nata axmeteli

bondo kupataZe
gvanca abdalaZe
nikoloz murRulia

istoria
11
moswavlis wigni

saxelmZRvanelo grifirebulia ganaTlebis xarisxis

ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier
(brZ. #375, 18.05.2012 weli).

nata axmeteli, bondo kupataZe, gvanca abdalaZe, nikoloz murRulia

istoria
XI klasi
moswavlis wigni

redaqtorebi
solomon nozaZe
lali baqraZe
ana WabaSvili

dizaini da dakabadoneba
giorgi bagrationi

gamomcemloba `diogene~, 2012

yvela ufleba daculia

ISBN 10-978-9941-11-346-8

gamomcemloba `diogene~
Tbilisi, afaqiZis q. 9
telefoni 221 33 21
www.diogene.ge

sarCevi
Tavi I. uZvelesi adamiani.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1. Teoriebi samyarosa da adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb..........................................................................................5
2.uZvelesi adamiani......................................................................................................................................................9
3.pirvelyofili sazogadoeba................................................................................................................................... 13
4.pirvelyofili xelovneba da religia................................................................................................................... 18
I Tavis testi............................................................................................................................................................... 22
Tavi II. uZvelesi saxelmwifoebi..........................................................................................................................................................................23
5. ra aris saxelmwifo................................................................................................................................................ 23
6. ra aris civilizacia.............................................................................................................................................. 28
7. uZvelesi samdinaro civilizaciebi-egvipte, Sumeri, babiloni........................................................................ 31
8. uZvelesi saxelmwifoebi axlo aRmosavleTSi..................................................................................................... 35
9. aqemenianuri irani.................................................................................................................................................. 39
10. finikiuri qalaq-saxelmwifoebi da kolonizacia.......................................................................................... 45
II Tavis testi.............................................................................................................................................................. 49
Tavi III. Zveli saberZneTi. elinisturi samyaro..........................................................................................................................................51
11. berZnuli kolonizacia........................................................................................................................................ 51
12. aTeni...................................................................................................................................................................... 55
13. sparta.................................................................................................................................................................... 60
14. berZen-sparselTa omi ......................................................................................................................................... 64
15. peloponesis omebi................................................................................................................................................ 68
16. aleqsandre makedoneli da elinisturi samyaro.............................................................................................. 71
17. qarTuli saxelmwifoebi elinistur xanaSi....................................................................................................... 76
III Tavis testi............................................................................................................................................................. 81
Tavi IV. Zveli romi......................................................................................................................................................................................................83
18. romis warmoSoba, mefeTa xana. romis respublika............................................................................................ 83
19. romauli dapyrobebi _ punikuri omebi, omi selevkidebTan............................................................................ 87
20. miTridates omebi da saqarTvelo...................................................................................................................... 91
21. respublikuri mmarTvelobis dasasruli romSi. romis sazogadoeba da kultura ..................................... 95
22. romis imperia da saqarTvelo. urTierToba parTiasa da sasanur iranTan................................................. 102
23. xalxTa didi gadasaxleba da evropis politikuri ruka V-VI saukuneebSi................................................... 106
IV Tavis testi........................................................................................................................................................... 111
Tavi V. qristianoba - msoflio religia.......................................................................................................................................................113
24. katakomburi eklesiidan milanis ediqtamde. qristianuli eklesia IV-V saukuneebSi................................. 113
25. saqarTvelos gaqristianeba.............................................................................................................................. 118
V Tavis testi............................................................................................................................................................ 122
Tavi VI. bizantia da irani V-VI saukuneebSi.................................................................................................................................................123
26. irani da bizantia maxlobel aRmosavleTsa da samxreT kavkasiaSi V-VI s. I naxevarSi................................ 123
27. iustiniane I. didi omianoba egrisSi.............................................................................................................. 129
28. iustinianes saSinao politika-samarTali. kultura da aRmSenebloba........................................................ 136
VI Tavis testi........................................................................................................................................................... 138
Tavi VII. Sua saukuneebis evropuli civilizaciis Camoyalibeba....................................................................................................139
29. karlos didis imperia........................................................................................................................................ 139
30. papizmi da `saRvTo romis imperia~................................................................................................................... 144
31. evropuli feodalizmi. qalaqebi Sua saukuneebSi.......................................................................................... 148
32. feodalizmi saqarTveloSi. qalaqebi Zvel drosa da Sua saukuneebSi....................................................... 153
VII Tavis testi.......................................................................................................................................................... 159
Tavi VIII. brZola gavlenisTvis qristianul samyaroSi........................................................................................................................160
33. herakle keisari da sagareo orientaciis sakiTxi samxreT kavkasiaSi.......................................................... 160
34. xatmebrZoloba da misi Sedegebi...................................................................................................................... 166
35. bizantia makedonelTa dinastiis xanaSi........................................................................................................... 170
36. bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi X-XI saukuneebSi................................................................................. 174
VIII Tavis testi......................................................................................................................................................... 178
Tavi IX. axali msoflio religia. axali dampyroblebi da saqarTvelo.......................................................................................179
37. islamis warmoSoba, Siitebi da sunitebi.......................................................................................................... 179
38. omaianebi da abasianebi, arabebi evropaSi........................................................................................................ 184
39. araboba saqarTveloSi................................................................................................................................... 189
40. arabuli kultura.............................................................................................................................................. 192
41. Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifos Seqmna. Turq-selCukebi da saqarTvelo........................................................ 196
IX Tavis testi........................................................................................................................................................... 202

Tavi X. erTiani saqarTvelo.................................................................................................................................................................................204

42. saqarTvelos gaerTianeba.................................................................................................................................. 204
43. daviT aRmaSenebeli ........................................................................................................................................... 208
44. saqarTvelo daviT aRmaSeneblis memkvidreebis dros.................................................................................... 214
45. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mmarTveloba.......................................................................................................... 220
X Tavis testi........................................................................................................................................................... 224
Tavi XI. jvarosnuli epoqa...................................................................................................................................................................................226
46. jvarosnuli laSqrobebi.................................................................................................................................... 226
47. jvarosnebi da saqarTvelo................................................................................................................................ 231
XI Tavis testi........................................................................................................................................................... 235
Tavi XII. monRolebi..................................................................................................................................................................................................236
48. monRolTa dapyrobebi....................................................................................................................................... 236
49. monRolTa batonoba saqarTveloSi.................................................................................................................. 241
50. giorgi brwyinvale da monRolTa batonobis dasasruli............................................................................... 247
XII Tavis testi.......................................................................................................................................................... 251
Tavi XIII. axali realoba Sua saukuneebSi.....................................................................................................................................................252
51. ,,universitetebis xana evropasa da aRmosavleTSi...................................................................................... 252
52. TavisuflebaTa didi qartiidan parlamentamde............................................................................................. 258
53. humanizmi. bizantiis dekadansi da aRorZineba................................................................................................ 262
XIII Tavis testi......................................................................................................................................................... 268
Tavi XIV. konstantinopolis dacema...............................................................................................................................................................269
54. osmalTa saxelmwifos warmoSoba...................................................................................................................... 269
55. kaTolikuri evropa da bizantiis dacema........................................................................................................ 274
56. antiosmaluri koalicia. saqarTvelos daSla samefo-samTavroebad........................................................... 279
XIV Tavis testi......................................................................................................................................................... 283
Tavi XV. didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi........................................................................................................................................................284
57. kolumbamdeli amerika....................................................................................................................................... 284
58. didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi.......................................................................................................................... 290
59. didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis Sedegebi........................................................................................................ 295
XV Tavis testi.......................................................................................................................................................... 299
Tavi XVI. reformacia da kontrreformacia ..............................................................................................................................................300
60. reformacia evropaSi......................................................................................................................................... 300
61. luTeranoba, kalvinizmi da anglikanuri eklesia.......................................................................................... 304
62. kaTolikobis ganaxleba da religiuri omebi evropaSi ................................................................................. 308
63. kaTolike misionerebi saqarTveloSi ............................................................................................................ 314
XVI Tavis testi......................................................................................................................................................... 320
Tavi XVII. saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVII saukuneebSi.........................................................................................................321
64. iran-osmaleTis omebi da saqarTvelo.............................................................................................................. 321
65. brZola osmaluri eqspansiis winaaRmdeg evropaSi......................................................................................... 328
66. ruseTis gamoCena msoflio asparezze da reC-pospolita............................................................................. 334
XVII Tavis testi........................................................................................................................................................ 341
Tavi XVIII. axali epoqis dasawyisi......................................................................................................................................................................342
67. niderlandis revolucia................................................................................................................................... 342
68. inglisi XVI-XVII saukuneebSi.............................................................................................................................. 348
69. CrdiloeT amerikis kolonizacia..................................................................................................................... 355
70. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Seqmna.............................................................................................................. 360
XVIII Tavis testi....................................................................................................................................................... 365
Tavi XIX. evropa safrangeTis did revoluciamde..................................................................................................................................366
71. absolutizmi safrangeTSi................................................................................................................................. 366
72. absolutizmis xanis ekonomikuri ideebi......................................................................................................... 372
73. vaxtang VI-is epoqa............................................................................................................................................. 277
74. ruseTi petre pirvelis epoqaSi...................................................................................................................... 383
75. Svidwliani omi evropaSi ............................................................................................................................... 389
76. saqarTvelos XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi................................................................................................... 394
XIX Tavis testi........................................................................................................................................................ 400
Tavi XX. safrangeTis didi revolucia.........................................................................................................................................................401
77. ganmanaTlebloba................................................................................................................................................ 401
78. safrangeTis revolucia.................................................................................................................................... 407
79. safrangeTis pirveli respublika..................................................................................................................... 412
XX Tavis testi......................................................................................................................................................... 417
leqsikoni.................................................................................................................................................................. 418

Tavi I. uZvelesi adamiani

1. Teoriebi samyarosa da adamianis
warmoSobis Sesaxeb
adamians uZvelesi droidan fiq
robda imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gaCnda
misi garemomcveli samyaro, rogor moevlina qveynierebas pirveli adamiani.
am movlenebis ganxilva ori gansxvavebuli ideis mixedviT xdeba. samyarosa
da adamianis gaCenis axsnas cdilobs
kreacionuli da evoluciuri Teoriebi. orive Teoriis amocanaa, ganmartos samyaros warmoSobis mizezebi,
misi Camoyalibebis pirobebi.
a. kreacionuli idea
laTinurad `Creatio~ Seqmnas, warmoSobas niSnavs. am ideis mixedviT,

samyaro Seqmnilia erTxel da samudamod. samyaros Semqmnelad moiazreba RmerTi, gmiri, jadoqari. am ideas
efuZneba samyaros Seqmnis religiuri
warmodgenebi. kreacionuli ideis
gamoZaxili Cans sxvadasxva xalxebis
kosmogoniur miTebSi, anu iseT miTebSi, romlebic samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb
mogviTxrobs. miTebi adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb mokvdavT uxsnidnen
maT adgilsa da rols samyaroSi, maT
damokidebulebas RmerTebis, danarCeni qmnilebebisa da erTmaneTisadmi.
yvela es gadmocema hgavs kidec erTmaneTs da mkveTradac gansxvavdeba
erTimeorisagan.

wyaro a. actekebis miTi samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb

wiTelkaniani actekebis gadmocemiT, samyaro TeTrkanianma RmerTma
kecalkoatlma Seqmna. manve Tavisi sisxlisgan Seqmna adamiani; misca mas simindi,
aswavla Zvirfasi qvebis damuSaveba, niRbebis gakeTeba, varskvlavebisTvis
Tvalis devneba da drois gamoTvla. actekTa qurumebis winaswarmetyvelebiT,
kecalkoatli kvlav dabrundeboda maTTan.
wyaro b. Sumeruli Tqmuleba samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb
Tavdapirvelad iyo pirvelqmnili okeane. masSi Caisaxa cis TaRi da brtyeli
dedamiwa. maT Soris gaCnda zeca, romelic anum, xolo miwa enlilma daisakuTra.
qveskneli ereSqigals ergo. RmerTma enqim da qalRmerTma ninmaqma Tixisgan
gamoZerwes adamianebi da daavales RmerTebis msaxureba.
wyaro g. vedebis moZRvreba samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb
Tavdapirvelad umoZrao ukunidan gaCnda wyali. wyalma Sva cecxli. cecxlis
simxurvalem ki oqros kvercxi gaaCina. Semdeg kvercxi Suaze gaiyo. zeda nawili
zecad, qveda ki miwad iqca. kvercxidan uzenaesi RvTaeba brahma gamovida. brahmam
casa da miwas Soris haeri moaTavsa, miwa wyliT SemosazRvra da dasabami daudo
dros. uzenaesma RmerTma brahmam Tavisi sxeulis nawilebisgan Seqmna pirveli
adamianebi: tuCebisgan-brahmanebi (qurumebi), xelebisgan-qSatriebi (meomrebi),
TeZoebisgan-vaiSiebi (miwaTmoqmedni da vaWar-xelosnebi), fexebisgan-Sudrebi.
wyaro d. biblia samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb
samyaro Seqmna RmerTma. Tavdapirvelad man Seqmna ca da qveyana. qveyana
uxilavi da ukacrieli iyo. ufskrulze saSineli sibnele gawoliliyo. RmerTis
suli mimodioda qveyniur wylebze. pirvel dRes ufalma RmerTma brZana: iqmnas
naTeli! da wamsve gamobrwyinda naTeli. ufalma naTeli da bneli erTmaneTs
gayara. naTels man uwoda dRe da bnels Rame. meore dRes ufalma brZana: gaCndes
ca! da Tvalis daxamxamebaSi gaCnda xiluli ca. mesame dRes, RvTis brZanebiT
wyali cis qveS erTad Segrovda da gamoCnda xmeleTi. RmerTma xmeleTs uwoda
miwa, wyalTa nakrebs ki zRvebi. RvTis nebiT xmeleTma aRmoacena mcenareuloba,

1. Teoriebi samyarosa da adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb

xexili. meoTxe dRes ufalma gaaCina cis mnaTobebi: mze, mTvare da varskvlavebi.
mexuTe dRes uflis brZanebiT wylebi TevzebiT aivso, qvewarmavlebi da
frinvelebic gamravldnen qveynad. meeqvse dRes RmerTma gaaCina yvelanairi
cxoveli: nadiri, , qvemZromi. adamianis Seqmna ufalma meeqvse dRes ineba Tavis
xatad da saxed. man Tixisgan gamoZerwa adamiani da sicocxlis ukvdavi suli
STabera. pirvel kacs RmerTma adami uwoda. RmerTma adamisTvis gaaSena samoTxis
baRi _ edemi, savse yvelanairi mcenareuliT da cxoveliT. adams surda gverdiT
hyoloda Tavisi msgavsi gonieri da metyveli arseba. ufalma Seusrula es
survili da mZinare adamis neknisgan Seqmna qali. adamma mas eva uwoda. amgvarad
RmerTma 6 dReSi daasrula samyaros Seqmna. xolo meSvide dRes daisvena. uwoda
mas SabaTi uflis dRe, akurTxa da wminda yo igi.
wyaro e. yurani samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb
zeca da dedamiwa iyo erTiani. Semdeg RmerTma (alahma) isini gaxliCa da uTxra
cas, romelsac kvamlis forma hqonda, da dedamiwas, dawyvilebuliyvnen. ca
da dedamiwa dahyva RmerTis nebas. RmerTmave Seqmna mze, mTvare, varskvlavebi.
RmerTma zeca, dedamiwa da yvelaferi, rac maT Sorisaa, Seqmna eqvs dReSi.
samyaros Seqmna rom daasrula, alahi dajda taxtze, raTa meTvalyureoba
gaewia Tavisi qmnilebisaTvis. alahs arasodes dausrulebia qmnadoba, qmnadobis
procesi mudmivia da uwyveti. TiToeuli bavSvi, romelic ibadeba, Tesli,
romelic gaRivdeba miwaSi, alahis qmnadobis Sedegia. RmerTma (alahma) Seqmna
sicocxle da yoveli cocxali arseba (cxoveli) Seqmna wylisgan. RmerTma Seqmna
Sobis gareSe adami da adamisgan misi mewyvile eva, romlebmac saTave daudes
kacobriobas. adami Seiqmna Tixisgan, mtvrisgan da adamisgan Seiqmna qali, raTa
adams ecxovra siyvaruliT.

kiTxva
1. ra aris miTi? asaxavs Tu ara miTi istoriul sinamdviles? aqvs Tu ara miTs istoriuli wyaros
funqcia?
2. gaixsene espaneli konkistadorebis mier centraluri amerikis dapyrobis istoria. ra roli
Seasrula am saqmeSi actekebis rwmenam?
3. riT hgavs da gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan samyaros Seqmnis bibliuri da yuranis versiebi erTmaneTisgan?
4. ra adgils akuTvneben samyaroSi adamians es miTebi?
5. wyaro a-s mixedviT daasaxele Sumeruli panTeonis sami umTavresi RmerTi da TiToeulis samoqmedo are.
6. Seadare Sumeruli kosmogonia qarTuls. daasaxele samyaros sami nawili, anu skneli. miuTiTe,
visi samyofeli iyo TiToeuli.
7. Seadare erTmaneTs wyaroebi a, b, g, d da e. rveulSi mokled aRwere, ra msgavseba-gansxvavebaa
maT Soris.
g. adamianis warmoSobis evoluciuri Teoria

gansxvavebulia Tanamedrove mecnierTa damokidebuleba samyarosa da adamianis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT. XVIII saukunis miwurulamde miTebi informaciis
erTaderTi wyaro iyo adamianTa warmoSobaze. sazogadoebas verc warmoedgina da
arc surda moesmina rame gansxvavebuli azri am sakiTxis Sesaxeb. XVIII saukunis Sua
xanebSi ramdenime evropeli filosofosi da bunebismetyveli daupirispirda sicocxlis formaTa warmoSobis bibliiseul versias. maT imdeni msgavseba dainaxes gansxvavebul saxeobebs Soris, rom eWvi SeeparaT TiToeuli am saxeobis damoukidebel warmomavlobaSi.
am midgomis SedarebiT sruli saxiT Camoyalibeba ukavSirdeba ingliseli
biologis Carlz darvinis (1809-1882) evoluciur Teorias. man 1831-1836 wlebSi
gem `bigliT~ imogzaura dedamiwis garSemo. eqspediciis dros mopovebul masalaze dakvirvebiT darvinma daadgina, rom organizmebis saxeobaTa warmoSo-

raodenobis zrdis amgvar pirobebSi gadarCeba is, vinc ukeTesad

egueba konkretul garemo pirobebs,
danarCenebi ki ganwiruli arian gadaSenebisTvis. im warmomadgenlebs,
romlebic
ibrZvian
gadasarCenad
nebismier ekologiur garemoSi, meti
SesaZlebloba aqvT, icocxlon da TavianTi garegnuli niSan-Tvisebebi memkvidreobiT gadascen STamomavlebs.
danarCenebi iRupebian. darvinma am
process `bunebrivi gadarCeva~ uwoda.
evoluciuri versiis Tanaxmad,
bunebrivi gadarCeva iseT maRalganviTarebul formebSi, rogoricaa
adamiani, ufro martivi, naklebad
Seguebuli organizmebidan daiwyo.
im droidan moyolebuli, daiwyo im
damakavSirebeli rgolis Zebna, romelic Sualeduri safexuri unda yofiliyo adamianebsa da adamianis msgavs maimunebs Soris.

Tavi I. uZvelesi adamiani

bas, agreTve cocxali bunebis ganviTarebas memkvidreobiTi cvalebadoba da bunebrivi SerCevis procesi
udevs safuZvlad. samyaros istoriul ganviTarebas sami mniSvnelovani
maxasiaTebeli aqvs: sxvadasxva dros
warmoiqmneboda axali saxeobebi; warmoqmnili organizmebi eguebian garemos. evoluciis procesi aris martivi
organizmis sul ufro rTul da srulyofil organizmad Camoyalibeba. es
Teoria Carlz darvinma Camoayaliba
1871 wels gamoqveynebul Tavis fundamentur naSromSi `saxeobaTa warmoSoba~.
darvinis azriT, yovel organizmSi TviTgadarCenis, gamravlebisa
da konkurenciis Tvisebam safuZveli
Cauyara bunebriv gadarCevas, anu
seleqcias. yoveli saxeobis raodenoba izrdeba iqamde, vidre ekologiuri sivrce bolomde ar Seivseba.

daaxloebiT 14 mlrd wlis win mTeli samyaro, materia da energia mxolod erT
wertilSi iyo Tavmoyrili. Semdeg moxda `didi afeTqeba~ da gaCnda samyaros SeqmnisTvis
saWiro airebi _ wyalbadi da heliumi. airebisgan Camoyalibda galaqtikebi. maT wiaRSi
mimdinareobda afeTqebebi da ase warmoiSva qimiuri elementebi. maTgan umniSvnelovanesi
iyo dedamiwaze sicocxlis ganviTarebis safuZveli _ naxSirbadi. dedamiwaze sicocxle
3.8 mlrd wlis win daiwyo pirveli martivi baqteriebis gaCeniT. miliardobiT wlis
ganmavlobaSi mxolod meduzebi da wyalmcenareebi Seiqmna. kambriuli afeTqebis
Semdeg (daaxloebiT 550 mln weli) gaizarda cxovelTa raodenoba da nairgvaroba.
amis Semdeg sicocxlis ganviTarebas mecnierebi yofen sam xangrZliv erad, rac, Tavis
mxriv, 11 xanmokle periods moicavs. pirveli ZuZumwovrebi 150 mln wlis win gaCndnen.
daaxloebiT 4 mln wlis win ki Camoyalibda ZuZumwovarTa yvelaze gviani warmomadgeneli
_ Tanamedrove adamianis msgavsi arseba.

ruka 1. darvinis mogzauroba dedamiwis garSemo

1. Teoriebi samyarosa da adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb

8

paleozouri (sicocxlis Zveli era)

(542-251 mln. wlis win)
zRvis magargarsiani cxovelebi;
pirveli uybo Tevzebi; pirveli
marjnebi;
pirveli ybiani Tevzebi; xmeleTis
pirveli mcenareebi; xmeleTis pirveli
cxovelebi;
pirveli mwerebi da amfibiebi; pirveli
Teslovani mcenareebi da xeebi
pirveli qvewarmavlebi, frTosani
mwerebi da wiwvovani mcenareebi
ZuZumwovrebis msgavsi qvewarmavlebi

mezozouri (sicocxlis Sua

era)
(251-60 mln. wlis win)
pirveli dinozavrebi,
pirveli ZuZumwovrebi
pirveli frinvelebi
pirveli farulTeslovani
mcenareebi;
pirveli patara
ZuZumwovrebi da CanTosnebi

dava kreacionuli Tu evoluciuri Teoriis momxreebs Soris dResac mimdinareobs. arc erTi religia

kainozouri (sicocxlis Sua era)

(60 mln. wlis win-dRemde)
pirveli didi ZuZumwovrebi;
pirveli primatebi; uZvelesi
cxenebi, aqlemebi, mRrRnelebi,
spiloebi, maimunebi, veSapebi da
Ramurebi
didi ZuZumwovrebi: uZvelesi
ZaRlebi, daTvebi da adamianis
msgavsi maimunebi;
pirveli adamianebi

ar aRiarebs evoluciur Teorias da

kvlav kreacionul ideas icavs.

kiTxva
raSi gamoixateba darvinis dapirispireba sicocxlis warmoSobaze arsebul bibliur TvalsazrisTan?
davaleba
1. mewyvilesTan erTad moiZie ramdenime qarTuli kosmogoniuri miTi. yuradRebiT gaecaniT maT. Semdeg werilobiT CamoayalibeT daskvna, kreacionul
ideas gamoxatavs Tqven mier SerCeuli miTebi Tu evoluciurs. erTi kviris Semdeg klass uambeT maT Sesaxeb.
2. kreacionuli ideis momxreebs cocxali organizmebis evoluciasTan dakavSirebiT aseTi kiTxvebi aqvT: a) ratom SeiniSneba mkveTri zRvari sxvadasxva geologiur fenas Soris da ratom ar Cans TiToeul fenaSi ama Tu im saxeobis ganviTarebis TandaTanobiT formebi? b) ratom Cndeba saxeobebi erTbaSad da didi
raodenobiT ukve sabolood Camoyalibebuli saxiT? g) gviandel geologiur
fenebSi ratom Cndeba SedarebiT primitiuli saxeobis organizmebi? daiyaviT
kreacionuli da evoluciuri ideebis momxreebad da klasSi gamarTeT diskusia
Temaze, aqvs Tu ara sakmarisi argumentebi Tanamedrove mecnierebas, rom daicvas
evoluciuri idea?