EMFT

ECE Department
ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad

VECTOR REVIEW
1.
2.
3.

Introduction
Scalar & vector quantities
Representation of a vector
P (Tip or Head)
(origin) O

4.

Unit Vector
(a)

5.

(b) unit less,

dimensionless
& magnitude is 1
Vector Components

6.

Magnitude

Unit vector
Along A

7. Position Vector (PV) of A point

. A(x1, y1, z1)

(a)
O

(b)

. A(x1, y1, z1)

Vector AB=PV of B- PV of A

. B(x2, y2, z2)

O

(c) Distance between points A and B

8. Vector Multiplication
(i) DOT product
(ii) CROSS product

9. Dot & Cross product of unit vector

10.

(a) To show two vector parallel vector

(b) To show two vector are perpendicular
(b) to find perpendicular vector to vector A & B
(c) to find unit vector perpendicular vector A & B

11. Component of a vector in the direction of other vector

12. Vector triple product
(a) Scalar triple product
(b) Vector triple product

CORDINATE SYSTEM
A. Three coordinate system
1.Rectangular or Cartesian
2.Cylindrical
3.Spherical
B. What is right handed coordinate system
( what is right-handed screw, orthogonal system)

1: Rectangular or Cartesian coordinate system

Plane in rectangular coordinate system

P(x,y,z) is an intersection of 3 surface

X = constant plane
Y = constant plane
Z = constant plane

Specifying points in rectangular coordinate system

2: Cylindrical System
(a) Range

(b)

Point P is a
intersection of three surface

(c) Unit vector in cylindrical coordinate system

form a right handed system

And also,

(d) Vector representation

(e) Dot product and Cross product

(f) Relation between rectangular system and cylindrical system

and
(i)

this can be used to convert coordinate of point P

(ii)

Relation to convert a vector from rectangular to cylindrical

Relation to convert a vector from cylindrical to rectangular

(iii) The relationships between

and
or

4. Spherical Coordinate system (r,,)

(a)

r=constt (sphere)
=constt (cone)
=constt (a semi-infinite plane-half plane)

(b)
(b)

(c) Unit vector in spherical coordinate system

and

(d) Vector representation

(e) Dot product and Cross product in spherical system

(f) Relation between rectangular coordinate (x , y , z) and spherical coordinates

(r , , )

(g) How to convert a vector given in rectangular coordinates into spherical

coordinates
given
to find

matrix relation are

(h) How to convert a vector given in rectangular coordinates into spherical

coordinates
given
to find

Matrix relation are

(i)

Relation between unit vector

and

(5) Vector transformation between cylindrical and spherical coordinates

or

EXAMPLES
Q1. Given point P(-2,6,3) and vector

. Express P and vector A in

cylindrical and spherical coordinates.

Q2. Express the vector

in Cartesian coordinates. Find at

point B(-3,4,0).
Q3. Express the vector
the value of vector B at point B(5,/2,-2)
Q4.

in cylindrical coordinates. Find

Q5.

VECTOR CALCULUS
Differential Length
Area
Volume
In three Coordinate system

(A) Cartesian Coordinate System

(4) Differential Normal Surface area (ds)

(B) Cylindrical Coordinate System

(C). Spherical Coordinate System

(D) Circulation of a vector A around a closed curve

(E) Flux of a vector A through a surface

Example

GRADIANT
DIVERGENCE
and
CURL

1. Del () Operator, 2
(i) it is a differential operator, known as gradient operator, it is
given in three coordinate system
(a) Cartesian coordinates
(b) Cylindrical Coordinates
(c) Spherical Coordinates
(ii) is a vector
(iii) significance of operator

2. Gradient
(a) definition
(b) formula for gradient
(i) Cartesian coordinates

(ii) Cylindrical Coordinates

(iii) Spherical Coordinates
Question - find the gradient of the following scalar field

3. Divergence
(a) definition the divergence of a vector A at a given point P is the
flux per unit volume as the volume shrinks about P.

(b) divergence in three coordinate system

(c) Proof of divergence formula in Cartesian system

i.e. proof of

Suppose we wish to evaluate the divergence of a vector field A at point P(xo,yo ,zo);
we let the point be enclosed by a differential volume as shown in fig. The surface
integral is obtain as

(4) Divergence Theorem

(a) Statement
Where,
A= flux density
S= closed surface which enclosed volume
(b) Proof of divergence theorem
to prove

Note: Divergence theorem converts surface integral to volume

integral and vice versa. It is easier to evaluate volume integral.
Question1.

Question2.

Question3.

5- CURL
(a) Definition
The curl of A is an axial (or rotational) vector whose magnitude is the maximum

circulation. of A per unit area as the area tends to zero and whose direction is the
normal direction of the area when the area is oriented so as to make the
circulation maximum.''

(b) Expression for Curl of a vector A in three coordinate systems

(c) Proof of formula for curl in Cartesian coordinates

i.e. proof of

6. Stokes theorem
(a) Statement
Stokes's theorem stats that the circulation of a vector field A around a (closed)
path L is equal lo the surface integral of the curl of A over the over the surface
Surrounded by L provided that A and X A are continuous on surface S.

(b) Proof of stokes theorem

The surface S is subdivided into a large number of cells as in Figure
If the Ath cell has surface area Sk and is bounded by path Lk.

s
kth cell
as per stokes theorem

there is cancellation on every interior path, so the sum of the line integrals
around Lk is the same as the line integral around the bounding curve L.
Therefore, taking the limit of the right-hand side of equation as Sk > 0
Then,

Question.

Question

Question

7. Laplacian
(a) definition
The Laplacian of a scalar field V, written as 2 , is the divergence of the gradient
of V.

(b) Expression of Laplacian in three coordinate system

(c) Harmonic field

If for scalar field V, its Laplacian is zero. The field is called Harmnic
2 V = 0
(d) Laplacian of a vector field A
2 A = (.A) - x x A
Question

UNIT - 5
TRANSMISSION LINE
1. What is transmission line :
2. Type of transmission lines
(i) A t two wire line (Twisted Pair line)
(ii) Coaxial line
(iii) Planar line
(iv) Microstrip line
(v) Wire above conducting plane

3. Mode of transmission in transmission line

4. Parameter of a transmission line

(a) Primary Constt ( Line parameter): R,L,G,C
(b) Secondary constt : ,,,Zo

5. Transmission line equation

(a)

Vo +

Source

Load

Vo-

Z
l

(b) Transmission line equations are

(c) Proof of transmission line equation

all the quantities in time domain

(i) Apply kirchoffs voltage law to Z element of line

Convert it into phasor form

We get,

(ii) Aplly Ki rchoffs current law

As Z tends to zero

Convert it into phasor form

(iii)

Take the second derivative of Vs and employ first derivative of Is

or

(iv) Similarly we will get

(v) Solution of line equation

1.
Solution of this equation shall be
convert it into domain form and substitute =+j
We will get,
2. Current equation solution
Solution of this equation shall be

Convert it into time domain

(vi) Expression for load voltage VL and load current IL, substitute Z=l
we will get,

(6) Characteristics impedance (Zo ) of a line

(a) definition

(b) expression for Zo

(c) characteristic admitance Yo

7. Parameter of wave on transmission line

(a) wave length
(b) wave velocity
8. Type of transmission line
(i) Lossless transmission line
(ii) Distortion less line
(iii) Lossy line
(a) Lossless transmission line
(i) definition
(ii) value of ,,Zo and u for a lossless line

(b) Distortionless line

(i) What is distortion
(ii) type of distortion
Frequency distortion
Delay distortion
(iii) Definition of distortion line
(iv) Condition for line to be distortionless

(v) value of ,,Zo and u for a distortionless line

(c) Transmission line characteristics (Summary)

Example
1.

2.

3.

(9) Input impedance of a transmission line

(a) Input impedance means input impedance at the sending end

Let,

(Input impedance due to line terminated by load)

Where,
(Equivalent ckt.)

(b) Input impedance for various case

(i) for lossless line
R=0, G=0, =o, =+j=j
then,
Note- electrical length of line = l

(ii) for matched line

(iii) for Open-Circuit line

(iv) for shorted line

(v) Important relation

(vi) Plot of Zsc and Zoc w.r.t. length of transmission line

(a) Plot of Zsc w.r.t. length
of transmission line

(b) Plot of Zoc w.r.t. length

of transmission line

10. Equivalent circuit of a transmission line

(10) Reflection coefficient and standing wave ratio (SWR)

(a) (i) What is reflection & it occurs
(ii) Voltage reflection coefficient (at load)

(iii) Current reflection coefficient (at load)

(b) Standing wave ratio (s)

(i) what is standing wave
(ii) standing wave ratio

(11) Power delivered to the load

(12) The SMITH Chart

(1) what is smith chart
(2) Normalized impedance (ZL) and normalized input impedance (Zin)
(a)

(b) On smith chart

(3) What does the smith chart contain
(i) r-circle (resistance circle)
(ii) x-circle (reactancee circle)

r-circle
r=0 to r=

X-circle
x=0 to x=

(4) Scale in smith chart

(i) Angle scale (0 to 180 and 0 to -180)
(ii) scale (0 to 0.5)
(iii) SWR scale (0 to )
(5) How to determine various parameter using SMITH chart

(13) Some application of transmission line

1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

(a) Load matching

Quarter wave transformer
Single stub tuner
(b) Impedance matching
Slotted line
What is load matching
Technique of load matching
(i) quarter wave transformer
(ii) single stub tuner
Quarter wave transformer
(a) what is it
(b) proof
(c) Why it is called quarter wave transformer
(d) main disadvantage of quarter wave transformer
Single Stub Tuner or Stub Matching
(a) what is stub
(b) type of stub

(i) short circuit stub or open circuit stub

(ii) shunt (parallel) stub or series stub
(iii) single stub or double stub
6. Slotted Line
(a) what is it
(b) what for it is used
(c) measurement of frequency of source
(d) measurement of impedance of an unknown load