)
'I

0"'''

-'

C"<gr-I

5
~~~~~~~~~~

.~ .,

~Fg

Flgh

oftime,to, ws
anit

reason
to beligv

-100
V in Elvtin
ShwnVutnsBlw

fa

. 15. Fh dt in e

thec

eo

leAtionSowningaCuttins Belo

of timentoo, was an important factor in the choice of construction, for there is every
reason to believe that the undergroundlfountain wvaspart of a general program of
defence against impending danger to the city. The construction they devised can
19In Tiryns, too, wood was used extensively in moist places, e. g., in the bathroom and in the
deep magazines west of the court. Muller, Tiryns, III, pp. 180 f., suggests that the wood may have
been covered with tar to protect it against decay.

OSCAR BRONEER

338

hardly be called satisfactory, but it served the purpose for the time, and part of it
remains in its original condition to the present day.
From the cuttings in the rock and from the actual remains of steps and sub-

W.T.5.

/~~~~~~~~I
e

Fig. 16. ConljecturalRestoration, Showing Construction of Flights III-V

structure it is possible to determine how these flights were constructed. The cup-like
cuttings in the south face of the cleft must have been made for the purpose of
anchoring the stairway to the steeply sloping rock. The shape and spacing of the
holes would seem to indicate that they were intended as anchorage for the lower ends

A MYCE:NAEAN FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

339

of upright wooden posts, whose upper enld would lean against the overhanging north
face of the cleft. This would be a likely explanation if the holes were cut at the outer
edge of the stair, but wherever the steps are preserved it is obvious that an attempt
was made to cut them as far in as possible and at the proper distance below the steps
so as to be approximately in the middle of the substructure. Some of the cuttings

Fig. 17. Model of Stairway

are so far from the outer edge of the stair that beams resting in them would be in a
nearly horizontal position and thus could get no purchase against the overhanging
rock on the other side of the cleft.
From practical experiments with a model of approximately one tenth the actual
size of the stairway the reconstruction seen in Figures 16-18 evolved. Long horizontal
beams were held together by upright posts at intervals of slightly less than a meter.20
20
This is a common type of construction in house walls of the Mycenaean period; see Wace,
B.S.A., XXV, 1921-23, pp. 42, 88 ff. and fig. 20. Even the spacing of the beams in the South House

OSCAR BRONEER

340

The total absence of metal spikes indicates that the posts were joined to the beams
by halving, and placed on the outside so as to hold the beams in place. A transverse
tie 21 would be similarly fastened at its outer end to the middle of each post and its
inner end notched to fit into the cuttings in the face of the rock. The distances between the holes show the spacing of the upright posts, and probably the horizontal
beams were equally spaced so as to form a succession of squares. The whole framework, imbedded in the loose rubble construction, would hold the masonry together;
and the transverse ties, firmly anchored in the holes and held down by the superposed
mass of rubble, would be sufficiently strong to prevent the stairs from slipping down
the slope. In the model shown in Figures 17 and 18 the notched tie, of about the
thickness of a middle finger, when inserted into the small hole, became so firmly fixed
that it could not be removed except by breaking the wood or by lifting it out of the
hole. As long as the wood remained in good condition and the weight of the masonry
held these ties in place there was no danger that the stairs would collapse. Its duration
would depend very largely on the kind of wood used, but the dampness in the lower
part of the passage is so great that even the best kind of wood could not be expected
to last very long.
About 1.50 m. below the bottom of the fifth flight, the slope of the main mass
of rock changes, as seen in Plate XII. Here it turns at almost right angles, continuing
with a pronouncedsouthward slope, and the corresponding face of rock on the other
side of the cleft follows in the same direction. This change in the slope necessitated
a change in construction. Since the stairway obviously could not be built on the overhanging face of rock on the south side of the cleft, it became necessary to bridge over
to the opposite side. The last three steps of flight V are missing (the short steps
seen in Figure 14 are not ancient), but the landing which bridged the cleft at this
point remains together with the next step below. It seems to have been supported on
a wooden beam, a cutting for which is visible on the south side (Plate XIII, N, and
Fig. 15 N). The north end of the beam must have rested on one of the steps of the
next flight. When the wood decayed, the two slabs slid down slightly, but the cleft at
this point is so narrow that they did not fall into the shaft below. They have now
been raised to a horizontal position and are supported on an iron beam. Flight VI
seems to have consisted of only three steps, in addition to the landings. The overhanging rock at the turn of the stairs is here so low that one must stoop to reach the
next flight, and it must have been difficult to carry pitchers of water beyond this
point (see p. 345).
at Mycenae, 0.80-0.85 m., corresponds rather closely to that in the stairway as revealed by the
distances between the cuttings in the rock. At Tiryns the wooden network was much closer, Muller,
op. cit.,

pp. 181 f.

Similar transverse ties were used in Tiryns, where strangely enough no upright beams appear
to have been used; cf. Muller, loc. cit.
21

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

341

On the north side of the cleft the natural rock at this level is sufficiently soft to
enable the builders to level off the surface so as to secure horizontal beddings for the
foundations. The substructure for flight VII does not consist of soft rubble held

lwl..

.......
...... ...

Fig. 18. Model of Stairway,Showing Details of Construction

together by wvoodenbeams, but of solid masonry still in a good state of preservation.
All five steps of this flight remain in their original position (Figs. 8 and 19). They
are higher than the preserved steps above, ca. 0.25 m. as compared with 0.15-0.20 in.,
and the tread is comparatively narrow, ca. 0.26 m. The width of the stairs at this

342

OSCAR BRONEER

point is only 0.75 m., about one fourth less than that of flight V. At the narrow
landing below the fifth step is a large projecting piece of rock, which seems to have
been there when the stairway was in use.
The eighth flight (Fig. 19), consisting of four steps, is preserved in its entirety.

Fig. 19. FlightsVII andVIII, SeenFromBelow

As in the preceding flight the steps are high and the width of the stairs is only about
0.45 i., as compared with 1 m. in flight V. The lowest step is a large block, 1.55 i.
in length, supporting the weight of the upper three steps. The bedding on which
it rested had largely disappearedand this caused the stone to settle to such an extent
that it had to be supported to prevent the collapse of the whole flight.
From the bottom of flight VIII to the level of the water (at the close of the
excavation in August, 1938) there is a sheer drop of ca. 8 m. Originally there was a

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

343

well shaft, ca. 2 m. in diameter, cut in the soft clayey rock on which the limestone
cap of the Acropolis rests. The shaft seems to have been approximately circular, but
the original edges have caved in, except for a small section in the northwest side. It
was filled with a rather soft earth, containing a great deal of pottery, as well as
"

;' ! - t "iA.

"'i

..

.02;; t;
t;:.,..
X~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.... t;;

Fig. 20. Holes in Earth Left by Decayed Wooden Beams

marble slabs and stones from the collapsed stairway above. In the lower part were
well-marked layers of a hard, rust-colored deposit 22marking the various levels of
water. In this fill were numerous holes formed by decayed beams (Figs. 20 and 21)j
with bits of wood and pieces of bark adhering to the edges. The largest of the beams
(Fig. 20) had a length of ca. 3.45 m. and a diameter of ca. 0.20 m., but some were
short pieces, a few centimeters in thickness. The beam holes were mostly circular, or
22

A chemicalanalysisof this deposit,madeby Miss M. Farnsworth,showsan iron oxide

-(Fe2 03)

contentof 12 3%o

344

OSCAR BRONEER

semicircular, in section, showing that they were formed from tree trunks, either whole
or split through the center. A feNr, howvever, were practically square in section, and
one hole, of no great length, appears to have resulted froml a short piece of flat plank.
At first it was thought that these beams had to do wvithwooden stairs, reaching
from the lowest flight of stone steps to the level of the wrater, but upon closer examination this hypothesis seems improbable. No intelligible order of the beams could be
observed, beyond the fact that in many cases they w ere oriented east to west. A few

Fig. 21. Traces of Decayed Wooden Beams

holes pointed down as if caused by upright beams leaning against the sides of the
shaft. The most likely explanation is that the beams and planks wrereused for shoring
up the sides of the shaft. This wrould explain the irregular arrangement of the holes
and also the p)revailing orientation, the east and west sides being the weakest because
of the east-west orientation of the cleft. The necessity for pgrecautions of this nature
was impressed upsonus repeatedly during the p)rocess of excavation.
At the bottom the circular shaft op)ens into a small reservoir, ca. 4 m. in diameter
(see p)lan, Plate X-II). The edges are so psoorly preserved that the exact form is not
very clear, but it seems to have been shaped like a bee-hive xvith a deep pit in the center

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

345

(Plates XII and XIII). A small portion on the north side still retains its ancient fill.
This is the better preserved side, but at the close of the excavations several new cracks
developed in the stereo above the reservoir, which made it inadvisable to remove the
earth from beneath the crumbling rock.
It is not certain how the water was reached from the lowest flight of stone steps,
but it is possible that a wooden ladder was used for a short while or was, at least,
intended. A heap of rubble masonry (Plates XII and XIII, 0), similar to the substructure for flights IV and V, is preserved at the north side, and this may have been
made for the support of a landing on which the ladder stood. A marble slab (Plates
XII, XIII, P) like that used for the steps was lying on the rubble, but it is uncertain
whether it was in situ where found or had fallen from above. A wooden ladder or
stair might have been placed on this platform, its top leaning against the long slab at
the foot of flight VIII.
If this was the original arrangement, it is unlikely that it continued in use very
long. The inconvenience of carrying water up the steep steps of the ladder and past
the abrupt overhang above flights VI and VII, would necessitate alterations. From a
platform constructed below flight V it would be possible to draw water with the use
of a rope, and at this point are two horizontally aligned holes in the south face of
the cleft (Plate XIII, M, M' and Fig. 15, M, M'). The beams on which the platform
rested were probably placed in these holes. This is the highest level from which a
rope can be let down vertically into the reservoir.23 Possibly an overhead pulley or
some similar device was used at this point to facilitate the raising of the water jars.
It is obvious that the problem of construction taxed the mechanical ingenuity
of the builders to its limit, and the result was not altogether successful. They were
probably familiar both with wooden ladders and with ordinary stone stairs, but
difficultiesarose in trying to adapt these types of construction to a steep underground
chasm, where wood was likely to rot and the surface of the rock was too steep to
provide support for stone foundations. The upper two flights seem to have caused
very little trouble, and the wooden stairway with the steps anchored firmly in the
sides of the cleft was both serviceable and lasting. New steps could be added whenever the wood became impaired through wear or decay, and it is likely that this part
of the descent, repaired from time to time, remained in use throughout antiquity.
Ordinary stone stairs, on the other hand, were common, and for these a particular
type of marble was used, which, so far as I know, is not found in the vicinity of
Athens. At the present time a similar stone, used extensively in Athens for steps
and pavements, is quarried on the island of Tenos. It is more likely, however, that
the slabs used for the stairway were brought from the island of Euboia, where a
similar stone is still quarried near a small village, called Marmari, ca. 6 km. north of
In our excavation of the shaft we were faced with the same problems as the original builders
and the users of the water, and throughout our work a platform at this level was in constant use.
23

346

OSCAR BRONEER

Karystos. It required considerable skill to break up the slabs into the right shapes
and sizes for the steps. The edges are comparatively straight and sharp, and in no
case is there any trace of tooling. The clay mortar in which the slabs were laid was
sufficiently hard and adhesive to hold the stones in place, as is shown in flight V,
where the steps were firmly held together after the rubble underneath had collapsed.
Wherever the surface was level so as to offer a secure bedding for the substructure,
as in flight VII, the stairway is still in excellent condition.
The slope of the rock is so steep in most places that in all probability the stairs
collapsed as soon as the wood decayed, and this is likely to have taken place not many
years after its construction. They may have been mended for some time, but it is
unlikely that they remained in use for long. A maximum duration of twenty-five
years is a generous estimate. The potsherds found in the rubble under the steps
are of the same type as the bulk of the pottery thrown into the hole after the stairway collapsed.24The same is true of some better preserved pots, found at the very
bottom of the reservoir, where they were left while the well was still in use. A small
deposit of pottery, including two large amphoras and a kylix, probably used as a
lamp, were found at the foot of flight IV (Fig. 22 and Fig. 8 Q), where they may
have been placed just before the destruction. They certainly cannot have come down
with the later fill. Thus we have ceramic evidence to fix the date of the original
construction of the stairway, of the period of its use, and of the time of its destruction; but the period of use was so short that no chronological difference in the pottery
can be observed. The date will be discussed more in detail in the final section, but it
is important in this connection to bear in mind that very little time elapsed between
the construction of the stairway and its final abandonment.
THE POTTERY

After the lower part of the stairway had collapsed and the water supply was no
longer accessible, the underground passage seems to have become a general dumping
place, which accounts for the immense accumulation of potsherds from the fill. The
bulk of the pottery probably dates from the time of destruction and somewhat later,
yet no distinction in date can be made between the pottery thrown into the cavern
after the destruction of the stairway and that left there while the fountain was still
in use. The vases found at the very bottom and in the deposit below flight IV (see
p. 395) are certainly earlier than the destruction of the stairs, as is shown by the fact
Among the recognizable shapes, represented only by small fragments, are unpainted kylikes
(Shape 7 b and c), one pyxis (Shape 15), skyphoi (Shape 3), cups with two horizontal handles
(Shape 9), and, most numerous, larger vessels, probably water jars. Although in most places a
slight contamination would have been possible, the sherds found in the collapsed substructure
beneath the steps are so numerous that a preponderance of earlier sherds, had it existed, would have
been easily detected. Actually very few sherds of early Mycenaean pottery came to light here.
24

A MYCENAEAN FOUNTAIN ON THE ATHENIAN ACROPOLIS

347

that several of these vases were found practically complete. They are mostly large
vessels, amphoras or hydriai, suitable for carrying water. The only other type of
vessel that can be definitely associated with the period of use are some undecorated
kylikes, one of wvhich is complete (see p. 377). The pottery thrown in after the
collapse of the stairway is very fragmentary. The vases were probably in all cases
broken before throwrn away, and rarely or never were all the pieces of a broken vessel
thrown down together. The fragments of a particular vase may in some instances

Fig. 22. Pottery Deposit at Foot of Flight IV

have been thrown down at different times, and in some cases they became scattered
and mixed with the earth and rubbish, most of which immediately fell down to the
bottom of the pit, while some of it was left higher up the cleft on projecting ledges
of rock or on the remaining parts of the stairway. If the hole had consisted of a
vertical shaft, the accumulated earth should have been found in a stratified order,
for it is perfectly clear that the deposit had never been disturbed by human agency
since the fountain went out of use. The fill of the last fifteen meters was of uniform
date, as is indicated by the scattered sherds of certain vessels found at greatly varying
depths, in some cases as much as eight meters apart. It is only at the upper levels that

OSCAR BRONEER

348

a distinct difference in the pottery could be observed, but at no level was there anything like a sequence of stratified deposit.
Although inmmensequantities of sherds came from the fill, only a comparatively
small number of vases have been put together and restored. An attempt has been
made, so far as practicable, to restore at least one specimen of each determinable
shape, in order to show the range of the potters' repertoire in Athens at this time.
Some well-known and perfectly certain shapes are represented only by small fragments, and in such instances it has seemed preferable to refer to published examples
rather than to restore most of the vase in plaster. The coarse, undecorated pottery,
large quantities of which were discovered, is too fragmentary to repay detailed study.
In most cases the shapes of this pottery are of slight importance, but a few of the
more characteristic types are discussed below.
In describing the shapes of the decorated vases it seems advisable to include in
the discussion the decoration of each type, because in many cases the relation between
the shape and the decoration is of fundamental importance. This is not due to any
subtle fitting of designs to the shapes of the vessels, but to an arbitrary, though rather
rigidly fixed, distribution of patterns. Certain elements of decoration occur on vases
of many different shapes, but in other instances only a particular design or combination of designs occurs on a given type of vessel. Although in many cases the
decoration consists of nothing more complicated than a more or less stereotyped
arrangement of horizontal lines, or alternating painted and reserved bands, a particular scheme is adhered to for each shape. Because of these conventions it is
sometimes possible to distinguish sherds of closely related vessels, even when no such
distinction can be made from the profile of the sherds.
There is a considerable variety in clay and fabric among the pottery from the
fill of the passage. For the decorated ware and for all smaller vases a rather fine
clay is employed, usually of a buff color but with considerable variation of shades.
The surface is smooth and covered with a clay wash of the same color as the biscuit.
In some lightly fired examples the surface is mealy and the decoration is in poor
condition. This is by far the most common type of clay used both for the decorated
and undecoratedvases. A very few sherds of vases decoratedin the " close style " are
made of the greenish-buff clay which is typical of this class of vases. Usually the
fabric is thin and tends to flake off, but the glaze is, as a rule, well preserved. A third
variety is comparatively common. The biscuit is brick red and rather coarse and
gritty, and it is covered with a white slip over which the decoration is applied.
Usually the slip is too thin to conceal the gritty surface of the clay, but in a few cases
it is applied so thickly that the vase has acquired a smooth surface as if covered with
enamel. Only a few shapes, mostly large open vessels, such as kraters and bellshaped bowls, belong to this variety.25 A fourth variety, very coarse and gritty and
usually unslipped and undecorated,is used for the plain household ware.
The white slip is a common feature on Cypriote pottery and on vases from Asia Minor and
the Aegean Islands, where it continues to a late period.
25

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

349

The glaze likewise varies to a great extent. The typical brown or reddish glaze
of Mycenaean pottery is used for most of the better vases, but a growing tendency
away from the brown and toward the black may be observed. A few sherds have
decorations rendered in an opaque white paint on a black ground. There is no marked
deterioration in the quality of the glaze among the later sherds. The skyphoi with
reserved bands and the shallow bowls with one or two handles (Shapes 8 and 9),
which represent a late phase among the pottery from the passage, are often decorated

Fig. 23. Sherds of Pre-MycenaeanPottery

with a glaze of excellent quality, still in good condition. On some of the smaller
skyphoi, which are glazed all over, the glaze is of ten dull and rather poor, but these
are probably not much, if at all, later than the bowls with reserved bands. Many of
the kylikes are covered with a very poor glaze which has largely peeled off , and the
same is true of a large percentage of decorated sherds of larger vessels.
The bulk of the pottery belongs to a late phase of the late Mycenaean period
(L. H. TIIIC), but a fewv sherds are earlier. One or two tiny f ragments seem to be
Neolithic (Fig. 23 a-d), and about a dozen pieces are Early Helladic (Fig. 23 e-k).The Middle Helladic period is likewise represented by a f ew sherds of gray Minyan
(Fig. 23 l-o) and matt-painted (Fig. 23 q-u) ware. One small fragment (Fig. 23 p)

350

OSCAR BRONEER

preserves the feet of a bird. Typical examples of all these periods from the North
Slope excavations have been published in earlier reports,26 and only a few of the
more important fraginents from the underground passage are shown in Figure 23.
The sherds of early Mycenaean pottery, some typical examples of which appear in
Figure 24, are also too small and too few to have any bearing on the date of the fill.

..

..

..

..

.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

........................

..

.....

Fig. 24. Slherds of Early Mycenaean Pottery

To the earlier phases of late 1\lIycenaean, L. H. III, A and B, probably belong some
of the better sherds, but the distinction is not easily drawn. Even in the case of better
preserved vases the arrangement of late Mycenaean ware into definite chronological
grops s lrgly
onjctual27
and no such division of the f ragmentary material from
our excavation is possible. Among the late Mycenaean pottery thirty shapes canl be
distinguished wvithcertainty, but m-ianyothers are doubtless represented by smaller
sherds.
26

Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 356-363; VI, 1937, pp. 539-557.

Cf. Blegen, Prosim na, p. 424. Recently an attempt has been made by Mackeprang (AA.J..,
XLII, 1938, pp. 537-559) to fix the limits of the three phases of late Mycenaean pottery first
established by Forsdyke, Br. Mlits. Cat. of Frehist. and Aegean Potterv, pp. xl-xliv.
27

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

1. STEMLESS KRATERS. Figures

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

351

26-38.

The most common shape among the larger vases is the large bowl or krater with
two horizontal handles, flat base, broad rim (Fig. 25 a-h), usually flat on top with a
wide projection toward the outside and often decorated with painted designs. A

Sb

JK

~~~~~p

Fig. 25. Rim Profiles of Large Open Vessels

bridged spout, projecting from the rim, is a common feature, but is not invariably

found on vessels of this kind.

In spite of the large number of sherds of this shape, in no case is enough preserved to justify a restoration. The shape, which is well known from other sites,28
28 Comparatively few examples from the Peloponnesos have been published. There is one from
the graves at the Argive Heraion (Blegen, Prosymna, II, p. 23, fig. 124, no. 231), and this has a
high foot and no spout. There is not a single example from the chamber tombs at Mycenae published by Wace, but one was found in the Granary (Wace, B.S.A., XXV, 1921-23, p. 49, b). The
warrior vase from lVMycenae
is a well-known late example of the type (Furtwangler-Loeschcke,
Mykenische Vasen, XLII, XLIII). Two examples from Asine (Persson, Asine, p. 301, fig. 207,
5 and 6) came from the settlement, none from the chamber tombs. The shape, with or without
spout, is common among the pottery from Kephallenia (Marinatos, 'ApX. E+., 1932, pls. 4, 5, 8-11).

352

OSCAR BRONEER

did not become common until near the end of the Mycenaean period. Some f ragments of similar kraters were found in the excavations on the Acropolis,29and some
nearly complete specimens came from the Mycenaean houses on the northeast slope.30
The frequent occurrence of this shape at Athens and its rather rare occurrence at
most Peloponnesian sites should probably be explained on the basis of chronological

......
...........
........
..
.......................

.~~~~~~~~~~~~

Fig. 26. Fragments of Kraters, Shape 1, with Decorations on the Rim

rather than local differences. Comparatively little pottery has been found in the
Peloponnesos of the period at which the stemless krater was a common shape.
Apeculiar feature of the frag-ments from our excavation is the decorated rim
(Fig. 26). The patterns consist of simple dashes and blobs, zigzags on a reserved
band, the broken-rope pattern, 1 alternating rows of concentric half-circles ,3 reserved

triangles filled with concentric half-circles or with series of diminishing chevrons,

29

Graef-Langlotz, Die Aittikent Vasentvon der Akropolis zit Athent, I, pl. 7, nos. 183, 220.
Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 369, fig. 42.
31 For a discussion of this pattern see under skyphos, p. 363.
32 This is a conimon pattern on vases decorated in the close style; see Persson, Asine, pp. 397,
fig. 260, 3; 360, fig. 233, 5; Miackeprang,A.J.A., XLII, 1938, pl. XXV, 6-8.
30

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

353

and hour-glasses between cross lines.33 Several fragments have below the rim single
or double raised bands with slanting notches producing the effect of ropes (Figs.
25 g, h, and 27 a-f). This plastic decoration may have been borrowed from coarse
pottery, such as storage jars, where it occurs frequently (see Fig. 80). It survives
on early Protogeometric kraters as a simple raised band without notches.34

.....
....
.................
. ....
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..
........
..........
................
.........

Fig. 27. Fragments of Kraters, Shape 1, with Plastic Decoration

The handles are usually bow-shaped and applied horizontally just above the
widest part of the body, a few centimeters below the rim. One fragment of peculiar
shape, shown in Figure 27 g, is from a double handle terminating in a highly stylized
bull's head in the middle. This type of handle, which is found on the warrior vase
33 This is probably derived from the double-axe-butterfly pattern, which has a long
history in
Cretan-Mycenaean art (see Evans, Palace of Miinos, IV, pp. 292 ff.). It occurs in metope formation on early Mycenaean pottery (Mylonas, 'EAEvotvtaKa'
A', p. 116, fig. 94; Blegen, Prosymna, II,
fig. 655, etc.), and continued to be used as a major design to the end of the Mycenaean period
(Marinatos, 'ApX. 'E+., 1932, pl. 10, no. 149) and even later (Hall, Vrokastro, p. 162, fig. 98). As
a subordinate element of decoration it is common on Geometric pottery and on early Orientalizing
ware (cf. Schweitzer, Ath. Mitt., XLIII, 1918, pp. 56 if.; Payne, B.S.A., XXIX, 1927-28, pp.

294 if.).

34 Cf. Kraiker and Kiibler, Keramneikos,I, Die Nekropolen des 12. bis
10. Jahrhuniderts, pp.
127, 174, pls. 50, 51.

354

OSCAR BRONEER

from Mycenae,35 is more common in the Geometric period. The spout (Fig. 28),
commonly found on bowls of this type from Athens, is set just below the rim by
which it is bridged over at the base.
The decoration comprises a wide range of patterns. A very common type consists of two or three painted bands at the videst part of the body and a broad wavy
_..

...
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~............
.

.:.. a.........

Fig. 28. Fragmientsof Kraters, Shape 1, with Spouts

line at the level of the handles 36 (Fig. 28, a and b). The more elaborate decorations
are uisually arranged in zones, divided into so-called metopes by vertical bands of
multiple lines, or by zigzags betwNeentwNoor miore vertical. lines (Fig. 29, a-i) ."
Occasionally somiewhat miore elaborate division lines are uised (Fig. 29, mn,it), and
in somie late examples these vertical stripes have grown to be the main decoration.
30Furtwsvngler and Loeschcke, Myvk.Vaseni, pl. XLIII; cf. Wace, B.S.A., XXV, 1921-23,
p. 42; Kraiker and Kiibler, op. cit., p. 143, note 2.
36 Cf. Hesper-ia, II, 1933, p. 369, fig. 42.
3 The use of the vertical lines of zigzags between straight lines is pointed out by Kraiker and
Kiibler, op. cit., p. 143, as a new element in the Protogeometric style of decoration. It is, however,
common on the pottery from our excavation.

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

355

ACROPOLIS

A fine example of that kind is shown in Figure 30. On two broad painted bands
between thin multiple lines are rows of opposing concentric half-circles rendered in
the reserved technique, a rare type of decoration appearing at this time as an early
precursor of the red-figured style.38 On either side of the whole decorated band is
a fringe of small loops.
. ......
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~72

Fig 29 Fragients of Kraters, Shape 1, Showing Types of Division Lines

Amono- the elements

surviving

from the earlier

Mycenaean

pottery

the most

commnon is the spiral (Figs. 31 and 32), which appears in various combinations,
uisually with some fillers in the triangular space formed by the outer coil of the spiral
and the connecting line. Some of these fillers are in the form of debased papyrus
flowers
(Fig. 31 c, d, f). Two small sherds of a krater (Fig. 32 j, k) have spiral
desigrns in the reserved technique. The center of the spiral is often filled wvithsome
38 There are several examiiplesof this kind of
decoration; see below, p. 420; cf. Heurtley,
Q.D.A.P., V, 1936, p. 93; Kourouniotes, 'ApX.'E+., 1914, pp. 107-108, figs. 13, 14, etc. It occurs
more colmmiiiolnly
on vases of the transitional period and on Protogeometric pottery from the Kerameikos, Kraiker and Kiibler, op. cit., pp. 111-112, 141, 176; fig. 10, pls. 29 (no. 523), 63, etc.
39 See below and cf. Mackeprang, A.J.A., XLII,
1938, p. 548.

OSCAR BRONEER

356

motive: a solid circle. the Maltese cross (Fig. 33 e), or the hour-glass pattern (Fig.
32 f, g). In combination with the last of these there are often rows of dots outlinino,
the spirals and the other curvilinear designs (Fig. 31 c, d, f, and 32 f ). The dotted
outline, a common feature in early Mycenaean designs, is a sign of lateness in
L. H. III pottery, as is also the hour-glass pattern, and both elements are found on
Submycenaean and Protogeometric pottery.40 The spirals are often combined with
of Krater,Shape 1, wIth Decorationin the ReservedTechnique
Fig30. Fragments
.
........
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..:IlIIllII1

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Reserved
Krater,
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Fig. 30.loop
flwe
design taein thefro
th Technique
payu
eihe Shape
side.1, with
Th Decoration
whihlrg
exen of to

vertical patterns like those described above. A common combination consists of a

series of inverted papyrus flowers between vertical lines, flanked by spirals from
which large loops extend to either side. The design taken from the papyrus flower
appears in varying stages of degeneration, examples of which appear on Figure 33.
In the earliest examples (Fig. 33 a-d) there is still an unmistakable resemblance to
the naturalistic rendering of the flower, but gradually the motive is simplified, until
only a row of chevrons (Fig. 33 h, i) remains. Checkerboard patterns, arranged in
vertical zones, are often combined with other motives (Fig. 34). A common pattern
40

Cf. Kraiker and Kiibler, op. cit., p. 144.

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A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

361

of rather late origin consists of double or multiple loops 41 depending from the rim
and often met by similar loops in the reverse order from below (Fig. 35). These
loops, in some cases almost semicircular in form, gave rise to the concentric halfcircles, the most common element of decoration on Protogeometric pottery.42 Among
the less common motives are triangles filled with a net pattern (Fig. 37 a, b) and
arranged in single rows or combined so as to form the hour-glass design. Various
floral motives (Fig. 36) appear in degenerate form, usually arranged in metopes.
In some cases these are indistinguishable from the marine motives, such as the
nautilus and the octopus (Fig. 36). Most of these go back to more naturalistic
designs common in the Palace Style of decoration in the second Late Helladic period.
Of particular interest is the figured style of decoration which enjoyed a short
vogue at the end of the Mycenaean period. On the fragments from the North Slope
appear figures of birds with long feet and ducks' heads (Fig. 37 f-j), and a quadruped
of uncertain species (Fig. 38 c). Often these designs, particularly the quadruped,
are applied over the linear decoration (Fig. 38), as if they were an afterthought on
the part of the vase painter. This type of decoration,43especially common on vases
from Rhodes and Cyprus, did not at this time develop into a successful naturalistic
style, but died out together with most of the decorative motives on Mycenaean
pottery. It all but disappears in the period of Protogeometric art,44and the animals
on early Geometric vases are too stylized for comparison. One might almost say
that the decorators of Protoattic pottery took up the animal designs where their
predecessors of late Mycenaean times had left off. The similarity is very striking.
2. STEMMED KRATERS. Figure 39.
Closely related to the preceding shape is the stemmed krater with turned-out rim
(Fig. 25 j-n) and with two flat handles extending from the rim to the widest part
of the body. The spout is rarely found on this type. It is a common shape at other
4' It occurs on a three-handled jar from the Argive Heraion (Blegen, Prosymna, II, fig. 351,
no. 790); on some sherds from Delphi (Lerat, B.C.H., LIX, 1935, p. 373, fig. 24, 7-9); and on a
squat skyphos from Knossos (Mackeprang, A.J.A., XLII, 1938, pl. XXVII, 3). There are various
theories, not all convincing, about its origin (cf. Heurtley, op. cit., p. 94).
42 An intermediate stage in the development from the Late Mycenaean loops to
the compassdrawn concentric circles on Protogeometric pottery appears on Submycenaean vases (see Marinatos,
'ApX.'E+., 1932, pls. 4, no. 5; 6, nos. 33, 36, 38, 41; 11, no. 179; Wide, Ath. Mitt., XXXV, 1910,
p. 27, fig. 3). For a discussion of the motive see Payne, B.S.A., XXIX, 1927-28, p. 269. On the
earliest Protogeometric vases the half-circles are often drawn by hand (Kraiker and Kiibler, op. cit.,
p. 145; pls. 44, 61, 63, etc.).
43 The use of human and animal
motives on L. H. III pottery is discussed at some length by
Wace, Chamber Tombs at Myceiae, pp. 176 ff., with references to the literature.
44 A few examples of animal figures on
Protogeometric vases are exhibited in the Kerameikos
Museum in Athens; see Kraiker and Kiibler, op. cit., p. 207; pls. 56, 58, Inv. 560; and cf. Payne,
B.S.A., XXIX, 1927-28, p. 297, fig. 42.

362

OSCAR BRONEER

Mycenaean sites,45especially in Rhodes and Cyprus, but very few pieces from our
excavation can be identified as belonging to it. In the case of small fragments
it is often impossible to distinguish between this shape and the preceding, but as a
rule the rim is different. On the stemless krater (Shape 1) it is nearly always flat
or convexly curved on top, whereas the rim of Shape 2 is a continuation of the side
of the vessel, which first turns in near the top and then flares out sharply to form
the rim proper. Although this distinction is commonly applicable, some variations

.*X

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.... ..

Fig. 39. Fragmentsof StemmedKraters, Shape 2

occur, and in a few cases the rim of Shape 1 occurs on Shape 2 46 and vice versa.47
The fragments shown in Figure 39, which have been identified on the basis of the
rim profile, may not all belong to this shape. There is one large piece of an undecorated krater, with the flat, vertical handle preserved (Fig. 39, e).

3. SKYPHOI.Figures 40-49.
The most common of all the shapes from the fill of the passage is the skyphos
with gently out-curving rim, horizontal handles attached at the widest part of the
45The type is very common in Aigina (see Welter, Aigina, p. 26, fig. 30), but the stemless
krater, our Shape 1, is not represented among the Mycenaean pottery in the Aigina Museum; and
some of the fragments from the Acropolis seem to belong to this shape.
46 Cf. Blegen, Korakou, p. 65, fig. 91.
47 Cf. Blegen, Korakou, pp. 48-49, figs. 64 and 65, and p. 60, fig. 83.

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

363

body, and a low base. This shape is more commonly referred to as a " deep bowl," 48
but that term is unsatisfactory. It is no deeper in proportion than the preceding two
shapes and its similarity to the classical skyphos, especially the Attic type, is sufficiently close to justify the use of this name for the Mycenaean prototype. Moreover,
a later form of the same vessel, in use throughout the Geometric period and commonly
called skyphos, is the direct ancestor of the skyphos of classical times. It is a late
shape with no close relations among the vases of early Mycenaean times.49 It does
not become common until the very end of the Mycenaean period, but it continues
with some modificationin the early Iron Age. Like the preceding two shapes it occurs
but rarely in Mycenaeantombs,50but is common in Submycenaeanand Protogeometric
graves.
The variations in shape are slight. In some cases the body is nearly spherical,
as in Figure 44 a, but no chronological development of the shape can be observed
among the material from the North Slope. All the recognizable bases are low, whereas
in Submycenaean examples of the type the base is, as a rule, considerably higher.
The decorations found on the skyphoi comprise many elements which occur on
the kraters, but several new patterns occur. In general the decorations fall into five
categories:
a. Horizontal designs. These consist of rows of very small patterns such as
zigzags or wavy lines, single or multiple (Fig. 41 a-d); broken-rope patterns,
often called " running dog," 51 either by itself or between wavy lines (Figs.
48
Blegen (Koraleou, pp. 48, 62, 63; Prosymnna, I, p. 451) and Wace (Chamber Tombs at
Mycenae, p. 172) group the three shapes, 1, 2, and 3 together and call them deep bowls or kraters.
Mackeprang (op. cit., p. 544) distinguishes between deep bowls, our Shape 3, and large bowls,
our Shapes 1 and 2.
49 Mackeprang (op. cit., p.
539, and pl. XXII, 4) points to certain examples with one handle
as illustrating the earliest appearance of the type. I can see no reason for assuming that these are
earlier than the more common two-handled variety. Among the Mycenaean pottery from the
Acropolis in the National Museum there is a late skyphos with one handle and rather high foot.
It is not earlier than the Granary Class, as is shown by the reserved section including the foot and
lower part of the vase.
50 Numerous skyphoi, usually with a high foot, have come to light recently in
Submycenaean
graves in Kephallenia (see Marinatos, 'ApX.'E+., 1932, pp. 1-47, and pls. 7, 9, 12). The shape is
also common at Delphi (Lerat, B.C.H., LIX, 1935, pp. 341 ff., and pls. XXI, 1-4; XXIV, 1-20).
3This is a favorite pattern on late Mycenaean ware (see Blegen, Prosymna, I, p. 426, and
II, fig. 125, no. 239; Lerat, B.C.H., LIX, 1935, p. 339, and p. 337, fig. 1, 11, 12, 15; p. 342, fig. 3;
p. 367, fig. 20, 15-17) and it continues in vogue on Protogeometric and Geometric pottery (Payne,
B.S.A., XXIX, 1927-28, p. 270, fig. 32, 24, and p. 273, fig. 33, 17) and even on early Orientalizing
ware (Payne, loc. cit., p. 279, fig. 34, 19-21). It is, of course, related to the guilloche pattern, which
may have developed from it. If angulated the rope pattern becomes a meander, but see Eilmann,
Labyrinthos, pp. 38 f., 52 f.; and Kraiker and Kiibler, op. cit., p. 176, note 2. That the motive
originated as a rope pattern is evident from more carefully rendered examples (Lerat, loc. cit.,
pl. XXIV, 11 and 18; and Wace, ChamtberTombs at Mycenae, pl. XXXIII, 3), but it is not unlikely
that the running-spiral design contributed toward its development (cf. Blegen, Korakou, p. 42,
fig. 57). It is found also on early Mycenaean pottery, Wace, op. cit., pl. V, 15; Mylonas, 'EEvO-lvtaKaK,
p. 117, fig. 95, and p. 123, fig. 101.

OSCAR BRONEER

364

40 b, and 41 e-g); rowvs of single or double loops (Figs. 40 a, and 41 1, 1in);

eyelets betwveenwavy lines (Fig. 41 h, j); rows of reversed N's (Fig. 41 n);
dotted scale patterns (Fig. 41 o, p), etc.
b. Designs applied vertically. These comprise an infinite variety of patterns,
including most of those found on the large kraters. Common among these
are the zigzags or chevrons between two or more straight lines (Fig. 42),
but scale patterns (Fig. 43 c and d), rows of diminishing chevrons (Figs.
43 b, 44 b, 47 b-e), cross-hatched diamonds (Fig. 43 b), etc., also occur.
Spirals with large lateral loops, and often Nwithsome kind of vertical design
(Figs. 44 a and 45 b). On one fragiment (Fig.
in the nmiddle,52are conmnmon

Fig. 40. SkYphoi,Shiape3, Decoratedwith HorizonitalDesigns

45 a) a crude fig-ure of a bird fills the triangular space above the spiral. This
is the only recognizable animal motive on sherds of this type of vessels, unless
wNhatremains of the decoration on two f ragments f rom a skyphos of the
close style (Fig. 46 ini,ni) may be so regarded. Broad stream-ers (Fig.
47 f-rn), probably derived f rom lily patterns, and nautili, degenerated beyond
recognition (Figf. 46 a-c, f, k), are the only other elements which can be traced
back to naturalistic miotives. One small sherd (Fig. 47 r) shows a design of
uncertain nature in the reserved technique.
c. All the designs discussed above are applied on the upper half of the vase,
which is set off from the lower portion by means of one or more horizontal
lines, and in most cases there is a painted stripe at the rim. A large number
of vases have no other exterior decoration than these horizontal bands (Figs.
This design has been interpreted as a degenerate octopus pattern, Wace, B.S.A., XXV,
1921-23, p. 47, pl. V, f; Heurtley, Q.D.A.P., V, 1936, p. 95.
52

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Fig. 41. Fragments of Skyphoi,

I Shape 3, Decorated with Horizontal Designs
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OSCAR BRONEER

366

48 d, f, 49 a), but usually the handles, the base, the lip, and the entire inside
are also painted. In some cases the whole lower portion of the vase as well
as the rim is covered with paint and only a broad zone in the upper half is
left reserved (Fig. 48 a-c). Occasionally there are horizontal lines at the
bottom of this zone (Fig. 48 e, g). This variety forms the transition to the
next group.

Fig. 43. Fragments of Skyphoi, Shape 3, Decorated with Vertical Patterns

d. A large number of skyphoi are entirely covered with paint on the outside,
except for the base and one or more reserved bands, usually below the level
of the handles (Fig. 49 b). This decoration, the reverse of c, seems to have
developed at a slightly later date. The bulk of sherds belonging to this type
came from the upper layers, but a few came from farther down. It is an
important fact that no skyphoi with reserved bands came from the houses
along the northeast stairway, whereas Group c was very common.5 Groupd
is found among the earliest of the Submycenaean skyphoi from the Kera53

See Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 369, fig. 41.

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

367

meikos,54but these seem to be slightly later than those from our excavations.
The shape is less graceful, the handles heavier, and the reserved bands are
at a lower point on the vase. The original function of these bands, to set off
the upper decorated zone from the lower part of the vase, is forgotten; and
on the latest examples they have become a meaningless tradition, applied at
a point where they tend to impair the tectonic character of the vase.
e. In the last group the whole vase, within and without, except the reverse of the
base, is covered with a dull black or grayish brown glaze (Fig. 49 c). Most
skyphoi of this group are small, and the base is less flaring than is the case
on the preceding groups, but there is no appreciablemodification in the shape
of the body.
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higheruntil itwreceived the developed Protogeometric form ofa. truncated cn

(see

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th suseqen
Kerameikos|

11.;.

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prosbttesaeudwntagdal
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.

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Fiue8
)adtebd
eae Shape
oehthge
to{
Vertical Patterns its diameter.
Fig. 44. Two Skyphoi,
3, Decorated with npooto
Thqeeomn
sclal
lutae
in the seis ofsyhifomteAhna
Groups d and e show the latest stage in the developmentof the skyphos, as represented by the material from the North Slope. The skyphos continued in vogue in
the subsequent periods, but the shape underwent a gradual change. The base grew
higher, until it received the developed Protogeometric form of a truncated cone (see
Figure 85 n), and the body became somewhat higher in proportion to its diameter.
The development is clearly illustrated in the series of skyphoi from the Athenian
Kerameikos.55
Kraiker and Kiibler, op. cit., pp. 70-71, pl. 22, Inv. 434, 445, 458.
See Kraiker and Kiibler, op. cit., pp. 70 ff., 147, 174. and pls. 22, 23, 30, 34, 48, 49, 67, 68.
The low base occasionally occurs with Protogeometric skyphoi. In the collection of antiquities
housed in the Town Hall at Skyros there is a fine specimen with large compass-drawn concentric
circles on either side, but the base is low and the shape of the body is the same as on skyphoi of the
Mycenaean period. Other Protogeometric skyphoi in the same collection have the normal base (see
Dawkins, B.S.A., XI, 1904-05, p. 79, fig. 3 c). The use of the compass and multiple brush, on the
other hand, is not an infallible sign of late date (see p. 403, note 139), and it is not impossible that
the Skyros skyphos is late Mycenaean.
5

Fig. 45. Fragments of Skyphoi, Shape 3, with Spiral Designs

.. ...

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Fig. 47. Fragments of Skyphoi, Shape 3, with Various Kinds of Decoration

..........

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Fig. 49. Skyphoi, Shape 3, Granary Class

~
.:

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Fig. 50. SpoutedBowl, Shape 4

... . .............. ....................
........................................................................................................................

Fi.5.T_oSalwB

ws hp

A MYCENAEAN FOUNTAIN ON THE ATHENIAN ACROPOLIS

371

4. SHALLOwBOWLSOR BASINS. Figures 50-52.

Another common shape is the shallowvbowl or basin, with flat rim (Fig. 25 o-r)
projecting on the outside, horizontal handles attached just belov the rim, and flat
base. A short spout, open or bridged, is a common feature, especially in the larger
examples of the type (Fig. 50). The rim is often decorated with dashes, cross lines,
chevrons, etc. As a general rule the outside is unpainted, but the rim and the inside
are covered with paint. A reserved circle is usually left in the center of the bowvl
(Fig. 51 b), and in sonmecases the inside is decorated with alternating painted and
reserved bands. A large p)iece of a bowl related to this shape is decorated on the
outside with a debased form of marine animal
(Fig. 52). The fragment offers an
excellent examnpleof the deterioration of
a one-time naturalistic design. In this
case, two bodies, each with two tentacles, are comiibined with a ctuspated
diamolnd pattern- and two dotted lozenges to forml a series of ornamental
units. Stuch elaborate decorations are
very rare on bow!ls of this kind. The
frag,nment also differs from the more
nornmal type in the shape of the rim
(Fig. 25 r), w-hiichis slightly flaring,-but
is not flat on tol).
MIost specimens of this shape,
especially those of large size, show signs
of rubbing in the interior, and in some Fig. 52. Fragmiientof Bowl, Shape 4, Decorated
with Debased Marine Motive
cases the bottom is worn thin. It is
obviously a vessel designed for practical use, as is shown by the type of decoration
and by its common occurrence in excavations of settlements 5 and its rare appearance
in tombs. The shape 58 is reminiscent of stone mortars like that showvn in Figure 94.

5. BELL-SHAPEDBOWLS. Figures 53-54.

A rather common shape, represented by several fragments, is the bell-shaped
bowl with flat rim usually with a slight projection toward the inside (Fig. 25 s-v),
"For a discussion of the origin of this design see Persson, A sinie, p. 402 and fig. 264, and cf.
Blegen, Zygoitrics, p. 146 and fig. 137.
Cf. Blegen, KoIrakoto, p. 63, figs. 87, 88.
r- A related shape of late date with allmiostvertical sides and flat bottom, common at Delphi
(Lerat, loc. cit., pp. 343 ff., figs. 4 ald 5) and Kephallenia (Marinatos, 'ApX. 'E+., 1932, pls. 7,
nlos. 91, 31 a, 32 a; 8, no. 108, etc.), and found more rarely at other sites (Blegen, Prosvymniia,II,
figs. 126 and 696, Ino. 234), seemiis not to have been in use in Athens.
57

OSCAR BRONEER

372

two horizontal handles, and flat base (Fig. 53). The rim is usually decorated with
a variety of patterns (Fig. 54), similar to those found on the rims of kraters, Shape 1.
The most comnmon is the zigzag pattern on a reserved band, but rows of dashes,
alternating, wNithplain sections, concentric half-circles, and triangular designs, also
occur in various combinations. These patterns are sometimes applied in white paint
on a black ground (Fig. 54 c, f, s, t).
The most conimon decoration, apart from the rim patterns, consists of painted
and reserved horizontal bands (Figs. 53 and 54 p) both on the inside and on the
outside. In some cases a shining black or brown glaze with a metallic lustre covers
the whole inside. In a few cases more
elaborate patterns occur. One small
fragment (Fig. 54 q) preserves part of
two fishes, and four pieces of another
bowl (Fig. 54 s-v) have traces of decora|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..
tions, probably some animal motives,
applied in a dull white paint on a lus-9a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
trous black ground.59 The rim pattern
is executed in the same technique.
The shape was fairly common in
Fig. 53. Bell-Shaped Bowl, Shape 5
Athens, and it occurs at many other
Mycenaean sites.6" Undecorated examples with less flaring sides have been found
in the Argolid,6' but the shape is especially common in Rhodes,62 where some examples
have been found with human figures attached to the rim.63 Sometimes false spouts
are similarly added. Bronze vessels of related shapes are also found, often with
wish-bone handles and side spout.64
|

l l |

.....

...

l . . .. : ::: . : : .::...
..: .. ...
:::.::+.+:+:::.:

. .......

6. TANKARDS.Figures 55-56.
An interesting shape, whose origin can be traced to vessels of other material,
is the large tankard with flat base, sides contracted at the middlo, and a smiall loop5 This type of decoration, a reversion to a L. H. I technique, enjoyed a brief period of popularity in late MIycenaeantimies. See Lerat, B.C.H., LIX, 1935, p. 339, and p. 337, fig. 1; Wace,
Chamnber Tomilbs at Mvcenae, pp. 179-180; Blegen, Zygoiiries, pp. 139, 140, fig. 131. It continues
into the Submiiycenaeanperiocl (see Mariniatos, 'ApX. 'E4., 1932, p. 35) and then disappears to be
revived several centuries later; cf. Payne, B.S.A., XXIX, 1927-28, pp. 275 f.
60 Persson, Asine, p. 405, fig. 265, 6; Wace, B.S.A., XXV,
1921-23, pls. X a, XI h, 1. There
are numiierousexamiiplesin the Aigina Museum.
61
Blegen, Zygouries, p. 156, fig. 148; Persson, op. cit., p. 415, fig. 270, 12.
62 Cf. Maiuri, Annuario,
VI-VII, p. 103, fig. 21, and figs. 38, 42, 43; Zervos, Rliodes, capitale
dii Dodecaie'se,
63
64

Asinte,

fig. 244.

Mlaiuri,loc. cit., figs. 65, 99. 101.

Persson, Roval Tomnbs at Dendra, pls. XXX and XXXI, 4, 6, and pp. 92-95, figs. 67, 68;
p. 393, fig. 257.

Fig. 54. Fragments of Bell-Shaped Bowls, Shape 5

...

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..

..

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.,

...

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4

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ng;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
i.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
. s

m.

Fig. 55. Tankards, Shp

6.

Fig. 55. Tankards, Shape 6

374

OSCAR BRONEER

handle (Fig. 55). The decoration is generally applied in two zones, separated by a
painted band, usually slightly raised. Simple vertical lines of zigzags and other linear
designs are most common, but a few fragments preserve traces of more elaborate
decoration. One piece of a base (Fig. 56 m), which seems to belong to a similar vessel,
has a pattern of spirals and probably the figure of a fish painted on the bottom.

......u.v
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

s~

~~~~~SI

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
......
...

Fig. 56. Fragmentsof Tankards,Shape 6

The shape has derived from a smaller mug of nearly cylindrical form which
makes its appearancein the Late Helladic II period.65The developmentof this shape
has been discussed by Professor Blegen, who derives it from prototypes of the Vaphiocup shape.66 It is probable, however, that the two shapes developed independently.
The small cup of the Vaphio-cup shape never has the handle attached at the middle but
always at the rim, as in the metal cups, and the raised dividing line is always below
the middle. Furthermore, only the upper zone carries the main decoration, whereas
the narrow part below the raised band is usually ornamented with simple parallel
65 See Wace, B.S.A., XXV,
1921-23, p. 80, pl. XIV h, i; and especially Chamber Tombs at
Mycenae, p. 166, note 13, where reference is made to other examples.
66Prosymna, I, p. 431, and II, figs. 100, 109, 141, 254; Zygouries, pp. 138-139, fig. 130, 1.

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

375

lines.67 The cylindrical mug, on the other hand, has all the features of the tankard:
the same kind of handle, the raised line in the middle, and the decoration divided into
two equal zones. The prototype of this shape is rather to be sought in vessels like
the wooden stoup with bronze mountings from the tholos tomb at Dendra.68 Here
we find the same cylindrical shape of the body, the same type of handle, and, above
all, the metal hoop which gave rise to the raised band at the middle. Metal vessels
of the Vaphio-cup shape were found in the same tomb,69showing that the two forms
existed side by side.
Tankards of the shape seen in Figures 55 and 56 have been found at most late
Mycenaean sites, but never in large numbers. In Crete the shape continues into the
period of transition to the Iron Age.70
7.

KYLIKES.

Figures 57-58.

Fragments of three kinds of kylikes were found.

a. The first is a goblet on low and usually rather thick stem, and with two
handles. This variety, a near relative to the Ephyrean goblet, was more
common in the Late Helladic II period,71but continued into the later period.
Several bases and stems are preserved (Fig. 57 a-d), but in no case is the rim
preserved with the lower part. They are often decoratedwith a grayish brown
paint applied in horizontal bands or covering the entire vessel.
b. The second variety has a tall stem which merges gradually into the conical
body of the vessel. Two vertical handles extend from the lip down. The only
complete example of this type is undecorated (Fig. 58 a), but numerous
decorated fragments of similar kylikes have been found (Fig. 57 e-o). In
most cases the decoration consists of horizontal bands on the body, whereas
stem and foot are glazed all over. A peculiar type of decoration, very common
among the sherds from our excavation, is illustrated in Figure 57 e-g. The
whole body is glazed with the exception of a broad vertical stripe along the
line of each handle. This type of decoration on kylikes seems to be peculiar
67 Some

of the gold cups from Mycenae have decorations in the lower zone, usually differing
from those above the raised line (cf. Karo, Schachtgrdber von Mykenai, pl. CXXIV). In a single
instance (ibid., pl. CXXV) the same kind of decoration is applied both above and below the raised
line, but even here the lower zone is narrower than the upper.
68 Persson, Royal Tombs at Dendra, p. 52, fig. 31.
69Ibid., pls. II, XVI.
70
Pendlebury, Illustrated London News, Feb. 1, 1939, p. 181, fig. 8.
71
Numerous fragments were found in the earlier campaigns on the North Slope, Hesperia, II,
1933, p. 363 and p. 364, fig. 36; VI, 1937, p. 558, fig. 13.

<~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

377

to Athens, where it is common.72 One fragment of a stem (Fig. 57 o) is

decorated with a spiral band like a barber's pole. Vertical lines also occur
on some fragments from the body of the vase. No examples of kylikes with
swollen or ringed stem came to light.73
c. The third variety (Fig. 58 b, c) has short stem, off-set rim, and a single
handle. All the kylikes of this type are unglazed.
Several unglazed examples of the second and third varieties are blackened from
burning on the bottom and on the sides of the interior. In some cases the black has
penetrated into the clay so as to be clearly visible even after the fragments have been
cleaned in a diluted bath of hydrochloricacid. One complete kylix of the third variety
(Fig. 58 b), showing discoloration from burning, was found together with two well
preserved amphoras in a deposit at the foot of flight IV (see p. 395). It must have
been employed for some purpose while the fountain was in use, but it is hardly likely
that it was brought down to serve as a drinking cup. It is probable that these vessels
were employed as lamps, held in the hands of the water-carriers. This use would
explain the blackening in the interior of many of the kylikes. Perhaps animal fat or
some resinous mixture was used rather than olive oil, for which open vessels like
these would be less suitable. Small clay lamps are unknown from Mycenaean times,"
but it is not improbable that some of the small vessels originally intended for other
purposes were occasionally so used.
8. CUPS WITH

ONE HORIZONTAL HANDLE.

Figures 59 a and 60.

Closely related in shape to the preceding is the small cup, resembling the kylix
of Type b, but without stem and with a single horizontal handle similar to the handles
on the skyphoi. No whole vase of this shape has been found, and it may be questioned
whether there were one or two handles, but the former alternative is the more likely.
Among the numerous handles preserved there are no two that could belong to the
A feeding-bottle from Kourtes, Crete, with somewhat similar decoration is illustrated in
V, 1901, pl. IX, 16.
73 This is a late feature, found on kylikes from a few sites; cf. Heurtley, Q.D.A.P., V, 1936,
p. 102; Persson, Asine, p. 299, fig. 206, and p. 300, no. 4; Gjerstad, Studies on Prehistoric Cyprus,
p. 222, goblet no. 3, and p. 228; Marinatos, 'ApX.'E+., 1932, p. 32. Some fine examples of kylikes
with ringed stem have come to light in the recent excavations on Ithaka. I am indebted to Miss S.
Benton for kindly showing me the proof of her article on this pottery, soon to appear in the B.S.A.
74 The large open lamp made in imitation of stone lamps (Wace, Chamber Tombs at Mycenae,
pl. XLIII, 46-48; and Blegen, Prosym-na, I, p. 455) were obviously not intended to be carried
about. Very few lamps of any kind, except stone lamps, are known from the Mycenaean period
(see Broneer, Corinth, IV, ii, Terracotta Lamps, p. 5; Marinatos, 'ApX. 'E+., 1932, p. 34), although
small terracotta lamps had been in use in the Neolithic period and later.
72

A.J.,

OSCAR BRONEER

378

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A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

379

same vase. The base is much like that of a skyphos, but is more concave underneath.
The inside of the vase is, as a rule, covered with glaze, with the exception of a
reserved circle in the center (Fig. 60 j, k). On a few fragments there is also a narrow
reserved band a little below the lip. The outside is decorated with horizontal lines
(Figs. 59 a and 60 a-h, 1). Usually there is a rather broad stripe at the lip or slightly
below, one or two lines below the level of the handle, and a single stripe just above
the base. The shape, which combines the features of skyphos and kylix, was common
in Athens, but I know of no exact parallels from any other excavation in Greece,?
nor were any found in the Mycenaean houses on the northeast slope of the Acropolis.

Fig. 61. Two Cups, Shape 9

A one-handled cup, slightly more squat and less conical in shape, and probably of
earlier date, which has come to light in tombs from Attica, may be regarded as the
direct predecessor of the type.76 Cups of somewhat similar shape with two, one, or
no handles, are also common in Cyprus,7"but it is likely that the shape originated in
Attica.
9. Two-HANDLED

CUPS

WITH

OFF-SETRi

m.

Figures 61 and 62.

Another vessel, likewise related to the kylix, is the sm-all cup with off-set rimi,
low base, and two horizontal handles attached slightly below the rim. The exterior
75 A vase of unknown provenance published by Furtwangler and Loeschcke, Mykenische Vasen,
pl. XXII, 161, is a close parallel to ours in shape, but the decoration is different. This example, too,
has only one handle. Small cups resembling skyphoi, but with one handle, were also found in tombs
at the Argive Heraion, Blegen, Prosymna, II, fig. 126, no. 246; fig. 484, no. 976; but these are
deeper in proportion to their diameter and the rim is different.
76 I am indebted to Mr. Frank Stubbings for calling my attention to these, and for showing me
his manuscript of an unpublished article on late Mycenaean pottery from Attica.
77 Gjerstad, Studies on Prehistoric Cyprus, pp. 212, no. 2; 213, no. 12; 222, no. 10; Daniel,
A.J.A., XLI, 1937, pls. I, 29, 69, 34; IV, 74, 21, 20, 93, 103, 87; Walters, Br. Mus. Cat. of Cypriote,
Italian, and Etruscan Pottery, pl. III, C, 623.

380

OSCAR BRONEER

is generally unglazed except on the lip (Figs. 61 b and 62 a) and on the top of the
handles, but one fragment (Fig. 62 d) has a wavy band below the rim. The inside
is decoratedwith concentric bands, usually arranged in pairs. There is some variation
in the number and disposition of these bands, which are never found on the outside.

... .. .......... .....

. . .. ...... .... .:

...........
.. ....;~~~~~~~~....

Fig. 62. Fragmentsof Cups Shape 9

These cups resemble the preceding in size and in the shape of the base, but the stereotyped decoration in each case makes it easy to distinguish the sherds of the two types
of vases. The profile of the rim and the shape of the body may have been derived
from the one-handled kylix, Type c. The shape is known from other Greek sites,78
78
Several examples from Mycenae are decorated on the interior like those from our excavation
(Wace, B.S.A., XXV, 1921-23, p. 33, fig. 9 c, pl. XI k). Undecorated bowls of somewhat similar
shape but shallower, less angular in profile, and without the raised base have been found in the
Argolis (Blegen, Prosymna, I, p. 425; II, p. 55, fig. 239, no. 1062, etc.; Wace, Chamber Tombs at
Mycenae, pls. XVII, 29; XXXI, 51; Persson, Asine, p. 370, fig. 240, 61, 62). Two examples from
Asine are partly glazed (ibid., fig. 240, 63, 64). A single specimen of the earlier undecorated variety
came from the Mycenaean houses on the northeast slope of the Acropolis, but none of the fully
developed type.

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

381

but the earlier examples are mostly undecorated. Again, as in the case of the preceding shape, it is Cyprus that offers most numerous parallels.79
10.

CUPS WITH OFF-SET RIM AND ONE VERTICAL HANDLE.

Figure 63 a.

A single specimen is preserved of a shallov boNrl or dish, with the rim set off
from the body as in the preceding shape, a single vertical handle attached to the rim,
and a low flat base. It is really a stemless kylix of Type c, somewhat more squat than
the stemmed kind, and like the latter it is unglazed. Unless the base is preserved the
fragments are indistinguishable from those of 7 c. The cup shovvn in Figure 63 a was
pressed out of shape in the firing. The same type of vessel wvasfound in tlle houses
on the northeast slope, but the shape is not common.

Fi2.

11.

TwCo

63.
CEAps,

Sliapes 10 anid 11

Figure 6)3b.
A comnparativelvrare shap)ein the p)eriodto wrhichour pottery belonogsis the
undecoratedshalloNNT
cup)or dish with slightly incurvincrrinm,low base, and no handle.
Only a sinule specimen is preserved. The shape wrasin use throughout MIycenaean
times."? One exanmplecame from the houses on the northeast slope.
SHFALLONV
CUTPSNNTITHOUT
HANDILES.

12. SAIALL CUI'S

OF TEA-CUP

SHAPE.

Figures 59 b and 64 a-d.

This variety of cup, which is deeper than the preceding four shapes, is closely
related to the skyphos. It has a single vertical handle and a low flat base. The profile
79The Cypriote examiipleswitlh one or two handles are late (Daniel, loc. cit., p. 63, II d, e;
pl. I, 51, 28, 27; Gjerstad, op. cit., pp. 221-222. nos. 11 and 12; and cf. Walters, op. cit., nos.
C 659-673).
80 See Blegen, Prostniia,
I, p. 424. At Mycenae it begins in L. H. I, but seems to grow rare
in L. H. III (\Vace, B.S.A., XXV, 1921-23, p. 151). The earlier examples are somewhat deeper in
proportion to their diameter (ibid., p. 150, fig. 33 c).

OSCAR BRONEER

382

describes an inwvardcurve above the middle, but the rim has an outward bend. Several
fragments xvere found but none wviththe base preserved. The shape has been restored
(Fig. 59 b) from some cups of similar shape found on the northeast slope. One complete specimen wvasdiscovered on the Acropolis.8' The decorations consist for the
most part of broad painted bands, but one fragment (Fig. 59 b) has a degenerate
tt
ae0
:,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4~
n,-.t;

Fig. 64. Fragmentsof Shapes 11-14

spiral pattern. Spouted cups of the samaeshape are common at other sites.8' The shape,
which is derived fromn the shallower cup of early Mycenaean times, continued with
some variations to the end of the seventh century.8' In the Protogeometric and Geometric examples of the shape there is usually a high base in the form of a truncated
cone
as on
note
55).
84as
the skyphoi
cone
on the
367, note
skyphoi (see
(see p.p. 367,
55).
84

81 Graef-Langlotz, Anit. Vaseni vonl der Akropolis ZUi Athent, I, pl. 5, no. 181. For the shape
see Biegen, Prosyinina, I, p. 429, and Korcakout,p. 65, fig. 92; Wace, B.S.A., XXV, 1921-23, pl. XI,
f-g, i-j.

See also
82 There are sevcral examples, most of them rather smiiall,in the Museum at Aigina.
Blegen, Prosymina, I, p. 434; II, p. 43, fig. 192, no. 874, and p. 142, fig. 572, no. 805.
83 Cf. Young, Hesperia, VII. 1938, pp. 413-414 and fig. 1, D6-D8.
84 Kraiker and Kiibler, op. cit., p. 174, pls. 36, 37.

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

13.

CuPs XVITH HIGH HANDLE.

14.

LADLES.

15.

PYXIDES.

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

383

Figure 64 e-h.
A few recognizable fragments belong to shallow cups with high-swung handles,
plain or decorated with stripes. Inasmuch as this type of handle is found with cups
of different shapes, the exact type to which each fragment belongs is uncertain.85
The large fragment in Figure 64 e with decorations on the inside may belong to
this shape.
Figure 64 j-m.
A vessel closely related to the preceding, but perhaps used for a different purpose, is the ladle with high loop-handle, hemispherical body, and slightly flaring lip,
usually unglazed. Only two handles and a few other fragments were found in the
fill of the fountain, but the shape is common among the pottery from the houses on
the northeast slope.86It appears as early as the Middle Helladic period,87and remains
practically unchanged till the end of the Mycenaean age.
Figures 65 k-p and 66 a.
A rather rare type of vessel in the Mycenaean period is the pyxis with vertical
sides, flat bottom, slanting shoulders, and raised rim around the opening. Two flat
vertical handles, projecting above the shoulders and extending more than half way
down to the bottom, are applied to the side of the vessel. The decoration on the
preserved fragmnentsconsists of horizontal bands on the shoulder and above the base,
and of vertical wavy lines (Fig. 65 p) or horizontal rows of heart-shaped loops (Fig.
66 a) on the body of the vessel. The latter design occurs on some vases of this shape
found in a house close to the earlier postern gate of the Acropolis.88 It is a simplified
form of a double spiral pattern which appears at an early date and is especially common
on vases of the Palace Style and other early Mycenaean ware.89
8

For the shape see Blegen, Prosyrnna, pp. 427-428; and cf. Zygouries, p. 154, fig. 144;
Mylonas, 'EXEvoutVaKa, A', p. 135, fig. 114.
86 Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 371, fig. 44 c. For the shape see Blegen, Prosymna, II, figs. 125,
no. 235 and 534, no. 1046. The astoundingly large number of ladles found in Submycenaean tombs
on Kephallenia (Marinatos, 'ApX.'E+., 1932, pp. 32-33, pls. 8, nos. 100-107, and 13, nos. 254-260,
281-284) testify to the popularity of the shape at the end of the Bronze Age.
87
Cf. Blegen, Korakott, p. 19, fig. 26.
88
Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 367, fig. 39 a; cf. Furtwangler-Loeschcke, Myk. Vasen, pl. XVI, 105.
89Furtwingler-Loeschcke, Myk. Tongefisse, pls. I, 1; XII, 66; and Myk. Vasen, pl. XXVII,
219; Muller, Ath. M14itt.,
XXXIV, 1909, p. 308, fig. 15; Kourouniotes, 'ApX.'E+., 1914, p. 115, figs.
25, 26; Blegen, Prosymna, II, fig. 664; Evans, Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos, p. 158, fig. 143. It
is a common design in Mycenaean jewelry, Wace, Chamber Tombs at Mycenae, pl. XXXII, 80 a;
Persson, Royal Ton'ibs at Denidra, pls. XVIII, 2, XXXV; Marshall, Br. Mus. Cat. of Jewellery,
pl. VI, 691. The origin of the motive is discussed by Evans who calls it the " sacred ivy spray,"
Palace of Minos, IV, pp. 764 ff. For a discussion of its origin see also Forsdyke, Br. Mus. Cat.
Prehist. Aegean Pottery, pp. 132, no. A 769, and 185, no. A 993.

384

The shape is of special interest. Although it occurs with a different kind of

handle at other mainland sites," it is nowhere so common as in Athens." Its origin
may be traced to Crete, however, where the earliest example has been found." It
continued into the Submycenaeanand Protogeometric periods, but the later examples
are as a rule higher in proportionto the depth.
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'I

Cf. Blegen, Korakout,p. 70, fig. 101; Goldman, Eutresis, p. 189, fig. 263, 1.
I"Graef-Langlotz, op. cit., I, pp. 15-16; Furtwingler-Loeschcke, Mykenische Vasen, pl. XVI,
104; Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 367, fig. 39 a.
92 At Gournia, Mackeprang, A.J.A., XLII, 1938, pl. XXVI, 7.
93 Kraiker, Arch. Anz., 1932, p. 202, fig. 8; 1934, p. 230, fig. 21 (second shelf on the right);
Kraiker and Kiibler, Kerarneikos, I, pl. 61, Inv. 533.
'4 There is a fine example in the Museum with lid preserved. Both lid and pyxis are decorated
with zones of cross-hatched triangles. I am indebted to Dr. G. Welter for kindly showing me the
unpublished pottery in the Aigina Museum, and for allowing me to take notes and make references
to this material.

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

385

Messenia,95 and at Ialysos 96 in Rhodes. The shape is not found among the pQttery
from the Submycenaean tombs on Kephallenia, but a single example of a related
variety without handles was found.97
The shape is most common in Crete, where it has a long and interesting history.98
It has been found at Gournia,99Erganos,100Karphi,101Knossos,102Phaistos,' Mouliana,104Vrokastro,05 Tylisos,106and Palaikastro,107and one late Mycenaean example
came from Phylakopi in Melos.108Some of these pyxides have small loop-handles on
the rim, which is the common type of handle on the squat jar with flaring rim, a shape
closely related to the pyxides 109and to the squat alabastra.

16.

Figure 65 a-j.
More common than the preceding shape is the lid with flat, or slightly convex top,
pierced in the center, vertical sides, and rounded or beveled edge. There is a considerablevariation in size, the largest having a diameter of ca. 0.19 m. and the smallest
less than a third as much. The decoration consists of painted bands on top and on
the sides. The interior is unglazed.
These lids were probably used with vases of the preceding shape, but fragments
of lids are so much more numerous than those of pyxides that they may have been
intended for use with other types of jars, such as Shape 17. Though found at other
Greek sites the shape is not common.1"0The pyxis in the Muiseumat Aigina, referred
to above, has its cover preserved, but it is more convex on top. This seems to be a
later form than the flat type.
LIDS.

95 Kourouniotes,

'ApX.'E+., 1914, p. 108, figs. 13-15.

Furtwdingler-Loeschcke, Myk. Vasen, pl. VII, no. 36 XIII; Forsdyke, Prehistoric Aegean
Pottery, I, i, pl. XIV, A 952.
97See Marinatos, 'ApX.'E+., 1932, pp. 33-34, fig. 34, and pl. 13, no. 262.
98 Its relation can be traced to vases as late as the seventh century; see Hartley, B.S.A., XXXI,
1930-31, pp. 60-61, fig. 6, no. 10.
99Mackeprang, A.J.A., XLII, 1938, pl. XXVI, 7.
? Mariani, A.J.A., V, 1901, pl. VI, 4.
96

101

Young, J.H.S., LVIII,

1938, p. 235, fig. 12.

Payne, B.S.A., XXIX, 1927-28, p. 263, pl. VI, 11.

103
Pernier, Mon. Ant., XII, 1902, fig. 46.
104 Xanthoudides, 'Ap3.
'E4., 1904, p. 35, 2, and pl. 3.
105 Hall, Excavations in Eastern Crete and Vrokastro, p. 126 and pl. XXX; Scheurleer, Grieksche Ceramtiek,p1. IV, 11.
106 Iatzidakes, 'ApX.'E+., 1912, p. 204, fig. 9. The shape of this pyxis resembles the late examples of the type, but the handles are different.
102

107

Forsdyke,

op. cit., pl. IX, A 708.

Dawkins and Droop, B.S.A., XVII! 1910-11, pl. XII, 73.

II, 1933, p. 367, fig. 39 b.
110 Cf. Persson, Asine, p. 415,
fig. 270, 14. Compare also the numerous pierced lids of undecorated ware from the potter's shop at Zygouries, Blegen, Zygouries, pp. 153 if., fig. 146, which
seem to have been intended as covers for small jars of similar fabric.
108

109 See Hesperia,

386

OSCAR BRONEER

Fig. 66. Three Vases of Shapes 15, 17, and 22

b~~~~~~~b

Fig. 67. Fragnmentsof Squat jars, Shape 17, and of Rhytons, Shape 18

A MYCENAEAN

17.

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

387

SQUAT JARS. Figures 66 b and 67 a-k.

A common shape throughout Mycenaean times, but rare among the pottery from
our excavation, is the squat jar with flaring rim, two or three handles on the shoulder,
and flat bottom. There are two varieties represented among the meager fragments
that can be recognized as belonging to this shape. One of these (Fig. 67 a-c) has
slanting shoulders making an obtuse angle at its juncture wviththe body. In the second
variety there is a more uniform curve from the neck down to the base (Fig. 66 b).
Several pieces are preserved of a fairly large jar (Fig. 67 c-g), the others are from
small or miniature vessels. The preserved decoration, applied chiefly on the shoulder,
consists of wavy lines, rows of concentric half-circles and hooks, crosshatched triangles, etc. The large vase
had a row of stylized floral motives,
probably degenerate papyrus flowers.
The body of the vase is, as a rule, decorated with parallel lines, and one miniature jar (Fig. 67 c) is entirely covered
with a glaze of a poor quality.
. . . . .. . . .5

....

18.

RHYTONS.

Two fragments of rhytons were

found, decorated wvithzones of curving
lines separated by bands of parallel lines.
The shape was never very common, and
in the late period to which our pottery
belongs, it was probably very rare. The
two fragments, which may belong to a
single vessel, are of very good fabric,
and the quality of the glaze is superior
to that of the common run of vases from
the fill of the fountain.

19.

....

Figure 671 and m.

LARGE FIVE-HANDLED

JAR.

I~~~~
.:::, 68 FieHade

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~---l---------

jar Shp

19

Figure 68.

The largest of the decorated vases from the underground passage is a jar with
three small handles on the slhoulderand two horizontal handles at the widest part of
the body. Round the xvideopening is a tall neck with a heavy rim at the top. The body
tapers towvardthe flat base. Only one example of this shape is well enough preserved
to be restored."1 The fabric is rather coarse and heavy, and the glaze, of a dull grayish
111Height, 0.63 m.; greatestdiameter,0.58 m.

OSCAR BRONEER

388

black, has largely peeledoff. The decoration consists of several vertical bands on body
and neck, and of an indistinct design on the shoulder. The shape is one of the most
common of large vases in the Late Helladic III period,112but I know of no other
example with five handles.
The term " three-handledamphora,"usually applied to vases of this shape, ought
to be discarded. Apart from the absurdity inherent in the name itself, the vase is not
closely related to the amphora either in shape or in function. The amphora, primarily

.a

....s_
E.....s

......
...~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
'.
.':...:
*?.:'"':...
lI|*l
.S
....

Fig. 69. Two Stirrup Vases. Shape 20

intended for transporting liquid, is provided with two sturdy handles, by which it can
be lifted and carried, and with a comparativelysmall opening that can easily be stopped
up. The three-handled jar, on the other hand, has an opening too large and of the
wrong shape for a stopper, and the handles are neither strong enough nor placed in
such a position as to be of use for lifting the vessel when filled. They were obviously
intended for tilting the jar to one side when the contents were poured out. Even the
two horizontal handles on the vase under discussion are hardly sufficiently strong to
lift a vessel of that size filled with any kind of liquid.
112
For a discussion of the shape and its history see Blegen, Prosymina, I, p. 447; Wace,
Chamber Tomzbsat Mycenae, p. 171.

A MYCENAEAN
20.

FOUNTAIN

STIRRUP VASES. Figures

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

389

69-72.

The most common shape among the closed vases is the ubiquitous stirrup vase,
which appears with numerous variations of shape and decoration. Countless fragments have been found, but only three vases are well enough preserved to wvarrant
restoration. Fragments of three distinct shapes are represented.
a. The globular type with low base is the most common (Fig. 69). Handles
and spouts are comparatively small as on the earlier vases of this type, and
only on a fewvexamples is there a conical projection on the knob (Fig. 70 d-h1),

Fig. 70. Fragmlentsof StirrulpVases, Shape 20

xvhich seems to be a late development, especially p)rominent on the Submycenaean examl)ules of the shape. Another feature of late origin is the
vent-hole on the shouldler, which is found on a single sherd of this type (Fig.
70 u). The decoration on the body consists chiefly of parallel lines with
occasional bands of zigzags and other linear p)atterns. On the top a great
variety of designs appear, most commlon amlong which is a debased floral
pattern, derived from1 the papyrus flower.113
The typical close style of (lecoration is rep)resented by very few sherds
which seem to belong to stirrup vases of the globular kind (Fig. 71 a-c).
They are easily recognized by the greenish buff clay typical of this style of
113 For the deterioration of this motive see above, p. 356, and cf. Mackeprang, AA.J.., XLII,
1938, pp. 541, 548.

OSCAR BRONEER

390

pottery. A few sherds belong to vessels seemingly made in imnitation of the

close style (Fig. 71 d-g) but of a different kind of clay. Rather more comiimon
is a type of decoration, consisting chiefly of plain horizontal stripes of varying
width, often wiith more elaborate decorations on the upper part of the vessels,
Where the plain stripes alternate with bands of cross lines, zigzags, concentric quarter-circles and half-circles, etc. (Fig. 71 h-v). This is a late form

.:..

~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

.....

......:

-S

close style of decoration.1"

b. The second variety is rotinded on top like the preceding, but the lowver part
of the body is conical and termiinates in a short stem with flat base like a kylix
foot. Parts of three vases of this shape were found (Fig. 72 a-c), but only
one has the top preserved. The decoration consists of parallel bands of a dull
114Rows of concentric half-circles, alternatingly turned in opposite direction, is a common
design on vases of the close style (Wace, B.S.A., XXV, 1921-23, pl. X g), but its origin can be
traced to earlv 1\iycenaean timiies(ibid., pl. XXIII d).

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

391

gray or brown glaze of poor quality. This shape, so far as I know, is peculiar
to Athens. Three examples from the Acropolis excavation are in the National
Museum."5

c. The third variety is represented by a few insignificant sherds (Fig. 70 r) of

large vases, made of a coarse, rather gritty clay, and decorated with bands
of brown paint over a white slip. The shape is not apparent from the small
fragments preserved, but may be conjectured from better preserved examples
found elsewhere. Several examples of this type from the Palace of Kadmos
at Thebes and one from Eleusis are inscribed with syllabic Mycenaean
characters."6

* .. . ::.....:.:.
:. : :::.

..

:..__-..
........

~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.

...........

:.-:..-

.:........
.........._.

Fig. 72. Three StirrupVases, Shape 20

An examination of fragments from the top of stirrup vases of Groups a and b

reveals a technical peculiarity not commonly found on vases of this type. Usually the
top was formed on the wheel in one piece with the body, and the stem of the knob
between the handles was shaped from the same piece of clay after the top had been
closed. When this method was employed a conical hollow was formed at the bottom
of the stem. But on the fragments from the Acropolis "1 it is evident that a small
115
They are published by Graef and Langlotz, Ant. Vasen d. Akr., I, nos. 106-108, but only
the top of one is illustrated, pl. 4, 106. One appears in Furtwangler and Loeschcke, Myk. Vasen,
pl. XVI, 103, but the shape is not represented among the drawings of vase shapes on pl. XLIV.
116 See A. Persson, Schrift und Sprache in Altkreta, pp. 28 ff.; Mylonas,
'Apx. 'E+., 1936,
pp. 61-100.
117 Several fragments from the excavations on the Acropolis show the same treatment of the
top. Among the fragmentary stirrup vases in the Aigina Museum, a single late example, possibly
of Attic make, is formed like the vases from our excavation, but all the others are made in the
common way. As many stirrup vases as I have been able to examine from other sites have the
conical hollow in the stem. When the vases are whole it is impossible to determine how the top
was formed.

392

OSCAR BRONEER

circular top was formed as a separate piece, together with the stem and the handles,
and inserted while the clay was still wet into the hole resulting from the gradual
closing in of the sides to form the shoulder. The joining of this small " lid " to the
rest of the top has left clear traces on the under side, and when the stem breaks off
this " lid " sometimes goes with it. All the fragments of a and b show that this method
was used invariably, whereas the fragments of the third variety have the hollow stem.
.....
,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....
. ... ... ..... ..... ...............

..... ...F. .i..

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

... . .Fedn

73

.....
. .........

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. ..

A.

........

21

,..

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..:

.i

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. . . .

... .....

. .. .... . . .. .

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st.

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...... . . .. .. .......
........................................
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..

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.~~~
.3 ...p
....

.............

21.

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.....

.. .. ..... ... ..

~~
.........

~Fg

. . .. . . 9

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Feeclng-Botles

FEEDING-BOTTLES WITH B.ASK:ET

HANDIF AND

POINTFDSIDE SPOUT.

Figure 73.

One example (Fig. 73 a) is complete writh slight restorations, and several spouts
and handles are preserved, shoxvring that the shape wras comp)aratively common in
Athens. The decoration consists for the most part of p)ainted bands, and one f ragmentary specimen (Fig. 73 b) has a broken rop)e p)attern on the shoulder. Vases of
this shape 118 have been found, though rarely in large numbers, at most MZycenaean
sites. The shape is comnmon in graves with burials of children, and it has been
plausibly suggested that these vases xvere used as feeding-bottles as wrere the small
spouted vessels of classical times.
'18

For a discussion of the shape see Blegen, Prosymnua, I, p. 444.

A MYCENAEAN
22.

FOUNTAIN

SPOUTED STRAINERS. Figure

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

393

66 c.

The fragment shown .in Figure 66 c is part of a spouted pot used as a strainer.
The wall of the vase is pierced with three small holes where the spout was attached.
The top is broken away, but the attachment for a handle is preserved to the left of
the spout. The shape may have been similar to that of a spouted jug from the Acropolis
excavations,119 with the positions of handle and spout reversed.

Fig 74 Two Amphoras Shape 23

23.

AMPHORAS.

Figures 74, 75 b-d, and 76 b.

Among the vessels used for drawing water from the fountain the largest and
most common is thie amphora with ovoid body, two handles extending from the rim
to the shoulder, and low flat base. The decoration consists of broad painted bands on
neck and body and at the edge of the base. Usually the handles are painted on the
outside and set off from the shoulder with a painted ring. Undecorated amphoras
are also common.
11' Graef and Langlotz, op. cit., pl. 5, no. 175. A similar pot was found at the Argive Heraion;
see Blegen, Prosymnia, II, fig. 189, no. 455.

OSCAR BRONEER

394

An interesting feature is the rope handle (Figs. 74 b and 75 b-d), which is

common on vases of this shape from the Athenian Acropolis. Several were found
among the houses on the northeast slope and in the prehistoric area to the north of
the Sanctuary of Eros and Aphrodite.'20 The rope handle occurs in rare instances

.
...... ......
.........
...
....
.................................

......

Fig. 75. Varietiesof Handles

on late Mycenaean pottery from other sites,'2' but in Greece proper outside of Athens
it does not become a common feature before the beginning of the Iron Age. Its origin
has been sought in Thessaly and Macedonia,'22but its common occurrence in Athens
on Mycenaean pottery together with other features of supposed northern derivation
removes the foundation for this theory. It is, of course, unnecessary to assume a
common origin for all the handles of this type.'23
120
121
122
123

Hansen, lIcsperia, VI, 1937, p. 563, fig. 16, 1.

See Heurtley and Skeat, B.S.A., XXXI, 1930-31, p. 47, note 1.
Skeat, The Dorians in Archaeology, p. 13; Heurtley, Ant. Journ., VII, 1927, pp. 48ff., fig. 11.
Cf. Heurtley and Skeat, op. cit., pp. 46 f.

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

395

The two amphoras in Figure 74 were found together with an undecorated kylix
(Fig. 58 b) at the bottom of flight IV, where they must have been deposited while
the fountain was still in use. An undecoratedexample (Fig. 76 b) of the same shape
came from near the bottom of the shaft.
24.

PITCHERS.

Figure 77.

Another very common vessel, probably also used for drawing water, is the
pitcher, ovoid or pear-shaped, with one sturdy handle attached to the rim and the
shoulder. The two undecorated examples in Figure 77 came from a depth of 22 rn.
(-+ 111 m.). Similar vases were also found in thlelate Mycenaean houses below the
postern gate.124 The decorated specimens of the type are too fragmentary to be
restored. Three of the handles shown in Figure 75 g-j are probably from pitchers
of this shape. Another fragment from the top of a pitcher (Fig. 75 e) has a slender
neck, more sharply set off from the shoulder, and a rope handle of the kind discussed
above under Shape 23. The whole exterior seems to have been covered with a poor
black glaze.
25.

HYDRIAI.

Figure 76 a.

The shape is the same as that of the preceding, with the addition of two horizontal handles just above the widest part of the body. The only examnplethat could
be restored (Fig. 76 a) came from the bottom of the shaft. Strangely enough there
is no trace of the second horizontal handle, although the portion of the body where the
handle should be attached is preserved. There are traces of painted bands, which have
largely disappeared.
A selection of sherds of closed vases, illustrating various decorative patterns,
is shown in Figures 78 and 79. Many of the designs are of the same nature as those
appearing on open vessels. The spiral, usually combined with other elements, is the
nmostcommon. Several kinds of central fillers appear, among which the hour-glass
pattern (Fig. 78 e-g) is of special importance. One fragmnent(Fig. 78 p) preserves
the head of a bird, and there are pieces of a few other vases with animal decoration.
A new design of rare occurrence is the figure-eight pattern which is found on the
body and the handles of some large vessels 125 (Figs. 75 h and 79 a, b). A common
feature, betraying lateness, is the preference for decoration at the base of the handle
(Figs. 75 f and 79 d-f ). Originally this consisted of a plain circle, but in some cases
Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 368, fig. 40 a.
It is found on two vases from the Granary Class from Mycenae (Wace, Chamber Tomnbs
at Mycenae, p. 186, and pl. XII, 5; and B.S.A., XXV, 1921-23, p. 32, fig. 8 b). The identical
pattern occurs on pottery of the sixth century (see Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 182, fig. 20, and p. 184,
notes 2-4).
124
125

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A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

397

the circle was left open at the bottom with the two ends " hanging loose," and finally
the double spiral design, seen in Figure 79 e-f, developed.
A large proportion of the sherds from the fill of the passage belong to household
pottery, mostly large vessels of coarse quality. Some of the shapes can be determined,
but the condition of this material is such as to discourage any further attempt at
mending and restoration. A few of the most easily recognized shapes are described
below.

t.

0..
.........

. ..........
.iS
7

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26.P.THo. Figure 80la

ll.

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26.

PITHOI.

Figure

80.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.....

A large percentage of the coarse sherds belong to large storage jars, decorated
with raised bands on which various patterns have been impressed126 (Fig. 80 c-g).
The bands can hardly serve anything but a decorative purpose, but they are applied
in such a way as to suggest that they may have been copied from wooden hoops. Some
of the moulded rims of pithoi are similarly decorated (Fig. 80 a, b).
Cf. Hansen, Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 565, fig. 18; Blegen, Korakou, pp. 72-74, figs. 105-107;
Persson, Asine, p. 306, fig. 210.
126

OSCAR BRONEER

398

27.

COOKING POTS.

Figure 81.

Another very common shape among the coarse ware is the cooking vessel with
three feet and one or two loop-handles at the rimi. ilost of the fragments have the
profile of the vessel shown in Figure 81 b, but a few examples have a more sharply
off-set rim as in Figure 81 a. The clay is coarse and gritty, and the bottom is nearly
always blackenedby fire.

Fig. 79. Fragnents of Closed Vases

The shape was very common on the Acropolis. Three wvholepots and numerous
fragments were discovered in the houses on the northeast slope,'127 and legs of similar
vessels came from the prehistoric area north of the Sanctuary of Eros and Aphrodite.128 Examples of similar vases have been found in most Mycenaean settlements,
but they are rarely complete.
A fewv small f ragments of lids -were f ound that may have been used as covers
f or the pots. These are made of the same coarse f abric and have approximiately the
right size to fit the cooking pots. There is no flange on the rim of the pots f or the
127

128

Hesperia, II, 1933. p. 371, fig. 45.

Hansen, Hespecria,VI, 1937, p. 564, fig. 17 f-j.

Fig. 80. Fragments of Pithoi, Shape 26, with Impressed Decoration

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OSCAR BRONEER

400

lids to fit into, and the lids are perfectly flat underneath, but in the center is a small
loop-handle.'29Probably the lids were laid directly on the pots with the edge extending
slightly toward the outside.
28. COARSEBOWLS. Figure 82.
Among the household ware is a shallow bowl or pan with straight sides converging toward the bottom. Only some small fragments were found, and no handle
is preserved that can be associated with this type of vessel.130

29.

BRAZIERS.

30.

COARSE STRAINERS.

Figure 83 f.
The handle shown in Figure 83 f is of a type usually found on small braziers or
scoops, a common shape at several Mycenaean sites."3'
Figure 83 a-e.
A few fragments of strainers were
discovered, one of which (Fig. 83 b)
pre,serves a small foot. One fragment
(Fig. 83 d) from a flat bottom of coarse
fabric has holes which do not extend
through the full thickness of the clay.
No other pieces of this kind were found
in the underground passage, but several
have come to light in the earlier cam-

:N
...g
82.
B.o

Coars

b
Shap

28

Fig. 82. Coarse Bowls, Shape 28

paigns on the North Slope.'90 It is obvious that these vessels were not strainers in
the ordinary sense, nor can the holes have been made for decoration. I can offer no
satisfactory explanation.133
The peculiar fragment in Figure 83 e consists of a shallow bowl attached to a
thick narrow base. The bowl is pierced in the center, and the hole extends through
the full thickness of the base. The bowl is nearly complete, but the base is broken
away at either end. The base appears to have been circular, and a series of small
bowls may have been attached to the top in the manner of a multiple kernos. Probably
129

Fragments of lids of various shapes were found in the prehistoric area north of the Sanctuary of Eros and Aphrodite; cf. Hansen, Hesperia, VI, 1937, pp. 562 and 564, fig. 17 a.
130 For the shape cf. Blegen, Zygouries, p. 165, fig. 160.
131
See Blegen, Zygoutries, p. 160, figs. 155, 156; Wace, Chamber TomIbs at Mycenae, pls.
XXVII, 12, 13; XLIII, 13.
132
See Hansen, op. cit., p. 569, fig. 20..
133
WVacereports the discovery of several fragments of similar vessels at Mycenae (B.S.A.,
XXV, 1921-23, pp. 24, 26), but he does not suggest what purpose they served. See also Bliss and
Macalister, Excavations in Palestinie, p. 97, and pl. 45, no. 6.

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

401

it was intended for some ritual purpose, but the coarseness of the fabric and absence
of decoration are somewhat surprising in a vessel of this kind.
Three fragments (Fig. 83 g-j) belong to some undecorated vase which had been
mended with lead rivets. Instances of such repairs, which are fairly common in
Athens, would indicate that lead was obtainable at a comparatively low price 134 and
that undecorated household ware was sufficiently valuable to repay mending.
..... ....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.......
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....
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. . .. . .... ......
,

W3SE@
_1s1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
............0__

_~~~~~~~~~~~

Fig. 83. Various Fragments of Mycenaean Pottery

Two small pieces of a plastic vase in the form of an animal (Fig. 83 k, 1) were
found, but there is niotenough preserved to show the shape of the vessel.
Of post-Mycenaean pottery comparatively f ew f ragments were f ound, nearly
all of which came from the top fill of the passage. The most common shape represented
among these sherds is a one-handled cup with off-set rim and flat base (Fig. 84 a).
.Both the inside and the outside are covered with a good brown glaze, and the handle
is decorated with cross-stripes. The flat bottom is unpainted underneath.
134 See pp. 415-416.
Lead was used in Athens for mending pottery as early as the Middle
Helladic period (cf. Hansen, Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 544).

402

OSCAR BRONEER

Cups of the same kind have been found in Protogeometric and early Geometric
graves in the Athenian Kerameikos 135 and in the Agora, but the shape continued in
use-or reappeared-as late as the seventh century.136It has probably developed from
the one-handled cup of late Mycenaean times (see above, p. 381, Shape 12). In the
later examples the low base has disappeared,the rim has become more sharply set off
from the body, and the whole vessel has become more squat. It is likely that these
feature,s began to develop in the late Mycenaean period. In Figure 85 a and b are
shown two fragments of a vase, the decoration of which can hardly be anything but
Mycenaean. It has the off-set rim typical of this shape, and at the angle where the
rim joins the body is a series of oblique dashes. The glaze, applied on the inside and
at the top of the rim, is of a red color, and the unglazed part of the exterior is covered

.~~
.....

fragem

XB..

....

.........

........

b.

....

....

...e

....t

-._

....

depth

a.

15

i.

undstu

. .;.....

...

Fig. 84. Cups of Post-Mycenaean Date

with a light buff slip, contrasting strongly vvith the red color of the clay. Unf ortunately the base is not preserved, so that the exact shape is uncertain. Some of the

fragmentscamefrom a depthbetween14 and 15m. (ca. + 118.50m.), in undisturbed

Mycenaean fill. Several other fragments of large cups with off-set rim and covered
with black or red glaze, came from the higher levels (Fig. 85 c-f ). They are probably
all later than the end of the Mycenaean period.
Cups and skyphoi with off-set rim were in common use throughout the period
of Geometric pottery and as late as the end of the seventh century. Three decorated
pieces, probably of skyphoi, are shown in Figure 86 a-c. A late development of the
one-handledcup is representedby the tall cup in Figure 84 b, and by smaller fragments
of about a dozen vessels of the same type. It is considerably deeper and more slender
than the Protogeometric cup; the rim, less sharply set off from the body, has a pronounced outward flare and is decorated on the inside with parallel lines; and the base
of the handle is decorated with lines running parallel to the handle and terminating
in cross lines at the curve. On the right side of the handle are some deeply incised
135
136

Kraiker and Kiibler, Keranteikos, I, p. 105, pl. 33; Arch. Anz., 1934, p. 241, fig. 27.
Young, Hesperia, Suppl. II, pp. 151 if., fig. 106, nos. C 51, 52.

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

403

lines. If these were intended as a Greek letter it can only be an upsilon,but the incisions
are partly broken away. The shape is the same as that of several of the inscribed cups
from Hymettos,137and sherds of similar cups have been found at Eleusis, at Phaleron,
and in the Athenian Agora. On a large number of these are some crude graffiti,
which may possibly be letters. This whole class of vases has recently been studied by
Rodney S. Young,138who dates them in the seventh century before Christ. The small
cup in Figure 84 c is a variation of the same shape.
Among the smaller sherds in Figure 85 several are decorated with concentric
circles and half-circles, compass drawn. One fragment (Fig. 85 h) shows clearly the
depression from the compass in the center of the circle. The half-circles in Figure
85 mt are executed free-hand, but the glaze resembles that of the Protogeometric
pottery rather than the glaze of Mycenaean ware.139The distinction, however, is not
readily drawn, in view of the great variety of glaze in both periods. Some fragments
of an interesting vessel, probably an oinochoe of the late Geometric period (Fig.
85 p-t), are decorated with parallel lines on the body, and on the shoulder is a vert cal
row of chevrons from which three streamers extend toward either side.140One piece
(Fig. 85 o) seems to be from the neck of a pitcher with horizontal ribs and decorated
with wavy lines and blobs arranged in vertical rows. Another piece (Fig. 85 n) is
part of a conical base, probably of a skyphos.
A selection of Geometric sherds is shown in Figure 86, most of which are
decorated with designs common to Geometric pottery. Some fragments of Geometric
cups have been referred to above. Two pieces (Fig. 86 f, g) belong to a pyxis lid, and
one (Fig. 86 e) is from the rim of a large krater. One of the three pieces which fit
together in this fragment came from a depth of 6.90 m. (+ 126.25 m.). Figure 86 m,
which seems to be from a closed vessel on a high stem, came from a depth of ca. 12 m.
(+ 121.15 m.), in fill which was otherwise uncontaminated Mycenaean. One small
fragment (Fig. 86 k) has traces of an incised inscription, the only certain letter of
which is an epsilon. A few pieces, two of which are illustrated in Figure 86 s, t, are
from early Attic skyphoi of the Corinthianizing type.141
A few Protoattic sherds are included in Figure 86, all of which came from near
the top of the fill to a depth of ca. 3 m. The most interesting (Fig. 86 q) preserves
137
Blegen, A.J.A., XXXVIII, 1934, pp. 10 ff., pls. 1-111; and Young, Hesperia, VII, 1938,
pp. 413 ff., fig. 1, D6-8.
138 Hesperia, Suppl. II, 1939, pp. 155 ff., nos. C48-50.
"' Concentric half-circles drawn without the use of compass occur frequently both on Submycenaean and on Protogeometric pottery; see Kraiker and Kiubler, op. cit., pls. 9, 10, 44, 61. Conversely, the compass-drawn concentric circles, probably made with a multiple brush, begin to appear
on Mycenaean vases, Kraiker and Kiibler, op. cit., p. 141, note 1.
140 A somewhat similar type of decoration is found on a Geometric oinochoe from the Kerameikos, kindly called to my attention by Mr. R. Young (Wide, Jahrbuch, XIV, 1899, p. 211, fig. 88.
Cf. Young, Hesperia, Suppl. II, p. 174, no. C 113).
141
See Young, op. cit., pp. 99 f., fig. 69, no. XXIII 1.

Fig. 85. Sherds of Mycenaean, Protogeometric, and Geometric Pottery

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.._i.
_......

72

~U
Fig. 86. Sherds of Geometric and Protoattic Ware

A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

405

part of the figure of a stag or reindeer with long antlers. On another fragment (Fig.
86 r) is a procession of figures carrying palm branches.'42 The black-figured and redfigured sherds, all of which came from the top soil, are of little importance. The
largest is from an open black-figured vessel, probably a krater. Of the scene are
preserved parts of twvohuman figures and tw%oDoric columns, the latter rendered in
cream-colored paint. A small fragment of a pinax preserves part of an inscription,
(D SA---.
the extant letters of which are --Twxo undecorated vases, probably of post-Mycenaean date, were found together
at a depth of ca. 3.50 m. (+ 129.65 ni.). The larger is an amphora (Fig. 87 a') with
wNcide
mlouth. The rimiihas been restored
in plaster. In the pot were found the
bones of a small bird and the lowNerjaw
of a miiouse. The smaller vessel (Fig.
87 b) is a kind of carafe vith tall,
narrow neck and no handle. On the
shoulder is a hole, 0.017 m. in diameter,
and on the other side is a smaller hole,
only 0.007 nm. in diameter, which appears in the photograph as a white
....
i .
J
::.:....~~~~~~~
spot throtigh the larger hole. In the
Fla
87
Tw
LTdcrte
ae
vase was the skeleton with a fairly well
preserved skull of a small bird, probably of the Fri1ngillideor Passer-if omte 143
family.
. ....::. .. . .

MISCELLANEOUS

OBJECTS

Apart from the pottery a fewr other objects of interest Nwerefound in the fill of
the passage. Pieces of sculpture and inscriptions of classical times have either been
published already,144 or will appear in future articles. A selection of the more important objects of the earlier periods is described below.
The fragment sh own in Figure 88 a and b)was not found in the fill of the passage
but beloT the wTestentrance. It is a Neolithic figurine 143 of white, fine-grained marble.
The feet and upper part are missing. The figure is rather flat and its adiposity less
exaggerated than is usually the case in figurines of the Neolithic l)eriod. One per142
They resemble very closely the figures olnthe panel of an amiiphorafromnthe Athenian Agora
(Shear, Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 341, fig. 23).
143
I am-iindebted to Mr. N.-G. Gejvall for the identification of the bones.
]44 See p. 320, lnotes8-9.
145 Preserved height, 0.073 m.; width at
hips, 0.052 m.

OSCAR BRONEER

4(06

fectly preserved figure of the same type was found at Eleusis 146 and another at
Aigina,"' now in Munich.- The carving of these figures is very similar, but the
shape'48 is more squat and steatopygous than that of the fragment from our excavation. The latter is probably somewhat later than the other two and forms the transition to the flat marble figures of the early Bronze Age.
. .N
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Fig. 88. Neolithic Stone Figurine

Fragments of terracotta figurines are fairly numerous, but most of them are
insignificant pieces. The common type of Mycenaean standing figure with crescent
shaped arms is represented by several pieces (Fig. 89 a-f, k). The face is flat with a
pinched-out nose (Fig. 89f) and eyes and hair are added in paint, and on the top
is a spreading head-gear. A less common type with arms folded across the breast is
also found (Fig. 89 h). One fragment has more carefully modeled arms and breasts
(Fig. 89 j). The head shown in Figure 89 g is unusual both in shape and decoration.
The eyes are flat pellets of clay within painted rings, and the hair is shaped with two
Mylonas, 'EXEvutvtaKa, A', pp. 138 f., fig. 115.
Arch. Anz-., 1910, p. 47, fig. 1; Welter, Aigina, p. 10, fig. 8.
148
For a discussion of this class of figurines and for the literature on the subject see Muller,
Friihe Plastik in Griechenland und Vorderasien, pp. 3 ff.; Evans, Palace of Minos, I, pp. 45 ff.;
Valmin, The Swedish Messenia EXpedition, pp. 339 ff. and pls. I and XXVII. An interesting
example of the seated type has recently come to light in the excavations of the Athenian Agora.
146

147

A MYCENAEAN FOUNTAIN ON THE ATHENIAN ACROPOLIS

407

horn-like projections from which painted locks hang down like festoons. This head
is probably somewhat later than the more common type described above. A more
carefully modeled figure is shown in Figure 89 1, the lower part of which is preserved.
The legs are separated and pinched out to form rudimentary feet. The profile seems
to indicate that the figure was represented as seated; and at the rear is a slight break

...

... . . .
.

..

Fig. 89. TerracottaFigurines

in the clay where it may have been attached to a seat or a chariot. It was found at a
high level, and it probably belongs to a rather advanced period149
Figures of animals are common, but most of them are in a poor state of preservation. They are mostly long, cylindrical bodies, crudely modeled, and decorated with
painted lines. One piece of slightly different shape (Fig. 89 u) is unpainted. In most
cases it is impossible to determine what kind of animal these crude figures are intended
to represent, but one small specimen (Fig. 890) with long horns is certainly an ox,
and another piece with curled up tail ( Fig. 89 p) is probablypart of a dog.
In the shape of legs and feet it resembles some seated figures of the Geometric period (cf.
Young, Hesperia, Suppl. II, p. 52, fig. 35, X 18 and X 19), but the decoration shows that it is earlier.
149

OSCAR BRONEER

408

Few other recognizable objects of terracotta were discovered. One piece (Fig.
89 m) is part of a throne decorated wvitha rudimentary meander pattern at the edge.
On the top of the seat is a break where a figure was attached. It was found in contaminated fill, and its decoration seems to be post-Mycenaean. An interesting fragment
(Fig. 89v) is from the prow of a boat. It is made of a dark red clay, highly micaceous,

a~~~~~

Fig. 90. Fragments of Terracotta Mould and Tiles

and on the dark ground is applied a decoration in a cream-colored dull paint. The
designs consist of horizontal and wavy lines, short dependent cross lines, etc. The
two adjoining pieces were found at a depth of ca. 7 m. (+ 126.15 m.) before the
completely undisturbed Mycenaean fill had been reached. A half terracotta wheel
(Fig. 89 s), 0.075 m. in diameter, with perforated hub, found at about the same depth,
is probably from a toy car.
A fragmnentof a mtould(Figs. 90 a and 91 a), found at a depth of 10 m. in
undisturbed Mycenaean fill, seems to have been made for a metal bowl. The thickness
of the fabric is 0.02-0.025 m. The inside is burned black and coated with a vitreous
substance, resulting from the superheating of the clay when the metal was poured.

A MYCENAEAN

ON THE ATHENIAN

FOUNTAIN

ACROPOLIS

409

Part of the utpperedge is preserved. The fragment resembles the moulds for casting
bronze statues, recently foound in the vicinity of the Theseion.'50
Two fragmients of tiles (Figs. 90 and 91 b, c), resembling roof tiles of classical
times, came from near the bottom of the underground passage wvhereno objects of
post-M\Iycenaean date wvere found. They are made of coarse clay, containing traces

Fig. ts.
91
...f
.T
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ot

Mol

an

Til

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an deep groove
Tercot

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an

wer sun inth

surfac

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underneath to fasten the added edge securely to the flat top of the tile. Since only
two pieces wxerefound it mutst remain uncertain whether these were used as roof tiles
or served somie other purpose, but their close similarity to tiles of later date is significant. They are rather thin, only 0.015-0.022 nin., buit at the outer edge they mleasure
0.05 and 0.05 5 in. respectively.
150

fig. 8.

Thoimipsoi, Hesperia, VI, 1937, pp. 82 f., and fig. 43; Shear, Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 344,

410

Among the terracotta objects are two small whorls (Fig. 92 d, e), shaped like a
truncated cone and perforated in the center. These are of the same shape as the stone
from
whorls described below. One flat whorl (Fig. 92 c) seems to have been shapk-.Id
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A MYCENAEAN

FOUNTAIN

ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

411

seen in Figure 92 g. The latter is made of a red flaky stone. Its top, which was
probably perforated, is broken away. Its thickness at the bottom is less than half its
width, and it tapers on all sides toward the top.
The objects in Figure 93 are made of steatite of a dark gray, grayislh brown, or
greenish color. There are three distinct shapes: the truncated cone (Fig. 93 a-g),
the flat cone with shank (Fig. 93 h-1), and the double cone (Fig. 93 m, n). All are
perforated in the center. Whether or not they all served the same purpose may be
questioned.151The smaller ones with shank are so light that they can hardly have been
used as whorls, and it seems equally unlikely that the larger cone-shaped examples are
all buttons.
Numerous fragments of small stone mills and stone mortars were found at all
depths. The large mortar with three feet and open spout (Fig. 94) was found near
the bottom of the shaft. A fragment of another mortar (Fig. 95 a) has a low base
ring. A more common variety is the elongated form (Fig. 95 b) with or without spout
at one end. All these are made of trachyte, a gray volcanic stone, used throughout
antiquity for similar implements. It was probably imported from Methana where it
is still quarried.
Grind stones and pounders of various shapes and sizes were also found in large
numbers. Some of these, which are made of the same kind of stone as that used for
the mortars, are conical (Figs. 94 and 96 b and c). More commonly, unwrought
stones were used, distinguishable from common pebbles by the wearing at the edges
caused by rubbing and pounding. The variety of stone most frequently in use is a
hard black stone of the feldspar family (Fig. 96 j, k), but white marble (Fig. 96 h)
and chalcedony occur. The elongated implement in Figure 96 e was probably used
as a pestle, although its shape differs from that of the more common type. The fine
pestle in Figure 96 a is probably of earlier date. It is made of limestone breccia of a
bluish-gray and white color. The shape is common in early Helladic contexts.152The
stone implements also included some small pieces of obsidian (Fig. 96 d) and a large
core (Fig. 96f) from which obsidian blades had been flaked off.
A fragment of a sword-pommel (Fig. 97) of fine-grained white marble came
from a depth of 10 m. It had an outer diameter of 0.066 m. On the reverse is a hollow
shank and a small pinhole for fastening the pommel to the sword hilt.153
A half sword-pommel of ivory154 (Fig. 98 a-c), with a total diameter of ca.
A discussion of the various shapes and their development is given by Persson, Rapport
prelinminairesur les fouilles d'Asine, 1922-24, pp. 84 f., pl. XXXVI; and Asine, pp. 375 f., fig. 246;
Blegen, Prosyvna, I, pp. 312 if.
152
See Blegen, Zygouries, p. 198 and pl. XXII.
153
For the shape cf. Karo, Schachtgrdber von Mykenai, pp. 139 f., no. 778.
C54fC. Karo, op. cit., p. 139, no. 776 and p. 140, fig. 57; Valmin, op. cit., p. 361; Persson,
Dendra, p. 35, and pls. XX-XXII.
151

~~~~~i9

otrad

Pestle of Trht

_.....#
...X

~..
..: ..X . . . . .

..

.. .

...g

9. F

f G

mpl

FOUNTAIN

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ON THE ATHENIAN

ACROPOLIS

413

0.084 m., was found at a depth of ca. 20 m. (+ 113.15 m.). It is shaped much like
the preceding, but is somewhat flatter, and there is no hollow for the insertion of the
tang. The small pinhole for fastening the pommelto the hilt is preserved. The pommel
is cut through the middle and the edge has been shaved off and beveled.
...

..

..

.
.

,
..........

f. .

-ef

A. 9

3l

....

:
..

?
. .
...... ...... . .. .... .. .

... .. . .

Fig. 96. Pestles and Other Implements of Stone

A small wheel with six spokes (Fig. 98 d), carved from one piece of bone, came
from a depth of 4.50 m. (+ 128.65 m.). Its outer diameter measures 0.034 m. Similar
wheels of bone, bronze or lead from the excavations on the Acropolis at Mycenae are
exhibited in the National Museum in Athens,155and six gold wheels of similar shape
but without the pierced hub were found in the third shaft grave.'56 One of the bronze
155 Case 65, Nos. 2570, 2600; Case 66, Nos. 1409, 1412, 1413. Four of these are illustrated
in Schliemann, Mycenae and Tiryns, p. 74, no. 120.
156 Karo, Schachtgraber von Mykenai, p. 50, no. 38, and pl. XX.

414

OSCAR BRONEER

wheels from Mycenae (No. 1409) has a rectangular addition added to the rim,
showing that it cannot have been used as the wheel of a small toy car.
It is highly probable that these wheels are votive objects with symbolic significance. This is suggested by the curious vase from a tomb at Mycenae, on which a
dancing figure holds in either hand a large wheel on which the hubs are clearly indicated.157Wheels of this type as well as rosettes have been interpretedby Sir Arthur
Evans and others as symbols of the sun,'58but this interpretation has been disputed
by Martin P. Nilsson,'59who sees in similar designs
nothing more than simple decorative motives. It is
obvious that the various circular, wheel-like designs
on pottery, occuring frequently in connection with
other purely decorative patterns, cannot all be religious
symbols, but it is equally obvious that metal and bone
objects like those described above, which were made
a
in imitation of chariot wheels, cannot have been intended merely for decoration.
A seal stone (Fig. 99 a), roughly circular, of
'\\sX~~'
black steatite, came from near the east entrance to the
passage at a depth of ca. 8 m. (+ 125.15 m.). The
back is conical and the front slightly convex and someuneven. In the center is the figure of a quadruped
wAThat
to right with the head turned back. The shape of head
and neck and the general pose of the body seem to
indicate that the figure is intended to representa horse.
In front is a branch which seems to be held in a hand
Fig. 97. Fragment of Marble
extended from the chest of the animal. A curved line
Sword-Pommel
underneath the horse is probably an indication of
natural ground. At the upper left are two double axes. The engraving is crude and
uncertain. The whole figure is rendered with single lines in the manner of Geometric
art.160Above the rear of the horse the stone seems to have split off accidentally.
The curved tube in Figure 99 b is of very thin gold leaf,"6'found at a depth of
21 m. (+ 112.15 m.). It is closed at one end and open at the other, and it tapers
slightly toward the closed end.
Wace, Chamber Tombs at Mycenae, pp. 30, 176 f., pls. XVIII, XIX, 5.
Evans, Palace of Minos, I, p. 514; Roes, R. Arch., XII, 1938, pp. 157 ff.; Cook, Zeus, II,
pp. 108 f.
159 Minoan-Mycenaean Religion, pp. 358 ff.
160Cf. Walters, Br. Mus. Cat. of Gems, pls. IV-V, especially nos. 189 and 211. The palm
branch occurs frequently on Geometric seals; cf. Wace, ChamtberTomlbs at Mycenae, pl. XX a;
Young, J.H.S., LVIII, 1938, p. 232, fig. 10.
161 Total length, ca. 0.055 m.; diameter, ca. 0.003 m.
157

158

A MYCENAEAN FOUNTAIN ON THE ATHENIAN ACROPOLIS

415

Large quantities of lead were found in the passage at all depths, especially near
the bottom. One large piece (A. M. 299), flat on top and convex on the bottom,
measures ca. 0.18 m. in diameter and ca. 0.03 m. in thickness at the center, and has

~~~~~~~~~d

Fig. 98. Sword-Pommelof Ivory, and Small Wheel of Bone

Fig. 99. Seal Stone of Steatite,and Gold Tube

a weight of 4.64 kg.'62 The other pieces are thin lead sheathings of large size, and
crumpled up so as to be quite shapeless. The largest piece (A. M. 350, Fig. 100)
weighs exactly 12 kg. It is hardly more than paper thick, except at the edge where it
A piece of pig lead, 4.10 kg. in weight and approximately rectangular in shape, was found in
1932 among the ruins of a Mycenaean house on the northeast slope, just below the Acropolis wall,
Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 352.
162

416

OSCAR BRONEER

has a thickness of ca. 0.004 m. Three smaller pieces of the same kind (A. MI. 325,
327, 351) wverefound in the underground passage, and one very large piece in poor
condition was discovered in 1931 close to the Mycenaean stairway on the northeast
slope. These thin lead sheets must have been used as covers for some vessels of
perishable material. The original form cannot be determined from the shapeless mass
of metal that remnains.
The large amount of lead from
these 1\Iycenaean deposits in Athens is
very striking, the more so as lead has
not been found in such large quantities
at other Mycenaean sites. Pieces of
wvireand some other small objects of
lead have been discovered in Mycenaean
tombs, and some crumpled pieces of
lead sheets were found at Mycenae,'63
but nowhere have such large quantities
come to light as in Athens. It is likely
that the mines at Laurion, which are
rich in lead, wvereworked already in the
Fig. 100. Crumpled Lead Sheathing
Mlycenaean period, and Athens may wTell
have owed its early prominence very largely to its possession of these mines. The
Mycenaean settlement at Thorikos, close to the LIaurion mines, was probably a mining
town, controlled by the Lords of Athens.
Bones of animals were found in large nutmbers, but these still awvait study and
identification. Of humnan skeletal renmains two recognizable pieces canmeto light,164
part of a child's skull at a depth of 9.50 nm.(-+ 123.65 in.), and a femur, probably of a
woman, near the bottom of the fountain. These are, howvever, isolated pieces wvhich
may have been nmixedaccidentallv wviththe fill.
SUMAIARY AND CONCLUSIONS

In the description of the pottery the main characteristics have been pointed out,
with special emphasis on the features derived from the pottery of preceding periods
as distinguished fronmnew patterns, and the relation of our nmaterial to the pottery
fronm other sites has been briefly discussed. It remains to summarize these facts,
to point out their bearing upon the general questions of chronology, and to discover,
if possible, the historical changes reflected in the material remains.
The bulk of the pottery from the fill of the passage belongs to a late p)hase of
1W3
164

Wace B.S.A., XXV, 1921-23, pp. 23, 56.

I am indebted to Mr. Lawrence Angel for examiining these bones.

A MYCENAEANFOUNTAIN ON THE ATHENIAN ACROPOLIS

417

Mycenaean wvare,the period generally designated as L. H. III C. The comiparatively

few sherds of earlier date which were mixed with the later pottery in no way affect
the chronology of the stairway and the fountain. A small number of fragments found
in the rubble foundations of the stairway, and the pottery demonstrably used before
the destruction of the fountain, show beyond a doubt that the fountain and the stairway leading to it were constructed in the late Mycenaean period. The similarity
between this pottery and that thrown in with the fill after the stairway collapsed is
so close, that it becomes necessary to ascribe a comparatively brief period of use to
the fountain.
On the other hand, the changes in shapes and decoration of the pottery at this
time were probably very gradual. It was a period of rather aimless adherence to
tradition. Changes did take place, but these were introduced more by accident than
by new inventions or by the conscious creation of new artistic principles. It was above
all a period of stagnation, in which the craftsmen and decorators followed existing
patterns because that was the simplest thing to do. But with such a tendency also
followed a simrplificationand deterioration of the artistic elements handed down from
earlier times. The principles underlyingthe existing motives were gradually forgotten,
with the result that certain details came to be habitually omitted, and the main designs
became so inaccurately rendered that the original intentions were no longer apparent.
The result of this tendency was a movement away from the naturalistic toward a
geometric conception of existing designs. The artist and decorator became more
interested in combinations of simple lines and abstractions than in more elaborate
designs based on the objective rendering of material things. But simple lines and
geometric patterns had already played an important role in the decoration of earlier
Mycenaean pottery, where this kind of decoration had been employed chiefly with a
view toward its tectonic function. The handles, the rim, the base, and the shoulder
of the vases were emphasizedby painted lines and broad bands; and the zone, or zones
devoted to more elaborate decoration were similarly framed and set off from the rest
of the vessel. With the simplification and gradual elimination of purely decorative
designs, the tectonic character of the decoration became emphasized, and this in turn
led to a gradual change in the shapes of the vessels. In this way we may account for
the development of a high conical foot on vessels which originally had a low base,
as, for example, the skyphos and the one-handled cup. A similar process led in the
opposite direction to the complete disappearance of the base on other shapes which
can be traced back to the same prototypes, such as the cup with off-set rim and certain
forms of small skyphoi.
These tendencies are already apparent in the later forms of Mycenaean-skyphoi
like those seen in Figure 49. On one of these (Fig. 49 b), the base is left in the
natural color of the clay, and a double reserved band sets off the lower part from the
sides of the vessel. On skyphoi like that in Figure 49 a, the converse of this process

OSCAR BRONEER

418

is in evidence, but the result is the same. The base is here painted,165whereas the
body is left in the color of the clay with painted lines serving the same purpose as the
reserved lines in other types of vases. On skyphoi of the same shape, entirely covered
with paint within and without (Fig. 49 c), the base was made less prominent and
consequently became gradually lower until it was omiittedaltogether. The same is
true of certain examples on which both the base and the body are unglazed on the
outside except for a band at the lip.
A similar developmentcan be traced in the formation of the off-set rim and of the
ornate handle with plastic decorations. As a result of these changes many of the
shapes went out of use entirely, but before this happened they underwent a gradual
deterioration. The best example is the stirrup vase. In the Submycenaean examples
of the shape the handles and the spout are disproportionatelylarge, giving the vase
a very ugly appearance, and before the introduction of the Protogeometric style the
stirrup vase had ceased to be producedaltogether.
In the earlier stages there are several exceptions to the prevailing rule in this
development,but the general trend is unmistakable. The changes in shape grow out
of the gradual deterioration of the ornamental designs. This explains the fact, which
is often pointed out, that the shapes in the Submycenaean period underwent a more
gradual change than the decoration.
The result of the process described above is the development of the Protogeometric style, which is not, like the Submycenaean, a late phase of the Mycenaean
pottery,166but a new style of ceramic art. Although it came into being as a result
of processes set in motion at an earlier date, and although every element of Protogeometric decoration is present in an embryonic form in late Mycenaean art, the
artistic conception expressed in the pottery of the new style differs as widely from
that of the Mycenaean period as Geometric art differs from the art of the seventh
and sixth centuries.
The preference for linear, abstract patterns and divisions into panels, which
characterizes the pottery decoration of the Iron Age, is frequently pointed out as a
reversion to earlier conceptions of art. Actually many of the Geometric elements
of decoration are found in similar forms on the pottery of the early and middle
Bronze Age, but we are hardly justified in assuming that the relation is anything
but accidental. It would be as easy to find similar principles of decoration among
the pottery of totally unrelated people in distant parts of the world. The recurrent
The base of the skyphos in Figure 49 a is a restoration in plaster, but numerous bases of
similar vessels are preserved, usually with the base painted if the body is in the color of the clay,
and vice versa.
166 The proposal made by Heurtley (Q.D.A.P., V, 1936, p. 90, note 1) to call Protogeometric
L. H. V seems to me entirely wrong for reasons explained above, whereas the designation L. H. IV
for the so-called Granary Class is fully justified. The system of triple divisions, in which scholars
delight, has no justification except on psychological grounds.
165

A MYCENAEAN

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419

patterns may denote a spiritual and artistic relationship which has nothing to do with
ethnology or tradition. It has even been stated that the simple abstractions expressed
by the designs on the Protogeometric pottery and foreshadowed in the style of decoration of the Early and Middle Helladic periods, are more characteristic of the truly
Greek spirit than, for example, the complicated and highly decorative ornaments of
the best pottery of the Mycenaean age.167The statement is not illuminating, and the
reasons adduced to prove it are purely subjective. Until we can trace with some kind
of certainty the cultural affinities of these early inhabitants in the material remains
preserved in countries outside of Greece, it is futile to speak of Greek and non-Greek
elements in the decorative patterns of the art produced by these people on Greek soil.
But there is great fascination in trying to analyse Greek art and the Greek view of
life and to decide where and when each ingredient originated, which is the most
important and most truly Greek element, or to what extent and where in particular
this element is extant today.
The glazed ware from the underground passage falls into five categories differentiated through more or less distinct styles of decoration. The first and most
important of these, which might be termed the " traditional style," is based on the
patterns in vogue during the preceding period. To it belongs most of the patterned
ware. It differs from the earlier pottery chiefly in its preference for vertical divisions,163from which it has been called the panel style of decoration. It is further
characterizedby the simplificationof earlier motives and by a predominanceof purely
abstract elements of decoration, as compared with the naturalistic basis underlying
much of the decoration of earlier Mycenaean ware. Some of the designs are new,
such as the opposing loops and half-circles, and zigzags between straight lines; while
others, like the broken-rope pattern, and the checkerboard pattern, though found
on earlier pottery, are far more common on the late ware. Along with these new and
less usual desig-nsthe common stock in trade of the earlier potters, such as the spirals,
the double axe, net patterns, and naturalistic motives continue to be used, but some
of them have undergone important changes. The spiral is often found with some
filling-ornament like the cross and the hour-glass, and not infrequently it is fringed
with rows of dots. The floral designs, such as the papyrus flower and the lily, have
become stylized beyond recognition, and the same is true of the patterns whose origin
can be traced back to marine motives. Combinations of the old naturalistic designs
with simple geometric patterns give rise to new motives, most of which are too bizarre
to have any lasting effect on ceramic art, whereas others, continually altered through
further stylization, live on in some form or another into the Geometric period.
Kraiker and Kiibler, op. cit., pp. 167 ff.
The vertical divisions occur on certain shapes of early Mycenaean pottery, especially on
cups with one handle (see Blegen, Prosymna, II, p. 164, fig. 655; p. 166, fig. 661; Mylonas,
'EXEvatVaKaK,
A', p. 116, fig. 94).
167
168

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Two peculiar features of the traditional style deserve special notice, the use of a
white or cream-colored paint on a black ground, and the appearance of the reserved
technique. The former of these may be traced back to the first period of Mycenaean
pottery (L. H. I), in which white is used for details as a. subsidiary color; but the
rendering of the whole design in white is a late invention.169 The reserved technique,
in which the background is painted in, so as to make the patterns stand out in the
color of the clay, is likewise of a late origin. Whether or no there is any direct relation
between the simultaneous appearance of these two techniques, it is anl interesting fact
that the two reappear together at the end of the sixth century in the early period of
red-figured pottery.
Of less importance for its future effect, though perhaps more immediately successful, is the so-called " close style " of decoration. The term is used rather loosely,
but in its most distinct form it comprises a small class of vases, usually well made
and decorated with meticulous care, the characteristic feature of which is the use of
various filling-ornaments to cover the whole ground between the larger designs. Many
of the latter are borrowed from the traditional style, but birds and marine aninmals
occur frequently. Very few fragments of genuine close style were found in our
excavation. These are of thin fabric, of a greenish buff clay, quite distinct from the
more common Attic ware of the late Mycenaean period. A related type of pottery,
probably produced locally in imitation of the close style, is represented by a handful
of sherds, but it is obvious that the close style was comparatively rare in Athens
during the period to which the pottery from the underground passage belongs.
A third style, more common and often combined with the traditional style or
with the close style or with both, is characterized by broad painted bands alternating
with fine parallel lines in dilute paint or by horizontal rows of zigzags between painted
lines. This type of decoration, which is derived from the Tell el Amarna style, is so
frequently combined with the close style that the distinction between the two is rarely
drawn. It occurs frequently, however, by itself without the tell-tale filling-ornaments
of the close style. It is particularly common on stirrup vases, sometimes covering the
whole vessel, but more often it is applied only on the body while the top is decorated
with designs in the traditional style.
A figured style of decoration, rare among the pottery from the underground
passage, is one of the new features of the Late Mycenaean pottery. Birds and fishes
and a kind of quadruped, often showing some resemblance to the horse, are among
the most comnmonrepresentations of this style. Usually the legs of the animals extend
below the horizontal lines framing the figured zone. This careless disregard for the
proper spacing of the figures seems to indicate that the potters were unfamiliar with
169The light on dark decorationof Early and Middle Helladic times belongs to the same
category, but there can hardly be any question of a direct connection.

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figured decoration.170Though more common in other localities, e. g. in the Argolis,

and more especially in Rhodes and Cyprus, the figured style at this time never advanced beyond the experimental stage. Its origin is probably to be traced to wall
paintings 171 rather than to the figured pottery of the Middle Helladic period. It
disappears completely in the Submycenaean period, and figured decoration occurs but
rarely again before the developed Geometric style comes into existence. It belongs
to the Indian summer of Mycenaean art, a brief revival of artistic power exerting
itself before the final period of decay set in which marks the end of the late Bronze
Age. The warrior vase from Mycenae, the fragments of a krater decorated with a
chariot scene from Tiryns,172and above all the frescoes from the latest palace at
Tiryns are the best products of decorative art preserved from this period.
The least interesting style of decoration, from the artistic point of view, is represented by the so-called Granary Class of pottery. This is characterized chiefly by the

omission of decorative motives and a preference for simple lines and broad stripes
alternating with reserved bands. In the earliest phase of this style the narrow bands
are painted, and the main body of the vase is in the color of the clay. The reverse
of this process led to the reserved technique, characteristic of the later phase. A third
variety of this style of decoration consists in completely covering the surface with a
dark brown or black paint, which marks the final stage in the elimination of ornamental designs. In the subsequent period, the Submycenaean, which is represented
by only a few small sherds from our excavation, the paucity of decorative patterns
is the most characteristic feature. Wavy lines, zigzags, and concentric half-circles,
and a few other simple patterns remain in use, and occasionally some degenerate
naturalistic motives occur, and of these the half-circles in particular are handed down

to the succeeding age and become the characteristic decoration on the pottery of the
early Iron Age.
These five styles of decoration existed side by side for a time, but gradually the
patterned type of decoration gave way to the plain linear divisions and alternations
of painted and reserved bands characterizing the Granary Class.
It is not necessary to review here the evidence on which the chronology of the

late Mycenaean period is based, nor did any imported objects come to light in our
excavation that could be of use in determining the date of the pottery. The evidence
has been sufficiently discussed elsewhere, a recent summary of which appears in the
article by Mackeprang,173
repeatedly referred to in the preceding pages. To the three
periods of the Late Helladic III style he assigns the approximate dates 1400, 1300,
1200 respectively, and within the framework of this simple chronological scheme he
It should be pointed out, however, that even in the best period of black-figured ware, the
extremities of the figures are often allowed to run over into the border.
171
Cf. Rodenwaldt, Tiryns, II, pp. 153 ff.
172 Schliemann, Tiryns, pl. XIV.
173 AJA.,
XLII, 1938, pp. 535-559.
170

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has arranged the known building periods of Tiryns and Mycenae. Without entering
into a discussion of the merits of this study and the methods employed,we may accept
the dates arrived at by Mackeprang, which agree in the main with the conclusions
reached by other scholars.
From the foregoing description of the pottery it is evident that the great bulk
of it belongs to Mackeprang's third group (L. H. III C), although it is exceedingly
difficult in individual cases to determine whether a particular sherd or design should
be grouped with the second or the third. We can hardly go far wrong-provided
the chronological scheme is correct-in assuming that the stairway was built in the
second half of the thirteenth century before Christ. If we allow a quarter of a century for the existence of the fountain, we arrive at approximately the turn of the
century for its destruction. At the time when the stairway collapsed and the passage
becameused as a dumping place, the style of decoration characterizing the third period
was in common use and pottery of the Granary Class was just coming into vogue.
The shaft continued to fill up at a fast rate until the level of the east cave had been
reached. The pottery from that level is mixed with sherds of later periods, and it
seems likely that the use of the upper two flights as a means of communication with
the North Slope put a stop to the further filling up of the cleft. Whether the east cave
was accessible from below at the time when the fountain was functioning cannot be
determined with certainty, but even if such was the case it can hardly have been the
intention of the builders to leave it open at a time of siege. It is important to bear
in mind that the fountain was no natural spring but in reality a well dug in the narrow
passage between the two faces of the cleft, and the only reason for its location at
this place 174 was to make it inaccessible to a besieging force.
The latest sherds of pottery found in sufficiently large numbers to be important
in this connection belong to the Granary Class, which probably continued in use until
the middle of the twelfth century, or possibly even later. The pottery of this type,
most of which came from the higher levels, is particularly abundant, and it seems
unlikely that this was thrown into the passage while the upper two flights of steps
were being used. On the other hand, the fragments of Submycenaeanpottery 175 and
of later ware are so few that they might have been dropped accidentally or washed
down at any time even while the upper part of the stairway was in use.
174
That water can be reached at a comparatively small depth anywhere on the slopes is shown
by the numerous wells of classical date found in the same vicinity, ranging in depth between 15
and 27 m. (Hesperia, VII, 1938, pp. 188, 212; A.J.A., XLII, 1938, pp. 445 f.).
175 The Submycenaean style of pottery, of which the vases from the Salamis graves are the
best known examples, developed from the Granary Class and other late Mycenaean ware, but is of
a definitely later date, as is shown by the pottery from graves in the Kerameikos. Skeat, The
Dorians in Archaeology, p. 25, makes the error of assigning the Salamis vases to the same period
as the Granary Class. On the other hand, the close style continued in a debased form into the
Submycenaean period (cf. Kraiker and Kiibler, op. cit., p. 77).

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The conclusions which we are justified in drawing from these observations may
be summed up as follows: The construction of the fountain took place before the end
of the thirteenth century, and after a short period of use, about the turn of the century,
the stairway collapsed and the chasm began to fill up with debris thrown down from
the Acropolis. This continued until the middle of the twelfth century, when, for some
reason, the east cave was opened from below and the upper two flights of the stairway
were restored to be used as a means of direct communication between the Acropolis
and the North Slope.
It has already been pointed out that the construction of the fountain was in all
probabilitypart of a general program of defence. Other measures of the same undertaking have left their traces on the Acropolis. In a recent investigation undertaken in
connection with his study of the Parthenon, Professor W. Kolbe had occasion to
examine the Cyclopean wall at various points to the south and east of the Parthenon
Terrace.176Among the sherds which he found in the fill of the wall were several
fragments of unpaintedkylikes, skyphoi, etc., of the same nature as that of the pottery
from the fill of the passage and unquestionably belonging to the same late date.177
A more extensive study might reveal the existence of earlier parts of the fortification,
but it is of the utmost importance for the chronology of the period that parts of the
Cyclopean wall appear to have been constructed at approximately the same time as
the fountain.
The excavations on the northeast slope, along the stairway leading to the postern
gate, led to similar chronological conclusions."' Here we found the approach to the
gate buried beneath an undisturbed deposit of late Mycenaean date and a complex of
small houses built over the whole area, some of them constructed directly over the
earlier ascent. This can only mean that the postern gate was blocked up and the rear
entrance abandoned at some time before the houses were built.179The gate does not
belong to the strong Cyclopean fortress but to an earlier wall of more modest dimensions and built in a less imposing manner. It may have been closed up some time before
the construction of the Cyclopean wall, as Holland concluded, but more likely it was
closed while the wall was under construction as a part of the same program of defence.
f am greatly indebted to Prof. Kolbe for the
privilege of examining the sherds from his
investigation, and for his permission to refer to them as evidence for the date of the wall.
177 The Mycenaean sherds found by Kolbe were fairly numerous, but in
the undisturbed fill
of the wall no sherds later than Mycenaean were found. This would seem to dispose of the strange
theory propounded by Carpenter " that the Pelargikon is merely the first classical girdle-wall to the
Acropolis and hence belongs to the late seventh or early sixth century" (Corinth, III, ii, The
Defences of Acrocorinth and the Lower Town, p. 34, note 1). His theory is based on a superficial
resemblance of the Acropolis wall to certain parts of the wall on Acrocorinth conjecturally dated
by him to that period.
176

178

Hesperia,II, 1933, pp. 350-372.

The earlier entrance, blocked with a wall of later date, was discovered by Holland, A.J.A.,
XXVIII, 1924, pp. 124ff.
179

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The squatters who took up their abodes under the very shadows of the Acropolis
wall did not long enjoy the use of their modest shelters. They were suddenly forced
by some threatening danger to abandon their dwellings, leaving their household gear
to be buried under the debris from their ruined homes. There is no indication that
the houses were burned, but the danger to the lives of the inhabitants must have been)
very imminent and sudden. By that time the Acropolis wall had probablybeen finished
and could afford protection to these people and to the inhabitants of the whole community. We know from the pottery found on the floors of the houses the approximate
time at which these events took place. The better preserved vases-a few were found
quite intact-are of the same kind as the bulk of the pottery from the underground
passage. The shapes of the vases from the two excavations are nearly the same with
one important difference. The latest of the vases from the fill of the fountain are
conspicuously absent among the pottery from the houses. Skyphoi decorated in the
late traditional style or with plain horizontal bands were common, but of the later
type of skyphoi with reserved bands and of those entirely covered with paint no
examples came to light on the northeast slope. Two other shapes, both very late, were
also lacking: the small cup with one horizontal handle (Shape 8), and the cup with
off-set rim and two handles (Shape 9). An earlier, unglazed example of the second
of these, but none of the fully developed examples of the type, came from the debris
of the houses. Numerous fragments of these two shapes and of the late types of
skyphoi were found near the top in the fill of the fountain, but only a few came from
the lower levels. From this fact and from their total absence among the pottery from
the houses it is safe to conclude that these shapes did not come into common use until
some time after the destruction of the fountain.'80
So far as it is possible to judge from the pottery discovered in the abandoned
houses on the northeast slope and in the fill of the undergroundpassage, and, furthermore, from the sherds found by Professor Kolbe in the interior stone packing of the
Cyclopeanwall, the final construction of the Mycenaean fortification on the Acropolis
is to be dated in the second half of the thirteenth century. The closing of the postern
gate at that time or shortly before, the ingenious and elaborate project designed to
provide the citadel with a safe water supply, and the construction of a strong fortification in the style of Tiryns and Mycenae are all links in the same chain of evidence,
showing that the rulers of Athens were at this time preparing to match their strength
with some invading foe.
The imposing fortifications of Tiryns and Mycenae, and that of Athens as well,
are often pointed to as eloquent manifestations of the political power of the princes
in whose reign they were constructed. And justly so. But the display of material
greatness which arouses the admiration of the visitor to these ruins also testifies to
This is also indicated by their absence from the tonmbsat the Argive Heraion, the latest
of which antedate the appearance of the Granary Class of pottery, Blegen, Prosymna, I, p. 423.
180

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the incipient decay of the civilization whose products they are. For centuries the lords
of Achaia, in the Homnericsense, whether by conquest or by peaceful development of
their material resources had been adding wealth to their realms, and this had enabled
them to make rapid advance in cultural pursuits and to attain an unprecedenteddegree
of material comnfort.But they had reached the zenith of their attainments, and their
chief concern for the future was to keep and protect what they already had. They
no longer depended on their armies to keep the hostile forces at a safe distance fron
their cities, but chose the alternative of making their cities strong enough and of
stocking them with the necessary provisions for a siege. In order to do this they had
to enlarge the fortified area so as to make room for the whole populationand to include
within it the approach to a water supply. Both Tiryns and Mycenae extended the
circuit of their citadels, and both constructed well protected descents to the city
fountains. The galleries at Tiryns and the Granary at Mycenae, which belong to the
last building period before the final collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, were probably constructed for the purpose of storing provisions against an imminent siege.
Athens, too, took similar precautions for the future, but owing to the very success of
these measures, the Athenian Acropolis escaped the destruction to which the citadels
of Mycenae and Tiryns, paradoxically, owe their better state of preservation.
We do not know the extent of the Athenian Acropolis at that time, but we may
plausibly conjecture that a new addition was then mnadeon the western slope at the
same time as the upper wall was rebuilt. This later extension came to be called the
Pelargikon or Pelasgikon, and the name was sometimes extended to include the whole
Cyclopean wall round the Acropolis. The ancients derived the name from the Pelasgian engineers and stone masons who were called in from the outside to have charge
of the constructions. These may have been the builders who had already gained fame
from their works at Mycenae or Tiryns or on the island fortress in the Copaic lake.
The event which caused the inhabitants on the northeast slope to abandon their
homes and take refuge on the Acropolis took place, according to our present system
of dating, toward the end of the thirteenth century before Christ. It is tempting to
connect this with the invasion from the north which is generally known ^asthe Dorian
invasion, but the traditional date of this event is about a hundred years later. Moreover, according to the tradition recorded by Thucydides the Dorians did not attack
Attica but proceeded to more worthwhile conquests in the Peloponnesos. In another
account related by Pausanias, Kodros, the last king of Athens, was slain in battle
against the Peloponnesians near the Ilissos,181 and this event took place, according
to ancient tradition, in the early part of the twelfth century.182
The discrepancy in time between the dates handed down for the invasion and the
archaeological evidence for a sudden shifting of the population in Athens is not conclusive proof that the two events are unrelated. It is obvious that the so-called Dorian
181

Pausanias I, xix, 6.

182

See Scherling, in Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, R.E., s. v. Kodros.

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invasion was no organized military campaign on a vast scale but rather a series of
barbarian incursions, which continued sporadically for decades to harass the population of Greece until the invaders had gained possession of a large part of the country.
In the meantime they had come into close contact with the superior culture of the
Achaians, with whom they became amalgamated. Graecia capta feruin victorem cepit.

Herodotos 183 relates that the first attempted invasion of the Peloponnesos under
Hyllos, son of Herakles, took place a hundred years before the final conquest, and
that, as a result of the duel between Hyllos and Echemos, in which the former was
slain at the Isthmos, the invaders made a pact that they would not return for three
generations.184The story was probably invented for the purpose of explaining why
so much time elapsed between the first appearanceof the Herakleidai and the Dorian
conquest of the Argolis. The historical truth to be gleaned from this account seems
to be that the unrest caused by the migrations from the north was known to have
lasted for about a century. If this interpretation is correct, and if the traditional date
of the invasion (1104 B.C.) 1narksthe end of that period, the events indicated by the
archaeological finds are in perfect accord with the ancient tradition.
It is a significant fact that several of the Mycenaean sites in the Argolis were
destroyed about the same time. The fire at Mycenae, which destroyed the granary
and the building close to the Lions Gate, took place probably at the end of the thirteenth century.1S5Zygouries seems to have been abandoned just before the Granary
Class came into vogue, and the Mycenaean settlement at the Argive Heraion apparently lost its importance about the same time, as is shown by the pottery from the
tombs which extends to, but does not include, the Granary Class. At Tiryns, too,
there are good reasons to believe that the destruction took place about the same
time,186but the evidence has been interpreted in different ways with totally conflicting
results.187Many of the sites-Tiryns, Mycenae, Asine-were rebuilt on a small scale
after the destruction, others were left in ruins. Still others like Korakou seem to have
survived into the twelfth century and were then abandoned,but all without exception
show the effects of the pervading unrest in the steady decline that can be traced both
in architecture and ceramic art. No definite limits can be given for this period of
destruction, but the available evidence points to the end of the thirteenth century and
the first half of the twelfth as the approximatetime when all the eastern part of Greece
felt the effects of the hostile incursions.
IX, 26.
An excellent summary of the events connected with the Dorian invasion together with
references to the important literature on the subject is found in an article by Franz Miltner in
Klio, XXVII, 1934, pp. 54 ff.
185
Heurtley, Q.D.A.P., V, 1936, p. 110; and cf. Wace, Camb. Anc. Hist., II, pp. 465 ff.
186
See Blegen, Korakou, p. 133.
187 Frickenhaus, Tirynts, I, pp. 2-46; Mullet, Tiryns, III, pp. 209 ff.; Karo, Fiihrer durch
Tiryns, pp. 47 f.
183

184

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It should be emphasized in this connection that the consequences of the invasion

were almost wholly destructive.188We have been accustomed to look for the introductionof new principlesof art, new repertoires of vase shapes and decorative motives,
new inventions and customs as the results of foreign invasions. The Dorian invaders
have been credited with the introduction of Protogeometric pottery and of the multiple
brush indispensible for the painting of concentric circles and similar designs; for the
improvements of certain weapons, especially the sword; for the much overrated invention of the safety pin; for beginning to make practical and general use of iron;
for the introduction of new types of burial and funeral rites. Actually each one of
these innovations can be traced to other sources, too early to have any connection
with the coming of the Dorians. In an indirect way they may have been the cause
for many of the changes that took place in Greece at the beginning of the Iron Age,
but it is incorrect to point to the representatives of an inferior culture as the immediate agents of these new inventions. If the Dorians had been capable by themselves
of such marked advance along technical and artistic lines, they would have established
a more permanent civilization in their homeland in the north. Their contribution
toward the creation of Hellenic culture was far more intangible and less immediate,
though none the less real. They furnished the brawn, not the brain, that went into
the making of classical Greece.
For the approximate date of the fountain, which must be based chiefly on a study
of the pottery from the passage, the relation of this pottery to that found in the graves
of the Kerameikos cemetery is of fundamental importance. The earliest of these,
dated to the middle of the twelfth century, contained pottery decorated in the Submycenaean style, wvhichis the next step in the development after the Granary Class.
A few of the earliest vases from the graves are thus contemporary with the very
latest from the underground passage.189Some graves of late Mycenaean times, which
have come to light in the excavations of the Agora, show that the necropolis of that
periodwas near the Acropolis. We do not know where the settlementof Submycenaean
and Protogeometric Athens was located,'90but it can hardly have been on the Acropolis
itself, where very little pottery of these periods has been found. It is a significant
fact that the pottery from the fountain extends to, but does not overlap, the period
represented by the early graves in the Kerameikos cemetery. Is this an indication
that the population had already then begun to move away from the Acropolis and its
immediate slopes, and that the area enclosed within its walls was thenceforth devoted
chiefly to the uses of religion? Such a change did take place some time before the dawn
Wade-Gery (Camb. Anc. Hist., II, p. 525) aptly remarks: " Judged by the material remains,
their effect is wholly negative-they destroyed much and brought nothing."
189
This does not take into account the very limited number of fragments of post-Mycenaean
pottery (see above, pp. 401-405).
190Traces of a Mycenaean settlement have been found at the Kerameikos (Kraiker and Kiibler,
op. cit., p. 109), but it is not likely that the main part of the population lived there.
188

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of written history, and it seems probable, for reasons given above, that the change
was made as early as the mid-twelfth century.
From the material remains of the late Mycenaean period it is possible to reconstruct some of the main events in the history of the Acropolis at that time, but the
subsequent four centuries are veiled in mystery. Our knowledge of that period comes
chiefly from graves and from the cults and myths handed down to later times. The
actual events leading to the establishment of the various cults are in most cases unknown, and the explanations recorded by classical writers are for the most part
inventions of a comparatively late date to account for the origin of the cults.
Numerous cult places are known to have existed on the North Slope in the general
vicinity of the Mycenaean fountain. Though later connected in various ways with
the established worship of the Olympian deities, many of the cults go back to primitive
beliefs and practices, the origin of which is lost in the dim light of the distant past.
In classical times the sanctuary of Pandrosos was located on the Acropolis not very
far from the descent into the Mycenaean fountain. Aglauros, another of the three
daughters of Kekrops, was worshiped on the slope below, and it is likely that Herse
shared in the same cult. The rites connected with these cult places gave rise to the
story of the mysterious chest and the tragic end of the two disobedient sisters who
hurled themselves over the Acropolis wall. A dramatization of this story took place
once a year at the Arrephoria, when two young girls in the service of Athena performed a mysterious act which led them to the precinct of Aphrodite and back to the
Acropolis. The subterranean passage, through which they had to reach the sanctuary
on the northeast slope, is none other than the cleft in the rock which originally served
as descent to the only water supply within direct reach of the Acropolis.
The three daughters of Kekrops were originally nymnphs,as their names imply,
but later they came to be joined to the cult of Athena. The underground passage with
its dark and tortuous descent to the fountain, where maidens in the service of the

king used to go down to fetch water for the royal household, furnished the proper
conditions for the growth of such legends. The collapse of the stairway, whether
caused by an earthquake or by the decay of the wooden framework, can hardly have
failed to impress the inhabitants, and superstitious fear may have prevented its rebuilding. If the destruction was accompanied by the loss of human life,191one can
easily understand how such an event would have led to the establishment of cult
places in which offerings were made and other religious rites performed, and how
these, in turn, furnished the material for the mythological fabric.
But if the superstitious mind is prone to explain physical phenomenaas the result
of supernatural causes, sober reason needs no such explanations. One writer of
classical times records the existence and destruction of a source of water on the
191The scanty skeletal remains (see p. 416) fromiithe fill might be so interpreted.

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Acropolis which we may on good grounds identify with the fountain in the underground passage. In Plato's Kritias the following passage occurs: 192
"There was one fountain in the region of the Acropolis, but this was destroyed
by earthquakes, and nothing remains but the small springs which now trickle out all
around. But to the inhabitants of that time the fountain afforded a copious flow,
being well-tempered both for winter and for summer."
Plato's description of early Athens is highly imaginative, as is the whole background for the dialogue of the Kritias with its account of Atlantis and the tale of
the war between the two powers. But is the whole story an invention on Plato's part,
as modern philologists like to believe,193
or did he to some extent make use of material
handed down by tradition and perhaps recorded by writers whose works are now lost?
Whatever view wvetake of his statement that the account was first recorded by Solon
who had received it from Egyptian priests, it must be admitted that if this story is his
own invention it was so framed as to appear plausible to Kritias' interlocutors in the
dialogue. Plato knew Athenian mythology and tradition, and he was too careful an
author to refer for the backgroundof his dialogues to sources not in keeping with the
known accounts. We are justified in assuming that the main sketch of his picture of
early Athens and of the buildings on the Acropolis is based on tradition and on
accounts known to Plato and believed by him to be true.
In Plato's day two important but not very copious springs existed on the slopes
of the Acropolis, the Klepsydra on the northwvestslope, and the spring in the Asklepieion on the south side, and possibly there were others which have since been
covered over. It was natural for Plato and his contemporaries to connect these with
the tradition of the one large spring in or near the Acropolis which was said to have
dried up after an earthquake, and the inference was near at hand that the existing
springs came into being as the natural result of this event. Actually there can be no
direct connection between the destruction of the one and the origin of the others,
for it is likely that the springs on the slopes existed in some form even earlier than
the man-made fountain on the Acropolis.194But tradition centered about the latter,
which at one time in the history of the city had been of such importance to the lives
of the inhabitants. It can hardly be doubted that this spring, whose existence was
all but forgotten to the Athenians of the fifth century, is the very fountain discovered
in our excavations. As the earliest artificial water supply of ancient Athens it occupies
a unique position among the scanty remains of that remote period.
OSCAR BRONEER

112 D.
See Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Platon, I, 594 and 596, note 1: " Man soll sich fur ein Werk
der Phantasie kein Modell suchen "; and cf. Shorey, What Plato Said, pp. 350 ff.
194 Measurements taken in February, 1939, showed a water level in the Mycenaean Fountain
ca. 4 m. above that of the Klepsydra and ca. 5 m. above that of the spring in the Asklepieion. The
difference is explained by the fact that the Mycenaean Fountain, which is in reality a well, has no
outlet, whereas the water of the other two springs is in constant flow. The geological formation of
the rock may have something to do with it (cf. Judeich, T'opographie2,p. 48, fig. 7).
192

193

430

OSCAR BRONEER

CONCORDANCE OF POTTERY AND MISCELLANEOUS

Figures
in text
23 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

k
I
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
24 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i

k
1
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
26 a
b
c
d

Inventory
numbers
A.P. 2986
A.P. 2992
A.P. 3000
A.P. 2990
A.P. 2985
A.P. 2989
A.P. 2991
A.P. 2994
A.P. 2996
A.P. 2987
A.P. 3158
A.P. 2995a
A.P. 2995b
A.P. 2988
A.P. 3001
A.P. 2997
A.P. 3157
A.P. 2993
A.P. 2999
A.P. 2998
A.P. 2958
A.P. 2960
A.P. 2963
A.P. 2962
A.P. 2961
A.P. 2959
A.P. 2977
A.P. 2970
A.P. 2982
A.P. 2966
A.P. 2968
A.P. 2984
A.P. 2980
A.P. 2967
A.P. 2969
A.P. 2974
A.P. 2965
A.P. 2964
A.P. 2975
A.P. 2976
A.P. 2979
A.P. 2971
A.P. 2973
A.P. 2972
A.P. 2978
A.PT.2983
A.P. 2582
A.P. 2583
A.P. 2584
A.P. 2587

Figures
in text
26 e
f
g
h
j
k
1
In
n
o
27 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
28 a
b
c
d
29 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
j
k
1
m
n
30
31 a
b
c
d
e
f
32 a
b
c
d
e

g
h

Inventory
numbers
A.P. 2586
A.P. 2585
A.P. 2588
A.P. 2589
A.P. 2590
A.P. 2591
A.P. 2595
A.P. 2593
A.P. 2594
A.P. 2592
A.P. 2598
A.P. 2596
A.P. 2600
A.P. 2601
A.P. 2597
A.P. 2599
A.P. 2602
A.P. 2604
A.P. 2606
A.P. 2605
A.P. 2607
A.P. 2609
A.P. 2608
A.P. 2610
A.P. 2611
A.P. 2612
A.P. 2613
A.P. 2618
A.P. 2615
A.P. 2614
A.P. 2616
A.P. 2617
A.P. 2619
A.P. 2620
A.P. 2603a
A.P. 2603b
A.P. 2639
A.P. 2641
A.P. 2643
A.P. 2642
A.P. 2640
A.P. 2644
A.P. 2645
A.P. 2646
A.P. 2649
A.P. 2650
A.P. 2651
A.P. 1077
A.P. 2647
A.P. 2648

OBJECTS

Figures
in text
32 j
k
33 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
34 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
35 a
b
36 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
37 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

38 a
b
c
d
39 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
40 a
b

Inventory
numbers
A.P. 2652b
A.P. 2652a
A.P. 2631
A.P. 2634
A.P. 2633
A.P. 2632
A.P. 1080
A.P. 2635
A.P. 2637
A.P. 2638
A.P. 2636
A.P. 2625
A.P. 2628
A.P. 2627
A.P. 2653
A.P. 2630
A.P. 1076
A.P. 2626
A.P. 2629
A.P. 2621
A.P. 2622
A.P. 1071
A.P. 2667
A.P. 2663
A.P. 2666
A.P. 2665
A.P. 2662
A.P. 2664
A.P. 2654
A.P. 2655
A.P. 2661
A.P. 2657
A.P. 2658
A.P. 2656
A.P. 2660
A.P. 2659
A.P. 1072
A.P. 2669
A.P. 2670b
A.P. 2668
A.P. 2670a
A.P. 2671
A.P. 2674
A.P. 2672
A.P. 2675
A.P. 2676
A.P. 2673
A.P. 2677
A.P. 2555
A.P. 2560

A MYCENAEAN
Figures
in text
41 a
b
c
d
e
f

g
h

k
1
m
n
a

p
42 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

k
43 a
b
c
d
e
44 a
b
45 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
46 a
b
c
d
e
f

k
1
in

Inventory
numbers
A.P. 2678
A.P. 2679
A.P. 2689
A.P. 2687
A.P. 2680
A.P. 2682
A.P. 2684
A.P. 2688a
A.P. 2688b
A.P. 2681
A.P. 2683
A.P. 2685
A.P. 2686
A.P. 2690
A.P. 2691
A.P. 2692a
A.P. 2692b
A.P. 2695
A.P. 2693
A.P. 2694
A.P. 2696
A.P. 2697
A.P. 2699
A.P. 3159
A.P. 2700
A.P. 2703
A.P. 2721a
A.P. 2721b
A.P. 2702
A.P. 2704
AP. 2698
A.P. 2556
A.P. 2557
A.P. 2715
AP. 1074
AP. 2730
A.P. 2719
AP. 2716
A.P. 2717
A.P. 2718
A.P. 2731
AP. 2709
A.P. 2723b
A.P. 2723a
A.P. 2712
A.P. 2707
A.P. 2706
A.P. 2708
AP. 2710
A.P. 2701
A.P. 2705
AP. 2711
A.P. 2724b
A.P. 2724a

FOUNTAIN
Figures
in text
46 o
47 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

j
k
1
o
p
q
r
48 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
49 a
b
c
50
51 a
b
52
53
54 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

j
k
1
1m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t

u
v

ON THE ATHENIAN
Inventory
numbers
A.P. 2713
A.P. 2725
A.P. 2727
A.P. 2729
A.P. 2726
A.P. 2728
A.P. 2735
A.P. 2733
A.P. 2736a
A.P. 2739
A.P. 2734
A.P. 2737
A.P. 2736b
A.P. 2738
A.P. 3160
A.P. 2714
A.P. 2732
A.P. 2740
A.P. 2742
A.P. 2746
A.P. 2743
A.P. 2745
A.P. 2744
A.P. 2747
A.P. 2741a
A.P. 2558
A.P. 2543
A.P. 2559
A.P. 2573
A.P. 2566
A.P. 2564
A.P. 2748
A.P. 2580
A.P. 2770
AP. 2771
AP. 2773
A.P. 2720
A.P. 2778
AP. 2775
A.P. 2774a
A.P. 2774b
A.P. 2784
A.P. 2772
ArP. 2783
A.P. 2782a
A.P. 2782b
A.P. 2776
A.P. 2781
A.P. 2777
A.P. 2780
A.P. 2779a
A.P. 2779b
AP. 2779d
AP. 2779c

ACROPOLIS
Figures
in text
55 a
b
56 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

j
k
1
m
57 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

k
1
m1
n
o
58 a
b
c
59 a
b
60 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

j
k
1
61 a
b
62 a
b
c
d
e
f
g

431

Inventory
numbers
A.P. 2544
A.P. 2545
A.P. 2786
A.P. 2785
A.P. 2787
AP. 2788
A.P. 2789
A.P. 2790
A.P. 2793
A.P. 2795
A.P. 2792
A.P. 2791
A.P. 2797
A.P. 2796
A.P. 2798
AP. 2809
A.P. 2811
A.P. 2810
AP. 2808
A.P. 2807
A.P. 2805
A.P. 2804
AP. 2801
A.P. 2799
A.P. 2806
A.P. 2803a
A.P. 2803b
A.P. 916
A.P. 2802
AP. 2575
AP. 2549
A.P. 2551
A.P. 2563
AP. 2561
A.P. 2812
A.P. 2813
A.P. 2817
A.P. 2814
A.P. 2815
AP. 2821
A.P. 2818
A.P. 2820
A.P. 2819
A.P. 3162
A.P. 2816
A.P. 2567
AP. 2568
AP. 2822
A.P. 2825
A.P. 2824
A.P. 2826
A.P. 3161
A.P. 2828
A.P. 2829

432

OSCAR BRONEER

Figures
in text
62 h
63 a
b
64 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

k
1
in
65 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

k
1
n1i

n
o
p
66 a
b
c
67 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

k
1
m
68
69 a
b
70 a
b
c
d
e
f

Inventory
nunmbers
A.P. 2827
A.P. 2565
A.P. 2550
A.P. 2830
A.P. 2833
A.P. 2831
A.P. 2832
A.P. 2834
A.P. 2836
A.P. 2835
A.P. 2837
A.P. 2841
A.P. 2838
A.P. 2839
A.P. 2840
A.P. 2850
A.P. 2851
A.P. 2849
A.P. 2857
A.P. 2852
A.P. 2853
A.P. 2854
A.P. 2855
A.P. 2856
A.P. 2844
A.P. 2846
A.P. 2842
A.P. 2847
A.P. 2848
A.P. 2843
A.P. 2547
A.P. 2570
A.P. 2891
A.P. 2858
A.P. 2865
A.P. 2859
A.P. 2864
A.P. 2866b
A.P. 2866a
A.P. 2866c
A.P. 2860
A.P. 2862
A.P. 2863
A.P. 2867
A.P. 2868
A.P. 2581
A.P. 2572
A.P. 2571
A.P. 2869
A.P. 2870
A.P. 2872
A.P. 2873
A.P. 2871
A.P. 2874

Figures
in text
70 g
h

k
1
m
n
o
p
q
r
71 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

72
73
74
75

k
1
n
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
a
b
c
a
b
a
b
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

76 a
b
77 a
b
78 a
b

Inventory
numbers
A.P. 2875
A.P. 2876
A.P. 2877
A.P. 2881
A.P. 2879
A.P. 2878
A.P. 2884
A.P. 2886
A.P. 2885
A.P. 2883
A.P. 2882
A.P. 917
A.P. 2932
A.P. 2930
A.P. 2936
A.P. 946
A.P. 2934
A.P. 2935
A.P. 2931
A.P. 2937
A.P. 2938
A.P. 2957
A.P. 2926
A.P. 2942
A.P. 2929a
A.P. 2929b
A.P. 2939
A.P. 2933
A.P. 2928b
A.P. 2928a
A.P. 2923
A.P. 2941
A.P. 2546
A.P. 2569
A.P. 2542
A.P. 2541
A.P. 2548
A.P. 2578
A.P. 2577
A.P. 2915
A.P. 2893
A.P. 2894
A.P. 2919
A.P. 2920
A.P. 2922
A.P. 2917
A.P. 2916
A.P. 2918
A.P. 2554
A.P. 2579
A.P. 2553
A.P. 2552
A.P. 2895
A.P. 2905

Figures
in text
78 c
d
e
f
g
h

k
1
m
n
o
p
q
79 a
b
c
d
e
f
80 a
b
c
d
e
f

g
81 a
b
82 a
b
83 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
j
k
1
84 a
b
c
85 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

Inventory
numbers
A.P. 2896
A.P. 1078
A.P. 2903
A.P. 2898
A.P. 2899
A.P. 1073
A.P. 2901
A.P. 918
A.P. 2904
A.P. 2907
A.P. 2897
A.P. 2908
A.P. 2909
A.P. 2902
A.P. 2911a
A.P. 2911b
A.P. 2910
A.P. 2914
A.P. 2912
A.P. 2913
A.P. 3165
A.P. 3164
A.P. 3167
A.P. 3163
A.P. 3166
A.P. 3168
A.P. 3171
A.P. 2576
A.P. 2574
A.P. 3155
A.P. 3154
A.P. 3003
A.P. 3004
A.P. 3008
A.P. 3005
A.P. 3006
A.P. 3156
A.P. 3007b
A.P. 3007c
A.P. 3007a
A.P. 3002a
A.P. 3002b
A.P. 2562
A.P. 3151
A.P. 3152
A.P. 3009a
A.P. 3009b,c
A.P. 3010
A.P. 3018
A.P. 3017
A.P. 3012
A.P. 3015
A.P. 3023
A.P. 3016

A MYCENAEAN
Figures
in text
85 k
1
11

n
o
p

q
r
s
t
86 a
b
c
d
e

f
g

h
i

k
l

o
p
q
r
s
t

87 a
b

88 a, b
89. a
b

Inventory
numbers
A.P. 3014
A.P. 3013
A.P. 3022
A.P. 3011
A.P. 3025
A.P. 3021a
A.P. 3021b
A.P. 3020b
A.P. 3020c
A.P. 3020a
A.P. 3027
A.P. 3029
A.P. 3028
A.P. 3040
A.P. 3026
A.P. 3032b
A.P. 3032a
A.P. 3043
A.P. 3036
A.P. 3034
A.P. 3035
A.P. 3037
A.P. 3039
A.P. 3030
A.P. 3031
A.P. 928
A.P. 929
A.P. 930
A.P. 3038
A.P. 3033
A.P. 1069
A.P. 1070
A.S. 148
A.F. 1074
A.F. 1072

FOUNTAIN
Figures
in text
89 c
d

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f
g
h

k
1
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90 a
ib
c
91 a
b
c
92 a
b
c
d
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f
g

93 a
b
c

ON THE ATHENIAN
Inventory
numbers
A.F. 668
A.F. 1070
A.F. 1064
A.F. 1145
A.F. 1068
A.F. 1149
A.F. 667
A.F. 1062
A.F. 1063
A.F. 1130
A.F. 1067
A.F. 1073
A.F. 1058
A.F. 1057
A.F. 1056
A.F. 1166
A.F. 669
A.F. 629
A.F. 1066
A.F. 680
A.M. 345
A.M. 346
A.F. 680
A.M. 345
A.M. 346
A.W. 100
A.W. 69
A.W. 109
A.W. 54
A.W. 55
A.W. 108
A.W. 107
A.M. 295
A.M. 189
A.M. 341

ACROPOLIS
Figures
in text
93 d
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f
g
h
k
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94 a
b
95 a
b
96 a
b
c
d
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f
g
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97
98 a
98 a,b,c
d
99 a
b
100

Inventory
numbers
A.1M. 343
A.M. 222
A.M. 186
A.M. 291
'A.M. 301
A-.M. 264
AM. 290
A
A. Ml. 342
A.. 266
A.M. 272
A.VM.333
A.M. 305
A.M. 261
A.M. 260
A.M. 294
A.M. 303
A.M. 305
A.M. 349
A.M. 293
A.M. 292
A.M. 348
A.M. 205
A.M. 192
A.M. 263
A.M. 190
A.M 188
A.M. 304
A.M. 377
A.M. 337
A.M1. 298
A.M. 262
A.M. 340
A.M. 329
A.M. 350

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