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Energy

1. The document discusses the relationship between a system and control volume for extensive properties like energy and the conservation of energy equation. It defines extensive properties and properties per unit mass. 2. It presents the general conservation of energy equation and applies it to a control volume. It also lists common assumptions used in the energy equation like steady flow, uniform flow, and incompressible flow. 3. It derives the Bernoulli equation for an incompressible fluid in several forms in terms of energy per unit mass, energy per unit weight, and energy per unit volume. It is applied along a streamline.

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Ahmed Mahmoud Abouzaid
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59 views9 pages

Energy

1. The document discusses the relationship between a system and control volume for extensive properties like energy and the conservation of energy equation. It defines extensive properties and properties per unit mass. 2. It presents the general conservation of energy equation and applies it to a control volume. It also lists common assumptions used in the energy equation like steady flow, uniform flow, and incompressible flow. 3. It derives the Bernoulli equation for an incompressible fluid in several forms in terms of energy per unit mass, energy per unit weight, and energy per unit volume. It is applied along a streamline.

Uploaded by

Ahmed Mahmoud Abouzaid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Relation between a system and control volume for any extensive property

dX

xd x (v.n)ds

dt sys t c.v
c.s
Where X is any extensive property

and x is the property per unit mass

X
m

Conservation of Energy (Energy Equation)


2

V
h2 2 gz 2
2

X E
x

X E
e
m m

h1

V1
gz1
2

u
.

V2
gz
2


dE


dt sys t

c .v

c.s

.
.
dE

Q W
dt sys

But for system

ed e(v.n)ds

Q W

ed e(v.n)ds
c .v

c.s

Energy increase or
decrease in C.V

Net Energy
crossing C.S

Unsteady term

W W shaft W friction

Assumptions

Steady flow

1
2

Uniform flow

ed 0
c .v

Or invisced flow

e(v.n)ds e * v * A)

exit

e * v * A) inlet

c.s
Incompressible flow

const. in ex


.
V22
V12

Q Wsh m h2 gz 2 h1 gz1 W shear


2
2

For incompressible fluid

.
.
. p
.
p V2
.
V2
Q Wsh m 2 2 gz 2 1 1 gz1 W shear mu 2 u1
2
2


.
.
. p
.
Total energy
W shear mu 2 u1 m loss or m gH loss
loss

W shear mu 2 u1 0
.

Friction less flow

Adiabatic flow

Q0

No mechanical work

Wsh 0

The equation becomes

p2 V22
p1 V12

gz 2
gz1
2
2
This equation must be applied a long stream line
We can write the Bernoulli equation in three forms:

p2 V22
p1 V12

gz 2
gz1
2
2

Energy per unit mass

p2 V22
p1 V12

z2

z1
g 2 g
g 2 g

Energy per unit weight

V22
V12
p2
gz 2 p1
gz1
2
2

Energy per unit volume

Prob.(1)
The device shown in the figure is used to
determine the velocity of liquid at point 1. It is
a tube with its lower end directed upstream
and its other leg vertical and open to the
atmosphere. The impact of liquid against the
opening 2 forces liquid to rise in the vertical
leg to the height Z above the free surface.
Determine the velocity at 1 in m/s, when Z is
2 cm
Assumptions:
1-Steady flow
4- isentropic

2- incompressible

3- uniform

5- no mech. work

Apply B.E between 1 and 2

p2

V22
p V2
gz 2 1 1 gz1
20
20

p1 g gh

p 2 g g h z

V12 p2 p1

g z
2

V1 2 gz 2 * 9.8 * 0.02 0.62

m/s

Prob. (2)
A bell mouse of 0.4 m diameter is
used to meter the flow rate into a
compressor as shown. What will
the manometer indicate in mm of
water if the flow rate is 5.5 m3/s?

Assumptions:
1-Steady flow

2- incompressible

4- isentropic

5- no mech. work

From continuity

V1

d2

5 .5
0 .4 2

3- uniform

43.7

m/s

Apply B.E between atmosphere and section 1

patm

p1

V12
2

p x p atm p1 w gh

patm 101.3 *103

1 .2
RT
293 * 287

kg / m 3

From 1 and 2

V12 a ( 43.7) 2 *1.2

0.117
2 w g 2 *1000 * 9.8

Prob. (3)
V2
The losses up to section A are 4 1

2g
V22
and the nozzle losses are 0.05
2g

determine the discharge and


pressure at section A.

Assumptions:
1-Steady flow

2- incompressible

4- adiabatic

5- no mech. work

From continuity

Q A Q2

3- uniform

AAV A A2V2

A2
D2
52
VA
V2 2 V2 2 V2 0.111V2
AA
15
DA

Apply B.E between o and section 2

po Vo2
p2 V22
V A2
V22

gz o

gz 2 4
0.05
2 0
2
2
0 0 2
0

V22
V A2
gz o 1.05
4
2
2
9.81 * 8 1.05

V22
V2
4 A
2
2

From equation 1 and 2

V2 11.95 m / s , V A 1.3276 m / s

Q V2 A2 11.95 * (0.05) 2 0 .0234 m 3 / s


4
Apply B.E between o and section A

po Vo2
p A V A2
V A2

gz o

gz A 4
02

2 0
2
0

pA
(1.3276) 2
9.81 * 8 3 5
10
2

p A 74.07 kpa

Prob.(4)
A sharp edged orifice of 12.5 mm diameter
is situated in the base of the closed tank
shown in the figure. At a given instant, the
head of water above the orifice is 1.8 m. If
the discharge of water is to be 90 kg/min at
this instant , find the pressure of air which
must be pumped in above the water. Take
the discharge coefficient CD = 0.6.
Assumptions:
1-Steady flow

2- incompressible

4- isentropic

5- no mech. work

3- uniform

From continuity

Qactual

Qth Vth * Ath

90
1.5 *10 3
60 *1000

m3 / s

Qact Vact * Aact

Vact Vth * CV

CV is the velocity coefficient

Where

Aact Ath * C c

Where

Cc is the contraction coefficient

Q act (Vth * CV ) * ( Ath * C c ) Qth * C D


C D CV * C c

Where

C D is the discharge coefficient

Q act Vth * Ath * C D


1.5 *10 3 Vth *

(0.125) 2 * 0.6
4

Vth 20.37

m/s

Apply B.E between 1 and 2 for isentropic flow

P1 V12
P2 V22th

gz1
gz 2
0
0 2
2 0

P1
( 20.37 ) 2
9.81 *1.8
10 3
2

P1 189.84

kpa

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