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Mother of Machines - Lathe Machine

This document provides an introduction to lathe machines with 3 key points: 1) It describes the basic working principle of a lathe machine, which rotates the workpiece to perform operations like cutting, sanding, drilling using tools applied against the rotating workpiece. 2) It outlines the main tools and parts of a lathe machine including the headstock, spindle, tailstock, bed, as well as common accessories like chucks, collets, and faceplates used to hold different types of workpieces. 3) It discusses different work holding devices, their uses, and provides examples like chucks, collets, faceplates, mandrels, and centers used to securely mount work

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Usman Khalil
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470 views5 pages

Mother of Machines - Lathe Machine

This document provides an introduction to lathe machines with 3 key points: 1) It describes the basic working principle of a lathe machine, which rotates the workpiece to perform operations like cutting, sanding, drilling using tools applied against the rotating workpiece. 2) It outlines the main tools and parts of a lathe machine including the headstock, spindle, tailstock, bed, as well as common accessories like chucks, collets, and faceplates used to hold different types of workpieces. 3) It discusses different work holding devices, their uses, and provides examples like chucks, collets, faceplates, mandrels, and centers used to securely mount work

Uploaded by

Usman Khalil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Mother of Machines
A detailed introduction to Lathe Machine!
A lathe /le/ is a tool that rotates the workpiece on its axis to perform various
operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling,
or deformation, facing, turning, with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create
an object with symmetry about an axis of rotation.

Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, thermal spraying,


parts reclamation, and glass-working. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the bestknown design being the potter's wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes
can also be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw
threads or helices. Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of
incredible complexity. The workpiece is usually held in place by either one or
two centers, at least one of which can typically be moved horizontally to
accommodate varying workpiece lengths. Other work-holding methods include
clamping the work about the axis of rotation using a chuck or collet, or to a faceplate,
using clamps or dogs.
Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include candlestick holders, gun
barrels, cue sticks, table legs, bowls, baseball bats, musical instruments
(especially woodwind instruments), crankshafts, and camshafts.

Topics to Cover:
In this section we are going to cover four major topics:

Working principle of lathe machine


Lathe machine tools
Work holding devices
Calculation of power, area and volume

Working Principle of Machine:


Lathe removes undesired material from a rotating work piece in the form of chips
with the help of a tool which is traversed across the
work and can be fed deep in work. Lathe machine
holds the work piece between two rigid and strong
supports called Centers, or in a chuck or Face plate
while the latter revolves. The chuck or the face plate
is mounted on the projected end of the machine
spindle. The cutting tool is rigidly held and
supported in a tool post and is fed against the
revolving work. While the work revolves about its
own axis the tool is made to move either parallel to
or at an inclination with this axis to cut the desired
material. In doing so it produces a cylindrical
surface, if it is fed parallel to the axis or will produced a Tapered surface if it is fed at
an inclination.

Lathe Machine Tools:


Tools can be divided into two major categories. One is part and second is accessory.

Parts:
A lathe may or may not have legs, which sit on the floor and elevate the lathe bed to a
working height. A lathe may be small and sit on a workbench or table, not requiring a
stand.
Almost all lathes have a bed, which is (almost always) a horizontal beam
(although CNC lathes commonly have an inclined or vertical beam for a bed to
ensure that swarf, or chips, falls free of the bed). Woodturning lathes specialized for
turning large bowls often have no bed
or tail stock, merely a free-standing
headstock and a cantilevered tool rest.
At one end of the bed (almost always
the left, as the operator faces the
lathe) is a headstock. The headstock
contains high-precision spinning
bearings. Rotating within the bearings
is a horizontal axle, with an axis
parallel to the bed, called the spindle.
Spindles are often hollow and have
exterior threads and/or an
interior Morse taper on the "inboard"
(i.e., facing to the right / towards the
bed) by which work-holding
accessories may be mounted to the spindle. Spindles may also have exterior threads
and/or an interior taper at their "outboard" (i.e., facing away from the bed) end,

and/or may have a hand-wheel or other accessory mechanism on their outboard end.
Spindles are powered and impart motion to the workpiece.
The spindle is driven either by foot power from a treadle and flywheel or by a belt or
gear drive to a power source. In most modern lathes this power source is an integral
electric motor, often either in the headstock, to the left of the headstock, or beneath
the headstock, concealed in the stand.
In addition to the spindle and its bearings, the headstock often contains parts to
convert the motor speed into various spindle speeds. Various types of speedchanging mechanism achieve this, from a cone pulley or step pulley, to a cone pulley
with back gear (which is essentially a low range, similar in net effect to the two-speed
rear of a truck), to an entire gear train similar to that of a manual-shift
auto transmission. Some motors have electronic rheostat-type speed controls, which
obviates cone pulleys or gears.
The counterpoint to the headstock is the tailstock, sometimes referred to as the loose
head, as it can be positioned at any convenient point on the bed by sliding it to the
required area. The tail-stock contains a barrel, which does not rotate, but can slide in
and out parallel to the axis of the bed and directly in line with the headstock spindle.
The barrel is hollow and usually contains a taper to facilitate the gripping of various
types of tooling. Its most common uses are to hold a hardened steel center, which is
used to support long thin shafts while turning, or to hold drill bits for drilling axial
holes in the work piece. Many other uses are possible.[3]

Accessories:
Unless a workpiece has a taper machined onto it which perfectly matches the internal
taper in the spindle, or has threads which
perfectly match the external threads on
the spindle (two conditions which rarely
exist), an accessory must be used to
mount a workpiece to the spindle.A
workpiece may be bolted or screwed to
a faceplate, a large, flat disk that mounts
to the spindle. In the
alternative, faceplate dogs may be used
to secure the work to the faceplate.
A workpiece may be mounted on
a mandrel, or circular work clamped in
a three- or four-jaw chuck. For irregular
shaped workpieces it is usual to use a
four jaw (independent moving jaws)
chuck. These holding devices mount
directly to the lathe headstock spindle.
In precision work, and in some classes of repetition work, cylindrical workpieces are
usually held in a collet inserted into the spindle and secured either by a draw-bar, or
by a collet closing cap on the spindle. Suitable collets may also be used to mount

square or hexagonal workpieces. In precision toolmaking work such collets are


usually of the draw-in variety, where, as the collet is tightened, the workpiece moves
slightly back into the headstock, whereas for most repetition work the dead length
variety is preferred, as this ensures that the position of the workpiece does not move
as the collet is tightened.
A soft workpiece (e.g., wood) may be pinched between centers by using a spur
drive at the headstock, which bites into the wood and imparts torque to it.
A soft dead center is used in the headstock spindle as the work rotates with the
centre. Because the centre is soft it can be trued in place before use. The included
angle is 60. Traditionally, a hard dead center is used together with suitable lubricant
in the tailstock to support the workpiece. In modern practice the dead center is
frequently replaced by a live center, as it turns freely with the workpiece usually on
ball bearings reducing the frictional heat, especially important at high speeds.
When clear facing a long length of material it must be supported at both ends. This
can be achieved by the use of a traveling or fixed steady. If a steady is not available,
the end face being worked on may be supported by a dead (stationary) half center. A
half center has a flat surface machined across a broad section of half of its diameter
at the pointed end. A small section of the tip of the dead center is retained to ensure
concentricity. Lubrication must be applied at this point of contact and tail stock
pressure reduced. A lathe carrier or lathe dog may also be employed when turning
between two centers.[4]

Work Holding Devices:


The work holding devices are used to hold and rotate the workpieces along with the
spindle. Different work holding devices are used according to the shape, length,
diameter and weight of the workpiece and the location of turning on the work. They
are
1. Chucks
2. Face plate
3. Driving plate
4. Catchplate
5. Carriers
6. Mandrels
7. Centres
8. Rests

Chuck:
Workpieces of short length, large diameter and irregular shapes, which can not be
mounted between centres, are held quickly and rigidly in chuck.There are different
types of chucks namely, Three jaw universal chuck, Four jaw independent chuck,
Magnetic chuck, Collet chuck and Combination chuck.

Collet:
Collet chuck has a cylindrical bushing known as collet. It is made of spring steel and
has slots cut lengthwise on its circumference. So, it holds the work with more grip.
Collet chucks are used in capstan lathes and automatic lathes for holding bar stock in
pro- duction work.

Faceplate:
Faceplate is used to hold large, heavy and irregular shaped workpieces which can not
be conveniently held between centres. It is a circular disc bored out and threaded to
fit to the nose of the lathe spindle. It is provided with radial plain and T slots for
holding the work by bolts and clamps.
Calculation of Feed Rate and Power:

Presented By:
Name
Muhammad Arbab
Usama Arshan
Usman Khalil
Hafiz Muhammad Kashif

Registration Number
2014-ME-410
2014-ME-412
2014-ME-413
2014-ME-414

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